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Kolenda C, Bonhomme M, Medina M, Pouilly M, Rousseau C, Troesch E, Martins-Simoes P, Stegger M, Verhoeven PO, Laumay F, Laurent F. Potential of training of anti- Staphylococcus aureus therapeutic phages against Staphylococcus epidermidis multidrug-resistant isolates is restricted by inter- and intra-sequence type specificity. mSystems 2024:e0085024. [PMID: 39248470 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00850-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy appears to be a promising approach to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria, including staphylococci. However, most anti-staphylococcal phages have been characterized in Staphylococcus aureus, while a limited number of studies investigated phage activity against S. epidermidis. We studied the potential of phage training to extend the host range of two types of anti-S. aureus phages against S. epidermidis isolates. The Appelmans protocol was applied to a mixture of Kayvirus and a mixture of Silviavirus phages repeatedly exposed to seven S. epidermidis strains representative of nosocomial-associated sequence types (ST), including the world-wide disseminated ST2. We observed increased activity only for the Kayvirus mixture against two of these strains (ST2 or ST35). Phage subpopulations isolated from the training mixture using these two strains (five/strain) exhibited different evolved phenotypes, active only against their isolation strain or strains of the same ST. Of note, 16/47 ST2 strains were susceptible to one of the groups of trained phages. A comparative genomic analysis of ancestral and trained phage genomes, conducted to identify potential bacterial determinants of such specific activity, found numerous recombination events between two of the three ancestors. However, a small number of trained phage genes had nucleotide sequence modifications impacting the corresponding protein compared to ancestral phages, two to four of them per phage genome being specific of each group of phage subpopulations exhibiting different host range. The results suggest that anti-S. aureus phages can be adapted to S. epidermidis isolates but with inter- and intra-ST specificity.ImportanceS. epidermidis is increasingly recognized as a threat for public health. Its clinical importance is notably related to multidrug resistance. Phage therapy is one of the most promising alternative therapeutic strategies to antibiotics. Nonetheless, only very few phages active against this bacterial species have been described. In the present study, we showed that phage training can be used to extend the host range of polyvalent Kayvirus phages within the Staphylococcus genera to include S. epidermidis species. In the context of rapid development of phage therapy, in vitro forced adaptation of previously characterized phages could be an appealing alternative to fastidious repeated isolation of new phages to improve the therapeutic potential of a phage collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kolenda
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhomme
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mateo Pouilly
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Rousseau
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emma Troesch
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Martins-Simoes
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marc Stegger
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul O Verhoeven
- GIMAP Team, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Jean Monnet St-Etienne, St-Etienne, France
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University Hospital of St-Etienne, St-Etienne, France
| | - Floriane Laumay
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Service de bactériologie, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe StaPath, CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Duarte AC, Fernández L, Jurado A, Campelo AB, Shen Y, Rodríguez A, García P. Synergistic removal of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by using a combination of phage Kayvirus rodi with the exopolysaccharide depolymerase Dpo7. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1438022. [PMID: 39171257 PMCID: PMC11335607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1438022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacteriophages have been shown to penetrate biofilms and replicate if they find suitable host cells. Therefore, these viruses appear to be a good option to tackle the biofilm problem and complement or even substitute more conventional antimicrobials. However, in order to successfully remove biofilms, in particular mature biofilms, phages may need to be administered along with other compounds. Phage-derived proteins, such as endolysins or depolymerases, offer a safer alternative to other compounds in the era of antibiotic resistance. Methods This study examined the interactions between phage Kayvirus rodi with a polysaccharide depolymerase (Dpo7) from another phage (Rockefellervirus IPLA7) against biofilms formed by different Staphylococcus aureus strains, as determined by crystal violet staining, viable cell counts and microscopy analysis. Results and discussion Our results demonstrated that there was synergy between the two antimicrobials, with a more significant decreased in biomass and viable cell number with the combination treatment compared to the phage and enzyme alone. This observation was confirmed by microscopy analysis, which also showed that polysaccharide depolymerase treatment reduced, but did not eliminate extracellular matrix polysaccharides. Activity assays on mutant strains did not identify teichoic acids or PNAG/PIA as the exclusive target of Dpo7, suggesting that may be both are degraded by this enzyme. Phage adsorption to S. aureus cells was not significantly altered by incubation with Dpo7, indicating that the mechanism of the observed synergistic interaction is likely through loosening of the biofilm structure. This would allow easier access of the phage particles to their host cells and facilitate infection progression within the bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Duarte
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andrea Jurado
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Campelo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Yang Shen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Elafify M, Liao X, Feng J, Ahn J, Ding T. Biofilm formation in food industries: Challenges and control strategies for food safety. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114650. [PMID: 38945629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Various pathogens have the ability to grow on food matrices and instruments. This grow may reach to form biofilms. Bacterial biofilms are community of microorganisms embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) containing lipids, DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. These EPSs provide a tolerance and favorable living condition for microorganisms. Biofilm formations could not only contribute a risk for food safety but also have negative impacts on healthcare sector. Once biofilms form, they reveal resistances to traditional detergents and disinfectants, leading to cross-contamination. Inhibition of biofilms formation and abolition of mature biofilms is the main target for controlling of biofilm hazards in the food industry. Some novel eco-friendly technologies such as ultrasound, ultraviolet, cold plasma, magnetic nanoparticles, different chemicals additives as vitamins, D-amino acids, enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and many other inhibitors provide a significant value on biofilm inhibition. These anti-biofilm agents represent promising tools for food industries and researchers to interfere with different phases of biofilms including adherence, quorum sensing molecules, and cell-to-cell communication. This perspective review highlights the biofilm formation mechanisms, issues associated with biofilms, environmental factors influencing bacterial biofilm development, and recent strategies employed to control biofilm-forming bacteria in the food industry. Further studies are still needed to explore the effects of biofilm regulation in food industries and exploit more regulation strategies for improving the quality and decreasing economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elafify
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China
| | - Jinsong Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tian Ding
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovative Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Silva MD, Pinto G, França A, Azeredo J, Melo LDR. Phage SEP1 hijacks Staphylococcus epidermidis stationary cells' metabolism to replicate. mSystems 2024; 9:e0026324. [PMID: 38904376 PMCID: PMC11265418 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00263-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In nature, bacteria often survive in a stationary state with low metabolic activity. Phages use the metabolic machinery of the host cell to replicate, and, therefore, their efficacy against non-dividing cells is usually limited. Nevertheless, it was previously shown that the Staphylococcus epidermidis phage SEP1 has the remarkable capacity to actively replicate in stationary-phase cells, reducing their numbers. Here, we studied for the first time the transcriptomic profiles of both exponential and stationary cells infected with SEP1 phage using RNA-seq to gain a better understanding of this rare phenomenon. We showed that SEP1 successfully takes over the transcriptional apparatus of both exponential and stationary cells. Infection was, however, delayed in stationary cells, with genes within the gp142-gp154 module putatively implicated in host takeover. S. epidermidis responded to SEP1 infection by upregulating three genes involved in a DNA modification system, with this being observed already 5 min after infection in exponential cells and later in stationary cells. In stationary cells, a significant number of genes involved in translation and RNA metabolic and biosynthetic processes were upregulated after 15 and 30 min of SEP1 infection in comparison with the uninfected control, showing that SEP1 activates metabolic and biosynthetic pathways necessary to its successful replication.IMPORTANCEMost phage-host interaction studies are performed with exponentially growing cells. However, this cell state is not representative of what happens in natural environments. Additionally, most phages fail to replicate in stationary cells. The Staphylococcus epidermidis phage SEP1 is one of the few phages reported to date to be able to infect stationary cells. Here, we unveiled the interaction of SEP1 with its host in both exponential and stationary states of growth at the transcriptomic level. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for a better implementation of phage therapy since phages able to infect stationary cells could be more efficient in the treatment of recalcitrant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Silva
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luís D. R. Melo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Li L, Zhou M, Yu M, Ren X, Li L, Shen C, Deng C, Liu Y, Yang B. Correlation between the development of phage resistance and the original antibiotic resistance of host bacteria under the co-exposure of antibiotic and bacteriophage. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118921. [PMID: 38631474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses capable of regulating the proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). However, phages that directly cause host lethality may quickly select for phage resistant bacteria, and the co-evolutionary trade-offs under varying environmental conditions, including the presence of antibiotics, remains unclear as to their impact on phage and antibiotic resistance. Here, we report the emergence of phage resistance in three distinct E. coli strains with varying resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, treated with different ampicillin (AMP) concentrations. Hosts exhibiting stronger antibiotic resistance demonstrated a higher propensity to develop and maintain stable phage resistance. When exposed to polyvalent phage KNT-1, the growth of AMP-sensitive E. coli K12 was nearly suppressed within 18 h, while the exponential growth of AMP-resistant E. coli TEM and super-resistant E. coli NDM-1 was delayed by 12 h and 8 h, respectively. The mutation frequency and mutated colony count of E. coli NDM-1 were almost unaffected by co-existing AMP, whereas for E. coli TEM and K12, these metrics significantly decreased with increasing AMP concentration from 8 to 50 μg/mL, becoming unquantifiable at 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, the fitness costs of phage resistance mutation and its impact on initial antibiotic resistance in bacteria were further examined, through analyzing AMP susceptibility, biofilm formation and EPS secretion of the isolated phage resistant mutants. The results indicated that acquiring phage resistance could decrease antibiotic resistance, particularly for hosts lacking strong antibiotic resistance. The ability of mutants to form biofilm contributes to antibiotic resistance, but the correlation is not entirely positive, while the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), especially the protein content, plays a crucial role in protecting the bacteria from both antibiotic and phage exposure. This study explores phage resistance development in hosts with different antibiotic resistance and helps to understand the limitations and possible solutions of phage-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China; Research Institute of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China.
