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Rahimian Y, Kheiri F, Faghani M. Evaluation the effect of dietary vitamin E, sesamin and thymoquinone bioactive compounds on immunological response, intestinal traits and MUC-2 gene expression in broiler Japanese quails ( Coturnix japonica). Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2259437. [PMID: 37729462 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2259437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The current study was performed to determine the effect of dietary vitamin E, sesamin and thymoquinone bioactive lignans derived from sesame and black seed on immunological response, intestinal traits and Mucin2 gene expression in broiler quails. Three hundred and fifty (one days-old) quails were allotted to seven dietary treatments with five replicates as an experimental randomized design study. Treatments were basal diet as a control, control +100 and +200 mg of vitamin E, sesamin and thymoquinone per each kg of diet respectively. At 35 d of age, two quails from each pen were chosen, weighted, slaughtered, eviscerated and lymphoid organ relative weights were measured. Anti-body titers against Newcastle disease (ND), Sheep red blood cell (SRBC), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Avian influenza (AI) vaccination were determined. The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum antioxidant activates such as superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GPX), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were examined. The cell mediated immunity by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) challenges were assessed. The microflora populations of ileum, morphological traits of jejunum and mucin2 gene expression were analyzed. Data showed that the lymphoid organ (thymus, spleen and Bursa) relative weights and antibody titer against HI, AI, SRBC and IB vaccination were increased compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Serum activities of ALP, ALT and AST were decreased under influences of dietary treatments (p ≤ 0.05). The serum antioxidant activates of GPX,SOD,CAT and TAC were increased and Increasing in mean skin thickness after DNCB challenge and decrease wing web swelling response to PHA mitojen injection were observed (p ≤ 0.05). Salmonella enterica, E-coli and Coliforms colonies were decrease and Lactobacillus colonies increased instead (p ≤ 0.05). The villus height and surface, crypt depth and goblet cells density were increased compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). The expression of MUC2 gene increased under influnces of vitamin E, sesamin and thymoquinone supplemented diets (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Rahimian
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farshid Kheiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mostafa Faghani
- Department of Animal Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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2
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Sandrini S, Perricone V, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Biscarini F, Verdile N, Brevini T, Comi M, Jiang X, Agazzi A. Yeast mixture supplementation modulates faecal microbiota and ileum morphology of weaning pigs. Animal 2024; 18:101275. [PMID: 39153440 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Different yeast strains benefit postweaning piglets by promoting intestinal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a yeast mixture containing Kluyveromyces marxianus fragilis, Pichia guilliermondii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Vetoquinol italia s.r.l., Italy) on gut health parameters and growth performance traits of weaned piglets. Forty-eight postweaning castrated male piglets (27 ± 1.7 days, 7.19 ± 0.54 kg) were randomly allocated to two homogeneous experimental groups and involved in a 28-day trial. Both the groups received a basal diet with (yeast mixture, YM) or without (control, CTR) the inclusion of 0.8% yeast mixture during weeks 1 and 2, and 0.6% during weeks 3 and 4. Individual BW and box feed intake were determined on days 0, 14, and 28, and average daily gain and Gain:Feed ratio were subsequently calculated for each administration period (0-14, 14-28). Individual faecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis on days 4, 14, 21, and 28, and faecal score was evaluated on the same days. At the end of the trial, 12 piglets for each group were sacrificed, and ileal tissue was sampled for morphological analysis and the evaluation of mucins profile, using Alcian-Blue/Periodic Acid-Shiff (PAS) staining. On ileum samples, dividing and differentiated epithelial cells were also identified using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and alkaline phosphatase expression, respectively. Differences in the means between the experimental groups were determined by ANOVA, while the metataxonomics analyses were performed by sequencing for V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Growth performance traits were not different among the two experimental groups when considering the whole trial period, while treated animals showed increased faecal consistency on weeks 1 and 4 (P = 0.036 and 0.021, respectively). Yeast mixture administration increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium (P = 0.006) and Coprococcus 2 (P = 0.015), and decreased Clostridium Sensu Stricto 1 (P = 0.019) at all the considered timepoints. Ileum villous height, villous width, and crypt depth were significantly increased by yeast mixture supplementation (P = 0.019; P = 0.013; P = 0.036, respectively), while no differences were observed for the villous:crypt ratio among the groups. The mucin profile showed no differences among experimental groups for acid and neutral glycoconjugates. However, a higher presence of PAS-positive mucins was highlighted in the villi of YM piglets (P < 0.001) compared to CTR. Overall, the administration of a yeast mixture to postweaning piglets showed positive effects on gut health when compared to piglets not receiving the tested product, improving beneficial genera and intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sandrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 2600 Lodi, Italy
| | - V Perricone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 2600 Lodi, Italy.
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA-CNR), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA-CNR), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA-CNR), Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - N Verdile
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - T Brevini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 2600 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Comi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Telematic University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - X Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - A Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 2600 Lodi, Italy
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Shani MA, Irani M. Feeding strategy and prebiotic supplementation: Effects on immune responses and gut health in the early life stage of broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105226. [PMID: 38502998 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of early or late feeding strategies and prebiotic, on immune responses and gut health during the early life stage of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments that comprised 2 feeding strategies (early or late) and 3 levels of prebiotic (0, recommended dosage or three times the recommended dosage) in a completely randomized design with 4 pen replicates and 10 broilers per each. Compared to broiler chickens that had early access to feed, delayed access to feed resulted in an increased population of Escherichia coli and a decreased population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the ileum (P < 0.05). Additionally, delayed access to feed led to a decrease in villus height, crypt depth, villus height: villus width ratio, goblet cell density, and mucin 2 gene expression in the ileum (P < 0.05). The supplementation of prebiotics in both the late and early feeding strategy groups resulted in increased villus height, crypt depth, goblet cell density, mucin 2 gene expression, and antibodies against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). Additionally, it led to an improvement in the foot web thickness index (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it resulted in a significant decrease in the population of Escherichia coli, while the populations of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the ileum were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Therefore, this study suggests that incorporating prebiotics in the starter diet can effectively enhance immune responses and promote gut health, regardless of the feeding strategy (early or late). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential benefits of incorporating prebiotics into poultry diets to alleviate the detrimental effects of delayed access to feed and improve gut health during the early life stage of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abbasnejad Shani
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Irani
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran.
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Li H, Zhang Y, He Y, Huang J, Yao J, Zhuang X. Association between consumption of sweeteners and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:63-72. [PMID: 37424288 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to further investigate the relationship between sweetener exposure and the risk of endometrial cancer (EC). Up until December 2022, a literature search in an electronic database was carried out utilizing PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, and Scopus. The odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the results. Sweeteners were divided into nutritional sweeteners (generally refers to sugar, such as sucrose and glucose) and non-nutritional sweeteners (generally refers to artificial sweeteners, such saccharin and aspartame). Ten cohort studies and two case-control studies were eventually included. The study found that in 12 studies, compared with the non-exposed group, the incidence rate of EC in the sweetener exposed group was higher (OR = 1·15, 95 % CI = [1·07, 1·24]). Subgroup analysis showed that in 11 studies, the incidence rate of EC in the nutritional sweetener exposed group was higher than that in the non-exposed group (OR = 1·25, 95 % CI = [1·14, 1·38]). In 4 studies, there was no difference in the incidence rate of EC between individuals exposed to non-nutritional sweeteners and those who were not exposed to non-nutritional sweeteners (OR = 0·90, 95 % CI = [0·81, 1·01]). This study reported that the consumption of nutritional sweeteners may increase the risk of EC, whereas there was no significant relationship between the exposure of non-nutritional sweeteners and the incidence of EC. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to reduce the intake of nutritional sweeteners, but it is uncertain whether use of on-nutritional sweeteners instead of nutritional sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Gynecology, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeyuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Huang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xieyan Zhuang
- Gynecology Department of Mingzhou Hospital, Ningbo, 315000Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Petzel EA, Acharya S, Titgemeyer EC, Bailey EA, Brake DW. Effects of heating soybeans on postruminal amino acid bioavailability, performance, and ruminal fermentation in lactating cows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae084. [PMID: 38520315 PMCID: PMC11044706 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybeans can provide ruminally degradable protein, lipid, and metabolizable amino acid (AA) to lactating dairy cows; however, soy-based trypsin inhibitors can limit protein digestion in nonruminants. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the impacts of soy-based trypsin inhibitors on nutrient disappearance, lactation, and plasma AA bioavailability. Treatments were abomasal infusion of 0 or 400 g/d casein or a crystalline AA analog of casein with unroasted or roasted soybeans fed at 10% dry matter (DM). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Measures of digestion were determined from fecal output determined with acid detergent insoluble ash and urine output determined from measures of urine creatinine. Neither soybean processing (P ≥ 0.20) nor the source of abomasal infusion (P ≥ 0.60) impacted nutrient digestibility. Ruminal ammonia, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were increased (P ≤ 0.01) among cattle consuming unroasted soybeans. Source of infusion did not affect (P ≥ 0.38) ruminal volatile fatty acids or nitrogen metabolism. Ruminal N metabolism was largely unaffected by soybean processing although microbial N efficiency was greater (P < 0.01) among cows fed unroasted soybeans. DM intake and energy-corrected milk were greater (P < 0.01) in cows fed roasted compared to unroasted soybeans. The proportion of fat, protein, lactose, and solids not fat (SNF) in milk did not differ between soybean processing or postruminal AA source, but fat, protein, lactose, and SNF yield was greater (P ≤ 0.01) when cows were fed roasted soybeans because milk yields were greater when cows were fed roasted vs. unroasted soybeans. As expected, infusion of casein or its crystalline AA analog increased plasma essential AA and milk urea nitrogen concentration. The rate of increase in essential AA concentration in plasma was 2.9× greater for casein than for crystalline AA. These data seem to indicate that soy-based trypsin inhibitors have no impacts on postruminal AA bioavailability when fed to cows and that metabolizable protein from casein is greater than from crystalline AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Petzel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Subash Acharya
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Eric A Bailey
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Derek W Brake
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Konkol D, Popiela E, Opaliński S, Lipińska A, Tymoszewski A, Krasowska A, Łukaszewicz M, Korczyński M. Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on performance, intestinal morphology, the viscosity of intestinal content, phosphorus availability, and egg quality of laying hens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103256. [PMID: 37980734 PMCID: PMC10684812 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented rapeseed meal has the potential to partial replace soybean meal in feed mixtures for poultry without a negative impact on the health condition and performance of birds. This is due to the fact that the fermentation process can reduce the amount of antinutritional factors, improve the use of nutrients and impart probiotic properties to rapeseed meal. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of fermented rapeseed meal on the performance, egg quality, intestinal morphometry, the viscosity of intestinal content and total phosphorus availability. A total of 108 Lohmann Brown laying hens at 26 wk of age were used in the 90-day study. All hens were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups, with 12 replicates (cages) each, as follows: control group received no rapeseed meal, the URSM group received 3% unfermented rapeseed meal and the FRSM group received 3% fermented rapeseed meal. In the case of performance, egg traits, sensory evaluation of eggs, the viscosity of intestinal content and the availability of total phosphorus, if the distribution was normal, a 1-way analysis of variance was performed. If the distribution was not normal, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. In the case of histomorphometric evaluation of the intestine, if the distribution was normal, the Student t test for independent samples was performed. If not, a Mann-Whitney U test was performed. The performed analyses showed that the supplementation of fermented rapeseed meal had no negative effect on the performance of birds and the quality of eggs. Fermented rapeseed meal was also associated with improved histomorphometric parameters of the small intestine compared to the group receiving unfermented rapeseed meal in the feed. Laying hens from FRSM group were characterized by significantly lower viscosity of intestinal content (P < 0.05) compared to URSM group. Phosphorus in FRSM group was significantly more available to the birds (P < 0.05) compared to URSM group. These results suggest that supplementation with fermented rapeseed meal may be beneficial, especially in times of unstable prices of soybean meal and problems with its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Konkol
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ewa Popiela
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sebastian Opaliński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Lipińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Tymoszewski
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Krasowska
- Department of Biotransformation, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Wang D, Jiang Q, Dong Z, Meng T, Hu F, Wang J, Yuan H. Nanocarriers transport across the gastrointestinal barriers: The contribution to oral bioavailability via blood circulation and lymphatic pathway. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115130. [PMID: 37913890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the preferred route of drug delivery in clinical practice due to its noninvasiveness, safety, convenience, and high patient compliance. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a crucial role in facilitating the targeted delivery of oral drugs. However, the GIT presents multiple barriers that impede drug absorption, including the gastric barrier in the stomach and the mucus and epithelial barriers in the intestine. In recent decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for overcoming these challenges by utilizing nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Encapsulating drugs within nanocarriers not only protects them from degradation but also enhances their transport and absorption across the GIT, ultimately improving oral bioavailability. The aim of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying nanocarrier-mediated transportation across the GIT into systemic circulation via both the blood circulation and lymphatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhefan Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; China Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, PR China.
