1
|
Bera A, Nepalia A, Upadhyay A, Saini DK, Chakravarty AR. Biotin-Pt(IV)-Ru(II)-Boron-Dipyrromethene Prodrug as "Platin Bullet" for Targeted Chemo- and Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:17249-17262. [PMID: 39235210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Using the principle of "Magic Bullet", a cisplatin-derived platinum(IV) prodrug heterobimetallic Pt(IV)-Ru(II) complex, cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2{Ru(tpy-BODIPY)(tpy-COO)}(biotin)]Cl2 (Pt-Ru-B, 2), having two axial ligands, namely, biotin as water-soluble B-vitamin for enhanced cellular uptake and a BODIPY-ruthenium(II) (Ru-B, 1) photosensitizer having N,N,N-donor tpy (4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) bonded to boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), is developed as a "Platin Bullet" for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). Pt-Ru-B exhibited intense absorption near 500 nm and emission near 513 nm (λex = 488 nm) in a 10% dimethyl sulfoxide-Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline medium (pH 7.2). The BODIPY complex on light activation generates singlet oxygen as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) giving a quantum yield (ΦΔ) of ∼0.64 from 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran experiments. Pt-Ru-B exhibited preferential cellular uptake in cancer cells over noncancerous cells. The dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay confirmed the generation of cellular ROS. Confocal images revealed its mitochondrial internalization. Pt-Ru-B showed submicromolar photocytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm) in A549 and multidrug-resistant MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. It remained nontoxic in the dark and less toxic in nontumorigenic cells. Cellular apoptosis and alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential were evidenced from the respective Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay and JC-1 dye assay. A wound healing assay using A549 cells and Pt-Ru-B revealed inhibition of cancer cell migration, highlighting its potential as an antimetastatic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Amrita Nepalia
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pike KG, Hunt TA, Barlaam B, Benstead D, Cadogan E, Chen K, Cook CR, Colclough N, Deng C, Durant ST, Eatherton A, Goldberg K, Johnström P, Liu L, Liu Z, Nissink JWM, Pang C, Pass M, Robb GR, Roberts C, Schou M, Steward O, Sykes A, Yan Y, Zhai B, Zheng L. Identification of Novel, Selective Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibitors with the Ability to Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Discovery of AZD1390. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3090-3111. [PMID: 38306388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) has been shown to chemo- and radio-sensitize human glioma cells in vitro and therefore might provide an exciting new paradigm in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The effective treatment of GBM will likely require a compound with the potential to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Starting from clinical candidate AZD0156, 4, we investigated the imidazoquinolin-2-one scaffold with the goal of improving likely CNS exposure in humans. Strategies aimed at reducing hydrogen bonding, basicity, and flexibility of the molecule were explored alongside modulating lipophilicity. These studies identified compound 24 (AZD1390) as an exceptionally potent and selective inhibitor of ATM with a good preclinical pharmacokinetic profile. 24 showed an absence of human transporter efflux in MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP studies (efflux ratio <2), significant BBB penetrance in nonhuman primate PET studies (Kp,uu 0.33) and was deemed suitable for development as a clinical candidate to explore the radiosensitizing effects of ATM in intracranial malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Pike
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | | | | | - David Benstead
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | | | - Kan Chen
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Calum R Cook
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | | | - Chao Deng
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Johnström
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Libin Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | | - Chengling Pang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | | | | | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | | | - Andy Sykes
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Yumei Yan
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baochang Zhai
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun JKL, Wong GCN, Chow KHM. Cross-talk between DNA damage response and the central carbon metabolic network underlies selective vulnerability of Purkinje neurons in ataxia-telangiectasia. J Neurochem 2023; 166:654-677. [PMID: 37319113 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is often the first and irreversible outcome in the disease of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), as a consequence of selective cerebellar Purkinje neuronal degeneration. A-T is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the loss-of-function mutations of the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated ATM gene. Over years of research, it now becomes clear that functional ATM-a serine/threonine kinase protein product of the ATM gene-plays critical roles in regulating both cellular DNA damage response and central carbon metabolic network in multiple subcellular locations. The key question arises is how cerebellar Purkinje neurons become selectively vulnerable when all other cell types in the brain are suffering from the very same defects in ATM function. This review intended to comprehensively elaborate the unexpected linkages between these two seemingly independent cellular functions and the regulatory roles of ATM involved, their integrated impacts on both physical and functional properties, hence the introduction of selective vulnerability to Purkinje neurons in the disease will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyne Ka-Li Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Genper Chi-Ngai Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kim Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Nexus of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang C, Liu H, Li W, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu Y. Synthesis, biological evaluation of novel iridium(III) complexes targeting mitochondria toward melanoma B16 cells. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115046. [PMID: 36577214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new ligand 2-(1E,3E,5E,7E)-2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-yl)octa-1,2,5,7-tetraen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (DTOIP) was synthesized and combined with [Ir(ppy)2Cl]2·2H2O (ppy = deprotonated Hppy: 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2Cl]2·2H2O (piq = deprotonated Hpiq: 1-phenylisoquinoline) and [Ir(bzq)2Cl]2·2H2O (bzq = deprotonated Hbzq: benzo[h]quinolone) to form [Ir(ppy)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir1), [Ir(piq)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir2), and [Ir(bzq)2(DTOIP)](PF6) (Ir3), respectively. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes toward B16, BEL-7402, Eca-109 and normal LO2 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Complexes Ir1, Ir2 and Ir3 showed high antiproliferative activity against B16 cells with a low IC50 values of 0.4 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1 and 1.4 ± 0.09 μM, respectively. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell models also demonstrated that the iridium(III) complexes have a remarkable cytotoxicity to B16 cells. The experiments of cellular uptake, mitochondrial localization, and intracellular distribution of the drugs proved that the three iridium(III) complexes can enter the mitochondria, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, causing an increase of intracellular ROS content, and DNA damage, finally inducing apoptosis. RNA-sequence and bioinformatics analyses were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes and enriched biology processes. Antitumor in vivo demonstrated that complex Ir1 (5 mg/kg) exhibits a high efficacy to inhibit the tumor growth with an inhibitory rate of 71.67%. These results show that the complexes may be potent anticancer candidate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent advances in ATM inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1811-1830. [PMID: 36484176 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM, a member of the PIKK-like protein family, plays a central role in responding to DNA double-strand breaks and other lesions to protect the genome against DNA damage. Loss of ATM's kinase function has been shown to increase the sensitivity of most cells to ionizing radiation. Therefore, ATM is thought to be a promising target for chemotherapy as a radiotherapy sensitizer. The mechanism of ATM in cancer treatment and the development of its inhibitors have become research hotspots. Here we present an overview of research concerning ATM protein domains, functions and inhibitors, as well as perspectives and insights for future development of ATM-targeting agents.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fournier B, Mahlaoui N, Moshous D, de Villartay JP. Inborn errors of immunity caused by defects in the DNA damage response pathways: Importance of minimizing treatment-related genotoxicity. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13820. [PMID: 35754136 PMCID: PMC9327728 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several primary immunodeficiencies are caused by defects in the general DNA repair machinery as exemplified by the T-B- radiosensitive SCID condition owing to impaired resolution of programmed DNA double-strand breaks introduced by RAG1/2 during V(D)J recombination. The genome instability generally associated with these conditions results in an increased propensity to develop malignancies requiring genotoxic-based anti-cancer treatments. Moreover, the extent of immune deficiency often calls for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a definitive treatment, also requiring genotoxic-based conditioning regimen prior to transplantation. In both cases, the underlying general DNA repair defect may result in catastrophic iatrogenic consequences. It is, therefore, of paramount importance to assess the functionality of the DNA repair apparatus prior to any genotoxic treatment when the exact molecular cause of the disease is unknown. For this purpose, two simple assays can be used on patients derived peripheral blood lymphocytes: (1) the PROMIDISα biomarker, based on the next-generation sequencing analysis of the TCRα repertoire, will highlight specific signatures of DNA repair deficiencies; (2) direct analysis of the sensitivity of peripheral lymphocytes to ionizing radiation will formally identify patients at risk to develop toxicity toward genotoxic-based treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fournier