| | - Mengya Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Ming Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Xu Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Linzhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Chunjun Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Chunping Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China; Research Institute of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China; Research Institute of Industrial Hazardous Waste Disposal and Resource Utilization, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, PR China
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Vander Elst N. Bacteriophage-derived endolysins as innovative antimicrobials against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci: a state-of-the-art review. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:20. [PMID: 38769566 PMCID: PMC11106882 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases breaking down the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, represent a groundbreaking class of novel antimicrobials to revolutionize the veterinary medicine field. Wild-type endolysins exhibit a modular structure, consisting of enzymatically active and cell wall-binding domains, that enable genetic engineering strategies for the creation of chimeric fusion proteins or so-called 'engineered endolysins'. This biotechnological approach has yielded variants with modified lytic spectrums, introducing new possibilities in antimicrobial development. However, the discovery of highly similar endolysins by different groups has occasionally resulted in the assignment of different names that complicate a straightforward comparison. The aim of this review was to perform a homology-based comparison of the wild-type and engineered endolysins that have been characterized in the context of bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci, grouping homologous endolysins with ≥ 95.0% protein sequence similarity. Literature is explored by homologous groups for the wild-type endolysins, followed by a chronological examination of engineered endolysins according to their year of publication. This review concludes that the wild-type endolysins encountered persistent challenges in raw milk and in vivo settings, causing a notable shift in the field towards the engineering of endolysins. Lead candidates that display robust lytic activity are nowadays selected from screening assays that are performed under these challenging conditions, often utilizing advanced high-throughput protein engineering methods. Overall, these recent advancements suggest that endolysins will integrate into the antibiotic arsenal over the next decade, thereby innovating antimicrobial treatment against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, Solnavägen 9, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Beck C, Krusche J, Elsherbini AMA, Du X, Peschel A. Phage susceptibility determinants of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 78:102434. [PMID: 38364502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common member of the human skin and nose microbiomes and a frequent cause of invasive infections. Transducing phages accomplish the horizontal transfer of resistance and virulence genes by mispackaging of mobile-genetic elements, contributing to severe, therapy-refractory S. epidermidis infections. Lytic phages on the other hand can be interesting candidates for new anti-S. epidermidis phage therapies. Despite the importance of phages, we are only beginning to unravel S. epidermidis phage interactions. Recent studies shed new light on S. epidermidis phage diversity, host range, and receptor specificities. Modulation of cell wall teichoic acids, the major phage receptor structures, along with other phage defense mechanisms, are crucial determinants for S. epidermidis susceptibility to different phage groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beck
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janes Krusche
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed M A Elsherbini
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xin Du
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections (CMFI)", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Song M, Tang Q, Ding Y, Tan P, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhou C, Xu S, Lyu M, Bai Y, Ma X. Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:44. [PMID: 38475886 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogenic bacterium in animal husbandry that can cause diseases such as mastitis, skin infections, arthritis, and other ailments. The formation of biofilms threatens and exacerbates S. aureus infection by allowing the bacteria to adhere to pathological areas and livestock product surfaces, thus triggering animal health crises and safety issues with livestock products. To solve this problem, in this review, we provide a brief overview of the harm caused by S. aureus and its biofilms on livestock and animal byproducts (meat and dairy products). We also describe the ways in which S. aureus spreads in animals and the threats it poses to the livestock industry. The processes and molecular mechanisms involved in biofilm formation are then explained. Finally, we discuss strategies for the removal and eradication of S. aureus and biofilms in animal husbandry, including the use of antimicrobial peptides, plant extracts, nanoparticles, phages, and antibodies. These strategies to reduce the spread of S. aureus in animal husbandry help maintain livestock health and improve productivity to ensure the ecologically sustainable development of animal husbandry and the safety of livestock products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Utilization of Local Cattle and Sheep Germplasm Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yakun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenlong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shenrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengwei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Innovative Utilization of Local Cattle and Sheep Germplasm Resources (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Molecular Aspects of the Functioning of Pathogenic Bacteria Biofilm Based on Quorum Sensing (QS) Signal-Response System and Innovative Non-Antibiotic Strategies for Their Elimination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2655. [PMID: 38473900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the key mechanisms enabling bacterial cells to create biofilms and regulate crucial life functions in a global and highly synchronized way is a bacterial communication system called quorum sensing (QS). QS is a bacterial cell-to-cell communication process that depends on the bacterial population density and is mediated by small signalling molecules called autoinducers (AIs). In bacteria, QS controls the biofilm formation through the global regulation of gene expression involved in the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) synthesis, virulence factor production, stress tolerance and metabolic adaptation. Forming biofilm is one of the crucial mechanisms of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A common feature of human pathogens is the ability to form biofilm, which poses a serious medical issue due to their high susceptibility to traditional antibiotics. Because QS is associated with virulence and biofilm formation, there is a belief that inhibition of QS activity called quorum quenching (QQ) may provide alternative therapeutic methods for treating microbial infections. This review summarises recent progress in biofilm research, focusing on the mechanisms by which biofilms, especially those formed by pathogenic bacteria, become resistant to antibiotic treatment. Subsequently, a potential alternative approach to QS inhibition highlighting innovative non-antibiotic strategies to control AMR and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Kifelew LG, Warner MS, Morales S, Gordon DL, Thomas N, Mitchell JG, Speck PG. Lytic activity of phages against bacterial pathogens infecting diabetic foot ulcers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3515. [PMID: 38347019 PMCID: PMC10861545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Complications of diabetes, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), are common, multifactorial in origin, and costly to treat. DFUs are the cause of nearly 90% of limb amputations among persons with diabetes. In most chronic infections such as DFU, biofilms are involved. Bacteria in biofilms are 100-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in DFUs may require alternative therapeutic agents such as bacteriophages ("phages"). This study describes the lytic activity of phage cocktails AB-SA01 (3-phage cocktail) and AB-PA01 (4-phage cocktail), which target S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The host range and lytic effect of AB-SA01 and AB-PA01 on a planktonic culture, single-species biofilm, and mixed-species biofilm were evaluated. In vitro testing showed that 88.7% of S. aureus and 92.7% of P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to AB-SA01 and AB-PA01, respectively, in the planktonic state. The component phages of AB-SA01 and AB-PA01 infected 66% to 94.3% of the bacterial isolates tested. Furthermore, AB-SA01 and AB-PA01 treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the biofilm biomass of their hosts, regardless of the antibiotic-resistant characteristics of the isolates and the presence of a non-susceptible host. In conclusion, the strong lytic activity, broad host range, and significant biofilm biomass reduction of AB-SA01 and AB-PA01 suggest the considerable potential of phages in treating antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infections alone or as coinfections in DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legesse Garedew Kifelew
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, 1271, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Morgyn S Warner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- AmpliPhi Australia Pty Ltd., Brookvale, NSW, 2100, Australia
- Phage Consulting, Sydney, NSW, 2100, Australia
| | - David L Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville South, SA, 5011, Australia
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - James G Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Peter G Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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Gliźniewicz M, Miłek D, Olszewska P, Czajkowski A, Serwin N, Cecerska-Heryć E, Dołęgowska B, Grygorcewicz B. Advances in bacteriophage-mediated strategies for combating polymicrobial biofilms. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1320345. [PMID: 38249486 PMCID: PMC10797108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi tend to coexist within biofilms instead of in planktonic states. Usually, such communities include cross-kingdom microorganisms, which make them harder to remove from abiotic surfaces or infection sites. Additionally, the produced biofilm matrix protects embedded microorganisms from antibiotics, disinfectants, or the host immune system. Therefore, classic therapies based on antibiotics might be ineffective, especially when multidrug-resistant bacteria are causative factors. The complexities surrounding the eradication of biofilms from diverse surfaces and the human body have spurred the exploration of alternative therapeutic modalities. Among these options, bacteriophages and their enzymatic counterparts have emerged as promising candidates, either employed independently or in synergy with antibiotics and other agents. Phages are natural bacteria killers because of mechanisms of action that differ from antibiotics, phages might answer worldwide problems with bacterial infections. In this review, we report the attempts to use bacteriophages in combating polymicrobial biofilms in in vitro studies, using different models, including the therapeutical use of phages. In addition, we sum up the advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gliźniewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Miłek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Olszewska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Artur Czajkowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Processes, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Moryl M, Różalski A, de Figueiredo JAP, Palatyńska-Ulatowska A. How Do Phages Disrupt the Structure of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17260. [PMID: 38139094 PMCID: PMC10744153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are composed of multicellular communities of microbial cells and their self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The viruses named bacteriophages can infect and lyze bacterial cells, leading to efficient biofilm eradication. The aim of this study was to analyze how bacteriophages disrupt the biofilm structure by killing bacterial cells and/or by damaging extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. The use of colorimetric and spectrofluorimetric methods and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) enabled a comprehensive assessment of phage activity against E. faecalis biofilms. The impact of the phages vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e was investigated. They were applied separately or in combination on 1-day and 7-day-old biofilms. Phages 2e effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic cells with a limited effect on the biofilm. They did not notably affect extracellular polysaccharides and proteins; however, they increased DNA levels. Phages 3e demonstrated a potent and dispersing impact on E. faecalis biofilms, despite being slightly less effective than bacteriophages 2e against planktonic cells. Phages 3e reduced the amount of extracellular polysaccharides and increased eDNA levels in both 1-day-old and 7-day-old biofilm cultures. Phage cocktails had a strong antimicrobial effect on both planktonic and biofilm-associated bacteria. A significant reduction in the levels of polysaccharides, proteins, and eDNA in 1-day-old biofilm samples was noted, which confirms that phages interfere with the structure of E. faecalis biofilm by killing bacterial cells and affecting extracellular polymer levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Moryl