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Kumar Murmu A, Pal A, Debnath M, Chakraborty A, Pal S, Banerjee S, Pal A, Ghosh N, Karmakar U, Samanta R. Role of mucin 2 gene for growth in Anas platyrhynchos: a novel report. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1089451. [PMID: 38026626 PMCID: PMC10666069 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1089451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mucin gene is expressed in the mucous membrane of the inner layer of the internal organs. Intestinalmucin 2 (MUC2), amajor gel-formingmucin, represents a primary barrier component of mucus layers. Materials and methods This is the first report on the role of mucin genes in growth traits in animals. In this study, we randomly studied Bengal ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) reared from day old to 10 weeks of age under an organized farm and studied the growth parameters as well as body weight and average daily body weight gain. Result and discussion We characterized the mucin gene for Bengal ducks and observed glycosylation and EGF1 (EGF-like domain signature) as important domains for growth traits in ducks. We observed a better expression profile for the mucin gene in high-growing ducks in comparison to that of low-growing ducks with real-time PCR. Hence, the mucin gene may be employed as a marker for growth traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Murmu
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aruna Pal
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manti Debnath
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Argha Chakraborty
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhamoy Pal
- Department of Animal Science, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Samiddha Banerjee
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abantika Pal
- Department of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nilotpal Ghosh
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Karmakar
- Department of Animal Resource Development, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Patel NM, Geropoulos G, Patel PH, Bhogal RH, Harrington KJ, Singanayagam A, Kumar S. The Role of Mucin Expression in the Diagnosis of Oesophago-Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5252. [PMID: 37958425 PMCID: PMC10650431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival in oesophago-gastric cancer (OGC) is poor due to early diagnostic challenges. Non-invasive risk stratification may identify susceptible patients with pre-malignant or benign disease. Following diagnostic confirmation with endoscopic biopsy, early OGC may be treated sooner. Mucins are transmembrane glycoproteins implicated in OGC with potential use as biomarkers of malignant transformation. This systematic review defines the role of mucins in OGC diagnosis. A literature search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases was performed following PRISMA protocols for studies published January 1960-December 2022. Demographic data and data on mucin sampling and analysis methods were extracted. The review included 124 studies (n = 11,386 patients). Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAc) was the commonest OG malignancy (n = 101) followed by oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAc, n = 24) and squamous cell carcinoma (OSqCc, n = 10). Mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 were the most frequently implicated. High MUC1 expression correlated with poorer prognosis and metastases in OSqCc. MUC2 expression decreases during progression from healthy mucosa to OAc, causing reduced protection from gastric acid. MUC5AC was upregulated, and MUC6 downregulated in GAc. Mucin expression varies in OGC; changes may be epigenetic or mutational. Profiling upper GI mucin expression in OGC, with pre-malignant, benign and healthy controls may identify potential early diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Manish Patel
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- The Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Pranav Harshad Patel
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ricky Harminder Bhogal
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Kevin Joseph Harrington
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Research Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Disease & Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic London Hospital, London SW1X 7HY, UK
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Moran ET, Bedford MR. Endogenous mucin conveyed to the mucosa with microbes can assure lumen fermentation and large intestinal security-swine versus fowl. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:403-410. [PMID: 37635931 PMCID: PMC10457508 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous protein leaving the ileum largely consists of accrued mucins from the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that had resisted digestion. The amounts released rely on their mucosal generation during enteral feeding which vary with age as well as diet. These digestion resistant proteins of endogenous origin continue to be unavailable in the large intestine, whereas those of dietary origin provide amino acids that largely support the existing microbial population while denying limited amounts for absorption. Other mucins pre-exist within the large intestine as two layers at the lumen surface. A loose layer harboring a diverse microbial population is superimposed on the unstirred water layer (USWL) which simultaneously acts as an obstacle to microbes at the loose layer while performing as a molecular sieve for nutrients. The USWL is formed through interplay between enterocyte and goblet cells; however, the basis for presence of the loose layer is elusive. Large intestinal fermentation predominates within the colon of swine, whereas fowl employ their ceca. Motility within the colon of swine segregates fine materials into haustrae out-pocketings that parallel their placement within the ceca of fowl. Viscous mucins from small intestinal endogenous losses may envelop microbes within the large intestinal lumen to present successive adherents on the USWL that assemble its loose layer. The loose layer continually functions as a microbial reservoir in support of lumen fermentation. Microbial catabolism of mucin within the loose layer is known to be slow, but its proximity to the enterocyte is of advantage to enterocyte absorption with by-product amino acids fostering the USWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL 36849-5416, USA
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough Road, Wiltshire, SN8 4NA, UK
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11
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Moran ET, Bedford MR. Large intestinal dynamics differ between fowl and swine: Anatomical modifications, microbial collaboration, and digestive advantages from fibrolytic enzymes. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:160-170. [PMID: 36254218 PMCID: PMC9550523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner. Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca. Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action, then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated. Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla. Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon. Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum. Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core. Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids (VFA) and electrolytes being absorbed. Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation. The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered. Resistant starches (RS) and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon, whereas non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid. Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon. These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface. Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates. Fibrolytic enzymes, when supplemented to feed, may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation. Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na+, whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated. Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T. Moran
- Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, AL 36830-5416, USA
| | - Michael R. Bedford
- AB Vista, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Road, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
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12
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Dimitroglou M, Iliodromiti Z, Christou E, Volaki P, Petropoulou C, Sokou R, Boutsikou T, Iacovidou N. Human Breast Milk: The Key Role in the Maturation of Immune, Gastrointestinal and Central Nervous Systems: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092208. [PMID: 36140609 PMCID: PMC9498242 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature birth is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the pediatric population. Because their immune, gastrointestinal and nervous systems are not fully developed, preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestation) and especially very preterm infants (VPIs, <32 weeks of gestation) are more prone to infectious diseases, tissue damage and future neurodevelopmental impairment. The aim of this narrative review is to report the immaturity of VPI systems and examine the role of Human Breast Milk (HBM) in their development and protection against infectious diseases, inflammation and tissue damage. For this purpose, we searched and synthesized the data from the existing literature published in the English language. Studies revealed the significance of HBM and indicate HBM as the best dietary choice for VPIs.
