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Zhang X, Chen L, Ye L, Zhang B, Zhang X, Li X. Label-free based comparative proteomics approach revealed the changes in proteomic profiles driven by different maturities in two Chinese white truffles, Tuber panzhihuanense and Tuber latisporum. Food Chem 2024; 443:138535. [PMID: 38295568 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
T. panzhihuanense and T. latisporum are white truffle species native to China, of which T. panzhihuanense has significant commercial potential, with high nutritional value and unique flavor. Maturity is an important factor affecting the nutrition and aroma of truffles, which determines their economic status. Here, a label-free-based comparative proteomics method was used to determine the proteomic profiles of T. panzhihuanense and T. latisporum at two different stages of maturity. The results showed that both maturity and species significantly affected the protein expression patterns. T. panzhihuanense responded stronger to maturity than T. latisporum, accompanied by a more complex interaction network between proteins. Some critical proteins were regulated by maturity and variety, including those involved in aroma formation, e.g., S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase. The enrichment of oxidation-reduction processes, glycolysis, and SNARE interactions in vesicular transport were driven by species and maturity. This study provides the first insights into the proteomic profiles of T. panzhihuanense and T. latisporum, revealing the roles of key proteins and biological processes in their maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
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2
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Demiwal P, Mir JI, Sircar D. A non-invasive method for phenotyping scab-tolerant apple plants using volatile organic compounds. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14377. [PMID: 38837251 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
One of the most devastating diseases of apples is scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis. Most commercial apple varieties are susceptible to this disease; only a few are resistant. Breeding approaches are being used to develop better apple varieties that are resistant to scab. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute greatly to a plant's phenotype, and their emission profile largely depends on the genotype. In the non-destructive phenotyping of plants, VOCs can be used as biomarkers. In this study, we assessed non-destructively the scab tolerance potential of resistant (cv. 'Prima') and susceptible (cv. 'Oregon Spur') apple cultivars by comparing their major leaf VOC compositions and relative proportions. A comparison of the leaf VOC profiles of the two cultivars revealed 16 different VOCs, with cis-3-hexenyl acetate (3HA) emerging as a biomarker of cultivar differences. V. inaequalis growth was significantly inhibited in vitro by 3HA treatment. 3HA was significantly effective in reducing scab symptoms on V. inaequalis-inoculated leaves of 'Oregon Spur.' The resistant cultivar 'Prima' also exhibited higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and α-linolenic acid (ALA) levels, suggesting that V. inaequalis resistance is linked to LOX activity and 3HA biosynthesis. This study proposes 3HA as a potential biomarker for rapid non-destructive screening of scab-resistant apple germplasm of 'Prima' based on leaf VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Demiwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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3
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Li Y, Xing YM, Murat C, Kohler A, Zhou DY, Yu FQ, Chen J. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals stage-specific metabolite accumulation during maturity of Chinese black truffle Tuber indicum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108158. [PMID: 37948976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuber indicum is the most economically important member of Tuber, with the highest production and widest distribution in China. However, the overexploitation of immature ascocarps not only has driven wild resources of the species toward extinction, but also has caused enconomic losses and a decline in the reputation of T.indicum quality. In this study, stage-specific metabolites of T. indicum in relation to nutritional quality and the mechanism of their accumulations were explored by transcriptome and metabolome analysis at five harvest times, representing four maturation stages. A total of 663 compounds were identified in T. indicum ascocarps by a widely targeted metabolomic approach. Lipid compounds are the most prominent metabolites (18%) in our samples and also are higher accumulation at the immature stage than at mature stage, representing 30.16% differential accumulated metabolites in this stage. Levels of some of the amino acids, such as S-(methyl) glutathione, S-adenosylmethionine, which are known truffle aroma precursors, were increased at the mature stage. The gene expression level related to the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds were verified by qPCR. This study contributes to the preliminary understanding of metabolites variations in T. indicum ascocarps during maturity for quality evaluation and truffle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France.
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France.
| | - Dong-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming, Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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4
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Tejedor-Calvo E, Garcia-Barreda S, Sebastián Dambolena J, Pelissero D, Sánchez S, Marco P, Nouhra E. Aromatic profile of black truffle grown in Argentina: Characterization of commercial categories and alterations associated to maturation, harvesting date and orchard management practices. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113300. [PMID: 37803611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) is one of the most appreciated fungi in the world mainly due to its aromatic properties. In the emerging markets such as Argentina, the aroma of locally produced truffles has not been described yet. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 102 black truffles from Argentina were analyzed using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (SPME-GC-MS). Several factors such as commercial category, maturity stage, host tree, geographical origin, and aromatic defects detected during classification were also registered and considered. As a result, 79 VOCs were detected, among which 2-methyl-propanal, 2-butanone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, butanal-3-methyl, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol were present in high percentage in fresh mature truffles, whereas immature truffles were associated with 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 2-phenyl-2-butenal, 2,3-dimethoxytoluene. The Argentine black truffles showed significant similarities in their aromatic profile when compared with their Australian and European counterparts, but with some distinctive notes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tejedor-Calvo
- Department of Plant Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agrifood Institute of Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Sergi Garcia-Barreda
- Department of Plant Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agrifood Institute of Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Sebastián Dambolena
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), CC 495, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - David Pelissero
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), CC 495, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Plant Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agrifood Institute of Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Marco