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Antoni Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Aleksandra Palatyńska-Ulatowska
- Department of Endodontics, Chair of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
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Wen H, Zhou W, Wu Y, Li Y, Zhu G, Zhang Z, Gu X, Wang C, Yang Z. Effective treatment of a broad-host-range lytic phage SapYZU15 in eliminating Staphylococcus aureus from subcutaneous infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 276:127484. [PMID: 37659336 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated from food products, and can cause severe clinical infection. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising biocontrol agent against MDR S. aureus in food contamination and clinical infections. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 47 S. aureus isolates from three swine farms, two slaughterhouses, and four markets (Yangzhou, China) were evaluated. The biological characteristics of four lytic S. aureus phages were compared and the lytic activity of phage SapYZU15 against MDR S. aureus was assessed using milk, fresh pork and a mouse model of subcutaneous abscess. The results showed that 28 S. aureus isolates (59.6%, 28/47) exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Compared to SapYZU01, SapYZU02, and SapYZU03, SapYZU15 had a shorter latent period (10 min), larger burst size (322.00 PFU/cell), broader host range, wider temperature stability (-80 to 50 °C), and pH stability. Furthermore, SapYZU15 significantly reduces the counts of S. aureus in milk and pork (5.69 and 1.16 log colony-forming unit/mL, respectively) at 25 °C and controls the growth of S. aureus at 4 °C. Compared to the mice infected with S. aureus MRSA JCSC 4744 and cocktail (S. aureus YZUsa1, YZUsa4, YZUsa12, YZUsa14, and MRSA JCSC 4744), treatment with SapYZU15 led to faster tissue healing, less weight loss, and lower viable S. aureus counts in the murine abscess model. Moreover, prevention with SapYZU15 effectively inhibited abscess formation through a synergistic effect with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, our results suggest that SapYZU15 is an effective strategy for controlling S. aureus contamination in food products, and possesses an immense potential to treat and prevent clinic infection caused by MDR S. aureus strains. The interactions and mechanisms between SapYZU15 and its bacterial host differed depending on the model, temperature, and multiplicity of infection (MOI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yajie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuewen Gu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Cuimei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
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14
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Štrancar V, Marušić M, Tušar J, Praček N, Kolenc M, Šuster K, Horvat S, Janež N, Peterka M. Isolation and in vitro characterization of novel S. epidermidis phages for therapeutic applications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1169135. [PMID: 37293203 PMCID: PMC10244729 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1169135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
S. epidermidis is an important opportunistic pathogen causing chronic prosthetic joint infections associated with biofilm growth. Increased tolerance to antibiotic therapy often requires prolonged treatment or revision surgery. Phage therapy is currently used as compassionate use therapy and continues to be evaluated for its viability as adjunctive therapy to antibiotic treatment or as an alternative treatment for infections caused by S. epidermidis to prevent relapses. In the present study, we report the isolation and in vitro characterization of three novel lytic S. epidermidis phages. Their genome content analysis indicated the absence of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. Detailed investigation of the phage preparation indicated the absence of any prophage-related contamination and demonstrated the importance of selecting appropriate hosts for phage development from the outset. The isolated phages infect a high proportion of clinically relevant S. epidermidis strains and several other coagulase-negative species growing both in planktonic culture and as a biofilm. Clinical strains differing in their biofilm phenotype and antibiotic resistance profile were selected to further identify possible mechanisms behind increased tolerance to isolated phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Štrancar
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Monika Marušić
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Jasmina Tušar
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Neža Praček
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Šuster
- Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital, Ankaran, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Nika Janež
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Peterka
- Centre of Excellence for Biosensors, Instrumentation and Process Control, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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15
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Fu J, Li Y, Zhao L, Wu C, He Z. Characterization of vB_ValM_PVA8, a broad-host-range bacteriophage infecting Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1105924. [PMID: 37250064 PMCID: PMC10213691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy was taken as an alternative strategy to antibiotics in shrimp farming for the control of Vibrio species of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus, which cause substantial mortality and significant economic losses. In this study, a new Vibrio phage vB_ValM_PVA8 (PVA8), which could efficiently infect pathogenic isolates of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, was isolated from sewage water and characterized by microbiological and in silico genomic analyses. The phage was characterized to be a member of the Straboviridae family with elongated head and contractile tail by transmission electron microscopy. Genome sequencing showed that PVA8 had a 246,348-bp double-stranded DNA genome with a G + C content of 42.6%. It harbored totally 388 putative open reading frames (ORFs), among them 92 (23.71%) assigned to functional genes. Up to 27 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were found in the genome, and the genes for virulence, antibiotic resistance, and lysogeny were not detected. NCBI genomic blasting results and the phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the large terminase subunits and the DNA polymerase indicated that PVA8 shared considerable similarity with Vibrio phage V09 and bacteriophage KVP40. The phage had a latent period of 20 min and a burst size of 309 PFUs/infected cell with the host V. alginolyticus, and it was stable over a broad pH range (4.0-11.0) and a wide temperature span (-80°C to 60°C), respectively, which may benefit its feasibility for phage therapy. In addition, it had the minimum multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.0000001, which revealed its strong multiplication capacity. The shrimp cultivation lab trials demonstrated that PVA8 could be applied in treating pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus infection disease of shrimp with a survival rate of 88.89% comparing to that of 34.43% in the infected group, and the pond application trails confirmed that the implementation of PVA8 could rapidly yet effectively reduce the level of the Vibrio. Taken together, PVA8 may be potential to be explored as a promising biological agent for Vibrio control in aquaculture farming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Fu
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunguang Wu
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Zengguo He
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
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16
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Youssef O, Agún S, Fernández L, Khalil SA, Rodríguez A, García P. Impact of the calcium concentration on the efficacy of phage phiIPLA-RODI, LysRODIΔAmi and nisin for the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus during lab-scale cheese production. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 399:110227. [PMID: 37148666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive human opportunistic pathogen that may also cause food poisoning because of the ability of some strains to produce heat stable enterotoxins that can persist in food even after the pathogen is successfully eliminated. In this context, biopreservation may be a forward-looking strategy to help eliminate staphylococcal contamination in dairy products by using natural compounds. However, these antimicrobials exhibit individual limitations that may be overcome by combining them. This work investigates the combination of a virulent bacteriophage, phiIPLA-RODI, a phage-derived engineered lytic protein, LysRODIΔAmi, and the bacteriocin nisin for the elimination of S. aureus during lab-scale cheese production at two CaCl2 concentrations (0.2 % and 0.02 %), and subsequent storage at two different temperatures (4 °C and 12 °C). In most of the assayed conditions, our results demonstrate that the combined action of the antimicrobials led to a greater reduction of the pathogen population than the compounds individually, albeit this effect was additive and not synergistic. However, our results did show synergy between the three antimicrobials for reducing the bacterial load after 14 days of storage at 12 °C, temperature at which there is growth of the S. aureus population. Additionally, we tested the impact of the calcium concentration on the activity of the combination treatment and observed that higher CaCl2 levels led to a notable increase in endolysin activity that allowed the utilization of approximately 10-times less protein to attain the same efficacy. Overall, our data show that the combination of LysRODIΔAmi with nisin and/or phage phiIPLA-RODI, and an increase in the calcium concentration are successful strategies to decrease the amount of protein required for the control of S. aureus contamination in the dairy sector with a low potential for resistance selection, thereby reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Youssef
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Seila Agún
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Samy A Khalil