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13
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Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Vahjen W, Tarradas J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Alterations in bacterial metabolites, cytokines, and mucosal integrity in the caecum of broilers caused by feed additives and host-related factors. Front Physiol 2022; 13:935870. [PMID: 36171972 PMCID: PMC9512067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.935870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 2,880 one-day-old male and female broiler chicks from two breeds, Ross308 and Cobb500 were randomly assigned to 72 pens. Broilers were offered three diets: a wheat-soybean diet without (CO), or with either a probiotic (probiotic; 2.4 x 109 CFU/kg diet of Bacillus subtilis DSM32324 and DSM32325 and B. amyloliquefaciens DSM25840) or a phytobiotic (phytobiotic; grape extract with 165 ppm procyanidin and 585 ppm polyphenol) product. The trial was conducted with a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diet, breed and sex in a completely randomized design and consisted of 6 replicate-pens per treatment (40 birds per pen). At day 7, 21, and 35, one chicken per pen was slaughtered for caecal sampling to quantify bacterial metabolites (digesta) as well as evaluate mRNA abundance and histomorphology (tissue). Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLM procedure to evaluate age, diet, breed and sex and their interactions. Spearman’s correlation (r) was analyzed between metabolite concentration and mRNA abundance. Overall, the concentration of short chain fatty acids increased with age, while lactate decreased from day 7 to 21 (p < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17α, IL-18, IFN-γ and TGF-β2 increased with age but IL-1β and TNF-α increased in abundance from day 7 to 21 and then decreased (p < 0.05). Abundance of MUC2 and CLDN5 increased after day 21 (p < 0.05). Caecal crypt depth increased with age (p < 0.05). Acidic goblet cell (GC) number peaked at day 21 (p < 0.05), while mixed GC number was not affected by age. A few impacts of breed, diet and interactions on the investigated variables showed no meaningful biological pattern. Propionate positively correlated with all cytokines investigated (r = 0.150–0.548), except TNF-α. Lactate negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β (r = −0.324). Aging affected caecal histomorphology, bacterial activity and genes responsible for barrier integrity and inflammatory response. This effect could be attributed to the interaction between gut microbiota and immune system as well as the direct effect of metabolites on gut histomorphology and cytokine mRNA abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joan Tarradas
- Animal nutrition, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology IRTA, Constantí, Spain
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni,
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14
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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15
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Drovetski SV, Schmidt BK, Lai JE, Gross MS, Hladik ML, Matterson KO, Karouna-Renier NK. Exposure to crop production alters cecal prokaryotic microbiota, inflates virulome and resistome in wild prairie grouse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119418. [PMID: 35526643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemically intensive crop production depletes wildlife food resources, hinders animal development, health, survival, and reproduction, and it suppresses wildlife immune systems, facilitating emergence of infectious diseases with excessive mortality rates. Gut microbiota is crucial for wildlife's response to environmental stressors. Its composition and functionality are sensitive to diet changes and environmental pollution associated with modern crop production. In this study we use shotgun metagenomics (median 8,326,092 sequences/sample) to demonstrate that exposure to modern crop production detrimentally affects cecal microbiota of sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus: 9 exposed, 18 unexposed and greater prairie chickens (T. cupido; 11, 11). Exposure to crop production had greater effect on microbiota richness (t = 6.675, P < 0.001) and composition (PERMANOVA r2 = 0.212, P = 0.001) than did the host species (t = 4.762, P < 0.001; r2 = 0.070, P = 0.001) or their interaction (t = 3.449; r2 = 0.072, both P = 0.001), whereas sex and age had no effect. Although microbiota richness was greater in exposed (T. cupido chao1 = 152.8 ± 20.5; T. phasianellus 115.3 ± 17.1) than in unexposed (102.9 ± 15.1 and 101.1 ± 17.2, respectively) birds, some beneficial bacteria dropped out of exposed birds' microbiota or declined and were replaced by potential pathogens. Exposed birds also had higher richness and load of virulome (mean ± standard deviation; T. cupido 24.8 ± 10.0 and 10.1 ± 5.5, respectively; T. phasianellus 13.4 ± 6.8/4.9 ± 2.8) and resistome (T. cupido 46.8 ± 11.7/28.9 ± 10.2, T. phasianellus 38.3 ± 16.7/18.9 ± 14.2) than unexposed birds (T. cupido virulome: 14.2 ± 13.5, 4.5 ± 4.2; T. cupido resistome: 31.6 ± 20.2 and 13.1 ± 12.0; T. phasianellus virulome: 5.2 ± 4.7 and 1.4 ± 1.5; T. phasianellus resistome: 13.7 ± 16.1 and 4.0 ± 6.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Drovetski
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Brian K Schmidt
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.
| | - Jonas E Lai
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Michael S Gross
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
| | - Kenan O Matterson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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16
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Ibrahim D, Eldemery F, Metwally AS, Abd-Allah EM, Mohamed DT, Ismail TA, Hamed TA, Al Sadik GM, Neamat-Allah ANF, Abd El-Hamid MI. Dietary Eugenol Nanoemulsion Potentiated Performance of Broiler Chickens: Orchestration of Digestive Enzymes, Intestinal Barrier Functions and Cytokines Related Gene Expression With a Consequence of Attenuating the Severity of E. coli O78 Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:847580. [PMID: 35812892 PMCID: PMC9260043 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.847580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the use of essential oils (EOs) or their bioactive compounds encapsulated by nanoparticles as alternative supplements for in-feed antimicrobials is gaining attention, especially in organic poultry production. Focusing on eugenol, its incorporation into the nanoformulation is a novel strategy to improve its stability and bioavailability and thus augment its growth-boosting and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, we explored eugenol nanoemulsion activities in modulating growth, digestive and gut barrier functions, immunity, cecal microbiota, and broilers response to avian pathogenic E. coli challenge (APEC) O78. A total of 1,000 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into five groups; negative control (NC, fed basal diet), positive control (PC), and 100, 250, and 400 mg/kg eugenol nanoemulsion supplemented groups. All groups except NC were challenged with APEC O78 at 14 days of age. The results showed that birds fed eugenol nanoemulsion displayed higher BWG, FI, and survivability and most improved FCR over the whole rearing period. Birds fed 400 mg/kg of eugenol nanoemulsion sustained a higher growth rate (24% vs. PC) after infection. Likely, the expression of digestive enzymes' genes (AMY2A, CCK, CELA1, and PNLIP) was more prominently upregulated and unaffected by APEC O78 challenge in the group fed eugenol nanoemulsion at the level of 400 mg/kg. Enhanced gut barrier integrity was sustained post-challenge in the group supplemented with higher levels of eugenol nanoemulsion as evidenced by the overexpression of cathelicidins-2, β-defensin-1, MUC-2, JAM-2, occludin, CLDN-1, and FABP-2 genes. A distinct modulatory effect of dietary eugenol nanoemulsion was observed on cytokine genes (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) expression with a prominent reduction in the excessive inflammatory reactions post-challenge. Supplementing eugenol nanoemulsion increased the relative cecal abundance of Lactobacillus species and reduced Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteriods counts. Notably, a prominent reduction in APEC O78 loads with downregulation of papC, iroN, iutA, and iss virulence genes and detrimental modifications in E. coli morphological features were noticed in the 400 mg/kg eugenol nanoemulsion group at the 3rd-week post-challenge. Collectively, we recommend the use of eugenol nanoemulsion as a prospective targeted delivery approach for achieving maximum broilers growth and protection against APEC O78 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Doaa Ibrahim
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aya Sh. Metwally
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ehab M. Abd-Allah
- Veterinary Educational Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dalia T. Mohamed
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoria A. Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gehan M. Al Sadik
- Department of Bacteriology, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N. F. Neamat-Allah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
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17
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Pednekar DD, Liguori MA, Marques CNH, Zhang T, Zhang N, Zhou Z, Amoako K, Gu H. From Static to Dynamic: A Review on the Role of Mucus Heterogeneity in Particle and Microbial Transport. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2825-2848. [PMID: 35696291 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucus layers (McLs) are on the front line of the human defense system that protect us from foreign abiotic/biotic particles (e.g., airborne virus SARS-CoV-2) and lubricates our organs. Recently, the impact of McLs on human health (e.g., nutrient absorption and drug delivery) and diseases (e.g., infections and cancers) has been studied extensively, yet their mechanisms are still not fully understood due to their high variety among organs and individuals. We characterize these variances as the heterogeneity of McLs, which lies in the thickness, composition, and physiology, making the systematic research on the roles of McLs in human health and diseases very challenging. To advance mucosal organoids and develop effective drug delivery systems, a comprehensive understanding of McLs' heterogeneity and how it impacts mucus physiology is urgently needed. When the role of airway mucus in the penetration and transmission of coronavirus (CoV) is considered, this understanding may also enable a better explanation and prediction of the CoV's behavior. Hence, in this Review, we summarize the variances of McLs among organs, health conditions, and experimental settings as well as recent advances in experimental measurements, data analysis, and model development for simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Dinanath Pednekar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Madison A Liguori
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | | | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zejian Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Kagya Amoako
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Huan Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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18
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Zhou H, Wu W, Mahmood T, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Yuan J. Comparison of endogenous amino acid losses in broilers when offered nitrogen-free diets with differing ratios of dextrose to corn starch. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5689. [PMID: 35383258 PMCID: PMC8983749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitrogen-free diet (NFD) method is widely used to determine the ileal endogenous amino acids (IEAAs) losses in broiler chickens. Starch and dextrose are the main components of NFD, but the effects of their proportion in the NFD on the IEAAs and the digestive physiology of broilers are still unclear. This preliminary study aims to explore the best proportion of glucose and corn starch in NFD to simulate the normal intestinal physiology of broilers, which helps to improve the accuracy of IEAAs determination. For this purpose, 28-day-old broiler chickens were allocated to five treatment groups for a 3-day trial, including a control group and four NFD groups. The ratios of dextrose to corn starch (D/CS) in the four NFD were 1.00, 0.60, 0.33, and 0.14, respectively. Results noted that NFD significantly reduced serum IGF-1, albumin, and uric acid levels compared with the control (P < 0.05), except there was no difference between group D/CS 0.33 and the control for IGF-1. The increased Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, His, Tyr, Arg, and Pro contents of IEAAs were detected in broilers fed the NFD with a higher ratio of D/CS (1.00 and 0.60) compared to the lower ratio of D/CS (0.33 and 0.14). Moreover, ileal digestibility of dry matter and activity of digestive enzymes increased as the D/CS elevated (P < 0.001). Further investigation revealed that the number of ileal goblet cells and Mucin-2 expression were higher in the group with D/CS at 1.00 when compared with group D/CS 0.33 and the control (P < 0.05). Microbiota analysis showed that NFD reshaped the gut microbiota, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes, and increased Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that a higher D/CS ratio (1.00 and 0.60) in NFD increases IEAAs by promoting digestive enzymes and mucin secretion. However, the excessive proportion of starch (D/CS = 0.14) in NFD was unsuitable for the chicken to digest. The chickens fed with NFD with the D/CS ratio at 0.33 were closer to the normal digestive physiological state. Thus, the ratio of D/CS in NFD at 0.33 is more appropriate to detect IEAAs of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Adisseo Animal Nutrition, DMCC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Youli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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19
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Shehata AA, Yalçın S, Latorre JD, Basiouni S, Attia YA, Abd El-Wahab A, Visscher C, El-Seedi HR, Huber C, Hafez HM, Eisenreich W, Tellez-Isaias G. Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Optimizing Gut Health in Poultry. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020395. [PMID: 35208851 PMCID: PMC8877156 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. Several phytogenic substances, such as berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, carvacrol, thymol, isoflavones and hydrolyzed fibers, have been identified as potential supplements that may also act as welcome means to reduce the usage of antibiotics in feedstock, including poultry farming, through manipulation of the gut microbiome. In addition, these compounds may improve the integrity of tight junctions by controlling tight junction-related proteins and inflammatory signaling pathways in the host animals. In this review, we discuss the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances in optimizing gut function in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (G.T.-I.)
| | - Sakine Yalçın
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University (AU), 06110 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.E.-W.); (C.V.)