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, APHP-Centre Université de Paris (CUP), Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, APHP-Centre Université de Paris (CUP), Necker Hospital, Paris, France.,French National Reference Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies (CEREDIH), Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, APHP-Centre Université de Paris (CUP), Necker Hospital, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System" INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System" INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dou X, Sun X, Huang H, Jiang L, Jin Z, Liu Y, Zou Y, Li Z, Zhu G, Jin H, Jiao N, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhang L. Discovery of novel ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase modulators: Computational simulation, biological evaluation and cancer combinational chemotherapy study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Wang J, Thomas HR, Li Z, Yeo NC(F, Scott HE, Dang N, Hossain MI, Andrabi SA, Parant JM. Puma, noxa, p53, and p63 differentially mediate stress pathway induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:659. [PMID: 34193827 PMCID: PMC8245518 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress can lead to several human disease pathologies due to aberrant cell death. The p53 family (tp53, tp63, and tp73) and downstream transcriptional apoptotic target genes (PUMA/BBC3 and NOXA/PMAIP1) have been implicated as mediators of stress signals. To evaluate the importance of key stress response components in vivo, we have generated zebrafish null alleles in puma, noxa, p53, p63, and p73. Utilizing these genetic mutants, we have deciphered that the apoptotic response to genotoxic stress requires p53 and puma, but not p63, p73, or noxa. We also identified a delayed secondary wave of genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis that is p53/puma independent. Contrary to genotoxic stress, ER stress-induced apoptosis requires p63 and puma, but not p53, p73, or noxa. Lastly, the oxidative stress-induced apoptotic response requires p63, and both noxa and puma. Our data also indicate that while the neural tube is poised for apoptosis due to genotoxic stress, the epidermis is poised for apoptosis due to ER and oxidative stress. These data indicate there are convergent as well as unique molecular pathways involved in the different stress responses. The commonality of puma in these stress pathways, and the lack of gross or tumorigenic phenotypes with puma loss suggest that a inhibitor of Puma may have therapeutic application. In addition, we have also generated a knockout of the negative regulator of p53, mdm2 to further evaluate the p53-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that the p53 null allele completely rescues the mdm2 null lethality, while the puma null completely rescues the mdm2 null apoptosis but only partially rescues the phenotype. Indicating Puma is the key mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis. Interestingly the p53 homozygous null zebrafish develop tumors faster than the previously described p53 homozygous missense mutant zebrafish, suggesting the missense allele may be hypomorphic allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Holly R. Thomas
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Zhang Li
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nan Cher (Florence) Yeo
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Hannah E. Scott
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Collage of Arts and Sciences Department and Genetics Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nghi Dang
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Hossain
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Shaida A. Andrabi
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - John M. Parant
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simna SP, Han Z. Prospects Of Non-Coding Elements In Genomic Dna Based Gene Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:89-103. [PMID: 33874871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210419090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has made significant development since the commencement of the first clinical trials a few decades ago and has remained a dynamic area of research regardless of obstacles such as immune response and insertional mutagenesis. Progression in various technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) and nanotechnology has established the importance of non-coding segments of a genome, thereby taking gene therapy to the next level. In this review, we have summarized the importance of non-coding elements, highlighting the advantages of using full-length genomic DNA loci (gDNA) compared to complementary DNA (cDNA) or minigene, currently used in gene therapy. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the advances and the future of potential use of gDNA loci in gene therapy, expanding the therapeutic repertoire in molecular medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Simna
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
| | - Zongchao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Suart CE, Perez AM, Al-Ramahi I, Maiuri T, Botas J, Truant R. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 protein Ataxin-1 is signaled to DNA damage by ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:706-715. [PMID: 33772540 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ataxin-1 protein. Recent genetic correlational studies have implicated DNA damage repair pathways in modifying the age at onset of disease symptoms in SCA1 and Huntington's Disease, another polyglutamine expansion disease. We demonstrate that both endogenous and transfected ataxin-1 localizes to sites of DNA damage, which is impaired by polyglutamine expansion. This response is dependent on ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activity. Further, we characterize an ATM phosphorylation motif within ataxin-1 at serine 188. We show reduction of the Drosophila ATM homolog levels in a ATXN1[82Q] Drosophila model through shRNA or genetic cross ameliorates motor symptoms. These findings offer a possible explanation as to why DNA repair was implicated in SCA1 pathogenesis by past studies. The similarities between the ataxin-1 and the huntingtin responses to DNA damage provide further support for a shared pathogenic mechanism for polyglutamine expansion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste E Suart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alma M Perez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tamara Maiuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ray Truant
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Principles of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:951-960. [PMID: 33518357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as a state of progressive functional decline accompanied by an increase in mortality. Time-dependent accumulation of cellular damage, namely lesions and mutations in the DNA and misfolded proteins, impair organellar and cellular function. Ensuing cell fate alterations lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional cells and hamper homeostatic processes, thus limiting regenerative potential; trigger low-grade inflammation; and alter intercellular and intertissue communication. The accumulation of molecular damage together with modifications in the epigenetic landscape, dysregulation of gene expression, and altered endocrine communication, drive the aging process and establish age as the main risk factor for age-associated diseases and multimorbidity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanders JT, Freeman TF, Xu Y, Golloshi R, Stallard MA, Hill AM, San Martin R, Balajee AS, McCord RP. Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair effects on 3D genome organization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6178. [PMID: 33268790 PMCID: PMC7710719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of chromosomes plays an important role in gene expression regulation and also influences the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Genomic aberrations that disrupt chromosome spatial domains can lead to diseases including cancer, but how the 3D genome structure responds to DNA damage is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the impact of DNA damage response and repair on 3D genome folding using Hi-C experiments on wild type cells and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) patient cells. We irradiate fibroblasts, lymphoblasts, and ATM-deficient fibroblasts with 5 Gy X-rays and perform Hi-C at 30 minutes, 24 hours, or 5 days after irradiation. We observe that 3D genome changes after irradiation are cell type-specific, with lymphoblastoid cells generally showing more contact changes than irradiated fibroblasts. However, all tested repair-proficient cell types exhibit an increased segregation of topologically associating domains (TADs). This TAD boundary strengthening after irradiation is not observed in ATM deficient fibroblasts and may indicate the presence of a mechanism to protect 3D genome structure integrity during DNA damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Trevor F Freeman
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Rosela Golloshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Mary A Stallard
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Ashtyn M Hill