- Department of Plant Science, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agrifood Institute of Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nouhra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), CC 495, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Deng G, Li J, Liu H, Wang Y. Volatile compounds and aroma characteristics of mushrooms: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37788142 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2261133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are popular due to their rich medicinal and nutritional value. Of the many characteristics of mushrooms, aroma has received extensive attention and research as a key determinant of consumer preference. This paper reviews the production, role and contribution of common volatile compounds (VCs) in wild and cultivated mushrooms, and explores the methods used to characterize them and the factors influencing aroma. To date, more than 347 common VCs have been identified in mushrooms, such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and sulfur-containing compounds. Extraction and identification of VCs is a critical step and combining multiple analytical methods is an effective strategy in mushroom aroma studies. In addition, the VCs and the aroma of mushrooms are affected by a variety of factors such as genetics, growing conditions, and processing methods. However, the mechanism of influence is unknown. Further studies on the production mechanisms of VCs, their contribution to aroma, and the factors influencing their formation need to be determined in order to fully elucidate aroma and flavor of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Deng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jieqing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Honggao Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Gastrodia and Fungi Symbiotic Biology, Zhaotong University, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Ma Y, Yao J, Zhou L, Zhao M, Liu J, Marchioni E. Characterization and discrimination of volatile organic compounds and lipid profiles of truffles under different treatments by UHPLC-QE Orbitrap/MS/MS and P&T-GC-MS. Food Chem 2023; 410:135432. [PMID: 36634560 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The lipid profiles of the truffles with different treatments were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE Orbitrap/MS/MS) and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by purge-and-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P&T-GC-MS). A total of 37 lipid molecular species and 28 VOCs were tentatively identified. Lysophophatidylcholine (LPC), triacylglycerol (TG) and sphingomyelin (SM) in heat-drying truffles, phosphatidic acid (PA) in freeze-drying and fresh truffles might be the key lipids that bound VOCs. Furthermore, the correlation between lipids and VOCs were analyzed by 19 differential lipids and 7 VOCs. The findings indicated that TG 18:2/18:2/18:2 and Cardiolipin (CL) 16:0/16:0/18:2/18:2 might be the key lipid molecule species for the formation of 2-methoxyphenol. The study helps to understand the effect of different treatments on the lipid profiles and provides the mechanistic insights to the relationship between the lipids and VOCs of truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiaxu Yao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Minjie Zhao
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Jikai Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Eric Marchioni
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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7
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Agho CA, Runno-Paurson E, Tähtjärv T, Kaurilind E, Niinemets Ü. Variation in Leaf Volatile Emissions in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) Cultivars with Different Late Blight Resistance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112100. [PMID: 37299080 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play key roles in plant abiotic and biotic stress resistance, but even for widespread crops, there is limited information on variations in the magnitude and composition of constitutive VOC emissions among cultivars with varying stress resistance. The foliage VOC emissions from nine local and commercial potato cultivars (Alouette, Sarme, Kuras, Ando, Anti, Jõgeva Kollane, Teele, 1681-11, and Reet) with medium to late maturities and varying Phytophthora infestans (the causative agent of late blight disease) resistance backgrounds were analyzed to gain an insight into the genetic diversity of constitutive VOC emissions and to test the hypothesis that cultivars more resistant to Phytophthora infestans have greater VOC emissions and different VOC fingerprints. Forty-six VOCs were identified in the emission blends of potato leaves. The majority of the VOCs were sesquiterpenes (50% of the total number of compounds and 0.5-36.9% of the total emissions) and monoterpenes (30.4% of the total number of compounds and 57.8-92.5% of the total VOC emissions). Qualitative differences in leaf volatiles, mainly in sesquiterpenes, were related to the potato genotype background. Among the volatile groups, the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, limonene, and p-cymene, the sesquiterpenes (E)-β-caryophyllene and α-copaene, and green leaf volatile hexanal were the major volatiles in all cultivars. A higher share of VOCs known to have antimicrobial activities was observed. Interestingly, the cultivars were grouped into high and low resistance categories based on the VOC profiles, and the total terpenoid and total constitutive VOC emission scale positively with resistance. To support and expedite advances in breeding for resistance to diseases such as late blight disease, the plant research community must develop a fast and precise approach to measure disease resistance. We conclude that the blend of emitted volatiles is a fast, non-invasive, and promising indicator to identify cultivars resistant to potato late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Agho
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Runno-Paurson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Tähtjärv
- The Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - E Kaurilind
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Phong WN, Sung B, Cao Z, Gibberd MR, Dykes GA, Payne AD, Coorey R. Impact of different processing techniques on the key volatile profile, sensory, and consumer acceptance of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini). J Food Sci 2022; 87:4174-4187. [PMID: 35975798 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fresh truffles which include black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittadini) deteriorate and lose aroma rapidly after harvest; therefore, postharvest processing via freeze-drying or encapsulation is an option to preserve truffle aroma for extended supply. However, the aroma profile that directly affects the truffle quality and consumer acceptance is influenced by processing and producers require processing options that balance processing feasibility with retention of a suitable aroma profile. This study aimed to determine the impact of freeze-drying and encapsulation on the profile of key volatiles, consumer discrimination, and overall sensory impression (aroma intensity, liking, and acceptability) of processed truffle products compared to the starting material (positive control). The study combined experimental-scale processing with GC-MS analysis and consumer sensory evaluation to compare and optimize postharvest processing options. Based on the results, some volatile changes were detected in the processed truffle products compared to the positive control which were aligned with the consumer discrimination (triangle test) and the aroma intensity score (consumer sensory test). Despite some chemical and sensory differences detected, the consumer panel did not have any preference for processed truffle products compared to the positive control. The overall finding indicates the potential value of processing truffles into a natural flavoring ingredient for food application via freeze-drying or encapsulation, which should be of great interest for the truffle and food industry. According to the correlation analysis, the consumer acceptance of a truffle product may be increased by retaining 1-octen-3-ol and methional, while reducing the amount of p-cresol in the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The postharvest process of turning truffles into a food flavoring ingredient may cause undesirable volatile changes that would directly impact the aroma quality and consumer acceptance of the processed truffle products. Hence, the impacts of freeze-drying and encapsulation on the chemical and sensory profile of truffles were evaluated in this study. Overall, the results of the concurrent instrument and sensory analysis demonstrated that both freeze-drying and encapsulation are potential options for processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Billy Sung
- School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zhanglong Cao
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Fortier D, Séguin JC, Voyer N. Characterization of the Volatilome of Tuber canaliculatum Harvested in Quebec, Canada. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29038-29045. [PMID: 36033704 PMCID: PMC9404485 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first detailed characterization of volatile compounds from Tuber canaliculatum, a truffle newly grown in Quebec, Canada, was performed with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 30 compounds were identified, making up more than 98% of the volatile extract. The volatilome of T. canaliculatum is dominated by (E)-1-methylthio-1-propene, (Z)-1-methylthio-1-propene, dimethyl disulfide, and 1-octen-3-ol. It also includes six compounds identified for the first time in truffles, namely, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, pentyl propanoate, (Z)-1-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)disulfide, (E)-1-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)disulfide, (Z)-1-methyl-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)trisulfide, and (E)-1-methyl-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)trisulfide. With the growing interest in gastronomy in truffles in North America, it is becoming important to gather knowledge for identification purposes and to delineate the key volatile compounds responsible for the aroma of North American truffles, especially the newly harvested T. canaliculatum.