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.E.-W.); (C.V.)
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Biomedical Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE 75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Claudia Huber
- Bavarian NMR Center, Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbegstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (W.E.)
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center, Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbegstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (C.H.); (W.E.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (G.T.-I.)
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20
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Giacomini JJ, Moore N, Adler LS, Irwin RE. Sunflower pollen induces rapid excretion in bumble bees: Implications for host-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104356. [PMID: 35016876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Host diet can have a profound effect on host-pathogen interactions, including indirect effects on pathogens mediated through host physiology. In bumble bees (Bombus impatiens), the consumption of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) pollen dramatically reduces infection by the gut protozoan pathogen Crithidia bombi. One hypothesis for the medicinal effect of sunflower pollen is that consumption changes host gut physiological function, causing rapid excretion that flushes C. bombi from the system. We tested the effect of pollen diet and C. bombi infection on gut transit properties using a 2x2 factorial experiment in which bees were infected with C. bombi or not and fed sunflower or wildflower pollen diet. We measured several non-mutually exclusive physiological processes that underlie the insect excretory system, including gut transit time, bi-hourly excretion rate, the total number of excretion events and the total volume of excrement. Sunflower pollen significantly reduced gut transit time in uninfected bees, and increased the total number of excretion events and volume of excrement by 66 % and 68 %, respectively, in both infected and uninfected bees. Here we show that a sunflower pollen diet can affect host physiology gut function, causing more rapid and greater excretion. These results provide important insight into a mechanism that could underlie the medicinal effect of sunflower pollen for bumble bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Giacomini
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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21
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Soares L, César de Paula Dorigam J, da Silva Viana G, Balbino Leme B, Quintino do Nascimento M, Kochenborger Fernandes JB, Kazue Sakomura N. Determination of ideal protein ratios in growing pullets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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22
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Hung YT, Zhu J, Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Saqui-Salces M. Decreased nutrient digestibility due to viscosity is independent of the amount of dietary fibre fed to growing pigs. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:177-187. [PMID: 33706826 PMCID: PMC8756099 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibre content and its effect on chyme viscosity are associated with changes in the digestive system of humans and pigs. It is unclear if fibre content and viscosity affect digestive function independently or interactively. We evaluated apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and intestinal function in thirty-six ileal-cannulated barrows fed for 29 d either maize-soyabean meal (MSBM) or high-fibre MSBM + 30 % distillers dried grains with solubles (MSBM + DDGS) modified to three levels of viscosity by adding 5 % non-viscous cellulose (CEL), 6·5 % medium-viscous carboxymethylcellulose (MCMC) or 6·5 % high-viscous CMC (HCMC). Digesta were collected on days 27 and 28 and intestinal samples on day 29. Feeding CMC, regardless of fibre content, increased viscosity of whole digesta (P = 0·003) and digesta supernatant (P < 0·0001) compared with CEL. Feeding MSBM + DDGS or CMC decreased AID of DM (P = 0·003; P < 0·0001) and crude protein (P = 0·02; P < 0·0001) compared with MSBM or CEL. Feeding CMC regardless of fibre content increased jejunal crypt depth (P = 0·02) and ileal goblet cell area (P = 0·004) compared with CEL. Adding DDGS or CMC did not affect villus height and gene expression of jejunal monosaccharide and amino acid transporters. Feeding HCMC, regardless of fibre content, elevated amylase activity by 46 and 50 % in jejunal (P = 0·03) and ileal digesta (P = 0·01) compared with CEL. In summary, diets with increased viscosity decreased nutrient digestibility and induced intestinal changes that were independent of the amount of fibre fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tai Hung
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - Jinlong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - Gerald C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - Pedro E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
| | - Milena Saqui-Salces
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN55108, USA
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23
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Święch E, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Barszcz M. Modulation of Mucin Secretion in the Gut of Young Pigs by Dietary Threonine and Non-Essential Amino Acid Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030270. [PMID: 35158594 PMCID: PMC8833754 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mucus layer is an important part of the system protecting the gut against injuries and bacterial infections. The main components of mucus responsible for its properties are mucins. They are large glycoproteins with a protein core rich in threonine (Thr) and many sugar side chains that differ in structure and affect mucin functions. Diet composition affects the amount of secreted mucins and their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of Thr and wheat gluten (WG) protein, added as a source of non-essential amino acids, on the content of tissue and luminal mucins in different parts of the intestine of young pigs. Results showed that tissue and luminal mucin content was only affected by WG levels in the duodenum and middle jejunum, and in the proximal colon, respectively. The effect of WG on luminal mucin content in the proximal colon depended on the analytical method applied. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of threonine (Thr) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) levels on mucin secretion and sugar composition of digesta and crude mucin preparations analyzed in different segments of the gut in young pigs. A two-factorial experiment was conducted on 72 pigs using the following factors: Thr level (5.1, 5.7, 6.3 and 6.9 g standardized ileal digestible(SID) Thr/kg) and wheat gluten (WG) level used as a source of NEAA (20.4, 40.4 and 60.4 g WG protein in WG20, WG40 and WG60 diets, respectively). Mucin content was affected only by WG level. Tissue mucin content in the duodenum was higher in WG60 pigs than in WG20 and WG40 pigs, whereas in the middle jejunum was higher in WG40 and WG60 pigs than in WG20 pigs. In contrast, luminal crude mucin content in the proximal colon was lower in WG60 pigs compared to WG40 pigs. The lowest and highest Thr levels reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The highest WG level reduced arabinose and xylose contents and increased glucose content in ileal digesta. The lowest WG level increased mannose content in ileal digesta. WG60 level decreased the content of arabinose and galactose compared to lower WG levels in colonic digesta. Arabinose content was higher, while glucose and galactose contents were lower in crude mucin preparations isolated from colonic digesta in pigs fed diets containing the highest Thr level. The content of tissue mucin was higher in the ileum and proximal colon and lower in the duodenum than in the middle jejunum, whereas luminal mucin content was lower in the proximal colon than in the ileum. Ileal digesta contained less arabinose and glucose and more galactose as compared to colonic digesta. In conclusion, no effect of dietary Thr levels on mucin secretion in the gut of young pigs was found. Wheat gluten added to the diet with adequate Thr content positively affected mucin secretion only in the duodenum and middle jejunum.
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24
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Andrade MDFDS, Moreira Filho ALDB, Alves da Silva EF, Silva JHVD, Freitas Neto OCD, de Oliveira CJB, Givisiez PEN. In ovo threonine supplementation affects ileal gene expression of nutrient transporters in broilers inoculated post-hatch with Salmonella Enteritidis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:395-402. [PMID: 34958492 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of in ovo threonine (Thr) supplementation on the ileal expression of glucose, peptide and amino acid transporters was assessed in Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged broiler chicks. At 17.5 days of incubation, fertile eggs were supplemented in the amniotic fluid with sterile saline or 3.5% threonine. Hatchlings were individually weighed, and Salmonella Enteritidis negative status was confirmed. At 2 days of age, half of the birds of each group were inoculated with sterile nutrient broth or Salmonella Enteritidis inoculum. Relative expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), di- and tri-peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and alanine, serine, cysteine, threonine transporter (ASCT1) was assessed at hatch, 2 and 9 days of age, i.e., before inoculation and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 9 days of age (7dpi), threonine increased SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression, whereas GLUT2 expression decreased in Salmonella-challenged birds. There was a significant interaction between threonine and Salmonella for PepT1 and ASCT1. Threonine increased PepT1 expression only in non-challenged birds. In addition, in ovo supplementation increased expression of ASCT1 regardless of post-hatch inoculation; Salmonella inoculation resulted in decreased expression of ASCT1 only in supplemented birds. The results suggest that while intra-amniotic threonine administration in broiler embryos increases the expression of genes related to the absorption of monosaccharides and amino acids, Salmonella challenge may negatively affect the expression of protein related transporters in the ileum of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Humberto Vilar da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Humanas Sociais e Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | | | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil.,Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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25
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Mesa-Pineda C, Navarro-Ruíz JL, López-Osorio S, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Gómez-Osorio LM. Chicken Coccidiosis: From the Parasite Lifecycle to Control of the Disease. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:787653. [PMID: 34993246 PMCID: PMC8724208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.787653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry is one of the main providers of protein for the world's population, but it faces great challenges including coccidiosis, one of the diseases with the most impact on productive performance. Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, which are a group of monoxenous obligate intracellular parasites. Seven species of this genus can affect chickens (Gallus gallus), each with different pathogenic characteristics and targeting a specific intestinal location. Eimeria alters the function of the intestinal tract, generating deficiencies in the absorption of nutrients and lowering productive performance, leading to economic losses. The objective of this manuscript is to review basic concepts of coccidiosis, the different Eimeria species that infect chickens, their life cycle, and the most sustainable and holistic methods available to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffer L. Navarro-Ruíz
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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26
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Aderibigbe AS, Cowieson AJ, Ajuwon KM, Adeola O. Contribution of purified soybean trypsin inhibitor and exogenous protease to endogenous amino acid losses and mineral digestibility. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101486. [PMID: 34731737 PMCID: PMC8567436 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of trypsin inhibitor (TI) and exogenous protease supplementation on endogenous loss of amino acids (AA) in broiler chickens. A total of 384 Cobb-500 broiler chicks were allocated to 4 nitrogen-free diets, each with 8 replicate cages and 12 birds per replicate. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being dietary TI (0 or 8,000 TIU/g) and exogenous protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg). Desired dietary TI concentration was achieved by addition of commercially available, purified soybean TI. There was no effect of TI or exogenous protease or their interaction on growth performance of birds. However, the endogenous loss of nitrogen (N) and all AA increased (P < 0.05) due to dietary TI concentration except for Cys. The increase in endogenous AA due to TI ranged from 17% for Thr to 52.2% for Trp. Exogenous protease had no effect on endogenous loss of N and all AA. There was no effect of TI or exogenous protease or their interaction on the AID of P, however AID of Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Cu was reduced (P < 0.05) due to dietary TI. The AID of Cu (P < 0.01) and K (P < 0.05) improved with exogenous protease supplementation. Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between exogenous protease and TI existed for Zn, Mg, Cu, and Na. The concentration (g/kg DM intake) of crude mucin and sialic acid increased (P < 0.05) with increased dietary TI. Decreased trypsin (P < 0.001) and increased chymotrypsin (P < 0.001) activity in the pancreas were observed as a result of exogenous protease supplementation. In conclusion, the current study showed that TI increases the endogenous loss of AA and reduced the digestibility of minerals in broiler chickens. Furthermore, exogenous protease did not affect endogenous AA flow, irrespective of added purified dietary TI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - K M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA.