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Rebeca San Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 309 Ken and Blaire Mossman Bldg 1311 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yadav G, Vashisht M, Yadav V, Shyam R. Molecular Biomarkers for Early Detection and Prevention of Ovarian Cancer-A Gateway for Good Prognosis: A Narrative Review. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:135. [PMID: 33088463 PMCID: PMC7554434 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_75_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecological cancers are one of the most lethal and deadliest cancers in the world. In India, the prevalence of ovarian cancer accounts for 2.5% to 3%. Despite the availability of improved treatment option along with improved technology, the survival rate of ovarian cancer in the early-stage and the advanced stage is poor. Therefore, due to the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer, to detect it at an early stage and to prevent further mortality turns out to be a big challenge. Researchers are still in the process to identify any single biomarker with good sensitivity and specificity. Various traditional and serum approaches to identify ovarian cancer have been successful in the early stages. The invention of molecular biomarkers such as the use of genomic profiling, DNA methylation, and other approaches have proven to be of higher sensitivity and specificity, which overall affects the prognosis of ovarian cancer. With the use of whole-genome analysis, the detection of possible location of critical tumor suppressor gene (TSGs) in the paired region of chromosomes has been identified, which are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 which further makes these novel molecular biomarkers as potential biomarkers. Moreover, studies are required to assess the combined use of traditional, molecular biomarkers that might be useful for enhanced sensitivity and specificity for early detection and prevention of ovarian cancer in early stages which will lead to reduced mortality and good prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Baba Math Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Minakshi Vashisht
- Department of Genetics, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vipul Yadav
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Radhey Shyam
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qin B, Yu J, Nowsheen S, Zhao F, Wang L, Lou Z. STK38 promotes ATM activation by acting as a reader of histone H4 ufmylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax8214. [PMID: 32537488 PMCID: PMC7269669 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) kinase is rapidly activated following DNA damage and phosphorylates its downstream targets to launch DDR signaling. Recently, we and others showed that UFM1 signaling promotes ATM activation. We further discovered that monoufmylation of histone H4 at Lys31 by UFM1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1) is an important step in the amplification of ATM activation. However, how monoufmylated H4 enhances ATM activation is still unknown. Here, we report STK38, a kinase in the Hippo pathway, serves as a reader for histone H4 ufmylation to promote ATM activation in a kinase-independent manner. STK38 contains a potential UFM1 binding motif which recognizes ufmylated H4 and recruits the SUV39H1 to the double-strand breaks, resulting in H3K9 trimethylation and Tip60 activation to promote ATM activation. Together, STK38 is a previously unknown player in DNA damage signaling and functions as a reader of monoufmylated H4 at Lys31 to promote ATM activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Mayo Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Division of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chauhan N, Wagh V, Joshi P, Jariyal H. ATM and ATR checkpoint kinase pathways: A concise review. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_78_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Zhao J, Nguyen LNT, Nguyen LN, Dang X, Cao D, Khanal S, Schank M, Thakuri BKC, Ogbu SC, Morrison ZD, Wu XY, Li Z, Zou Y, El Gazzar M, Ning S, Wang L, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. ATM Deficiency Accelerates DNA Damage, Telomere Erosion, and Premature T Cell Aging in HIV-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2531. [PMID: 31781094 PMCID: PMC6856652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection leads to a phenomenon of inflammaging, in which chronic inflammation induces an immune aged phenotype, even in individuals on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with undetectable viremia. In this study, we investigated T cell homeostasis and telomeric DNA damage and repair machineries in cART-controlled HIV patients at risk for inflammaging. We found a significant depletion of CD4 T cells, which was inversely correlated with the cell apoptosis in virus-suppressed HIV subjects compared to age-matched healthy subjects (HS). In addition, HIV CD4 T cells were prone to DNA damage that extended to chromosome ends-telomeres, leading to accelerated telomere erosion-a hallmark of cell senescence. Mechanistically, the DNA double-strand break (DSB) sensors MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 (MRN complex) remained intact, but both expression and activity of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and its downstream checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) were significantly suppressed in HIV CD4 T cells. Consistently, ATM/CHK2 activation, DNA repair, and cellular functions were also impaired in healthy CD4 T cells following ATM knockdown or exposure to the ATM inhibitor KU60019 in vitro, recapitulating the biological effects observed in HIV-derived CD4 T cells in vivo. Importantly, ectopic expression of ATM was essential and sufficient to reduce the DNA damage, apoptosis, and cellular dysfunction in HIV-derived CD4 T cells. These results demonstrate that failure of DSB repair due to ATM deficiency leads to increased DNA damage and renders CD4 T cells prone to senescence and apoptotic death, contributing to CD4 T cell depletion or dysfunction in cART-controlled, latent HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Stella C. Ogbu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zheng D. Morrison
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhengke Li
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nbn-Mre11 interaction is required for tumor suppression and genomic integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15178-15183. [PMID: 31285322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905305116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We derived a mouse model in which a mutant form of Nbn/Nbs1mid8 (hereafter Nbnmid8) exhibits severely impaired binding to the Mre11-Rad50 core of the Mre11 complex. The Nbn mid8 allele was expressed exclusively in hematopoietic lineages (in Nbn -/mid8vav mice). Unlike Nbn flox/floxvav mice with Nbn deficiency in the bone marrow, Nbn -/mid8vav mice were viable. Nbn -/mid8vav mice hematopoiesis was profoundly defective, exhibiting reduced cellularity of thymus and bone marrow, and stage-specific blockage of B cell development. Within 6 mo, Nbn -/mid8 mice developed highly penetrant T cell leukemias. Nbn -/mid8vav leukemias recapitulated mutational features of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), containing mutations in NOTCH1, TP53, BCL6, BCOR, and IKZF1, suggesting that Nbn mid8 mice may provide a venue to examine the relationship between the Mre11 complex and oncogene activation in the hematopoietic compartment. Genomic analysis of Nbn -/mid8vav malignancies showed focal amplification of 9qA2, causing overexpression of MRE11 and CHK1 We propose that overexpression of MRE11 compensates for the metastable Mre11-Nbnmid8 interaction, and that selective pressure for overexpression reflects the essential role of Nbn in promoting assembly and activity of the Mre11 complex.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ha GH, Ji JH, Chae S, Park J, Kim S, Lee JK, Kim Y, Min S, Park JM, Kang TH, Lee H, Cho H, Lee CW. Pellino1 regulates reversible ATM activation via NBS1 ubiquitination at DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1577. [PMID: 30952868 PMCID: PMC6450972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) signaling and repair are critical for genome integrity. They rely on highly coordinated processes including posttranslational modifications of proteins. Here we show that Pellino1 (Peli1) is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for the accumulation of DNA damage response proteins and efficient homologous recombination (HR) repair. Peli1 is activated by ATM-mediated phosphorylation. It is recruited to DSB sites in ATM- and γH2AX-dependent manners. Interaction of Peli1 with phosphorylated histone H2AX enables it to bind to and mediate the formation of K63-linked ubiquitination of NBS1, which subsequently results in feedback activation of ATM and promotes HR repair. Collectively, these results provide a DSB-responsive factor underlying the connection between ATM kinase and DSB-induced ubiquitination. Occurrence of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is important for genome integrity. Here, the authors reveal that Pellino1 is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for promoting the accumulation of ATM and MRN complex at DSB sites via NBS1 ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ji
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Min
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Turner KJ, Vasu V, Griffin DK. Telomere Biology and Human Phenotype. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010073. [PMID: 30669451 PMCID: PMC6356320 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the end of each chromosome arm and function to maintain genome stability. The length of telomeres is known to shorten with each cell division and it is well-established that telomere attrition is related to replicative capacity in vitro. Moreover, telomere loss is also correlated with the process of aging in vivo. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to telomere shortening and summarise telomere homeostasis in humans throughout a lifetime. In addition, we discuss the available evidence that shows that telomere shortening is related to human aging and the onset of age-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Turner
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
| | - Vimal Vasu
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
- Department of Child Health, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation NHS Trust, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, TN24-0LZ, UK.