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10
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Phong WN, Al-Salami H, Gibberd MR, Dykes GA, Payne AD, Coorey R. Comparative evaluation of encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin versus freeze-drying for better retention and stabilizing of black Périgord truffle (Tuber melanosporum) aroma. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3482-3495. [PMID: 35788997 PMCID: PMC9541271 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel technique to retain and stabilize compounds contributing to truffle aroma by encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the key volatile profile and microbial population of products resulting from three different encapsulation methods, namely direct mixing method (M1), direct mixing followed by ethanol addition method (M2), and paste method (M3), were compared with untreated truffles (positive control) over a 90-day period. The M2-derived product was the least optimal for retaining key volatile compounds despite showing the lowest microbial population. There was no significant difference in the volatile profile of products derived from M1 and M3 on day 0. However, it was observed that the M3-derived product could retain its volatile profile better than the M1-derived product by day 90. M3 was compared with freeze-drying in the second experiment. Freeze-dried truffles showed an overall higher relative percentage of volatiles than the M3-derived product on day 0. However, by day 90, some volatile changes occurred in the freeze-dried truffles but not in the M3-derived product. The findings indicate that while freeze-drying could adequately conserve truffle volatiles, the encapsulation of volatile compounds in β-cyclodextrin could improve the volatile stability of truffle products and allow for longer storage times. Microbes were found in all encapsulated truffle products and freeze-dried truffles on days 0 and 90, suggesting the need to explore the possibility of incorporating a decontamination step in the process prior to either encapsulation or freeze-drying. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A technique to capture and stabilize compounds responsible for truffle aroma by encapsulation using β-cyclodextrin was developed and compared with freeze-drying in this study. The overall finding suggests that while freeze-drying of truffle could sufficiently preserve volatiles, encapsulating truffle volatiles with β-cyclodextrin may improve its stability, extending its shelf life, which can be applied in the development of a natural truffle ingredient that can be applied in food product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Nee Phong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Mark R Gibberd
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Tabbal S, El Aroussi B, Bouchard M, Marchand G, Haddad S. A new headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 21 microbial volatile organic compounds in urine and blood. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133901. [PMID: 35143866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mold growth can cause the development of several metabolites including microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). These latter may be considered as potential biomarkers of fungal presence and have been detected in human biological matrices such as urine and blood. Exposure to molds and their metabolites (e.g., mVOCs, mycotoxins) in occupational settings, is responsible for several health effects. Thus, this exposure cannot be neglected and must be evaluated. Herein, a method has been developed to quantify 21 mVOCs in urine and human blood by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The parameters influencing the extraction process, such as the type of fiber, the incubation and extraction time and temperature and the desorption time, have been optimized to ensure better mVOCs extraction. The developed method showed good linearity over the concentration range of the compounds (R2 ˃ 0.995) for all the mVOCs in all the matrices. The low limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.7 to 417 ng/L in urine and from 1 to 507 ng/L in blood, make the developed methods sensitive and effective for biomonitoring of exposure at low levels. Recoveries, at low and high concentrations, were between 87% and 120% in urine and between 83% and 118% in blood. The repeatability and the intermediate precision in terms of coefficients of variation (CV%) was lower than 13% and 8.58% respectively for all compounds in all matrices. These values show satisfactory accuracy and precision of the developed method. Thus, this practical, simple, and sensitive method is well suited for the simultaneous quantification of target mVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tabbal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (DSEST), University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Badr El Aroussi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (DSEST), University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (DSEST), University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Marchand
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health (DSEST), University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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12
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Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Paraskevopoulou A, Mourtzinos I, Zachariadis GA, Rosenberg E. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Powerful Analytical Tool for the Discrimination of Truffle Species According to Their Volatiles. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856250. [PMID: 35558753 PMCID: PMC9085510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first assessment of the volatile metabolome map of Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii originating from Greece using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the extraction of the volatile fraction, the SPME protocol was optimized after examining the effects of sample mass, extraction temperature, and extraction time using the one-variable at-a-time approach (OVAT). The optimum parameters involved the extraction of 100 mg of homogenized truffle for 45 min at 50°C. Overall, 19 truffle samples were analyzed, and the acquired data were normalized and further processed with chemometrics. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HCA) was used to identify the groups of the two species. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to develop a chemometric model that could discriminate the truffles according to the species and reveal characteristic volatile markers for Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii grown in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adamantini Paraskevopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Čejka T, Thomas PW, Oliach D, Stobbe U, Egli S, Tegel W, Centenaro G, Sproll L, Bagi I, Trnka M, Büntgen U. Understanding the performance of truffle dogs. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Li Y, Li J, Qiao P, Zhou D, Xing Y, Chen J. Monitoring the volatile composition and change in different geographical regions and harvest time of Chinese truffle (Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee). Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-03994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Life Cycle and Phylogeography of True Truffles. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010145. [PMID: 35052485 PMCID: PMC8775154 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
True truffle (Tuber spp.) is one group of ascomycetes with great economic importance. During the last 30 years, numerous fine-scale population genetics studies were conducted on different truffle species, aiming to answer several key questions regarding their life cycles; these questions are important for their cultivation. It is now evident that truffles are heterothallic, but with a prevalent haploid lifestyle. Strains forming ectomycorrhizas and germinating ascospores act as maternal and paternal partners respectively. At the same time, a number of large-scale studies were carried out, highlighting the influences of the last glaciation and river isolations on the genetic structure of truffles. A retreat to southern refugia during glaciation, and a northward expansion post glaciation, were revealed in all studied European truffles. The Mediterranean Sea, acting as a barrier, has led to the existence of several refugia in different peninsulas for a single species. Similarly, large rivers in southwestern China act as physical barriers to gene flow for truffles in this region. Further studies can pay special attention to population genetics of species with a wide distribution range, such as T. himalayense, and the correlation between truffle genetic structure and the community composition of truffle-associated bacteria.