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27
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Xu L, Sun X, Wan X, Li K, Jian F, Li W, Jiang R, Han R, Li H, Kang X, Wang Y. Dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum improves growth performance of broilers by regulating intestinal microbiota and mucosal epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1105-1114. [PMID: 34738041 PMCID: PMC8551407 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum has been widely considered an antibiotic substitute in recent years. It can promote growth performance, improve the immune response and enhance the intestinal barrier function of the host. In the present study, 1-d-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were fed C. butyricum (1 × 109 cfu/kg) for 28 d. The transcriptomic characteristics of epithelial cells of the cecal mucosa were determined by RNA-sequence, and the cecal microbiota composition was explored by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The changes in the intestinal mucosa of broilers were then analyzed by tissue staining. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations identified substance transport and processes and pathways that might participate in intestinal development and cell viability. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes are involved in numerous pathways related to amino acid and vitamin metabolism and antioxidant and defensive functions, among others. The relative expression of some genes associated with intestinal barrier function (claudins 2, 15, 19, and 23, tight junction proteins 1, 2, and 3 and mucin 1) was significantly increased in the treatment group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, the proportion of Firmicutes was higher in the C. butyricum-treated group, whereas the proportion of Proteobacteria was higher in the control group. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Butyricicoccus and Lactobacillus, among other bacteria, were increased after C. butyricum supplementation. The tissue staining analysis showed that the cecal mucosa of broilers was significantly ameliorated after the addition of C. butyricum (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These results showed that dietary supplementation with C. butyricum can enhance the antioxidant capacity, mucosal barrier function, and stabilize the cecal microbiota, resulting in improving the growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laipeng Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangli Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xianhua Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Keke Li
- Henan Jinbaihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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28
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Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Development and Functional Properties of Intestinal Mucus Layer in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745849. [PMID: 34671361 PMCID: PMC8521165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus plays important roles in protecting the epithelial surfaces against pathogens, supporting the colonization with commensal bacteria, maintaining an appropriate environment for digestion, as well as facilitating nutrient transport from the lumen to the underlying epithelium. The mucus layer in the poultry gut is produced and preserved by mucin-secreting goblet cells that rapidly develop and mature after hatch as a response to external stimuli including environmental factors, intestinal microbiota as well as dietary factors. The ontogenetic development of goblet cells affects the mucin composition and secretion, causing an alteration in the physicochemical properties of the mucus layer. The intestinal mucus prevents the invasion of pathogens to the epithelium by its antibacterial properties (e.g. β-defensin, lysozyme, avidin and IgA) and creates a physical barrier with the ability to protect the epithelium from pathogens. Mucosal barrier is the first line of innate defense in the gastrointestinal tract. This barrier has a selective permeability that allows small particles and nutrients passing through. The structural components and functional properties of mucins have been reviewed extensively in humans and rodents, but it seems to be neglected in poultry. This review discusses the impact of age on development of goblet cells and their mucus production with relevance for the functional characteristics of mucus layer and its protective mechanism in the chicken’s intestine. Dietary factors directly and indirectly (through modification of the gut bacteria and their metabolic activities) affect goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and can be used to manipulate mucosal integrity and dynamic. However, the mode of action and mechanisms behind these effects need to be studied further. As mucins resist to digestion processes, the sloughed mucins can be utilized by bacteria in the lower part of the gut and are considered as endogenous loss of protein and energy to animal. Hydrothermal processing of poultry feed may reduce this loss by reduction in mucus shedding into the lumen. Given the significance of this loss and the lack of precise data, this matter needs to be carefully investigated in the future and the nutritional strategies reducing this loss have to be defined better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Hao Y, Ji Z, Shen Z, Wu Y, Zhang B, Tang J, Hou S, Xie M. Effects of Total Dietary Fiber on Cecal Microbial Community and Intestinal Morphology of Growing White Pekin Duck. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727200. [PMID: 34539618 PMCID: PMC8440899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) on growth performance, cecal structure, cecal microbial community, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles in the cecum of growing White Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male Pekin ducks of 14-days-old were randomly allocated and fed diets containing 12.4, 14.7, and 16.2% TDF for 35 days. Each dietary treatment consisted of six replicates with six birds each. The results showed that 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments promoted growth performance relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). A total of 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments significantly elevated villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and muscle layer thickness of cecum, and lowered crypt depth compared with 12.4% TDF treatment (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments up-regulated Claudin-1 mRNA expression of barrier genes in the cecum compared with 12.4% TDF (P < 0.05). Butyrate-producing bacteria like Oscillopiraceae affiliating to the phyla Firmicutes were observed as a biomarker in the 16.2% TDF. Higher concentration of butyrate in the cecum was obtained in the 14.7% TDF compared with 12.4 and 16.2% TDF (P < 0.05). The concentrations of isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in the cecum were significantly increased in the 16.2% TDF compared with 12.4 and 14.7% TDF (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the abundance of genus UCG-005 and Enterococcus was positive correlations with isobutyrate and valerate (P < 0.05). However, the concentration of propionate in the cecum significantly decreased in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). In summary, increasing TDF levels improved growth performance, cecal histomorphology, and barrier function of meat ducks and it might be mediated by the changes of microbiota communities, especially bloom of SCFAs-producing bacteria, which facilitated the interaction between intestinal mucosa and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Modifications in the Intestinal Functionality, Morphology and Microbiome Following Intra-Amniotic Administration ( Gallus gallus) of Grape ( Vitis vinifera) Stilbenes (Resveratrol and Pterostilbene). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093247. [PMID: 34579124 PMCID: PMC8466538 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This efficacy trial evaluated the effects of two polyphenolic stilbenes, resveratrol and pterostilbene, mostly found in grapes, on the brush border membrane functionality, morphology and gut microbiome. This study applied the validated Gallus gallus intra-amniotic approach to investigate the effects of stilbene administration versus the controls. Three treatment groups (5% resveratrol; 5% pterostilbene; and synergistic: 4.75% resveratrol and 0.25% pterostilbene) and three controls (18 MΩ H2O; no injection; 5% inulin) were employed. We observed beneficial morphological changes, specifically an increase in the villus length, diameter, depth of crypts and goblet cell diameter in the pterostilbene and synergistic groups, with concomitant increases in the serum iron and zinc concentrations. Further, the alterations in gene expression of the mineral metabolism proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines indicate a potential improvement in gut health and mineral bioavailability. The cecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. A lower α-diversity was observed in the synergistic group compared with the other treatment groups. However, beneficial compositional and functional alterations in the gut microbiome were detected. Several key microbial metabolic pathways were differentially enriched in the pterostilbene treatment group. These observations demonstrate a significant bacterial–host interaction that contributed to enhancements in intestinal functionality, morphology and physiological status. Our data demonstrate a novel understanding of the nutritional benefits of dietary stilbenes and their effects on intestinal functionality, morphology and gut microbiota in vivo.
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Physiological Functions of Threonine in Animals: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082592. [PMID: 34444752 PMCID: PMC8399342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Threonine (Thr), an essential amino acid for animals and the limiting amino acid in swine and poultry diets, which plays a vital role in the modulation of nutritional metabolism, macromolecular biosynthesis, and gut homeostasis. Current evidence supports that the supplementation of Thr leads to benefits in terms of energy metabolism. Threonine is not only an important component of gastrointestinal mucin, but also acts as a nutritional modulator that influences the intestinal immune system via complex signaling networks, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the target of the rapamycin (TOR) signal pathway. Threonine is also recognized as an indispensable nutrient for cell growth and proliferation. Hence, optimization of Thr requirement may exert a favorable impact on the factors linked to health and diseases in animals. This review focuses on the latest reports of Thr in metabolic pathways and nutritional regulation, as well as the relationship between Thr and relevant physiological functions.