| | - Darren K Griffin
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pike KG, Barlaam B, Cadogan E, Campbell A, Chen Y, Colclough N, Davies NL, de-Almeida C, Degorce SL, Didelot M, Dishington A, Ducray R, Durant ST, Hassall LA, Holmes J, Hughes GD, MacFaul PA, Mulholland KR, McGuire TM, Ouvry G, Pass M, Robb G, Stratton N, Wang Z, Wilson J, Zhai B, Zhao K, Al-Huniti N. The Identification of Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Inhibitors of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Kinase: The Discovery of AZD0156 (8-{6-[3-(Dimethylamino)propoxy]pyridin-3-yl}-3-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-one). J Med Chem 2018; 61:3823-3841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G. Pike
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Bernard Barlaam
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Elaine Cadogan
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Yingxue Chen
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Nichola L. Davies
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Camila de-Almeida
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Sebastien L. Degorce
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Myriam Didelot
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Allan Dishington
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Stephen T. Durant
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Lorraine A. Hassall
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane Holmes
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gareth D. Hughes
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Keith R. Mulholland
- Chemical Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Gilles Ouvry
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Graeme Robb
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Natalie Stratton
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Joanne Wilson
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Baochang Zhai
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Kang Zhao
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Nidal Al-Huniti
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Dang X, Zhang P, Nguyen LN, Cao D, Wang L, Wu X, Morrison ZD, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Xie Q, Wang L, Ning S, EL Gazzar M, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Insufficiency of DNA repair enzyme ATM promotes naive CD4 T-cell loss in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Discov 2018; 4:16. [PMID: 29644094 PMCID: PMC5891503 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have a crucial role in viral clearance and vaccine response; however, the mechanisms regulating their responses to viral infections or vaccinations remain elusive. In this study, we investigated T-cell homeostasis, apoptosis, DNA damage, and repair machineries in a large cohort of subjects with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We found that naive CD4 T cells in chronically HCV-infected individuals (HCV T cells) were significantly reduced compared with age-matched healthy subjects. In addition, HCV T cells were prone to apoptosis and DNA damage, as evidenced by increased 8-oxoguanine expression and γH2AX/53BP1-formed DNA damage foci-hallmarks of DNA damage responses. Mechanistically, the activation of DNA repair enzyme ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) was dampened in HCV T cells. ATM activation was also diminished in healthy T cells exposed to ATM inhibitor or to HCV (core protein) that inhibits the phosphoinositide 3 kinase pathway, mimicking the biological effects in HCV T cells. Importantly, ectopic expression of ATM was sufficient to repair the DNA damage, survival deficit, and cell dysfunctions in HCV T cells. Our results demonstrate that insufficient DNA repair enzyme ATM leads to increased DNA damage and renders HCV T cells prone to apoptotic death, which contribute to the loss of naive T cells in HCV infection. Our study reveals a novel mechanism for T-cell dysregulation and viral persistence, providing a new strategy to improve immunotherapy and vaccine responses against human viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Peixin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Zheng D Morrison
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Mohamed EL Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Limbo O, Yamada Y, Russell P. Mre11-Rad50-dependent activity of ATM/Tel1 at DNA breaks and telomeres in the absence of Nbs1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1389-1399. [PMID: 29851556 PMCID: PMC5994899 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) protein complex and ATM/Tel1 kinase protect genome integrity through their functions in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, checkpoint signaling, and telomere maintenance. Nbs1 has a conserved C-terminal motif that binds ATM/Tel1, but the full extent and significance of ATM/Tel1 interactions with MRN are unknown. Here, we show that Tel1 overexpression bypasses the requirement for Nbs1 in DNA damage signaling and telomere maintenance. These activities require Mre11-Rad50, which localizes to DSBs and bind Tel1 in the absence of Nbs1. Fusion of the Tel1-binding motif of Nbs1 to Mre11 is sufficient to restore Tel1 signaling in nbs1Δ cells. Tel1 overexpression does not restore Tel1 signaling in cells carrying the rad50-I1192W mutation, which impairs the ability of Mre11-Rad50 to form the ATP-bound closed conformation. From these findings, we propose that Tel1 has a high-affinity interaction with the C-terminus of Nbs1 and a low-affinity association with Mre11-Rad50, which together accomplish efficient localization and activation of Tel1 at DSBs and telomeres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Limbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yoshiki Yamada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JH, Mand MR, Kao CH, Zhou Y, Ryu SW, Richards AL, Coon JJ, Paull TT. ATM directs DNA damage responses and proteostasis via genetically separable pathways. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaan5598. [PMID: 29317520 PMCID: PMC5898228 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase ATM is a master regulator of the DNA damage response but also responds directly to oxidative stress. Loss of ATM causes ataxia telangiectasia, a neurodegenerative disorder with pleiotropic symptoms that include cerebellar dysfunction, cancer, diabetes, and premature aging. We genetically separated the activation of ATM by DNA damage from that by oxidative stress using separation-of-function mutations. We found that deficient activation of ATM by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and DNA double-strand breaks resulted in loss of cell viability, checkpoint activation, and DNA end resection in response to DNA damage. In contrast, loss of oxidative activation of ATM had minimal effects on DNA damage-related outcomes but blocked ATM-mediated initiation of checkpoint responses after oxidative stress and resulted in deficiencies in mitochondrial function and autophagy. In addition, expression of a variant ATM incapable of activation by oxidative stress resulted in widespread protein aggregation. These results indicate a direct relationship between the mechanism of ATM activation and its effects on cellular metabolism and DNA damage responses in human cells and implicate ATM in the control of protein homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael R Mand
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chung-Hsuan Kao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seung W Ryu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seshacharyulu P, Baine MJ, Souchek JJ, Menning M, Kaur S, Yan Y, Ouellette MM, Jain M, Lin C, Batra SK. Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:69-92. [PMID: 28249796 PMCID: PMC5548591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapy, a majority of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) do not achieve objective responses due to the existence of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Identification of molecular mechanisms that compromise the efficacy of radiation therapy and targeting these pathways is paramount for improving radiation response in PC patients. In this review, we have summarized molecular mechanisms associated with the radio-resistant phenotype of PC. Briefly, we discuss the reversible and irreversible biological consequences of radiotherapy, such as DNA damage and DNA repair, mechanisms of cancer cell survival and radiation-induced apoptosis following radiotherapy. We further describe various small molecule inhibitors and molecular targeting agents currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies as potential radiosensitizers for PC. Notably, we draw attention towards the confounding effects of cancer stem cells, immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in the context of PC radioresistance and radiosensitization. Finally, we discuss the need for examining selective radioprotectors in light of the emerging evidence on radiation toxicity to non-target tissue associated with PC radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael J Baine