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Niimi J, Deveau A, Splivallo R. Aroma and bacterial communities dramatically change with storage of fresh white truffle Tuber magnatum. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Inamdar AA, Morath S, Bennett JW. Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell? Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 74:101-116. [PMID: 32905756 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with industry cause adverse health effects, but less is known about the physiological effects of biologically produced volatiles. This review focuses on the VOCs emitted by fungi, which often have characteristic moldy or "mushroomy" odors. One of the most common fungal VOCs, 1-octen-3-ol, is a semiochemical for many arthropod species and also serves as a developmental hormone for several fungal groups. Other fungal VOCs are flavor components of foods and spirits or are assayed in indirect methods for detecting the presence of mold in stored agricultural produce and water-damaged buildings. Fungal VOCs function as antibiotics as well as defense and plant-growth-promoting agents and have been implicated in a controversial medical condition known as sick building syndrome. In this review, we draw attention to the ubiquity, diversity, and toxicological significance of fungal VOCs as well as some of their ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- Department of Pathology, RWJ Barnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey 07039, USA;
| | - Shannon Morath
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA; ,
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA; ,
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18
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Niimi J, Deveau A, Splivallo R. Geographical-based variations in white truffle Tuber magnatum aroma is explained by quantitative differences in key volatile compounds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1623-1638. [PMID: 33555031 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The factors that vary the aroma of Tuber magnatum fruiting bodies are poorly understood. The study determined the headspace aroma composition, sensory aroma profiles, maturity and bacterial communities from T. magnatum originating from Italy, Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia, and tested if truffle aroma is dependent on provenance and if fruiting body volatiles are explained by maturity and/or bacterial communities. Headspace volatile profiles were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) and aroma of fruiting body extracts were sensorially assessed. Fruiting body maturity was estimated through spore melanisation. Bacterial community was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Main odour active compounds were present in all truffles but varied in concentration. Aroma of truffle extracts were sensorially discriminated by sites. However, volatile profiles of individual fruiting bodies varied more within sites than across geographic area, while maturity level did not play a role. Bacterial communities varied highly and were partially explained by provenance. A few rare bacterial operational taxonomical units associated with a select few nonodour active volatile compounds. Specificities of the aroma of T. magnatum truffles are more likely to be linked to individual properties than provenance. Some constituents of bacteria may provide biomarkers of provenance and be linked to nonodour active volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Niimi
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Nectariss Sàrl, Avenue de Senalèche 9, Pully, 1009, Switzerland
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19
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Soil Metabarcoding Offers a New Tool for the Investigation and Hunting of Truffles in Northern Thailand. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040293. [PMID: 33924673 PMCID: PMC8069821 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles (Tuber spp.) are well-known as edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, and some species are one of the most expensive foods in the world. During the fruiting process, truffles produce hypogeous ascocarps; a trained pig or dog is needed to locate the ascocarps under the ground. Truffles in northern Thailand have been recorded in association with Betulaalnoides and Carpinus poilanei. In this study, we investigated the soil mycobiota diversity of soil samples from both of these truffle host plants in native forests using environmental DNA metabarcoding to target the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the rDNA gene for the purposes of investigation of truffle diversity and locating truffles during the non-fruiting phase. In this study, a total of 38 soil samples were collected from different locations. Of these, truffles had been found at three of these locations. Subsequently, a total of 1341 putative taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. The overall fungal community was dominated by phylum-level sequences assigned to Ascomycota (57.63%), Basidiomycota (37.26%), Blastocladiomycota (0.007%), Chytridiomycota (0.21%), Glomeromycota (0.01%), Kickxellomycota (0.01%), Mortierellomycota (2.08%), Mucoromycota (0.24%), Rozellomycota (0.01%), Zoopagomycota (0.003%), and unidentified (2.54%). The results revealed that six OTUs were determined to be representative and belonged to the genus Tuber. OTU162, OTU187, OTU447, and OTU530 belonged to T. thailandicum, T. lannaense, T. bomiense, and T. magnatum, whereas OTU105 and OTU720 were acknowledged as unrecognized Tuber species. From 38 locations, OTUs of truffles were found in 33 locations (including three previously known truffle locations). Thus, 30 collection sites were considered new locations for T. thailandicum, T. bomiense, and other unrecognized Tuber species. Interestingly, at 16 new locations, mature ascocarps of truffles that were undergoing the fruiting phase were located underground. All 16 truffle samples were identified as T. thailandicum based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, ascocarps of other truffle species were not found at the new OTUs representative locations. The knowledge gained from this study can be used to lead researchers to a better understanding of the occurrence of truffles using soil mycobiota diversity investigation. The outcomes of this study will be particularly beneficial with respect to the search and hunt for truffles without the need for trained animals. In addition, the findings of this study will be useful for the management and conservation of truffle habitats in northern Thailand.
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20
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Komur P, Chachuła P, Kapusta J, Wierzbowska IA, Rola K, Olejniczak P, Mleczko P. What determines species composition and diversity of hypogeous fungi in the diet of small mammals? A comparison across mammal species, habitat types and seasons in Central European mountains. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Lu B, Perez-Moreno J, Zhang F, Rinaldi AC, Yu F. Aroma profile of two commercial truffle species from Yunnan and Sichuan, China: inter- and intraspecific variability and shared key compounds. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Mustafa AM, Angeloni S, Nzekoue FK, Abouelenein D, Sagratini G, Caprioli G, Torregiani E. An Overview on Truffle Aroma and Main Volatile Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E5948. [PMID: 33334053 PMCID: PMC7765491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mustafa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Franks Kamgang Nzekoue
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Doaa Abouelenein
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Torregiani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (A.M.M.); (S.A.); (F.K.N.); (D.A.); (G.S.); (G.C.)