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Webber B, Pottker ES, Rizzo NN, Núncio AS, Peixoto CS, Mistura E, Dos Santos LR, Rodrigues LB, do Nascimento VP. Surface conditioning with bacteriophages reduces biofilm formation of Salmonella Heidelberg. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023; 29:275-283. [PMID: 35075919 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221074783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and its resistance to antimicrobials has increased considerably over the years. In this context, was evaluated the action of three bacteriophages isolated or combined in inhibiting the adhesion and removal of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilm on a polystyrene surface. The bacteriophages UPF_BP1, UPF_BP2, UPF_BP3 and a pool of them were used for biocontrol of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilms on polystyrene surface in the action times of 3, 6 and 9 h. Individual and combined phages exhibited reductions in Salmonella Heidelberg adhesion of up to 83.4% and up to 64.0% in removal of preformed biofilm. The use of synergistic combinations between the phages is the most indicated option due to its potential to reduce biofilms. The use of the bacteriophage pool in surface conditioning is an alternative in the control of Salmonella Heidelberg biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Webber
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Avian Pathology (CDPA), Faculty of Veterinary28124, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emanuele S Pottker
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Avian Pathology (CDPA), Faculty of Veterinary28124, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie N Rizzo
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Avian Pathology (CDPA), Faculty of Veterinary28124, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Sp Núncio
- Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, 28129Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline S Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, 28129Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Enzo Mistura
- Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, 28129Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, 28129Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, 28129Graduate Program in Bio-experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vladimir P do Nascimento
- Center for Diagnostics and Research in Avian Pathology (CDPA), Faculty of Veterinary28124, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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França A. The Role of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Biofilms on Late-Onset Sepsis: Current Challenges and Emerging Diagnostics and Therapies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030554. [PMID: 36978421 PMCID: PMC10044083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are one of the most significant complications of neonates, especially those born preterm, with sepsis as one of the principal causes of mortality. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), a group of staphylococcal species that naturally inhabit healthy human skin and mucosa, are the most common cause of late-onset sepsis, especially in preterms. One of the risk factors for the development of CoNS infections is the presence of implanted biomedical devices, which are frequently used for medications and/or nutrient delivery, as they serve as a scaffold for biofilm formation. The major concerns related to CoNS infections have to do with the increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics observed among this bacterial group and biofilm cells’ increased tolerance to antibiotics. As such, the treatment of CoNS biofilm-associated infections with antibiotics is increasingly challenging and considering that antibiotics remain the primary form of treatment, this issue will likely persist in upcoming years. For that reason, the development of innovative and efficient therapeutic measures is of utmost importance. This narrative review assesses the current challenges and emerging diagnostic tools and therapies for the treatment of CoNS biofilm-associated infections, with a special focus on late-onset sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
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19
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Fu J, Li Y, Zhao L, Wu C, He Z. Characterization and Genomic Analysis of a Bacteriophage with Potential in Lysing Vibrio alginolyticus. Viruses 2022; 15:135. [PMID: 36680175 PMCID: PMC9867112 DOI: 10.3390/v15010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is one of the major pathogens causing vibriosis to a variety of aquatic animals as well as bringing about severe food safety concerns. Nowadays, phage therapy has received increasing attention as an alternative to the antibiotics that have being limited for use in aquaculture industries. In this work, a potent bacteriophage, vB_ValM_PVA23 (PVA23), which efficiently infects pathogenic strains of V. alginolyticus, was isolated from sewage water and characterized by microbiological and genomic analyses. Based on the transmission electronic observation, the phage was characterized to be the Myoviridae family. It has a latent period of 10 min and a burst size of 203 PFUs/infected bacterium, and was stable over a broad pH range (5.0−11.0) and a wide temperature span (−80 °C to 60 °C), respectively. Genome sequencing results show that PVA23 has a 246,962-bp double-stranded DNA with a G + C content of 41.25%. The lab and plant shrimp farming trials demonstrated that phage preparation derived from PVA23 out-performed the chemical disinfectant iodine treatment in the prevention of V. alginolyticus propagation, and the phage application could rapidly yet significantly reduce the level of V. alginolyticus in the pond within 12 h, with negligible rebound observed. These results suggests that phage PVA23 has the potential to be used as an anti-V. alginolyticus agent in aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Fu
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chunguang Wu
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zengguo He
- College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China
- Bioantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China
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20
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Ramadhan F, Alfiko Y, Purwantomo S, Mubarok AF, Budinarta W, Suwanto A, Budiarti S. A New Approach for Controlling Agrobacterium tumefaciens Post Transformation Using Lytic Bacteriophage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3124. [PMID: 36432853 PMCID: PMC9698577 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Overgrowth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has frequently been found in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. This overgrowth can reduce transformation efficiency and even lead to explant death. Therefore, this research investigates an alternative way to mitigate or eliminate Agrobacterium after transformation using a bacteriophage. To develop this alternative method, we conducted effectiveness studies of two lytic bacteriophages (ΦK2 and ΦK4) and performed an application test to control Agrobacterium growth after transformation. According to plaque morphological characterization and molecular analysis, the two bacteriophages used in this experiment were distinct. Moreover, some stability physicochemical and growth kinetics, such as adsorption time and susceptibility test, also showed that both bacteriophages differed. On the other hand, the optimum temperature and pH of both phages were the same at 28-30 °C and pH 7. Further investigation showed that both ΦK2 and ΦK4 were able to reduce the overgrowth of A. tumefaciens post transformation. Moreover, applying the cocktail (mixture of ΦK2 and ΦK4) with antibiotic application eradicated A. tumefaciens (0% overgrowth percentage). This result indicates that the application of bacteriophage could be used as an alternative way to eradicate the overgrowth of A. tumefaciens subsequent to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiqih Ramadhan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yuzer Alfiko
- Biotech Laboratory, Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Bekasi 17530, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Purwantomo
- Biotech Laboratory, Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Bekasi 17530, Indonesia
| | | | - Widyah Budinarta
- Biotech Laboratory, Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Bekasi 17530, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Suwanto
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sri Budiarti
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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21
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Brigmon MM, Brigmon RL. Infectious Diseases Impact on Biomedical Devices and Materials. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 1:1-8. [PMID: 38625309 PMCID: PMC9616421 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and nosocomial infections may play a significant role in healthcare issues associated with biomedical materials and devices. Many current polymer materials employed are inadequate for resisting microbial growth. The increase in microbial antibiotic resistance is also a factor in problematic biomedical implants. In this work, the difficulty in diagnosing biomedical device-related infections is reviewed and how this leads to an increase in microbial antibiotic resistance. A conceptualization of device-related infection pathogenesis and current and future treatments is made. Within this conceptualization, we focus specifically on biofilm formation and the role of host immune and antimicrobial therapies. Using this framework, we describe how current and developing preventative strategies target infectious disease. In light of the significant increase in antimicrobial resistance, we also emphasize the need for parallel development of improved treatment strategies. We also review potential production methods for manufacturing specific nanostructured materials with antimicrobial functionality for implantable devices. Specific examples of both preventative and novel treatments and how they align with the improved care with biomedical devices are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Brigmon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Critical Care, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Robin L. Brigmon
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Bldg 999W, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
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22
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Rezk N, Abdelsattar AS, Elzoghby D, Agwa MM, Abdelmoteleb M, Aly RG, Fayez MS, Essam K, Zaki BM, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophage as a potential therapy to control antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through topical application onto a full-thickness wound in a rat model. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:133. [PMID: 36094767 PMCID: PMC9468208 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the most critical pathogens in wound infections, causing high mortality and morbidity in severe cases. However, bacteriophage therapy is a potential alternative to antibiotics against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate a novel phage targeting P. aeruginosa and examine its efficacy in vitro and in vivo.
Results
The morphometric and genomic analyses revealed that ZCPA1 belongs to the Siphoviridae family and could infect 58% of the tested antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. The phage ZCPA1 exhibited thermal stability at 37 °C, and then, it decreased gradually at 50 °C and 60 °C. At the same time, it dropped significantly at 70 °C, and the phage was undetectable at 80 °C. Moreover, the phage ZCPA1 exhibited no significant titer reduction at a wide range of pH values (4–10) with maximum activity at pH 7. In addition, it was stable for 45 min under UV light with one log reduction after 1 h. Also, it displayed significant lytic activity and biofilm elimination against P. aeruginosa by inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro in a dose-dependent pattern with a complete reduction of the bacterial growth at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100. In addition, P. aeruginosa-infected wounds treated with phages displayed 100% wound closure with a high quality of regenerated skin compared to the untreated and gentamicin-treated groups due to the complete elimination of bacterial infection.
Conclusion
The phage ZCPA1 exhibited high lytic activity against MDR P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilms. In addition, phage ZCPA1 showed complete wound healing in the rat model. Hence, this research demonstrates the potential of phage therapy as a promising alternative in treating MDR P. aeruginosa.