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joshua J Souchek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Melanie Menning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chi Lin
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Multiple DNA repair pathways maintain genome stability and ensure that DNA remains essentially unchanged over the life of a cell. Various human diseases occur if DNA repair is compromised, and most of these impact the nervous system, in some cases exclusively. However, it is often unclear what specific endogenous damage underpins disease pathology. Generally, the types of causative DNA damage are associated with replication, transcription, or oxidative metabolism; other direct sources of endogenous lesions may arise from aberrant topoisomerase activity or ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA. This review focuses on the etiology of DNA damage in the nervous system and the genome stability pathways that prevent human neurologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee NS, Kim S, Jung YW, Kim H. Eukaryotic DNA damage responses: Homologous recombination factors and ubiquitin modification. Mutat Res 2017; 809:88-98. [PMID: 28552167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To prevent genomic instability disorders, cells have developed a DNA damage response. The response involves various proteins that sense damaged DNA, transduce damage signals, and effect DNA repair. In addition, ubiquitin modifications modulate the signaling pathway depending on cellular context. Among various types of DNA damage, double-stranded breaks are highly toxic to genomic integrity. Homologous recombination (HR) repair is an essential mechanism that fixes DNA damage because of its high level of accuracy. Although factors in the repair pathway are well established, pinpointing the exact mechanisms of repair and devising therapeutic applications requires more studies. Moreover, essential functions of ubiquitin modification in the DNA damage signaling pathway have emerged. In this review, to explore the eukaryotic DNA damage response, we will mention the functions of main factors in the HR repair pathway and ubiquitin modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Soo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Soomi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, South Korea.
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fielder E, von Zglinicki T, Jurk D. The DNA Damage Response in Neurons: Die by Apoptosis or Survive in a Senescence-Like State? J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:S107-S131. [PMID: 28436392 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are exposed to high levels of DNA damage from both physiological and pathological sources. Neurons are post-mitotic and their loss cannot be easily recovered from; to cope with DNA damage a complex pathway called the DNA damage response (DDR) has evolved. This recognizes the damage, and through kinases such as ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) recruits and activates downstream factors that mediate either apoptosis or survival. This choice between these opposing outcomes integrates many inputs primarily through a number of key cross-road proteins, including ATM, p53, and p21. Evidence of re-entry into the cell-cycle by neurons can be seen in aging and diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This aberrant cell-cycle re-entry is lethal and can lead to the apoptotic death of the neuron. Many downstream factors of the DDR promote cell-cycle arrest in response to damage and appear to protect neurons from apoptotic death. However, neurons surviving with a persistently activated DDR show all the features known from cell senescence; including metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the hyper-production of pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and matrix-remodeling factors. These cells, termed senescence-like neurons, can negatively influence the extracellular environment and may promote induction of the same phenotype in surrounding cells, as well as driving aging and age-related diseases. Recently developed interventions targeting the DDR and/or the senescent phenotype in a range of non-neuronal tissues are being reviewed as they might become of therapeutic interest in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Fielder
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jonak K, Kurpas M, Szoltysek K, Janus P, Abramowicz A, Puszynski K. A novel mathematical model of ATM/p53/NF- κB pathways points to the importance of the DDR switch-off mechanisms. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 27526774 PMCID: PMC4986247 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a detector of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and a crucial component of the DNA damage response (DDR) along with p53 and NF- κB transcription factors and Wip1 phosphatase. Despite the recent advances in studying the DDR, the mechanisms of cell fate determination after DNA damage induction is still poorly understood. Results To investigate the importance of various DDR elements with particular emphasis on Wip1, we developed a novel mathematical model of ATM/p53/NF- κB pathways. Our results from in silico and in vitro experiments performed on U2-OS cells with Wip1 silenced to 25 % (Wip1-RNAi) revealed a strong dependence of cellular response to DNA damages on this phosphatase. Notably, Wip1-RNAi cells exhibited lower resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) resulting in smaller clonogenicity and higher apoptotic fraction. Conclusions In this article, we demonstrated that Wip1 plays a role as a gatekeeper of apoptosis and influences the pro-survival behaviour of cells – the level of Wip1 increases to block the apoptotic decision when DNA repair is successful. Moreover, we were able to verify the dynamics of proteins and transcripts, apoptotic fractions and cells viability obtained from stochastic simulations using in vitro approaches. Taken together, we demonstrated that the model can be successfully used in prediction of cellular behaviour after exposure to IR. Thus, our studies may provide further insights into key elements involved in the underlying mechanisms of the DDR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0293-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jonak
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka, Gliwice, 16, 44-100, Poland
| | - Monika Kurpas
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka, Gliwice, 16, 44-100, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szoltysek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej, Gliwice, 15, 44-400, Poland
| | - Patryk Janus
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej, Gliwice, 15, 44-400, Poland
| | - Agata Abramowicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej, Gliwice, 15, 44-400, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Puszynski
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka, Gliwice, 16, 44-100, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ribezzo F, Shiloh Y, Schumacher B. Systemic DNA damage responses in aging and diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:26-35. [PMID: 26773346 PMCID: PMC4886830 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome is constantly attacked by a variety of genotoxic insults. The causal role for DNA damage in aging and cancer is exemplified by genetic defects in DNA repair that underlie a broad spectrum of acute and chronic human disorders that are characterized by developmental abnormalities, premature aging, and cancer predisposition. The disease symptoms are typically tissue-specific with uncertain genotype-phenotype correlation. The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) has been extensively investigated ever since yeast geneticists discovered DNA damage checkpoint mechanisms, several decades ago. In recent years, it has become apparent that not only cell-autonomous but also systemic DNA damage responses determine the outcome of genome instability in organisms. Understanding the mechanisms of non-cell-autonomous DNA damage responses will provide important new insights into the role of genome instability in human aging and a host of diseases including cancer and might better explain the complex phenotypes caused by genome instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ribezzo