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Tiwari S, Kate A, Mohapatra D, Tripathi MK, Ray H, Akuli A, Ghosh A, Modhera B. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Biomarkers for quality management of horticultural commodities during storage through e-sensing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Chinese black truffle (Tuber indicum) is rich in nutrition. However, commercial interests lead to the aroma components and nutrients of T. indicum being greatly affected by overexploitation without consideration of their maturity. This study investigated the proteomic and metabolomic profiles of truffle fruiting bodies at different maturities using a meta-proteomic approach. Among the 3007 identified proteins, the most up-expressed protein in the mature ascocarps was involved in the peptidyl-diphthamide biosynthetic process, while thiamine metabolism was the most differentially expressed pathway. Furthermore, a total of 54 metabolites identified upon LC-MS differed significantly, with 30 being up-expressed in the mature ascocarps, including organic acids, carnitine substances and polysaccharides. Additionally, the ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and total sugar contents were all higher in the mature ascocarps. Overall, our findings reveal that mature truffles have a higher nutritional value, providing a basis for further exploring protein functionality of T. indicum at different maturities.
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25
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Zhang B, Zhang X, Yan L, Kang Z, Tan H, Jia D, Yang L, Ye L, Li X. WITHDRAWN: Different maturities drive proteomic and metabolomic changes in Chinese black truffle. Food Chem X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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26
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Strojnik L, Grebenc T, Ogrinc N. Species and geographic variability in truffle aromas. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111434. [PMID: 32442473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastronomic relevance and price of truffles are related mainly to its unique aroma. In this study, we explore the impact that different volatile compounds have on the aroma quality of fresh truffles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Four hundred sixty fresh ascocarps of nine truffle species (Tuber aestivum, Tuber magnatum, Tuber melanosporum, Tuber mesentericum, Tuber brumale, Tuber excavatum, Tuber rufum, Tuber indicum and Tuber macrosporum) harvested in 2018/19 and 2019/2020 from 11 different countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia in Herzegovina, Macedonia, Italy, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Germany, Poland and China) were collected. Our investigation included the classification of species based on their aroma profile, a study of the differences in the volatile organic composition of truffle species over a geographical area, and, in more detail, a study of T. aestivum from four natural truffle growing sites in Slovenia. Our models can distinguish between groups, with small classification error. These models could form the basis of a predictive framework to detect fraud concerning truffle products and to determine the influence of different growing parameters on the aroma profile of truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Strojnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nives Ogrinc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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27
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Vita F, Giuntoli B, Bertolini E, Taiti C, Marone E, D'Ambrosio C, Trovato E, Sciarrone D, Zoccali M, Balestrini R, Scaloni A, Mondello L, Mancuso S, Alessio M, Alpi A. Tuberomics: a molecular profiling for the adaption of edible fungi (Tuber magnatum Pico) to different natural environments. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:90. [PMID: 31996138 PMCID: PMC6988325 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Truffles are symbiotic fungi that develop underground in association with plant roots, forming ectomycorrhizae. They are primarily known for the organoleptic qualities of their hypogeous fruiting bodies. Primarily, Tuber magnatum Pico is a greatly appreciated truffle species mainly distributed in Italy and Balkans. Its price and features are mostly depending on its geographical origin. However, the genetic variation within T. magnatum has been only partially investigated as well as its adaptation to several environments. RESULTS Here, we applied an integrated omic strategy to T. magnatum fruiting bodies collected during several seasons from three different areas located in the North, Center and South of Italy, with the aim to distinguish them according to molecular and biochemical traits and to verify the impact of several environments on these properties. With the proteomic approach based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry, we were able to identify proteins specifically linked to the sample origin. We further associated the proteomic results to an RNA-seq profiling, which confirmed the possibility to differentiate samples according to their source and provided a basis for the detailed analysis of genes involved in sulfur metabolism. Finally, geographical specificities were associated with the set of volatile compounds produced by the fruiting bodies, as quantitatively and qualitatively determined through proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In particular, a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model built from the latter data was able to return high confidence predictions of sample source. CONCLUSIONS Results provide a characterization of white fruiting bodies by a wide range of different molecules, suggesting the role for specific compounds in the responses and adaptation to distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee 30, 50019, Florence, Italy. .,A.R.E.A. Foundation, via Tavoleria 28, 56125, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, via L. Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertolini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.,Present address: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Cosimo Taiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee 30, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Elettra Marone
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chiara D'Ambrosio
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, I.S.P.A.A.M., National Research Council, 80147, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuela Trovato
- Chromaleont Srl, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Danilo Sciarrone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariosimone Zoccali
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, I.S.P.A.A.M., National Research Council, 80147, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont Srl, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences Polo Annunziata, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), University of Florence, Viale delle idee 30, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS-Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedeo Alpi
- A.R.E.A. Foundation, via Tavoleria 28, 56125, Pisa, Italy
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Shah N, Usvalampi A, Chaudhary S, Seppänen-Laakso T, Marathe S, Bankar S, Singhal R, Shamekh S. An investigation on changes in composition and antioxidant potential of mature and immature summer truffle (Tuber aestivum). Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vahdatzadeh M, Deveau A, Splivallo R. Are bacteria responsible for aroma deterioration upon storage of the black truffle Tuber aestivum: A microbiome and volatilome study. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schneider-Maunoury L, Taschen E, Richard F, Selosse MA. Soil spore bank in Tuber melanosporum: up to 42% of fruitbodies remain unremoved in managed truffle grounds. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:663-668. [PMID: 31701214 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungi fruiting hypogeously are believed to form spore banks in soil especially because some fruitbodies are not removed by animals. However, little is known on the proportion of fruitbodies that are not removed by animals. We took advantage of the brûlé phenomenon, which allows delineation of the mycelium distribution, to assess the proportion of unremoved black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) fruitbodies in the context of plantations where fruitbodies are actively sought and harvested by truffle growers. We inspected portions of the brûlés after the harvest season to find unremoved fruitbodies. On average, from six truffle grounds in which a total of 38 brûlés were investigated, unremoved fruitbodies represented 33% of the whole fruitbody production (42% when averaging all the brûlés). We discuss this value and its high variability among truffle grounds. Beyond the local and variable accidental reasons that may lead to this high proportion, we speculate that the formation of some undetectable fruitbodies may be under selection pressure, given the reproductive biology of T. melanosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Taschen
- INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Richard
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Li X, Zhang X, Ye L, Kang Z, Jia D, Yang L, Zhang B. LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Approach Revealed the Significantly Different Metabolic Profiles of Five Commercial Truffle Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2227. [PMID: 31608041 PMCID: PMC6773953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungi that have elevated status in the culinary field due to their unique aroma and taste as well as their nutritional value and potential biological activities. Tuber melanosporum, T. indicum, T. panzhihuanense, T. sinoaestivum, and T. pseudoexcavatum are five commercial truffle species mainly distributed in Europe or China. In this study, an untargeted metabolomics technology based on an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was applied to analyze the metabolic profiles and variations among these five truffle species. In our results, a total of 2376 metabolites were identified under positive ion mode, of which 1282 had significantly differential amounts and covered 110 pathways or metabolisms. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed a clear separation from each of these five truffles, indicating a significantly different metabolic profile among them, with the biggest difference between T. melanosporum and the other four truffles. The differential metabolites covered various chemical categories, and a detailed analysis was performed for nine metabolic categories, including amino acids, saccharides and nucleosides, organic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carnitines, phenols and alcohols, esters, and sulfur compounds. For each of the nine categories, most of metabolites predominantly accumulated in T. melanosporum compared with the other four truffles. Meanwhile, there were significant differences of the average ion intensity in each category among the five truffles, e.g., higher amounts of amino acids was detected in T. panzhihuanense and T. pseudoexcavatum; T. indicum contained significantly more carnitines, while there were more alkaloids in T. melanosporum. Additionally, some metabolites with biological activities were discussed for each category, such as acetyl-L-carnitine, adenine, neobavaisoflavone, and anandamide. Generally, this study may provide the valuable information regarding the variation of the metabolic composition of these five commercial truffle species, and the biological significance of these metabolites was uncovered to explore the metabolic mechanisms of truffles, which would be helpful for further research on the compounds and potential biological functions in truffles that have not yet been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongjing Kang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dinghong Jia
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lufang Yang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Khalifa SA, Farag MA, Yosri N, Sabir JS, Saeed A, Al-Mousawi SM, Taha W, Musharraf SG, Patel S, El-Seedi HR. Truffles: From Islamic culture to chemistry, pharmacology, and food trends in recent times. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Splivallo R, Vahdatzadeh M, Maciá-Vicente JG, Molinier V, Peter M, Egli S, Uroz S, Paolocci F, Deveau A. Orchard Conditions and Fruiting Body Characteristics Drive the Microbiome of the Black Truffle Tuber aestivum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1437. [PMID: 31316485 PMCID: PMC6611097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are well known for their enticing aromas partially emitted by microbes colonizing truffle fruiting bodies. The identity and diversity of these microbes remain poorly investigated, because few studies have determined truffle-associated bacterial communities while considering only a small number of fruiting bodies. Hence, the factors driving the assembly of truffle microbiomes are yet to be elucidated. Here we investigated the bacterial community structure of more than 50 fruiting bodies of the black truffle Tuber aestivum in one French and one Swiss orchard using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial communities from truffles collected in both orchards shared their main dominant taxa: while 60% of fruiting bodies were dominated by α-Proteobacteria, in some cases the β-Proteobacteria or the Sphingobacteriia classes were the most abundant, suggesting that specific factors (i.e., truffle maturation and soil properties) shape differently truffle-associated microbiomes. We further attempted to assess the influence in truffle microbiome variation of factors related to collection season, truffle mating type, degree of maturation, and location within the truffle orchards. These factors had differential effects between the two truffle orchards, with season being the strongest predictor of community variation in the French orchard, and spatial location in the Swiss one. Surprisingly, genotype and fruiting body maturation did not have a significant effect on microbial community composition. In summary, our results show, regardless of the geographical location considered, the existence of heterogeneous bacterial communities within T. aestivum fruiting bodies that are dominated by three bacterial classes. They also indicate that factors shaping microbial communities within truffle fruiting bodies differ across local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jose G Maciá-Vicente
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,UMR 5175 CEFE - CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Division of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France
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Popović-Djordjević J, Marjanović ŽS, Gršić N, Adžić T, Popović B, Bogosavljević J, Brčeski I. Essential Elements as a Distinguishing Factor between Mycorrhizal Potentials of Two Cohabiting Truffle Species in Riparian Forest Habitat in Serbia. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800693. [PMID: 30707488 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
True truffles (Tuber sp.) that establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (ECM) with trees in the Mediterranean and temporal regions have species specific abilities to assimilate soil born elements. Suitable habitats are usually inhabited by few truffle species, while distinguishing their symbiotic potentials appeared very difficult. Two species that commonly inhabit riparian forests in Serbia are the most prized one, Tuber magnatum Pico (Piedmont white truffle) and not so highly valued Tuber brumale Vitt. In order to assess potential differences between their assimilation and accumulation abilities, the differences between contents of elements that may be the subjects of the symbiotic trade between the host plant and fungi were evaluated in accumulation target (ascocarps) and their source (the soil). Essential (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S, and Zn) and essential trace elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Se) in truffles and soil samples were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Their concentrations (mg/kg) in ascocarps were in the range from 1.364±0.591 (Cr) to 10760.862±16.058 (K), while in soil ranged from 23.035±0.010 (Cr) to 20809.300±122.934 (Fe). Element accumulation potential (bioaccumulation factor) was calculated in the system truffle/soil. The statistical approaches were used for establishing the differences, while the possible differentiation between symbiotic potentials of two mycelia in the defined soil conditions was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popović-Djordjević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Žaklina S Marjanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Gršić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Adžić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Blaženka Popović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agroeconomy, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bogosavljević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Menagment, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilija Brčeski