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Wasti S, Sah N, Lee CN, Jha R, Mishra B. Dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254936. [PMID: 34310622 PMCID: PMC8312949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress accounts for substantial economic loss in the poultry industry by altering the health and performance of chickens. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a water and fat-soluble antioxidant which is readily absorbed from the intestine resulting in maximum bioavailability. Moreover, ALA acts as a coenzyme in glucose metabolism and helps generate other antioxidants. Considering these benefits, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of ALA would help mitigate heat stress in poultry. A total of 72 Day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: no heat stress (NHS), heat stress with basal diet (HS), and heat stress with alpha-lipoic acid (HS+ALA); each treatment group had 6 replicate pens with 4 birds in each pen (n = 24/group). The allocated birds were raised under standard husbandry practices for 3 weeks. After 21 d, birds in the HS and HS+ALA groups were exposed to heat stress (33°C for 8 hours during the day) for 3 weeks, while the NHS group was reared under normal conditions (22–24°C). The HS+ALA group received a basal finisher diet fortified with ALA (500 mg/kg) during the treatment period (22 to 42 d), while other birds were provided with the basal finisher diet. Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded. The cecum digesta for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing for the gut microbiota analysis; and the ileum tissue samples for histological and gene expression analyses were collected on d 42. Exposure to heat stress decreased (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW) in the HS group compared to the NHS group, the supplementation of ALA improved (P<0.05) ADG and FBW in heat-stressed birds. Furthermore, birds in the HS+ALA group had increased (P<0.05) expression of HSP90, PRDX1, GPX3, SOD2, OCLN, and MUC2 genes and higher (P<0.05) concentrations of major VFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The dietary ALA supplementation also improved the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the HS+ALA group. The microbial diversity analysis revealed significant abundance (P<0.05) of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcaceae in the cecum of the ALA group. These results indicate that dietary ALA supplementation effectively mitigates the negative effects of heat stress in broilers by improving the expression of heat-shock, tight-junction, antioxidants, and immune-related genes in the intestine, improving villus structures, increasing concentration of major VFAs, and enriching the beneficial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Wasti
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Nirvay Sah
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Chin N. Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Krisnan R, Retnani Y, Tangendjaja B, Mutia R, Jayanegara A, Wina E. The effect of different types of in ovo selenium injection on the immunity, villi surface area, and growth performance of local chickens. Vet World 2021; 14:1109-1115. [PMID: 34220110 PMCID: PMC8243682 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1109-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The presence of free radicals may lower chicken's performance. Thus, the antioxidant defense is needed and can be made through a nutritional approach such as selenium supplementation before hatches. This study aimed to investigate the type of selenium that, as an in ovo feeding (IOF) material, can provide the most enhancement of immunity, villi surface area, and early growth performance of local chickens. Materials and Methods This study, with a completely randomized design, used 480 fertile Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB, a selected local breed) chicken eggs, with 120 eggs per treatment for four treatments. The four treatments of IOF material included the treatment with organic selenium yeast (SY), organic hydroxy-selenomethionine (HSM), inorganic sodium selenite (SS), and uninjected selenium (control). A solution containing 0.15 ppm of different selenium was injected into the egg amnion after 18 days of incubation. Once hatched, the chicks were placed in three individual cages for each treatment (capacity of eight birds per cage). The parameters observed were the villi surface area, antibody titer, the number of total and differentiated leucocytes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity levels, and growth and feed efficiency of the early growth performance. Results All the in ovo selenium feeding, except SS, significantly affected the villi surface area, antibody titer, and lymphocyte and heterophil percentages; however, the feedings were still not optimal for enhancing antibody titers and total and differentiated leukocytes. All types of selenium were demonstrated to increase the activity of GSH-Px significantly compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Furthermore, the daily gain and feed conversion ratio of the groups treated with SY and HSM was significantly improved compared to that of the control group. Conclusion In ovo SY and HSM improve immunity significantly, villi surface areas and performance. Therefore, both types are the best nutrient ingredients of IOF for building immunity and producing good performance in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rantan Krisnan
- Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.,Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Retnani
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Budi Tangendjaja
- Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - Rita Mutia
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth Wina
- Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
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Wasti S, Sah N, Singh AK, Lee CN, Jha R, Mishra B. Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33781340 PMCID: PMC8008564 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress is a significant problem in the poultry industry, causing a severe economic loss due to its detrimental effects on chickens’ health and performance. Dried plum (DP) is a good source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Studies have suggested that DP has several health benefits, such as maintaining the body’s redox system, immune status, and calcium hemostasis. Based on the health benefits of DP, we hypothesized that the dietary supplementation of DP would alleviate the detrimental effects of heat stress on broiler chickens. Results To test the hypothesis, day-old broiler chicks (n = 72) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 24/group): no heat stress (NHS), heat stress (HS), and heat stress with dried plum (HS + DP), and reared under standard conditions. The inclusion of 2.5% DP in the feed of the HS + DP group was made during the treatment period, while birds in other groups were provided with a standard finisher diet. After 21 days, birds in the HS and HS + DP groups were exposed to cyclic heat stress conditions (33 °C for 8 h during daytime) for 3 weeks, while those in the NHS group were reared under normal conditions (22–24 °C). Weekly body weight and feed intake were recorded to calculate the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Heat stress significantly decreased the final body weight, ADG, ADFI, and increased FCR compared to the NHS group, whereas dietary supplementation of DP significantly improved these growth performance parameters compared to the HS group. Furthermore, supplementation of DP significantly increased the expression of heat shock protein-related genes (HSF1, HSF3, HSP70, and HSP90), antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX3, PRDX1, and TXN), tight junction-related genes (CLDN1, and OCLN), and immune-related genes (IL4, MUC2) in the ileum as compared to the HS group. The microbiota analysis showed significant enrichment of Bacillales, Christensenellaceae, Bacillaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Anaerotruncus in heat-stressed birds supplemented with DP as compared to the HS group. Further, DP supplementation also significantly increased the concentration of acetate, propionate, and total VFA in the cecal digesta of the HS + DP group as compared to the HS group. Conclusion These findings suggest that DP supplementation effectively improved the growth performances and gut health parameters in the heat-stressed birds. Thus, dried plum can be a potential feed supplement to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00571-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Wasti
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Nirvay Sah
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Amit K Singh
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Chin N Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Petry AL, Patience JF, Huntley NF, Koester LR, Bedford MR, Schmitz-Esser S. Xylanase Supplementation Modulates the Microbiota of the Large Intestine of Pigs Fed Corn-Based Fiber by Means of a Stimbiotic Mechanism of Action. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619970. [PMID: 33841350 PMCID: PMC8024495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This research tested the hypothesis that xylanase modulates microbial communities within the large intestine of growing pigs fed corn-based fiber through a stimbiotic mechanism(s) of action (MOA). Sixty gilts were blocked by initial body weight, individually housed, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (n = 15): a low-fiber (LF) control, a high-fiber (HF) control containing 30% corn bran, HF+100 mg/kg xylanase (HF+XY), and HF+50 mg/kg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (HF+AX). Pigs were fed dietary treatments for 46 days. On day 46, pigs were euthanized, and mucosa and lumen contents were collected from the cecum and the colon. The V4 region of 16S rRNA genes was sequenced and clustered into 5,889, 4,657, 2,822, and 4,516 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), in the cecal contents and mucosa and colonic contents and mucosa, respectively. In cecal contents, HF+XY increased measures of α-diversity compared to LF (p < 0.001). Relative to LF, HF increased the prevalence of 44, 36, 26, and 8, and decreased 19, 9, 21, and 10, of the 200 most abundant OTUs from the cecal contents and mucosa and colonic contents and mucosa, respectively (Q < 0.05). Compared to LF, HF increased the abundance of OTUs from the Treponema_2, Ruminococcus_1 genera, from the Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Prevotellaceae families. In contrast, relative to LF, HF decreased Turicibacter and Lactobacillus in the cecal contents, and Megasphaera and Streptococcus in the mucosa. Relative to HF, HF+XY increased 32, 16, 29, and 19 and decreased 27, 11, 15, and 10 of the 200 most abundant OTUs from the cecal contents and mucosa and colonic contents and mucosa, respectively (Q < 0.05). The addition of xylanase to HF further increased the abundance of OTUs from the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families across the large intestine. Compared to HF, HF+XY increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium among all locations (Q < 0.05). However, HF+AX did not increase the prevalence of these genera in the large intestine. Supplementing xylanase to HF increased hidden-state predictions of microbial enzymes associated with arabinoxylan degradation, xylose metabolism, and short-chain fatty acid production. These data suggest xylanase elicits a stimbiotic MOA in the large intestine of pigs fed corn-based fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nichole F Huntley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lucas R Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Marczynski M, Jiang K, Blakeley M, Srivastava V, Vilaplana F, Crouzier T, Lieleg O. Structural Alterations of Mucins Are Associated with Losses in Functionality. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1600-1613. [PMID: 33749252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commercial mucin glycoproteins are routinely used as a model to investigate the broad range of important functions mucins fulfill in our bodies, including lubrication, protection against hostile germs, and the accommodation of a healthy microbiome. Moreover, purified mucins are increasingly selected as building blocks for multifunctional materials, i.e., as components of hydrogels or coatings. By performing a detailed side-by-side comparison of commercially available and lab-purified variants of porcine gastric mucins, we decipher key molecular motifs that are crucial for mucin functionality. As two main structural features, we identify the hydrophobic termini and the hydrophilic glycosylation pattern of the mucin glycoprotein; moreover, we describe how alterations in those structural motifs affect the different properties of mucins-on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This study provides a detailed understanding of how distinct functionalities of gastric mucins are established, and it highlights the need for high-quality mucins-for both basic research and the development of mucin-based medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Marczynski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kun Jiang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Blakeley
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Crouzier
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Lin SJH, Arruda B, Burrough E. Alteration of Colonic Mucin Composition and Cytokine Expression in Acute Swine Dysentery. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:531-541. [PMID: 33686884 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821996657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is an enteric disease associated with strongly β-hemolytic Brachyspira spp. that cause mucohemorrhagic diarrhea primarily in grower-finisher pigs. We characterized alteration of colonic mucin composition and local cytokine expression in the colon of pigs with acute SD after B. hyodysenteriae (Bhyo) infection and fed either a diet containing 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or a control diet. Colonic tissue samples from 9 noninoculated pigs (Control, N = 4; DDGS, N = 5) and 10 inoculated pigs experiencing acute SD (Bhyo, N = 4; Bhyo-DDGS, N = 6) were evaluated. At the apex of the spiral colon, histochemical staining with high-iron diamine-Alcian blue revealed increased sialomucin (P = .008) and decreased sulfomucin (P = .027) in Bhyo pigs relative to controls, with a dietary effect for sulfomucin. Noninoculated pigs fed DDGS had greater expression of sulfomucin (P = .002) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Immunohistochemically, there was de novo expression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the Bhyo group while mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was not significantly different between groups. RNA in situ hybridization to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β often showed increased expression in the Bhyo group although without statistical significance, and this was not correlated with MUC5AC or MUC2 expression, suggesting IL-1β is not a major regulator of their secretion in acute SD. Expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 was significantly suppressed in the Bhyo group compared to controls (P = .005). This study reveals mucin and cytokine alterations in the colon of pigs with experimentally induced SD and related dietary effects of DDGS.