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Genetic Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Godin SK, Sullivan MR, Bernstein KA. Novel insights into RAD51 activity and regulation during homologous recombination and DNA replication. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:407-418. [PMID: 27224545 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on new insights that challenge our understanding of homologous recombination (HR) and Rad51 regulation. Recent advances using high-resolution microscopy and single molecule techniques have broadened our knowledge of Rad51 filament formation and strand invasion at double-strand break (DSB) sites and at replication forks, which are one of most physiologically relevant forms of HR from yeast to humans. Rad51 filament formation and strand invasion is regulated by many mediator proteins such as the Rad51 paralogues and the Shu complex, consisting of a Shu2/SWS1 family member and additional Rad51 paralogues. Importantly, a novel RAD51 paralogue was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans, and its in vitro characterization has demonstrated a new function for the worm RAD51 paralogues during HR. Conservation of the human RAD51 paralogues function during HR and repair of replicative damage demonstrate how the RAD51 mediators play a critical role in human health and genomic integrity. Together, these new findings provide a framework for understanding RAD51 and its mediators in DNA repair during multiple cellular contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Godin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Meghan R Sullivan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Iwasaki D, Hayashihara K, Shima H, Higashide M, Terasawa M, Gasser SM, Shinohara M. The MRX Complex Ensures NHEJ Fidelity through Multiple Pathways Including Xrs2-FHA-Dependent Tel1 Activation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005942. [PMID: 26990569 PMCID: PMC4798412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most cytotoxic DNA lesions and often cause genomic instability, precise repair of DSBs is vital for the maintenance of genomic stability. Xrs2/Nbs1 is a multi-functional regulatory subunit of the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2/Nbs1 (MRX/N) complex, and its function is critical for the primary step of DSB repair, whether by homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining. In human NBS1, mutations result truncation of the N-terminus region, which contains a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain, cause Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Here we show that the Xrs2 FHA domain of budding yeast is required both to suppress the imprecise repair of DSBs and to promote the robust activation of Tel1 in the DNA damage response pathway. The role of the Xrs2 FHA domain in Tel1 activation was independent of the Tel1-binding activity of the Xrs2 C terminus, which mediates Tel1 recruitment to DSB ends. Both the Xrs2 FHA domain and Tel1 were required for the timely removal of the Ku complex from DSB ends, which correlates with a reduced frequency of imprecise end-joining. Thus, the Xrs2 FHA domain and Tel1 kinase work in a coordinated manner to maintain DSB repair fidelity. Genomic DNA provides the essential blueprint for life, and therefore living organisms have several mechanisms for maintaining the stability of their own genomes. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most severe forms of DNA damage, which, without precise repair, can provoke a loss of genetic information, leading to tumor formation. DSBs are repaired by two distinct pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which can be precise or imprecise. In addition, the DNA damage response (DDR) is essential in the cell to integrate multiple events that need to occur after damage: activation of DNA repair enzymes, selection of repair pathway and control of cell cycle progression, transcription, and so on. Here we show that different domains of Xrs2, a central DSB repair protein in budding yeast whose human ortholog, Nbs1, is linked to a human hereditary disorder with a high risk of cancer, is required not only for repair pathway choice but also for full activation of DDR. This result indicates that DSB repair and the DDR are coordinated at multiple levels to ensure precise repair and thus to maintain genomic integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Iwasaki
- Department of Integrated Protein Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Hayashihara
- Department of Integrated Protein Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mika Higashide
- Department of Integrated Protein Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Terasawa
- Department of Integrated Protein Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susan M. Gasser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Department of Integrated Protein Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Min J, Guo K, Suryadevara PK, Zhu F, Holbrook G, Chen Y, Feau C, Young BM, Lemoff A, Connelly MC, Kastan MB, Guy RK. Optimization of a Novel Series of Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Radiosensitizing Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:559-77. [PMID: 26632965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a novel inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, which is a target for novel radiosensitizing drugs. While our initial lead, compound 4, was relatively potent and nontoxic, it exhibited poor stability to oxidative metabolism and relatively poor selectivity against other kinases. The current study focused on balancing potency and selectivity with metabolic stability through structural modification to the metabolized site on the quinazoline core. We performed extensive structure-activity and structure-property relationship studies on this quinazoline ATM kinase inhibitor in order to identify structural variants with enhanced selectivity and metabolic stability. We show that, while the C-7-methoxy group is essential for potency, replacing the C-6-methoxy group considerably improves metabolic stability without affecting potency. Promising analogues 20, 27g, and 27n were selected based on in vitro pharmacology and evaluated in murine pharmacokinetic and tolerability studies. Compound 27g possessed significantly improve pharmacokinetics relative to that of 4. Compound 27g was also significantly more selective against other kinases than 4. Therefore, 27g is a good candidate for further development as a potential radiosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kexiao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , 422 Seeley Mudd Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael B Kastan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine , 422 Seeley Mudd Building, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3204-59. [PMID: 26610585 PMCID: PMC4693276 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ermolaeva MA, Dakhovnik A, Schumacher B. Quality control mechanisms in cellular and systemic DNA damage responses. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:3-11. [PMID: 25560147 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the genome is of pivotal importance for the functional integrity of cells and tissues. The gradual accumulation of DNA damage is thought to contribute to the functional decline of tissues and organs with ageing. Defects in multiple genome maintenance systems cause human disorders characterized by cancer susceptibility, developmental failure, and premature ageing. The complex pathological consequences of genome instability are insufficiently explained by cell-autonomous DNA damage responses (DDR) alone. Quality control pathways play an important role in DNA repair and cellular DDR pathways. Recent years have revealed non-cell autonomous effects of DNA damage that impact the physiological adaptations during ageing. We will discuss the role of quality assurance pathways in cell-autonomous and systemic responses to genome instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ermolaeva
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alexander Dakhovnik