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Riccioni C, Rubini A, Türkoğlu A, Belfiori B, Paolocci F. Ribosomal DNA polymorphisms reveal genetic structure and a phylogeographic pattern in the Burgundy truffle Tuber aestivum Vittad. Mycologia 2019; 111:26-39. [PMID: 30676256 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1543508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes belonging to the genus Tuber produce edible fruiting bodies known as truffles. Tuber aestivum, in particular, is a fungus appreciated worldwide and has a natural distribution throughout Europe. Most of the molecular studies conducted on this species have been focused on the question as to whether or not T. aestivum and the morphologically similar T. uncinatum are conspecific. Conversely, only a handful of studies have assessed the level and distribution of genetic diversity and occurrence of phylogeographic patterns in this species. Here, we analyzed the genetic diversity of T. aestivum over a wide geographic range, performing an extensive sampling of specimens from Turkey, which is novel, to the best of our knowledge. We compared the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) profiles of 45 samples collected in different Turkish areas with those of 144 samples from all over Europe. We identified 63 haplotypes, 32 of which were exclusively present in Turkey. The majority of these haplotyes were also population specific. Haplotype network analysis and statistical tests highlighted the presence of a genetic structure and phylogeographic pattern, with three spatially distinct genetic clusters (northeastern Europe, southern Europe, and Turkey), with Turkey representing a diversity hotspot. Based on these results, we hypothesize the presence of glacial refugia for T. aestivum in Turkey, whereas European populations likely experienced a population bottleneck. The possible occurrence of cryptic species among Turkish T. aestivum samples also emerged. Our results are of practical relevance for the marketing of T. aestivum truffles and mycorrhizal seedlings and the preservation of the biodiversity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Riccioni
- a Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources Perugia Division, National Research Council , Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128 Perugia , Italy
| | - Andrea Rubini
- a Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources Perugia Division, National Research Council , Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128 Perugia , Italy
| | - Aziz Türkoğlu
- b School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Box 352100 University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-2100
| | - Beatrice Belfiori
- a Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources Perugia Division, National Research Council , Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- a Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources Perugia Division, National Research Council , Via Madonna Alta n. 130, 06128 Perugia , Italy
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Vahdatzadeh M, Splivallo R. Improving truffle mycelium flavour through strain selection targeting volatiles of the Ehrlich pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9304. [PMID: 29915180 PMCID: PMC6006436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Truffles (Tuber spp.) are the fruiting bodies of symbiotic fungi, which are prized food delicacies. The marked aroma variability observed among truffles of the same species has been attributed to a series of factors that are still debated. This is because factors (i.e. genetics, maturation, geographical location and the microbial community colonizing truffles) often co-vary in truffle orchards. Here, we removed the co-variance effect by investigating truffle flavour in axenic cultures of nine strains of the white truffle Tuber borchii. This allowed us to investigate the influence of genetics on truffle aroma. Specifically, we quantified aroma variability and explored whether strain selection could be used to improve human-sensed truffle flavour. Our results illustrate that aroma variability among strains is predominantly linked to amino acid catabolism through the Ehrlich pathway, as confirmed by 13C labelling experiments. We furthermore exemplified through sensory analysis that the human nose is able to distinguish among strains and that sulfur volatiles derived from the catabolism of methionine have the strongest influence on aroma characteristics. Overall, our results demonstrate that genetics influences truffle aroma much more deeply than previously thought and illustrate the usefulness of strain selection for improving truffle flavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vahdatzadeh
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster (IPF), 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
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37
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Environmental conditions influence the biochemical properties of the fruiting bodies of Tuber magnatum Pico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7243. [PMID: 29740145 PMCID: PMC5940868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influences of various factors, including the symbiosis established with the roots of specific tree species, on the production of volatiles in the fruiting bodies of Tuber magnatum have not been investigated yet. Volatiles in T. magnatum fruiting bodies were quantitatively and qualitatively determined by both PTR-MS and GC-MS in order to compare the accuracy of the two methods. An electronic nose was also used to characterize truffle samples. The influence of environmental changes on the antioxidant capabilities of fruiting bodies was also determined. Statistically significant differences were found between fruiting bodies with different origins. The relationship between the quality of white truffle fruiting bodies and their specific host plant is described along with an analysis of metabolites other than VOCs that have ecological roles. Our results indicate that the geographical origin (Italy and Istria) of the fruiting bodies is correlated with the quantity and quality of volatiles and various antioxidant metabolites. This is the first report characterizing antioxidant compounds other than VOCs in white truffles. The correlation between geographical origin and antioxidant contents suggests that these compounds may be useful for certifying the geographical origin of truffles.
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39
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Campo E, Marco P, Oria R, Blanco D, Venturini ME. What is the best method for preserving the genuine black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) aroma? An olfactometric and sensory approach. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Rosa-Gruszecka A, Gange AC, Harvey DJ, Jaworski T, Hilszczański J, Plewa R, Konwerski S, Hilszczańska D. Insect-truffle interactions – potential threats to emerging industries? FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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New Insights into the Complex Relationship between Weight and Maturity of Burgundy Truffles (Tuber aestivum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170375. [PMID: 28125633 PMCID: PMC5268403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing demand for Burgundy truffles (Tuber aestivum), gaps remain in our understanding of the fungus’ overall lifecycle and ecology. Here, we compile evidence from three independent surveys in Hungary and Switzerland. First, we measured the weight and maturity of 2,656 T. aestivum fruit bodies from a three-day harvest in August 2014 in a highly productive orchard in Hungary. All specimens ranging between 2 and 755 g were almost evenly distributed through five maturation classes. Then, we measured the weight and maturity of another 4,795 T. aestivum fruit bodies harvested on four occasions between June and October 2015 in the same truffière. Again, different maturation stages occurred at varying fruit body size and during the entire fruiting season. Finally, the predominantly unrelated weight and maturity of 81 T. aestivum fruit bodies from four fruiting seasons between 2010 and 2013 in Switzerland confirmed the Hungarian results. The spatiotemporal coexistence of 7,532 small-ripe and large-unripe T. aestivum, which accumulate to ~182 kg, differs from species-specific associations between the size and ripeness that have been reported for other mushrooms. Although size-independent truffle maturation stages may possibly relate to the perpetual belowground environment, the role of mycelial connectivity, soil property, microclimatology, as well as other abiotic factors and a combination thereof, is still unclear. Despite its massive sample size and proof of concept, this study, together with existing literature, suggests consideration of a wider ecological and biogeographical range, as well as the complex symbiotic fungus-host interaction, to further illuminate the hidden development of belowground truffle fruit bodies.