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23
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Kolenda C, Medina M, Bonhomme M, Laumay F, Roussel-Gaillard T, Martins-Simoes P, Tristan A, Pirot F, Ferry T, Laurent F. Phage Therapy against Staphylococcus aureus: Selection and Optimization of Production Protocols of Novel Broad-Spectrum Silviavirus Phages. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091885. [PMID: 36145633 PMCID: PMC9503876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phage therapy a promising antimicrobial strategy to address antimicrobial resistance for infections caused by the major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Development of therapeutic phages for human use should follow pharmaceutical standards, including selection of strictly lytic bacteriophages with high therapeutic potential and optimization of their production process. Results: Here, we describe three novel Silviavirus phages active against 82% of a large collection of strains (n = 150) representative of various methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus clones circulating worldwide. We also investigated the optimization of the efficiency and safety of phage amplification protocols. To do so, we selected a well-characterized bacterial strain in order to (i) maximize phage production yields, reaching phage titres of 1011 PFU/mL in only 4 h; and (ii) facilitate phage purity while minimizing the risk of the presence of contaminants originating from the bacterial host; i.e., secreted virulence factors or induced temperate phages. Conclusions: In sum, we propose a quality-by-design approach for the amplification of broad-spectrum anti-S. aureus phages, facilitating the subsequent steps of the manufacturing process; namely, purification and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kolenda
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-72-00-37-80
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhomme
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Laumay
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tiphaine Roussel-Gaillard
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Martins-Simoes
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Anne Tristan
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Pirot
- Plateforme FRIPHARM, Service pharmaceutique, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle, Plateforme FRIPHARM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, MR 5305, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Ferry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Bacteriology Department, French National Reference Centre for Staphylococci, Institute for Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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24
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Lamb DC, Goldstone JV, Zhao B, Lei L, Mullins JGL, Allen MJ, Kelly SL, Stegeman JJ. Characterization of a Virally Encoded Flavodoxin That Can Drive Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1107. [PMID: 36009001 PMCID: PMC9405906 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavodoxins are small electron transport proteins that are involved in a myriad of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic metabolic pathways in Bacteria (including cyanobacteria), Archaea and some algae. The sequenced genome of 0305φ8-36, a large bacteriophage that infects the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, was predicted to encode a putative flavodoxin redox protein. Here we confirm that 0305φ8-36 phage encodes a FMN-containing flavodoxin polypeptide and we report the expression, purification and enzymatic characterization of the recombinant protein. Purified 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin has near-identical spectral properties to control, purified Escherichia coli flavodoxin. Using in vitro assays we show that 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin can be reconstituted with E. coli flavodoxin reductase and support regio- and stereospecific cytochrome P450 CYP170A1 allyl-oxidation of epi-isozizaene to the sesquiterpene antibiotic product albaflavenone, found in the soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. In vivo, 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin is predicted to mediate the 2-electron reduction of the β subunit of phage-encoded ribonucleotide reductase to catalyse the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides during viral replication. Our results demonstrate that this phage flavodoxin has the potential to manipulate and drive bacterial P450 cellular metabolism, which may affect both the host biological fitness and the communal microbiome. Such a scenario may also be applicable in other viral-host symbiotic/parasitic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jared V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB21, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Allen
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Steven L. Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA
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25
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Fanaei Pirlar R, Wagemans J, Ponce Benavente L, Lavigne R, Trampuz A, Gonzalez Moreno M. Novel Bacteriophage Specific against Staphylococcus epidermidis and with Antibiofilm Activity. Viruses 2022; 14:1340. [PMID: 35746811 PMCID: PMC9230115 DOI: 10.3390/v14061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as the most important pathogen in infections related to indwelling medical devices, and although these infections are not life-threatening, their frequency and the fact that they are extremely difficult to treat represent a serious burden on the public health system. Treatment is complicated by specific antibiotic resistance genes and the formation of biofilms. Hence, novel therapeutic strategies are needed to fight these infections. A novel bacteriophage CUB-EPI_14 specific to the bacterial species S. epidermidis was isolated from sewage and characterized genomically and phenotypically. Its genome contains a total of 46,098 bp and 63 predicted genes, among which some have been associated with packaging and lysis-associated proteins, structural proteins, or DNA- and metabolism-associated proteins. No lysogeny-associated proteins or known virulence proteins were identified in the phage genome. CUB-EPI_14 showed stability over a wide range of temperatures (from -20 °C to 50 °C) and pH values (pH 3-pH 12) and a narrow host range against S. epidermidis. Potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were observed when the phage was tested against a highly susceptible bacterial isolate. These encouraging results open the door to new therapeutic opportunities in the fight against resilient biofilm-associated infections caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Fanaei Pirlar
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.P.); (L.P.B.); (A.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Luis Ponce Benavente
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.P.); (L.P.B.); (A.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rob Lavigne
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.W.); (R.L.)
| | - Andrej Trampuz
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.P.); (L.P.B.); (A.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez Moreno
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.P.); (L.P.B.); (A.T.)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Tabassum R, Basit A, Alvi IA, Asif M, Ur Rehman S. TSP, a virulent Podovirus, can control the growth of Staphylococcus aureus for 12 h. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10008. [PMID: 35705576 PMCID: PMC9200855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prevailing nosocomial pathogen that is increasingly isolated in community settings. It shows resistance against all beta-lactam drugs and has acquired mechanisms to resist other groups of antibiotics. To tackle this emerging issue of MRSA, there is an urgent need for antibiotic alternatives, and utilizing lytic bacteriophages is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches. In the present study, a lytic bacteriophage TSP was isolated from hospital wastewater against MRSA. The phage efficiently inhibited bacterial growth for up to 12 h at MOI of 1 and 10. TSP phage showed activity against various isolates of MRSA and MSSA, isolated from different clinical samples, with variable antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The bacteriophage TSP showed stability at varying temperatures (25 °C, 37 °C) and pH values (5–9), while its maximum storage stability was observed at 4 °C. It had a short latent period (20 min) and burst size of 103 ± 5pfu/infected cells. TSP genome sequence and restriction analysis revealed that its genome has a linear confirmation and length of 17,987 bp with an average GC content of 29.7%. According to comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic tree,TSP phage can be considered a member of genus “P68viruses”. The strong lytic activity and short latent period in addition to its lytic nature makes it a good candidate for phage therapy against MRSA infections, if it proves to be effective in in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tabassum
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmed Alvi
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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27
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Understanding the Mechanisms That Drive Phage Resistance in Staphylococci to Prevent Phage Therapy Failure. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051061. [PMID: 35632803 PMCID: PMC9146914 DOI: 10.3390/v14051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite occurring at the microscopic scale, the armed race between phages and their bacterial hosts involves multiple mechanisms, some of which are just starting to be understood. On the one hand, bacteria have evolved strategies that can stop the viral infection at different stages (adsorption, DNA injection and replication, biosynthesis and assembly of the viral progeny and/or release of the newly formed virions); on the other, phages have gradually evolved counterattack strategies that allow them to continue infecting their prey. This co-evolutionary process has played a major role in the development of microbial populations in both natural and man-made environments. Notably, understanding the parameters of this microscopic war will be paramount to fully benefit from the application of phage therapy against dangerous, antibiotic-resistant human pathogens. This review gathers the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of phage resistance in the Staphylococcus genus, which includes Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most concerning microorganisms in terms of antibiotic resistance acquisition. Some of these strategies involve permanent changes to the bacterial cell via mutations, while others are transient, adaptive changes whose expression depends on certain environmental cues or the growth phase. Finally, we discuss the most plausible strategies to limit the impact of phage resistance on therapy, with a special emphasis on the importance of a rational design of phage cocktails in order to thwart therapeutic failure.
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28
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Li X, Chen Y, Wang S, Duan X, Zhang F, Guo A, Tao P, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Exploring the Benefits of Metal Ions in Phage Cocktail for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2689-2702. [PMID: 35655790 PMCID: PMC9154003 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s362743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important zoonotic pathogen worldwide. Infections due to MRSA are associated with higher mortality rates compared with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Meanwhile, bacteriophages have been shown to overcome the emergence of MRSA. Methods Phage PHB22a, PHB25a, PHB38a, and PHB40a were isolated. Here, we evaluated the ability of a phage cocktail containing phages PHB22a, PHB25a, PHB38a, and PHB40a against MRSA S-18 strain in vivo and in vitro. Phage whole-genome sequencing, host-range determination, lytic activity, and biofilm clearance experiments were performed in vitro. Galleria mellonella larvae and a mouse systemic infection model to evaluate the efficacy of phage therapy in vivo. Results The phage cocktail exhibited enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects compared to the single phage. Phage cocktail contained with Ca2+/Zn2+ significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria (24-h or 48-h biofilm) by more than 0.81-log compared to the phage cocktail alone. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the addition of Ca2+ and Zn2+ phage cocktail could increase the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae infected with S. aureus by 10% compared with phage cocktail alone. This was further confirmed in the mouse model, which showed a 2.64-log reduction of host bacteria S-18, when Ca2+ and Zn2+ were included in the cocktail compared with the phage cocktail alone. Conclusion Our results indicated that phage cocktail supplemented with Ca2+/Zn2+ could effectively remove bacteria in biofilms and mice tissues infected with S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ping Qian, Tel +86-27-87282608, Fax +86-27-87282608, Email
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Roszak M, Dołęgowska B, Cecerska-Heryć E, Serwin N, Jabłońska J, Grygorcewicz B. Bacteriophage–Ciprofloxacin Combination Effectiveness Depends on Staphylococcus aureus– Candida albicans Dual-Species Communities’ Growth Model. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:613-622. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Roszak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Jabłońska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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30
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Arroyo-Moreno S, Buttimer C, Bottacini F, Chanishvili N, Ross P, Hill C, Coffey A. Insights into Gene Transcriptional Regulation of Kayvirus Bacteriophages Obtained from Therapeutic Mixtures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030626. [PMID: 35337034 PMCID: PMC8952766 DOI: 10.3390/v14030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) of the genus Kayvirus of Staphylococcus aureus are promising agents for therapeutic applications. In this study, we isolated Kayvirus phages, SAM1 and SAM2, from the Fersisi commercial phage cocktail (George Eliava Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia), which exhibits high sequence homology with phage K (≥94%, BLASTn). We found that phages SAM1 and SAM2 infected 95% and 86% of 21 MRSA of differing sequence types (MLST, SCCmec type) obtained from the Irish National MRSA collection, respectively. We conducted differential transcriptomic analysis by RNA-Seq on phage SAM1 during host infection, showing differential expression of its genes at different points during host infection. This analysis also allowed the identification of potentially adverse outcomes in the application of these phages to target MRSA as therapy. The interaction of phage SAM1 on the host caused the upregulation of prophage genes. Additionally, phage infection was found to cause the slight upregulation of host genes implicated in virulence factors relating to hemolysins, immune evasion, and adhesion, but also the downregulation of genes associated with enterotoxins. The findings of this study give further insights into the biology of kayviruses and their use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arroyo-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (F.B.)
| | - Colin Buttimer
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (P.R.); (C.H.)