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Robles-Espinoza CD, Velasco-Herrera MDC, Hayward NK, Adams DJ. Telomere-regulating genes and the telomere interactome in familial cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:211-22. [PMID: 25244922 PMCID: PMC4278843 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive sequence structures at the ends of linear chromosomes that consist of double-stranded DNA repeats followed by a short single-stranded DNA protrusion. Telomeres need to be replicated in each cell cycle and protected from DNA-processing enzymes, tasks that cells execute using specialized protein complexes such as telomerase (that includes TERT), which aids in telomere maintenance and replication, and the shelterin complex, which protects chromosome ends. These complexes are also able to interact with a variety of other proteins, referred to as the telomere interactome, to fulfill their biological functions and control signaling cascades originating from telomeres. Given their essential role in genomic maintenance and cell-cycle control, germline mutations in telomere-regulating proteins and their interacting partners have been found to underlie a variety of diseases and cancer-predisposition syndromes. These syndromes can be characterized by progressively shortening telomeres, in which carriers can present with organ failure due to stem cell senescence among other characteristics, or can also present with long or unprotected telomeres, providing an alternative route for cancer formation. This review summarizes the critical roles that telomere-regulating proteins play in cell-cycle control and cell fate and explores the current knowledge on different cancer-predisposing conditions that have been linked to germline defects in these proteins and their interacting partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goldstein M, Kastan MB. The DNA Damage Response: Implications for Tumor Responses to Radiation and Chemotherapy. Annu Rev Med 2015; 66:129-43. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-081313-121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goldstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710; ,
| | - Michael B. Kastan
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710; ,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a master regulator of the DNA damage response, and it coordinates checkpoint activation, DNA repair, and metabolic changes in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA double-strand breaks and oxidative stress. Loss of ATM activity in humans results in the pleiotropic neurodegeneration disorder ataxia-telangiectasia. ATM exists in an inactive state in resting cells but can be activated by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex and other factors at sites of DNA breaks. In addition, oxidation of ATM activates the kinase independently of the MRN complex. This review discusses these mechanisms of activation, as well as the posttranslational modifications that affect this process and the cellular factors that affect the efficiency and specificity of ATM activation and substrate phosphorylation. I highlight functional similarities between the activation mechanisms of ATM, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and the other PI3K-like kinases, as well as recent structural insights into their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saito Y, Zhou H, Kobayashi J. Chromatin modification and NBS1: their relationship in DNA double-strand break repair. Genes Genet Syst 2015; 90:195-208. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.15-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Saito
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Inhibitors as Cancer Therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
40
|
Fission yeast Drp1 is an essential protein required for recovery from DNA damage and chromosome segregation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 24:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
41
|
Choi SH, Yang H, Lee SH, Ki JH, Nam DH, Yoo HY. TopBP1 and Claspin contribute to the radioresistance of lung cancer brain metastases. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:211. [PMID: 25216549 PMCID: PMC4168047 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic tools for brain metastasis. However, it is inevitable that some cancer cells become resistant to radiation. This study is focused on the identification of genes associated with radioresistance in metastatic brain tumor from lung cancer and the functional examination of the selected genes with regards to altered sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. Methods After establishing radioresistant cells from the xenograft model, we explored the significant transcriptional changes by performing DNA microarray profiling. Functional analyses in vitro and in vivo performed to validate the gene responsible for radioresistance. Results Transcriptional changes induced by radiation therapy are much more extensive in H460 cells than in PC14PE6 cells. The expression levels of TopBP1 and Claspin were increased in the cancer cells that survived radiation therapy. Depletion of TopBP1 or Claspin using shRNA showed an enhancement of sensitivity to radiation in radioresistant lung cancer cells (PC14PE6). Moreover, increased levels of TopBP1 or Claspin endowed cells a higher resistance to radiation. In xenograft models, the knock-down of TopBP1 or Claspin significantly prolonged the median survival time post radiation therapy. Conclusions We analyzed the gene expression profiles of the radiosensitive cells and the radioresistant cells to define a set of genes that may be involved in endowing lung cancer cells radioresistance post brain metastasis. Functional analyses indicated that the expression TopBP1 and Claspin positively affects the survival of cancer cells and thus negatively the xenograft metastasis model animals in response to radiation. These results show that TopBP1 and Claspin can be potential targets for the enhanced efficacy of radiotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-211) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The role of nibrin in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and cell senescence in Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome patients lymphocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104964. [PMID: 25119968 PMCID: PMC4132076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nibrin plays an important role in the DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair. DDR is a crucial signaling pathway in apoptosis and senescence. To verify whether truncated nibrin (p70), causing Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS), is involved in DDR and cell fate upon DNA damage, we used two (S4 and S3R) spontaneously immortalized T cell lines from NBS patients, with the founding mutation and a control cell line (L5). S4 and S3R cells have the same level of p70 nibrin, however p70 from S4 cells was able to form more complexes with ATM and BRCA1. Doxorubicin-induced DDR followed by cell senescence could only be observed in L5 and S4 cells, but not in the S3R ones. Furthermore the S3R cells only underwent cell death, but not senescence after doxorubicin treatment. In contrary to doxorubicin treatment, cells from all three cell lines were able to activate the DDR pathway after being exposed to γ-radiation. Downregulation of nibrin in normal human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) did not prevent the activation of DDR and induction of senescence. Our results indicate that a substantially reduced level of nibrin or its truncated p70 form is sufficient to induce DNA-damage dependent senescence in VSMCs and S4 cells, respectively. In doxorubicin-treated S3R cells DDR activation was severely impaired, thus preventing the induction of senescence.
Collapse
|
43
|
A novel ATM/TP53/p21-mediated checkpoint only activated by chronic γ-irradiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104279. [PMID: 25093836 PMCID: PMC4122452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Different levels or types of DNA damage activate distinct signaling pathways that elicit various cellular responses, including cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis. Whereas a range of DNA-damage responses have been characterized, mechanisms underlying subsequent cell-fate decision remain elusive. Here we exposed cultured cells and mice to different doses and dose rates of γ-irradiation, which revealed cell-type-specific sensitivities to chronic, but not acute, γ-irradiation. Among tested cell types, human fibroblasts were associated with the highest levels of growth inhibition in response to chronic γ-irradiation. In this context, fibroblasts exhibited a reversible G1 cell-cycle arrest or an irreversible senescence-like growth arrest, depending on the irradiation dose rate or the rate of DNA damage. Remarkably, when the same dose of γ-irradiation was delivered chronically or acutely, chronic delivery induced considerably more cellular senescence. A similar effect was observed with primary cells isolated from irradiated mice. We demonstrate a critical role for the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/tumor protein p53 (TP53)/p21 pathway in regulating DNA-damage-associated cell fate. Indeed, blocking the ATM/TP53/p21 pathway deregulated DNA damage responses, leading to micronucleus formation in chronically irradiated cells. Together these results provide insights into the mechanisms governing cell-fate determination in response to different rates of DNA damage.