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Hilszczańska D, Siebyła M, Horak J, Król M, Podsadni P, Steckiewicz P, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Szutowski M, Turło J. Comparison of Chemical Composition inTuber aestivumVittad. of Different Geographical Origin. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1617-1629. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Hilszczańska
- Department of Forest Ecology; Forest Research Institute; Braci Leśnej 3 Str. PL-05-090 Sękocin Stary
| | - Marta Siebyła
- Department of Forest Protection; Forest Research Institute; PL-05-090 Sękocin Stary
| | - Jakub Horak
- Department of Forest Protection and Entomology; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences; Czech University of Life Sciences; CZ-165 21 Prague
| | - Marek Król
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Medical University of Warsaw; PL-02-097 Warsaw
| | - Piotr Podsadni
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Medical University of Warsaw; PL-02-097 Warsaw
| | - Piotr Steckiewicz
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Medical University of Warsaw; PL-02-097 Warsaw
| | | | - Mirosław Szutowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Medical University of Warsaw; PL-02-097 Warsaw
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Medical University of Warsaw; PL-02-097 Warsaw
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Culleré L, Ferreira V, Marco P, Venturini ME, Blanco D. Does the host tree exert any influence on the aromatic composition of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum)? FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Culleré
- Laboratory for Aroma Analysis and Enology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Vicente Ferreira
- Laboratory for Aroma Analysis and Enology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pedro Marco
- Plant Foods Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Food Technology; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - María E. Venturini
- Plant Foods Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Food Technology; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Domingo Blanco
- Plant Foods Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Department of Food Technology; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
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Molinier V, Murat C, Baltensweiler A, Büntgen U, Martin F, Meier B, Moser B, Sproll L, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Egli S, Peter M. Fine-scale genetic structure of natural Tuber aestivum sites in southern Germany. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:895-907. [PMID: 27460217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of important economic value, its subterranean life cycle and population biology are still poorly understood. Here, we determine mating type and simple sequence repeat (SSR) maternal genotypes of mapped fruiting bodies to assess their genetic structure within two naturally colonized forest sites in southern Germany. Forty-one genotypes were identified from 112 fruiting bodies. According to their mating types, the maternal genotypes were aggregated only in one population. Genotypic diversity of individuals that mostly were small and occurred in 1 out of 2 years of sampling was high. Although these results suggested a ruderal colonization strategy, some genets spread several hundred meters. This result indicates that, besides sexual spore dispersal, vegetative growth or spreading by mycelial propagules contributes to dissemination. In one site, fewer individuals with a tendency to expand genets belonging to only one genetic group were observed. In the second site, numerous small individuals were found and were grouped into two clearly differentiated genetic groups that were spatially intermingled. Forest characteristics and disturbances are possible reasons for the observed genetic patterns. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the biology of one of the most widespread and commercially important truffle species. This knowledge is critical for establishing and maintaining sustainable long-term truffle cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Willy Tegel
- Institute of Forest Sciences IWW, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Molinier V, Murat C, Peter M, Gollotte A, De la Varga H, Meier B, Egli S, Belfiori B, Paolocci F, Wipf D. SSR-based identification of genetic groups within European populations of Tuber aestivum Vittad. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:99-110. [PMID: 26070448 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuber species are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes establishing relationships with different host trees and forming hypogeous fruiting bodies known as truffles. Among Tuber species, Tuber aestivum Vittad. has a wide distributional range being found naturally all over Europe. Here, we performed large-scale population genetic analyses in T. aestivum to (i) investigate its genetic diversity at the European scale, (ii) characterize its genetic structure and test for the presence of ecotypes and (iii) shed light into its demographic history. To reach these goals, 230 ascocarps from different populations were genotyped using 15 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers. We identified 181 multilocus genotypes and four genetic groups which did not show a clear geographical separation; although, one of them was present exclusively in Southeast France, Italy and Spain. Fixation index values between pairs of genetic groups were generally high and ranged from 0.29 to 0.45. A significant deficit of heterozygosity indicated a population expansion instead of a recent population bottleneck, suggesting that T. aestivum is not endangered in Europe, not even in Mediterranean regions. Our study based on a large-scale population genetic analysis suggests that genetically distinct populations and likely ecotypes within T. aestivum are present. In turn, this study paves the way to future investigations aimed at addressing the biological and/or ecological factors that have concurred in shaping the population genetic structure of this species. Present results should also have implications for the truffle market since defining genetic markers are now possible at least for some specific T. aestivum genetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- UMR Agroécologie INRA, Agrosup, u. Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, Université de Bourgogne, 21065 Cedex, Dijon, France.
| | - Claude Murat
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Herminia De la Varga
- UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Barbara Meier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Belfiori
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia (CNR-IBBR), 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- National Research Council, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia (CNR-IBBR), 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR Agroécologie INRA, Agrosup, u. Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, Université de Bourgogne, 21065 Cedex, Dijon, France
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The Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum): A Truffle Species with a Wide Habitat Range over Europe. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tuber magnatum: The Special One. What Makes It so Different from the Other Tuber spp.? SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Splivallo R, Culleré L. The Smell of Truffles: From Aroma Biosynthesis to Product Quality. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Taxonomy, Biology and Ecology of Tuber macrosporum Vittad. and Tuber mesentericum Vittad. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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