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (F.B.)
| | - Nina Chanishvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology & Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia;
| | - Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (P.R.); (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (P.R.); (C.H.)
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (F.B.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; (C.B.); (P.R.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Li J, Zhao F, Zhan W, Li Z, Zou L, Zhao Q. Challenges for the application of bacteriophages as effective antibacterial agents in the food industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:461-471. [PMID: 34487550 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food contamination caused by foodborne pathogens is one of the most important concerns in public health worldwide, and accounts for a significant portion of food loss every year. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria has turned the attention of researchers back to the potential of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents, and their use has been attempted in various pre-and post-harvest food production settings. The application of phage-based antibacterial products has achieved considerable success but a number of technical, environmental and administrative challenges remain unaddressed. In this review, we summarize the current status of bacteriophage application in the food industry. We discuss the obstacles facing the further development of phage-based antibacterial products from the aspects of technology, environmental safety, and administrative policy. We also advance some possible solutions to these challenges. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyao Zhan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqi Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Mgomi FC, Yuan L, Chen CW, Zhang YS, Yang ZQ. Bacteriophages: A weapon against mixed-species biofilms in the food processing environment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:2107-2121. [PMID: 34932868 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-species biofilms represent the most frequent actual lifestyles of microorganisms in food processing environments, and they are usually more resistant to control methods than single-species biofilms. The persistence of biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens is believed to cause serious human diseases. These challenges have encouraged researchers to search for novel, natural methods that are more effective towards mixed-species biofilms. Recently, the use of bacteriophages to control mixed-species biofilms have grown significantly in the food industry as an alternative to conventional methods. This review highlights a comprehensive introduction of mixed-species biofilms formed by foodborne pathogens and their enhanced resistance to anti-biofilm removal strategies. Additionally, several methods for controlling mixed-species biofilms briefly focused on applying bacteriophages in the food industry have also been discussed. This article concludes by suggesting that using bacteriophage, combined with other 'green' methods, could effectively control mixed-species biofilms in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedrick C Mgomi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Cao-Wei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Yuan-Song Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, PR China
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33
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Chakraborty S, Dutta H. Use of nature‐derived antimicrobial substances as safe disinfectants and preservatives in food processing industries: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Himjyoti Dutta
- Department of Food Technology Mizoram University Aizawl India
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34
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Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez-Rubio L, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fernández L, Campelo AB, Briers Y, Nielsen MW, Pedersen K, Lavigne R, García P, Rodríguez A. Design and Selection of Engineered Lytic Proteins With Staphylococcus aureus Decolonizing Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723834. [PMID: 34594314 PMCID: PMC8477017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various infections in humans and animals, the skin being the principal reservoir of this pathogen. The widespread occurrence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) limits the elimination and treatment of this pathogen. Phage lytic proteins have been proven as efficient antimicrobials against S. aureus. Here, a set of 12 engineered proteins based on endolysins were conceptualized to select the most optimal following a stepwise funnel approach assessing parameters including turbidity reduction, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), time-kill curves, and antibiofilm assays, as well as testing their stability in a broad range of storage conditions (pH, temperature, and ionic strength). The engineered phage lysins LysRODIΔAmi and ClyRODI-H5 showed the highest specific lytic activity (5 to 50 times higher than the rest), exhibited a shelf-life up to 6 months and remained stable at temperatures up to 50°C and in a pH range from 3 to 9. LysRODIΔAmi showed the lower MIC values against all staphylococcal strains tested. Both proteins were able to kill 6 log units of the strain S. aureus Sa9 within 5 min and could remove preformed biofilms (76 and 65%, respectively). Moreover, LysRODIΔAmi could prevent biofilm formation at low protein concentrations (0.15–0.6 μM). Due to its enhanced antibiofilm properties, LysRODIΔAmi was selected to effectively remove S. aureus contamination in both intact and disrupted keratinocyte monolayers. Notably, this protein did not demonstrate any toxicity toward human keratinocytes, even at high concentrations (22.1 μM). Finally, a pig skin ex vivo model was used to evaluate treatment of artificially contaminated pig skin using LysRODIΔAmi (16.5 μg/cm2). Following an early reduction of S. aureus, a second dose of protein completely eradicated S. aureus. Overall, our results suggest that LysRODIΔAmi is a suitable candidate as antimicrobial agent to prevent and treat staphylococcal skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Campelo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Weiss Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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35
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Amankwah S, Abdella K, Kassa T. Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2021; 14:161-177. [PMID: 34548785 PMCID: PMC8449863 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s325594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are bacterial communities that live in association with biotic or abiotic surfaces and enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance. Their formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissue and medical device surfaces, pose a major threat causing chronic infections. In addition, current antibiotics and antiseptic agents have shown limited ability to completely remove biofilms. In this review, the authors provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilms and its characteristics, burden and evolution with phages. Moreover, the most recent possible use of phages and phage-derived enzymes to combat bacteria in biofilm structures is elucidated. From the emerging results, it can be concluded that despite successful use of phages and phage-derived products in destroying biofilms, they are mostly not adequate to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy with the use of phages and/or phage-derived products with other antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, nanoparticles, and antimicrobial peptides may be effective approaches to remove biofilms from medical device surfaces and to treat their associated infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Amankwah
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Accra Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kedir Abdella
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Pinto G, Minnich SA, Hovde CJ, Oliveira H, Smidt H, Almeida C, Azeredo J. The interactions of bacteriophage Ace and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli during biocontrol. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiab105. [PMID: 34329454 PMCID: PMC8492476 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strictly lytic phages are considered powerful tools for biocontrol of foodborne pathogens. Safety issues needed to be addressed for the biocontrol of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) include: lysogenic conversion, Shiga toxin production through phage induction, and emergence/proliferation of bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIMs). To address these issues, two new lytic phages, vB_EcoS_Ace (Ace) and vB_EcoM_Shy (Shy), were isolated and characterized for life cycle, genome sequence and annotation, pH stability and efficacy at controlling STEC growth. Ace was efficient in controlling host planktonic cells and did not stimulate the production of the Stx prophage or Shiga toxin. A single dose of phage did not lead to the selection of BIMs. However, when reintroduced, BIMs were detected after 24 h of incubation. The gain of resistance was associated with lower virulence, as a subset of BIMs failed to agglutinate with O157-specific antibody and were more sensitive to human serum complement. BIM's biofilm formation capacity and susceptibility to disinfectants was equal to that of the wild-type strain. Overall, this work demonstrated that phage Ace is a safe biocontrol agent against STEC contamination and that the burden of BIM emergence did not represent a greater risk in environmental persistence and human pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Scott A Minnich
- Animal Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-3025 USA
| | - Carolyn J Hovde
- Animal Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-3025 USA
| | - Hugo Oliveira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Whittard E, Redfern J, Xia G, Millard A, Ragupathy R, Malic S, Enright MC. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Novel Polyvalent Bacteriophages With Potent In Vitro Activity Against an International Collection of Genetically Diverse Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698909. [PMID: 34295840 PMCID: PMC8290860 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy recently passed a key milestone with success of the first regulated clinical trial using systemic administration. In this single-arm non-comparative safety study, phages were administered intravenously to patients with invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections with no adverse reactions reported. Here, we examined features of 78 lytic S. aureus phages, most of which were propagated using a S. carnosus host modified to be broadly susceptible to staphylococcal phage infection. Use of this host eliminates the threat of contamination with staphylococcal prophage - the main vector of S. aureus horizontal gene transfer. We determined the host range of these phages against an international collection of 185 S. aureus isolates with 56 different multilocus sequence types that included multiple representatives of all epidemic MRSA and MSSA clonal complexes. Forty of our 78 phages were able to infect > 90% of study isolates, 15 were able to infect > 95%, and two could infect all 184 clinical isolates, but not a phage-resistant mutant generated in a previous study. We selected the 10 phages with the widest host range for in vitro characterization by planktonic culture time-kill analysis against four isolates:- modified S. carnosus strain TM300H, methicillin-sensitive isolates D329 and 15981, and MRSA isolate 252. Six of these 10 phages were able to rapidly kill, reducing cell numbers of at least three isolates. The four best-performing phages, in this assay, were further shown to be highly effective in reducing 48 h biofilms on polystyrene formed by eight ST22 and eight ST36 MRSA isolates. Genomes of 22 of the widest host-range phages showed they belonged to the Twortvirinae subfamily of the order Caudovirales in three main groups corresponding to Silviavirus, and two distinct groups of Kayvirus. These genomes assembled as single-linear dsDNAs with an average length of 140 kb and a GC content of c. 30%. Phages that could infect > 96% of S. aureus isolates were found in all three groups, and these have great potential as therapeutic candidates if, in future studies, they can be formulated to maximize their efficacy and eliminate emergence of phage resistance by using appropriate combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Whittard
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Redfern
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Roobinidevi Ragupathy
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sladjana Malic
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Enright
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Synergistic action of phage phiIPLA-RODI and lytic protein CHAPSH3b: a combination strategy to target Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 33888725 PMCID: PMC8062563 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered a priority pathogen due to its increasing acquisition of antibiotic resistance determinants. Additionally, this microbe has the ability to form recalcitrant biofilms on different biotic and inert surfaces. In this context, bacteriophages and their derived lytic proteins may be a forward-looking strategy to help combat staphylococcal biofilms. However, these antimicrobials exhibit individual limitations that may be overcome by combining them with other compounds. This work investigates the combination of a phage-derived lytic protein, CHAPSH3b, and the virulent bacteriophage phiIPLA-RODI. The obtained results show the synergy between both antimicrobials for the treatment of 24-h-old S. aureus biofilms, with greater reductions in viable cell counts observed when phage and lysin are applied together compared to the individual treatments. Time-kill curves and confocal microscopy revealed that the fast antibacterial action of CHAPSH3b reduces the population up to 7 hours after initial exposure, which is subsequently followed by phage predation, limiting regrowth of the bacterial population. Moreover, at least 90% of bacteriophage insensitive mutants are susceptible to the lytic protein. Therefore, CHAPSH3b might help curtail the development of phage resistance during treatment. The combination of the lysin and phiIPLA-RODI also showed promising results in an ex vivo pig skin model of wound infection. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the combination of phage-derived lytic proteins and bacteriophages can be a viable strategy to develop improved antibiofilm products.