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Bodawatta KH, Freiberga I, Puzejova K, Sam K, Poulsen M, Jønsson KA. Flexibility and resilience of great tit (Parus major) gut microbiomes to changing diets. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:20. [PMID: 33602335 PMCID: PMC7893775 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbial communities play important roles in nutrient management and can change in response to host diets. The extent of this flexibility and the concomitant resilience is largely unknown in wild animals. To untangle the dynamics of avian-gut microbiome symbiosis associated with diet changes, we exposed Parus major (Great tits) fed with a standard diet (seeds and mealworms) to either a mixed (seeds, mealworms and fruits), a seed, or a mealworm diet for 4 weeks, and examined the flexibility of gut microbiomes to these compositionally different diets. To assess microbiome resilience (recovery potential), all individuals were subsequently reversed to a standard diet for another 4 weeks. Cloacal microbiomes were collected weekly and characterised through sequencing the v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina MiSeq. Results Initial microbiomes changed significantly with the diet manipulation, but the communities did not differ significantly between the three diet groups (mixed, seed and mealworm), despite multiple diet-specific changes in certain bacterial genera. Reverting birds to the standard diet led only to a partial recovery in gut community compositions. The majority of the bacterial taxa that increased significantly during diet manipulation decreased in relative abundance after reversion to the standard diet; however, bacterial taxa that decreased during the manipulation rarely increased after diet reversal Conclusions The gut microbial response and partial resilience to dietary changes support that gut bacterial communities of P. major play a role in accommodating dietary changes experienced by wild avian hosts. This may be a contributing factor to the relaxed association between microbiome composition and the bird phylogeny. Our findings further imply that interpretations of wild bird gut microbiome analyses from single-time point sampling, especially for omnivorous species or species with seasonally changing diets, should be done with caution. The partial community recovery implies that ecologically relevant diet changes (e.g., seasonality and migration) open up gut niches that may be filled by previously abundant microbes or replaced by different symbiont lineages, which has important implications for the integrity and specificity of long-term avian-symbiont associations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00076-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun H Bodawatta
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Inga Freiberga
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Puzejova
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud A Jønsson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Highly Fermentable Fiber Alters Fecal Microbiota and Mitigates Swine Dysentery Induced by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020396. [PMID: 33557345 PMCID: PMC7915590 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary manipulation to prevent disease is essential to reduce antimicrobial usage in the swine industry. This study aimed to evaluate whether replacing lowly fermentable fibers with highly fermentable fibers would mitigate disease during a 42 day Brachyspira hyodysenteriae challenge. Pigs fed the highly fermentable diet had improved growth performance compared with those fed diets of lower fermentability and had near absence of clinical swine dysentery. Further, several microbial genera were altered by dietary manipulation, bacteria that may be synergistic or antagonistic to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Taken together, this study demonstrates that replacing lowly fermentable fiber with highly fermentable fibers mitigates disease during Brachyspira hyodysenteriae challenge and may help reduce antimicrobial usage in treatment and control of this pathogen. Abstract Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an etiological agent of swine dysentery (SD). Diet fermentability plays a role in development of SD, but the mechanism(s) of action are largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether replacing lowly fermentable fiber with highly fermentable fiber would mitigate a 42 d B. hyodysenteriae challenge. Thirty-nine barrows were allocated to dietary treatment groups: (1) 20% corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), 0% beet pulp (BP) or resistant starch (RS; lowly fermentable fiber (LFF)); (2) 10% DDGS, 5% BP, 5% RS (medium fermentable fiber (MFF)); and (3) 0% DDGS, 10% BP, 10% RS (highly fermentable fiber (HFF)). On day post inoculation 0, pigs were inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae. Overall, 85% LFF pigs developed clinical SD, 46% of MFF pigs developed SD, and 15% of HFF pigs developed SD (p < 0.05). Overall average daily gain (ADG) differed among all treatments (p < 0.001), with LFF pigs having the lowest ADG. For HFF pigs, ADG was 37% greater than LFF pigs (p < 0.001) and 19% greater than MFF pigs (p = 0.037). The LFF diet had greater relative abundance of Shuttleworthia and Ruminococcus torques. Further, microbiota of pigs that developed SD had enriched Prevotellaceae. Collectively, replacing DDGS with highly fermentable fiber reduced clinical SD, improved performance, and modulated fecal microbiota during B. hyodysenteriae challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.T.H.); (N.K.G.)
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.T.H.); (N.K.G.)
| | - Eric. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +15-15-294-1950
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Ravindran V. Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33413625 PMCID: PMC7789490 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Non-dietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total (basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses. The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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Emadinia A, Toghyani M, Foroozandeh AD, Tabeidian SA, Ostadsharif M. Growth performance, jejunum morphology and mucin-2 gene expression of broiler Japanese quails fed low-protein diets supplemented with threonine. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1780962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Emadinia
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Davar Foroozandeh
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Ali Tabeidian
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ostadsharif
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Amiri N, Afsharmanesh M, Salarmoini M, Meimandipour A, Hosseini S, Ebrahimnejad H. Effects of nanoencapsulated cumin essential oil as an alternative to the antibiotic growth promoter in broiler diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Hong J, Ndou SP, Adams S, Scaria J, Woyengo TA. Canola meal in nursery pig diets: growth performance and gut health. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa338. [PMID: 33098648 PMCID: PMC8060915 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of including canola meal (CM) in nursery pig diets on growth performance, immune response, fecal microbial composition, and gut integrity. A total of 200 nursery pigs (initial body weight = 7.00 kg) were obtained in two batches of 100 pigs each. Pigs in each batch were housed in 25 pens (four pigs per pen) and fed five diets in a randomized complete block design. The five diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of CM. The diets were fed in three phases: phase 1: day 0 to 7, phase 2: day 7 to 21, and phase 3: day 21 to 42. Diets in each phase were formulated to similar net energy, Ca, and digestible P and amino acid contents. Feed intake and body weight were measured by phase. Immune response and gut integrity parameters were measured at the end of phases 1 and 2. Fecal microbial composition for diets with 0% or 20% CM was determined at the end of phase 2. Overall average daily gain (ADG) responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to increasing dietary level of CM such that ADG was increased by 17% due to an increase in the dietary level of CM from 0% to 20% and was reduced by 16% due to an increase in the dietary level of CM from 20% to 40%. Pigs fed diets with 0% or 40% CM did not differ in overall ADG. Dietary CM tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.09) serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) level at the end of phase 2 such that serum IgA level tended to reduce with an increase in dietary CM from 0% to 20% and to increase with an increase in dietary CM from 20% to 40%. Dietary CM at 20% decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and tended to increase (P = 0.07) the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum. Dietary CM linearly increased (P < 0.05) the lactulose to mannitol ratio in the urine by 47% and 49% at the end of phases 1 and 2, respectively, and tended to linearly decrease (P < 0.10) ileal transepithelial electrical resistance at the end of phase 1 by 64%. In conclusion, CM fed in the current study could be included in corn-SBM-based diets for nursery pigs 20% to improve the growth performance and gut microbial composition and reduce immune response. Also, the CM used in the current study could be included in corn-SBM-based diets for nursery pigs at 30% or 40% without compromising growth performance. Dietary CM increased gut permeability, implying that dietary CM at 20% improves the growth performance of weaned pigs through mechanisms other than reducing gut permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | | | - Seidu Adams
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Gautier AE, Rochell SJ. Influence of coccidiosis vaccination on nutrient utilization of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3540-3549. [PMID: 32616250 PMCID: PMC7597816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the impact of coccidiosis vaccination on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and ileal digestible energy (IDE) in commonly used feed ingredients in broilers. Eight experimental treatments based on a factorial arrangement of coccidiosis vaccination (control with in-feed diclazuril [CTL] or vaccinated [VAC]) and 4 different diets were administered to male Cobb 500 broilers in floor pens containing 12 birds per pen. For the vaccinated group, a 3× dose of a live coccidiosis vaccine was given via oral gavage on the day of hatch. Experimental diets consisted of a basal diet and 3 test diets in which 30% of the basal diet was replaced with either corn, soybean meal (SBM), or distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to allow for calculation of nutrient digestibility of individual ingredients by difference. Broilers were fed a common diet from 0 to 7 D and experimental diets from 7 to 12 D. On day 12, blood and ileal digesta were collected to measure plasma carotenoids and determine AID of nitrogen, ether extract, IDE (experiments 1 and 2), and amino acids (AA) (experiment 2). Vaccination increased (P < 0.05) excreta oocyst counts and decreased (P < 0.05) plasma carotenoids when compared with CTL birds. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for AID of nitrogen (experiment 1) which was reduced by vaccination in birds fed the corn diet and increased for birds fed DDGS. No differences (P > 0.05) in IDE were observed between VAC and CTL birds in either experiment, whereas vaccination decreased (P < 0.05) AID of ether extract independently of diet. Interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for AA digestibility, whereby digestibility of all AA was reduced by VAC in corn diets but generally increased AA digestibility of DDGS diets, with minimal impact on SBM diets. In conclusion, the impact of coccidiosis vaccination on nutrient and energy digestibility varied among ingredients; however, digestibility was minimally impacted or improved with DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gautier
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - S J Rochell
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR.