Collapse
|
44
|
Larmonie NSD, Dik WA, Meijerink JPP, Homminga I, van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW. Breakpoint sites disclose the role of the V(D)J recombination machinery in the formation of T-cell receptor (TCR) and non-TCR associated aberrations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2014; 98:1173-84. [PMID: 23904235 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant recombination between T-cell receptor genes and oncogenes gives rise to chromosomal translocations that are genetic hallmarks in several subsets of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. The V(D)J recombination machinery has been shown to play a role in the formation of these T-cell receptor translocations. Other, non-T-cell receptor chromosomal aberrations, such as SIL-TAL1 deletions, have likewise been recognized as V(D)J recombination associated aberrations. Despite the postulated role of V(D)J recombination, the extent of the V(D)J recombination machinery involvement in the formation of T-cell receptor and non-T-cell receptor aberrations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is still poorly understood. We performed a comprehensive in silico and ex vivo evaluation of 117 breakpoint sites from 22 different T-cell receptor translocation partners as well as 118 breakpoint sites from non-T-cell receptor chromosomal aberrations. Based on this extensive set of breakpoint data, we provide a comprehensive overview of T-cell receptor and oncogene involvement in T-ALL. Moreover, we assessed the role of the V(D)J recombination machinery in the formation of chromosomal aberrations, and propose an up-dated mechanistic classification on how the V(D)J recombination machinery contributes to the formation of T-cell receptor and non-T-cell receptor aberrations in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S D Larmonie
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kumar V, Alt FW, Oksenych V. Reprint of "Functional overlaps between XLF and the ATM-dependent DNA double strand break response". DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:52-63. [PMID: 24767946 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Developing B and T lymphocytes generate programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) during the V(D)J recombination process that assembles exons that encode the antigen-binding variable regions of antibodies. In addition, mature B lymphocytes generate programmed DSBs during the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) process that allows expression of different antibody heavy chain constant regions that provide different effector functions. During both V(D)J recombination and CSR, DSB intermediates are sensed by the ATM-dependent DSB response (DSBR) pathway, which also contributes to their joining via classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ). The precise nature of the interplay between the DSBR and C-NHEJ pathways in the context of DSB repair via C-NHEJ remains under investigation. Recent studies have shown that the XLF C-NHEJ factor has functional redundancy with several members of the ATM-dependent DSBR pathway in C-NHEJ, highlighting unappreciated major roles for both XLF as well as the DSBR in V(D)J recombination, CSR and C-NHEJ in general. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that contribute to the repair of DSBs generated during B lymphocyte development and activation with a focus on potential functionally redundant roles of XLF and ATM-dependent DSBR factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jacq X, Kemp M, Martin NMB, Jackson SP. Deubiquitylating enzymes and DNA damage response pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:25-43. [PMID: 23712866 PMCID: PMC3756857 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like factors has emerged as a general mechanism to regulate myriad intra-cellular processes. The addition and removal of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins from factors has recently been demonstrated as a key mechanism to modulate DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. It is thus, timely to evaluate the potential for ubiquitin pathway enzymes as DDR drug targets for therapeutic intervention. The synthetic lethal approach provides exciting opportunities for the development of targeted therapies to treat cancer: most tumours have lost critical DDR pathways, and thus rely more heavily on the remaining pathways, while normal tissues are still equipped with all DDR pathways. Here, we review key deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) involved in DDR pathways, and describe how targeting DUBs may lead to selective therapies to treat cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Jacq
- MISSION Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kumar V, Alt FW, Oksenych V. Functional overlaps between XLF and the ATM-dependent DNA double strand break response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 16:11-22. [PMID: 24674624 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing B and T lymphocytes generate programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) during the V(D)J recombination process that assembles exons that encode the antigen-binding variable regions of antibodies. In addition, mature B lymphocytes generate programmed DSBs during the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) process that allows expression of different antibody heavy chain constant regions that provide different effector functions. During both V(D)J recombination and CSR, DSB intermediates are sensed by the ATM-dependent DSB response (DSBR) pathway, which also contributes to their joining via classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ). The precise nature of the interplay between the DSBR and C-NHEJ pathways in the context of DSB repair via C-NHEJ remains under investigation. Recent studies have shown that the XLF C-NHEJ factor has functional redundancy with several members of the ATM-dependent DSBR pathway in C-NHEJ, highlighting unappreciated major roles for both XLF as well as the DSBR in V(D)J recombination, CSR and C-NHEJ in general. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms that contribute to the repair of DSBs generated during B lymphocyte development and activation with a focus on potential functionally redundant roles of XLF and ATM-dependent DSBR factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Exposure of cells to DNA-damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR), results in perturbation of cell cycle progression. IR activates cell cycle checkpoints that arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S, S, and G2/M phases. The DNA damage-signaling network involves a number of important DNA damage response factors that are required for maintaining genome stability and prevention of cancer. These factors are involved in the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints and include ATM, NBS1, BRCA1, Chk2, and p53. Here we describe a series of assays that are often used to analyze cell cycle checkpoints after IR. These assays include a G1/S checkpoint assay that measures 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, an S-phase checkpoint assay that measures DNA synthesis at a very early time point after IR, and a G2/M checkpoint assay that quantitates histone H3 phosphorylation. This collection of assays allows us to investigate the specific functions of proteins involved in regulating different cell cycle checkpoints in mammalian cells as a response to IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1010, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gilardini Montani MS, Prodosmo A, Stagni V, Merli D, Monteonofrio L, Gatti V, Gentileschi MP, Barilà D, Soddu S. ATM-depletion in breast cancer cells confers sensitivity to PARP inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:95. [PMID: 24252502 PMCID: PMC4176289 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutations in the DNA damage response (DDR) factors, breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2, sensitize tumor cells to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a key DDR protein whose heterozygous germline mutation is a moderate–risk factor for developing breast cancer. In this study, we examined whether ATM inactivation in breast cancer cell lines confers sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Methods Wild-type BRCA1/2 breast cancer cells (i.e., MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 lines) were genetically manipulated to downregulate ATM expression then assayed for cytostaticity/cytotoxicity upon treatment with PARP inhibitors, olaparib and iniparib. Results When ATM-depleted cells and their relative controls were treated with olaparib (a competitive PARP-1/2 inhibitor) and iniparib (a molecule originally described as a covalent PARP-1 inhibitor) a different response to the two compounds was observed. ATM-depletion sensitized both MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells to olaparib-treatment, as assessed by short and long survival assays and cell cycle profiles. In contrast, iniparib induced only a mild, ATM-dependent cytostatic effect in MCF-7 cells whereas ZR-75-1 cells were sensitive to this drug, independently of ATM inactivation. These latest results might be explained by recent observations indicating that iniparib acts with mechanisms other than PARP inhibition. Conclusions These data indicate that ATM-depletion can sensitize breast cancer cells to PARP inhibition, suggesting a potential in the treatment of breast cancers low in ATM protein expression/activity, such as those arising in mutant ATM heterozygous carriers.
Collapse
|
50
|
Charitou P, Burgering BMT. Forkhead box(O) in control of reactive oxygen species and genomic stability to ensure healthy lifespan. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1400-19. [PMID: 22978495 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transcription factors of the Forkhead box O class (FOXOs) are associated with lifespan and play a role in age-related diseases. FOXOs, therefore, serve as a paradigm for developing an understanding as to how age-related diseases, such as cancer and diabetes interconnect with lifespan. Understanding the regulatory inputs on FOXO may reveal how changes in these regulatory signaling pathways affect disease and lifespan. RECENT ADVANCES Numerous regulators of FOXO have now been described and a clear and evolutionary conserved role has emerged for phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (also known as c-Akt or AKT) signaling and c-jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Analysis of FOXO function in the context of these signaling pathways has shown the importance of FOXO-mediated transcriptional regulation on cell cycle progression and other cell fates, such as cell metabolism, stress resistance, and apoptosis in mediating disease and lifespan. CRITICAL ISSUES Persistent DNA damage is also tightly linked to disease and aging; yet, data on a possible link between DNA damage and FOXO have been limited. Here, we discuss possible connections between FOXO and the DNA damage response in the context of the broader role of connecting lifespan and disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of lifespan in diseases onset may provide unique and generic possibilities to intervene in disease processes to ensure a healthy lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Charitou
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|