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Sáez Moreno D, Visram Z, Mutti M, Restrepo-Córdoba M, Hartmann S, Kremers AI, Tišáková L, Schertler S, Wittmann J, Kalali B, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Resch G, Corsini L. ε 2-Phages Are Naturally Bred and Have a Vastly Improved Host Range in Staphylococcus aureus over Wild Type Phages. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:325. [PMID: 33918287 PMCID: PMC8065394 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance, and the difficulties of treating biofilm-associated infections, alternative treatments for S. aureus infections are urgently needed. We tested the lytic activity of several wild type phages against a panel of 110 S. aureus strains (MRSA/MSSA) composed to reflect the prevalence of S. aureus clonal complexes in human infections. The plaquing host ranges (PHR) of the wild type phages were in the range of 51% to 60%. We also measured what we called the kinetic host range (KHR), i.e., the percentage of strains for which growth in suspension was suppressed for 24 h. The KHR of the wild type phages ranged from 2% to 49%, substantially lower than the PHRs. To improve the KHR and other key pharmaceutical properties, we bred the phages by mixing and propagating cocktails on a subset of S. aureus strains. These bred phages, which we termed evolution-squared (ε2) phages, have broader KHRs up to 64% and increased virulence compared to the ancestors. The ε2-phages with the broadest KHR have genomes intercrossed from up to three different ancestors. We composed a cocktail of three ε2-phages with an overall KHR of 92% and PHR of 96% on 110 S. aureus strains and called it PM-399. PM-399 has a lower propensity to resistance formation than the standard of care antibiotics vancomycin, rifampicin, or their combination, and no resistance was observed in laboratory settings (detection limit: 1 cell in 1011). In summary, ε2-phages and, in particular PM-399, are promising candidates for an alternative treatment of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sáez Moreno
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Zehra Visram
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Michele Mutti
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Marcela Restrepo-Córdoba
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Susana Hartmann
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Ana Isabel Kremers
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
| | - Lenka Tišáková
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Susanne Schertler
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (S.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Benham Kalali
- Bactrace Biotec AG, Neherstr. 1, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.M.); (R.E.)
- Institute of Medical Microbiologye and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 42, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grégory Resch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Lorenzo Corsini
- PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, A-1110 Vienna, Austria; (D.S.M.); (Z.V.); (M.M.); (M.R.-C.); (S.H.); (A.I.K.); (L.T.)
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Valente LG, Pitton M, Fürholz M, Oberhaensli S, Bruggmann R, Leib SL, Jakob SM, Resch G, Que YA, Cameron DR. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from the human skin microbiome that infect Staphylococcus epidermidis. FEMS MICROBES 2021; 2:xtab003. [PMID: 37334235 PMCID: PMC10117716 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy might be a useful approach for the treatment of nosocomial infections; however, only few lytic phages suitable for this application are available for the opportunistic pathogen, Staphylococcus epidermidis. In the current study, we developed an efficient method to isolate bacteriophages present within the human skin microbiome, by using niche-specific S. epidermidis as the host for phage propagation. Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified on the forehead of 92% of human subjects tested. These isolates were then used to propagate phages present in the same skin sample. Plaques were observable on bacterial lawns in 46% of the cases where S. epidermidis was isolated. A total of eight phage genomes were genetically characterized, including the previously described phage 456. A total of six phage sequences were unique, and spanned each of the major staphylococcal phage families; Siphoviridae (n = 3), Podoviridae (n = 1) and Myoviridae (n = 2). One of the myoviruses (vB_SepM_BE06) was identified on the skin of three different humans. Comparative analysis identified novel genes including a putative N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase gene. The host-range of each unique phage was characterized using a panel of diverse staphylococcal strains (n = 78). None of the newly isolated phages infected more than 52% of the S. epidermidis strains tested (n = 44), and non-S. epidermidis strains where rarely infected, highlighting the narrow host-range of the phages. One of the phages (vB_SepM_BE04) was capable of killing staphylococcal cells within biofilms formed on polyurethane catheters. Uncovering a richer diversity of available phages will likely improve our understanding of S. epidermidis-phage interactions, which will be important for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Fürholz
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Oberhaensli
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Resch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David R Cameron
- Corresponding author: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital; Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Tel: +41 31 632 42 55; E-mail:
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41
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Pires DP, Costa AR, Pinto G, Meneses L, Azeredo J. Current challenges and future opportunities of phage therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:684-700. [PMID: 32472938 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge worldwide, whose implications for global health might be devastating if novel antibacterial strategies are not quickly developed. As natural predators of bacteria, (bacterio)phages may play an essential role in escaping such a dreadful future. The rising problem of antibiotic resistance has revived the interest in phage therapy and important developments have been achieved over the last years. But where do we stand today and what can we expect from phage therapy in the future? This is the question we set to answer in this review. Here, we scour the outcomes of human phage therapy clinical trials and case reports, and address the major barriers that stand in the way of using phages in clinical settings. We particularly address the potential of phage resistance to hinder phage therapy and discuss future avenues to explore the full capacity of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Pires
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana Meneses
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Kim SG, Kwon J, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Kang JW, Lee SB, Jung WJ, Park SC. Strategy for mass production of lytic Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage pSa-3: contribution of multiplicity of infection and response surface methodology. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:56. [PMID: 33653327 PMCID: PMC7923500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as a serious problem; bacteriophages have, therefore, been proposed as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics. Several authorities, such as pharmacopeia, FDA, have confirmed their safety, and some bacteriophages are commercially available worldwide. The demand for bacteriophages is expected to increase exponentially in the future; hence, there is an urgent need to mass-produce bacteriophages economically. Unlike the replication of non-lytic bacteriophages, lytic bacteriophages are replicated by lysing host bacteria, which leads to the termination of phage production; hence, strategies that can prolong the lysis of host bacteria in bacteria-bacteriophage co-cultures, are required. RESULTS In the current study, we manipulated the inoculum concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and phage pSa-3 (multiplicity of infection, MOI), and their energy sources to delay the bactericidal effect while optimizing phage production. We examined an increasing range of bacterial inoculum concentration (2 × 108 to 2 × 109 CFU/mL) to decrease the lag phase, in combination with a decreasing range of phage inoculum (from MOI 0.01 to 0.00000001) to delay the lysis of the host. Bacterial concentration of 2 × 108 CFU/mL and phage MOI of 0.0001 showed the maximum final phage production rate (1.68 × 1010 plaque forming unit (PFU)/mL). With this combination of phage-bacteria inoculum, we selected glycerol, glycine, and calcium as carbon, nitrogen, and divalent ion sources, respectively, for phage production. After optimization using response surface methodology, the final concentration of the lytic Staphylococcus phage was 8.63 × 1010 ± 9.71 × 109 PFU/mL (5.13-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Staphylococcus phage pSa-3 production can be maximized by increasing the bacterial inoculum and reducing the seeding phage MOI, and this combinatorial strategy could decrease the phage production time. Further, we suggest that response surface methodology has the potential for optimizing the mass production of lytic bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Weng S, López A, Sáez-Orviz S, Marcet I, García P, Rendueles M, Díaz M. Effectiveness of bacteriophages incorporated in gelatine films against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Shimamori Y, Pramono AK, Kitao T, Suzuki T, Aizawa SI, Kubori T, Nagai H, Takeda S, Ando H. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage SaGU1 that Infects Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1267-1276. [PMID: 33638001 PMCID: PMC7997843 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which colonizes healthy human skin, may cause diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Treatment for such AD cases involves antibiotic use; however, alternate treatments are preferred owing to the development of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to characterize the novel bacteriophage SaGU1 as a potential agent for phage therapy to treat S. aureus infections. SaGU1 that infects S. aureus strains previously isolated from the skin of patients with AD was screened from sewage samples in Gifu, Japan. Its genome was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics tools, and the morphology, lytic activity, stability, and host range of the phage were determined. The SaGU1 genome was 140,909 bp with an average GC content of 30.2%. The viral chromosome contained 225 putative protein-coding genes and four tRNA genes, carrying neither toxic nor antibiotic resistance genes. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that SaGU1 belongs to the Myoviridae family. Stability tests showed that SaGU1 was heat-stable under physiological and acidic conditions. Host range testing revealed that SaGU1 can infect a broad range of S. aureus clinical isolates present on the skin of AD patients, whereas it did not kill strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are symbiotic resident bacteria on human skin. Hence, our data suggest that SaGU1 is a potential candidate for developing a phage therapy to treat AD caused by pathogenic S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuki Shimamori
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.,Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ajeng K Pramono
- Laboratory of Phage Biologics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kitao
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Genome Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Aizawa
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima, 727-0023, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kubori
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.,G-CHAIN, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.,G-CHAIN, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Shigeki Takeda
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan. .,Laboratory of Phage Biologics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan. .,G-CHAIN, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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Kranjec C, Morales Angeles D, Torrissen Mårli M, Fernández L, García P, Kjos M, Diep DB. Staphylococcal Biofilms: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:131. [PMID: 33573022 PMCID: PMC7911828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, like Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, are common colonizers of the human microbiota. While being harmless in many cases, many virulence factors result in them being opportunistic pathogens and one of the major causes of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. One of these virulence factors is the ability to form biofilms-three-dimensional communities of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS). The EPS is composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA, and is finely regulated in response to environmental conditions. This structured environment protects the embedded bacteria from the human immune system and decreases their susceptibility to antimicrobials, making infections caused by staphylococci particularly difficult to treat. With the rise of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, together with difficulty in removing biofilms, there is a great need for new treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of the stages of biofilm development and what difficulties may arise when trying to eradicate staphylococcal biofilms. Furthermore, we look into promising targets and therapeutic methods, including bacteriocins and phage-derived antibiofilm approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Danae Morales Angeles
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marita Torrissen Mårli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (L.F.); (P.G.)
- DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Dzung B. Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway; (C.K.); (D.M.A.); (M.T.M.)
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Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010003. [PMID: 33374551 PMCID: PMC7822488 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant bacteria are a global threat for human and animal health. However, they are only part of the problem of antibiotic failure. Another bacterial strategy that contributes to their capacity to withstand antimicrobials is the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are associations of microorganisms embedded a self-produced extracellular matrix. They create particular environments that confer bacterial tolerance and resistance to antibiotics by different mechanisms that depend upon factors such as biofilm composition, architecture, the stage of biofilm development, and growth conditions. The biofilm structure hinders the penetration of antibiotics and may prevent the accumulation of bactericidal concentrations throughout the entire biofilm. In addition, gradients of dispersion of nutrients and oxygen within the biofilm generate different metabolic states of individual cells and favor the development of antibiotic tolerance and bacterial persistence. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance may develop within biofilms through a variety of mechanisms. The expression of efflux pumps may be induced in various parts of the biofilm and the mutation frequency is induced, while the presence of extracellular DNA and the close contact between cells favor horizontal gene transfer. A deep understanding of the mechanisms by which biofilms cause tolerance/resistance to antibiotics helps to develop novel strategies to fight these infections.
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47
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Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. Environmental pH is a key modulator of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development under predation by the virulent phage phiIPLA-RODI. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:245-259. [PMID: 32963343 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous work had shown that, in some Staphylococcus aureus strains, low concentrations of the virulent phage vB_SauM_phiIPLA-RODI (phiIPLA-RODI) promoted the formation of DNA-rich biofilms, whose cells exhibited significant transcriptional differences compared to an uninfected control. This study aimed to dissect the sequence of events leading to these changes. Analysis of phage propagation throughout biofilm development revealed that the number of phage particles increased steadily up to a certain point and then declined. This partial phage inactivation seemed to be a consequence of medium acidification due to glucose fermentation by the bacterium. Computer simulation of phage-host dynamics during biofilm development showed how even small differences in pH evolution can affect the outcome of phage infection. An acidic pH, together with successful phage propagation, was also necessary to observe the phage-associated changes in biofilm architecture and in the transcriptional profile of the bacterial population. Altogether, this study shows how the dynamics between phage and host can be tightly coordinated through an environmental cue, even in the context of a complex biofilm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. .,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,DairySafe Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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48
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Characterization of Clinical MRSA Isolates from Northern Spain and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Phage-Derived Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080447. [PMID: 32722499 PMCID: PMC7460284 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prevalent nosocomial pathogen, causing a wide range of diseases. The increased frequency of MRSA isolates in hospitals and the emergence of vancomycin resistance have sparked the search for new control strategies. This study aimed to characterize sixty-seven MRSA isolates collected from both infected patients and asymptomatic carriers in a Spanish hospital. RAPD-PCR allowed the identification of six genetic patterns. We also investigated the presence of genes involved in producing adhesins, toxins and the capsule; the biofilm; and antimicrobial resistance. A notable percentage of the isolates carried virulence genes and showed medium-high ability to form biofilms. Next, we assessed the strains' susceptibility to two phages (phiIPLA-C1C and phiIPLA-RODI) and one endolysin (LysRODI). All strains were resistant to phiIPLA-C1C, and most (70.2%) were susceptible to phiIPLA-RODI. Regarding LysRODI, all strains displayed susceptibility, although to varying degrees. There was a correlation between endolysin susceptibility and the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile or the presence of some virulence genes (fnbA, eta, etb, PVL and czr), but that was not observed with biofilm-forming ability, strain origin or phage sensitivity. Taken together, these findings can help to explain the factors influencing endolysin effectiveness, which will contribute to the development of efficient therapies targeting MRSA infections.
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Adesanya O, Oduselu T, Akin-Ajani O, Adewumi OM, Ademowo OG. An exegesis of bacteriophage therapy: An emerging player in the fight against anti-microbial resistance. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:204-230. [PMID: 33134741 PMCID: PMC7595837 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (simply referred to as Phages) are a class of viruses with the ability to infect and kill prokaryotic cells (bacteria), but are unable to infect mammalian cells. This unique ability to achieve specific infectiousness by bacteriophages has been harnessed in antibacterial treatments dating back almost a decade before the antibiotic era began. Bacteriophages were used as therapeutic agents in treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae as far back as 1919 and in the experimental treatment of a wide variety of other bacterial infections caused by Vibriocholerae, Staphylococcussp., Pseudomonas sp. etc, with varying degrees of success. Phage therapy and its many prospects soon fell out of favour in western medicine after the Second World War, with the discovery of penicillin. The Soviet Union and other countries in Eastern Europe however mastered the craft of bacteriophage isolation, purification and cocktail preparation, with phage-based therapeutics becoming widely available over-the-counter. With the recent rise in cases of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, the clamour for a return to phage therapy, as a potential solution to the anti-microbial resistance (AMR) crisis has grown louder. This review provides an extensive exposé on phage therapy, addressing its historical use, evidences of its safety and efficacy, its pros and cons when compared with antibiotics, cases of compassionate use for treating life-threatening antibiotic-resistant infections, the limitations to its acceptance and how these may be circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tolulope Oduselu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Olubusuyi M Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Ademowo
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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50
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Efficacy of Lytic Phage Cocktails on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mixed-Species Planktonic Cultures and Biofilms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050559. [PMID: 32443619 PMCID: PMC7291191 DOI: 10.3390/v12050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of phages in multispecies infections has been poorly examined. The in vitro lytic efficacies of phage cocktails AB-SA01, AB-PA01, which target Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, and their combination against their hosts were evaluated in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa mixed-species planktonic and biofilm cultures. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled P. aeruginosa PAO1 and mCherry-labelled S. aureus KUB7 laboratory strains and clinical isolates were used as target bacteria. During real-time monitoring using fluorescence spectrophotometry, the density of mCherry S. aureus KUB7 and GFP P. aeruginosa PAO1 significantly decreased when treated by their respective phage cocktail, a mixture of phage cocktails, and gentamicin. The decrease in bacterial density measured by relative fluorescence strongly associated with the decline in bacterial cell counts. This microplate-based mixed-species culture treatment monitoring through spectrophotometry combine reproducibility, rapidity, and ease of management. It is amenable to high-throughput screening for phage cocktail efficacy evaluation. Each phage cocktail, the combination of the two phage cocktails, and tetracycline produced significant biofilm biomass reduction in mixed-species biofilms. This study result shows that these phage cocktails lyse their hosts in the presence of non-susceptible bacteria. These data support the use of phage cocktails therapy in infections with multiple bacterial species.
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