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Lee CY, Song AAL, Loh TC, Abdul Rahim R. Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2916-2925. [PMID: 32475425 PMCID: PMC7597739 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the poultry industry is 1 of the most advanced livestock industries. Feed contributes to the biggest proportion (65-70%) of the production cost. Most feed ingredients in Malaysia are imported, which contributes to the high food bill annually, and alternative feed formulation may help decrease the cost of poultry feed. Feed formulation are improved to efficiently meet the dietary requirements of the broilers and 1 of the ways is by reducing the level of crude protein in the diet while supplementing essential amino acids. In this study, the effects of methionine and lysine, which are the 2 most limiting amino acids in the chicken diet, were supplemented in a low crude protein diet, and its effects on the growth and expression of immunity genes such as MUC2, SLC, GAL6, and LEAP-2 were studied. A total of 300 Cobb500 broilers were tested with 10 different dietary treatments. Experimental treatment diets consist of high, standard, and low levels of methionine and lysine in the diet with reduced crude protein. The control group consists of diet with standard levels of lysine, methionine, and crude protein as recommended for Cobb500 broilers. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the jejunum, spleen, and liver for gene expression analysis which was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green chemistry. Results of the growth performance at 6 wk showed improved feed conversion ratio when lysine was increased by 0.2% in a low crude protein diet at 1.96 ± 0.11. Gene expression of MUC2 gene in the jejunum showed a significant increase across all experimental diets with the treatment with higher lysine in low crude protein diet with the highest increase of 3.8 times as compared with the control diet. The other genes expressed in the spleen and liver were mostly downregulated. It was concluded that supplementation of high lysine with standard methionine in a low crude protein diet performed better in terms of lowest feed conversion ratio and high upregulation of MUC2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Yan Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Chancellory, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
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Tano de la Hoz MF, Longo MV, Vidal ME, Flamini MA, Díaz AO. The stomach of the wild herbivorous hystricomorph rodent
Lagostomus maximus
: A comparative histomorphological and histochemical study of the cardiac and pyloric regions. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Tano de la Hoz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Biología FCEyN IIMyC – Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Victoria Longo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Biología FCEyN IIMyC – Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariana Elena Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mirta Alicia Flamini
- Laboratorio de Histología y Embriología Descriptiva Experimental y Comparada Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Alcira Ofelia Díaz
- Departamento de Biología FCEyN IIMyC – Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
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Limage R, Tako E, Kolba N, Guo Z, García-Rodríguez A, Marques CNH, Mahler GJ. TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Commensal Bacteria Alter Mucus Layer Thickness and Composition in a Gastrointestinal Tract Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000601. [PMID: 32338455 PMCID: PMC7282385 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in food packaging and processing and have become an integral part of many commonly ingested products. There are few studies that have focused on the interaction between ingested NPs, gut function, the mucus layer, and the gut microbiota. In this work, an in vitro model of gastrointestinal (GI) tract is used to determine whether, and how, the mucus layer is affected by the presence of Gram-positive, commensal Lactobacillus rhamnosus; Gram-negative, opportunistic Escherichia coli; and/or exposure to physiologically relevant doses of pristine or digested TiO2 NPs. Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cell monolayers are exposed to physiological concentrations of bacteria (expressing fluorescent proteins) and/or TiO2 nanoparticles for a period of 4 h. To determine mucus thickness and composition, cell monolayers are stained with alcian blue, periodic acid schiff, or an Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin. It is found that the presence of both bacteria and nanoparticles alter the thickness and composition of the mucus layer. Changes in the distribution or pattern of mucins can be indicative of pathological conditions, and this model provides a platform for understanding how bacteria and/or NPs may interact with and alter the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nikolai Kolba
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Cláudia N H Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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48
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Fan L, Huang R, Wu C, Cao Y, Du T, Pu G, Wang H, Zhou W, Li P, Kim SW. Defatted Rice Bran Supplementation in Diets of Finishing Pigs: Effects on Physiological, Intestinal Barrier, and Oxidative Stress Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030449. [PMID: 32182669 PMCID: PMC7143537 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most studies on dietary fiber mainly focus on the digestibility of feed nutrients and microbial flora, etc. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the regulation of immune and oxidative stress of the intestinal tract by dietary fiber. This study investigated the effects of varying levels of defatted rice bran replacing corn on physiological, intestinal barrier, and oxidative stress parameters in finishing pigs. Based on the current findings, a high diet of rice bran will not only reduce the level of inflammatory factors in the peripheral blood of finishing pigs, but also enhance the healthy level of the colon through mucin2 and keap1-Nrf2 pathways. Our results can be used as reference for dietary rice bran to improve intestinal health in finishing pigs. Abstract Rice bran is a waste product with low cost and high fiber content, giving it an added advantage over corn and soybean meal, which have to be purchased and always at a relatively higher cost. Under the background of increased attention to sustainable agriculture, it is significant to find alternative uses for this byproduct. A total of 35 finishing pigs were allotted to five dietary treatments: a control group with basal diet and four experimental diets where corn was equivalently substituted by 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% defatted rice bran (DFRB), respectively. With increasing levels of DFRB, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) linearly decreased (p < 0.05). In the jejunum, the mRNA level of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) exhibited a quadratic response (p < 0.01) with incremental levels of DFRB. In the colon, the mRNA levels of mucin 2 (MUC2), Nrf2, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were upregulated (linear, p < 0.05) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was upregulated (linear, p < 0.01). Overall, using DFRB to replace corn decreased the inflammatory biomarkers of serum and showed potential function in modulating the intestinal barrier by upregulating the mRNA expression levels of MUC2 and downregulating that of Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Fan
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengwu Wu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Taoran Du
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Guang Pu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wuduo Zhou
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (L.F.); (R.H.); (C.W.); (Y.C.); (T.D.); (G.P.); (H.W.); (W.Z.)
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University’s New Rural Research and Development Corporation of Huaian City, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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Alyileili SR, El-Tarabily K, Ibrahim WH, Sulaiman M, Hussein AS. Effect of Trichoderma reesei Degraded Date Pits Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunoglobulin Levels, and Intestinal Barrier Functions of Broiler Chickens. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2020; 11:168-181. [PMID: 31322081 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666190716163009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a dominant fruit crop in most Arabian countries. Date pits, as a major byproduct which remained after consumption of date flesh, proved to be a valuable source of energy. OBJECTIVES The impact of degraded date pits (DDP) on growth performance, intestinal bacterial population, and expression profiles of intestinal genes in broilers was determined. Recent patents have been established on DDP from the European patent office (EP2586318B1), Hong Kong patent registry office (HK1184642) and by the United States patent and trademark office (US8968729B2 and US10265368B2). METHODS Solid-state degradation system (SSD) was used for the preparation of DDP using Trichoderma reesei. One-day-old Brazilian broiler chicks "Cobb 500" were randomly divided into six treatments with six replicates, which consisted of a normal diet containing only corn-soy (control), diet containing corn-soy + (20%, 50g/100Kg oxytetracycline), diet containing corn-soy + 10% (DDP), diet containing corn-soy + 0.2% mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), diet containing corn-soy + 0.1% mannose, and diet containing corn-soy + 0.2% mannose. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers among the treatments. The bacterial count was significantly decreased in 10% DDP diet-fed broilers, 0.2% MOS and antibiotic diet-fed broilers. Immunoglobulin levels in serum and intestinal contents and expression pattern of genes in jejunum were upregulated in 10% DDP and 0.2% MOS diet-fed broilers. CONCLUSION DDP can be used as an energy source for replacing part of corn, mannan oligosaccharide and also recommended as a potential alternative to antimicrobials in broilers diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Rashed Alyileili
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wissam Hachem Ibrahim
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohsin Sulaiman
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Soliman Hussein
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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50
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Sais M, Barroeta AC, López-Colom P, Nofrarías M, Majó N, Lopez-Ulibarri R, Pérez Calvo E, Martín-Orúe SM. Evaluation of dietary supplementation of a novel microbial muramidase on gastrointestinal functionality and growth performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:235-245. [PMID: 32416807 PMCID: PMC7587705 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of Muramidase 007 to broiler chickens on gastrointestinal functionality, evaluating growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, vitamin A in plasma and cecal microbiota. A total of 480 one-day male chicks (Ross 308) were distributed in 16 pens allocated in 2 experimental diets: the control diet (CTR) without feed enzymes, coccidiostat or growth promoters, and the experimental diet (MUR): CTR supplemented with 35,000 units (LSU(F))/kg of the Muramidase 007. Digesta and tissue samples were obtained on days 9 and 36 of the study. A lower feed conversion ratio was observed in the MUR treatment. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM, organic matter and energy were improved by Muramidase 007. It was also observed that MUR improved digestibility of total fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, and content of vitamin A in plasma at day 9 (P < 0.05). Histomorphological analysis of jejunum samples revealed no differences in the villus height or crypt depth; but a higher number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes at day 36 with MUR. No differences were observed in plate counts of enterobacteria or Lactobacillus along the gastrointestinal tract, neither on the cecal short-chain fatty acids. An statistical trend was observed for reduction of cecal clostridia at day 9 for MUR. Analysis of cecal microbiota structure by 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed relevant changes correlated to age. At day 9, broilers receiving MUR showed decreased alpha diversity compared to CTR that was not detected at day 36. Changes in specific taxonomic groups with an increase in Lactobacillus genus were identified. In conclusion, evaluation of the variables in this study indicates that dietary Muramidase 007 contributes to improve feed conversation ratio and gastrointestinal function in broiler chickens. Effects could have been mediated by slight shifts observed in the intestinal microbiota. More studies are guaranteed to fully understand the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Sais
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service. Animal and Food Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service. Animal and Food Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola López-Colom
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service. Animal and Food Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, UAB-IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Natàlia Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, UAB-IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rual Lopez-Ulibarri
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Nutrition Innovation Center - ANH, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Estefanía Pérez Calvo
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Nutrition Innovation Center - ANH, 68128 Village Neuf, France
| | - Susana M Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service. Animal and Food Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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