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Hinkle GH. 51Cr Red Blood Cells in the Study of Hematologic Disease: A Historical Review. J Nucl Med Technol 2024:jnmt.124.267702. [PMID: 39137978 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.124.267702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The early years of nuclear medicine included the development and clinical use of several in vitro or nonimaging procedures. The use of radionuclides as replacements for nonradioactive dyes brought improved accuracies and less subjective measurements to indicator dilution studies of body compartments such as the gastrointestinal system, lungs, urinary system, and vascular space. A popular nuclear medicine procedure was the radionuclide dilution method for quantitation of whole-blood volume or red blood cell volume or mass using 51Cr-labeled red blood cells-an important diagnostic element in patients suspected of having polycythemia vera, congestive heart failure, hypertension, shock, syncope, and other abnormal blood volume disorders. The radionuclide dilution method led to improved evaluation of red blood cell survival, which is important for clinical treatment planning in anemia and confirmation of splenic sequestration of damaged red blood cells. Although it was discovered that 51Cr was a chemically stable radiolabel of red blood cells after binding to intracellular hemoglobin, few nuclear medicine departments offered the clinical study for referring physicians because it required laboratory expertise for technologists, patient coordination, and a time-consuming procedure. The introduction of improved methods that are less time-consuming and have clinically acceptable results, along with the discontinuation of the sodium chromate 51Cr injection radiopharmaceutical by manufacturers, has consigned 51Cr red blood cells for red blood cell volume, mass, or survival evaluation to the list of retired nuclear medicine studies.
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Gawne P, Man F, Blower PJ, T. M. de Rosales R. Direct Cell Radiolabeling for in Vivo Cell Tracking with PET and SPECT Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10266-10318. [PMID: 35549242 PMCID: PMC9185691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arrival of cell-based therapies is a revolution in medicine. However, its safe clinical application in a rational manner depends on reliable, clinically applicable methods for determining the fate and trafficking of therapeutic cells in vivo using medical imaging techniques─known as in vivo cell tracking. Radionuclide imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) has several advantages over other imaging modalities for cell tracking because of its high sensitivity (requiring low amounts of probe per cell for imaging) and whole-body quantitative imaging capability using clinically available scanners. For cell tracking with radionuclides, ex vivo direct cell radiolabeling, that is, radiolabeling cells before their administration, is the simplest and most robust method, allowing labeling of any cell type without the need for genetic modification. This Review covers the development and application of direct cell radiolabeling probes utilizing a variety of chemical approaches: organic and inorganic/coordination (radio)chemistry, nanomaterials, and biochemistry. We describe the key early developments and the most recent advances in the field, identifying advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and informing future development and choice of methods for clinical and preclinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Gawne
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Francis Man
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.
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Alvarez CC, Bravo Gómez ME, Hernández Zavala A. Hexavalent chromium: Regulation and health effects. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 65:126729. [PMID: 33610058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the knowledge about heavy metals toxicity on humans, its use is widely spread mainly for industrial processes. Chromium is an element that belongs to this group and although it is present in our daily diet, it can also be harmful for humans, causing skin allergies and increasing the risk of lung cancer, among other health effects reported. In this review, we highlight its nutritional role, its toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic in humans, its regulation in the industry and the biomonitoring proposal of this element in blood and urine samples with the aim to control the level of exposure of the workers in military industry and also of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cedillo Alvarez
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico; Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - María Elena Bravo Gómez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Química y Toxicología Forense, Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Araceli Hernández Zavala
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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La Porta E, Lanino L, Calatroni M, Caramella E, Avella A, Quinn C, Faragli A, Estienne L, Alogna A, Esposito P. Volume Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation Methodologies and Innovation Opportunities. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:396-410. [PMID: 34233334 DOI: 10.1159/000515172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients affected by chronic kidney disease are at a risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Body fluids unbalance is one of the main characteristics of this condition, as fluid overload is highly prevalent in patients affected by the cardiorenal syndrome. SUMMARY We describe the state of the art and new insights into body volume evaluation. The mechanisms behind fluid balance are often complex, mainly because of the interplay of multiple regulatory systems. Consequently, its management may be challenging in clinical practice and even more so out-of-hospital. Availability of novel technologies offer new opportunities to improve the quality of care and patients' outcome. Development and validation of new technologies could provide new tools to reduce costs for the healthcare system, promote personalized medicine, and boost home care. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, a proper monitoring of chronic patients suffering from fluid unbalances is extremely relevant. Key Message: We discuss the main mechanisms responsible for fluid overload in different clinical contexts, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and heart failure, emphasizing the potential impact provided by the implementation of the new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo La Porta
- Department of Cardionephrology, Istituto Clinico Di Alta Specialità (ICLAS), Rapallo, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Lanino
- Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Calatroni
- Division of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Caramella
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale Sant'Anna, San Fermo della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - Alessandro Avella
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Caroline Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Alessandro Faragli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Estienne
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessio Alogna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Genoa and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
The technical genesis and practice of 8-aminoquinoline therapy of latent malaria offer singular scientific, clinical, and public health insights. The 8-aminoquinolines brought revolutionary scientific discoveries, dogmatic practices, benign neglect, and, finally, enduring promise against endemic malaria. The clinical use of plasmochin-the first rationally synthesized blood schizontocide and the first gametocytocide, tissue schizontocide, and hypnozoitocide of any kind-commenced in 1926. Plasmochin became known to sometimes provoke fatal hemolytic crises. World War II delivered a newer 8-aminoquinoline, primaquine, and the discovery of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as the basis of its hemolytic toxicity came in 1956. Primaquine nonetheless became the sole therapeutic option against latent malaria. After 40 years of fitful development, in 2018 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration registered the 8-aminoquinoline called tafenoquine for the prevention of all malarias and the treatment of those that relapse. Tafenoquine also cannot be used in G6PD-unknown or -deficient patients. The hemolytic toxicity of the 8-aminoquinolines impedes their great potential, but this problem has not been a research priority. This review explores the complex technical dimensions of the history of 8-aminoquinolines. The therapeutic principles thus examined may be leveraged in improved practice and in understanding the bright prospect of discovery of newer drugs that cannot harm G6PD-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Shah KM, Orton P, Mani N, Wilkinson JM, Gartland A. Osteocyte physiology and response to fluid shear stress are impaired following exposure to cobalt and chromium: Implications for bone health following joint replacement. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1716-1723. [PMID: 27673573 PMCID: PMC5603770 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of metal ion exposure on osteocytes, the most abundant cell type in bone and responsible for coordinating bone remodeling, remain unclear. However, several studies have previously shown that exposure to cobalt (Co2+ ) and chromium (Cr3+ ), at concentrations equivalent to those found clinically, affect osteoblast and osteoclast survival and function. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that metal ions would similarly impair the normal physiology of osteocytes. The survival, dendritic morphology, and response to fluid shear stress of the mature osteocyte-like cell-line MLO-Y4 following exposure to clinically relevant concentrations and combinations of Co and Cr ions were measured in 2D-culture. Exposure of MLO-Y4 cells to metal ions reduced cell number, increased dendrites per cell and increased dendrite length. We found that combinations of metal ions had a greater effect than the individual ions alone, and that Co2+ had a predominate effect on changes to cell numbers and dendrites. Combined metal ion exposure blunted the responses of the MLO-Y4 cells to fluid shear stress, including reducing the intracellular calcium responses and modulation of genes for the osteocyte markers Cx43 and Gp38, and the signaling molecules RANKL and Dkk-1. Finally, we demonstrated that in the late osteoblasts/early osteocytes cell line MLO-A5 that Co2+ exposure had no effect on mineralization, but Cr3+ treatment inhibited mineralization in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting cell viability. Taken together, these data indicate that metal exposure can directly affect osteocyte physiology, with potential implications for bone health including osseointegration of cementless components, and periprosthetic bone remodeling. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:1716-1723, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan M. Shah
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldBeech Hill RdSheffield S10 2RXUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Orton
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldBeech Hill RdSheffield S10 2RXUnited Kingdom
| | - Nick Mani
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldBeech Hill RdSheffield S10 2RXUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldBeech Hill RdSheffield S10 2RXUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismThe University of SheffieldBeech Hill RdSheffield S10 2RXUnited Kingdom
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8
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Tong TN, Branch DR. Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117787 PMCID: PMC5408648 DOI: 10.3791/55039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express FcγRs (e.g., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, and FcγRIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of FcγR-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate FcγRs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out FcγR-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo FcγR-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of FcγR-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Nga Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto
| | - Donald R Branch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services;
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10
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11
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In Vitro Analyses of the Toxicity, Immunological, and Gene Expression Effects of Cobalt-Chromium Alloy Wear Debris and Co Ions Derived from Metal-on-Metal Hip Implants. LUBRICANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/lubricants3030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Shah KM, Quinn PD, Gartland A, Wilkinson JM. Understanding the tissue effects of tribo-corrosion: uptake, distribution, and speciation of cobalt and chromium in human bone cells. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:114-21. [PMID: 25251692 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt and chromium species are released in the local tissues as a result of tribo-corrosion, and affect bone cell survival and function. However we have little understanding of the mechanisms of cellular entry, intracellular distribution, and speciation of the metals that result in impaired bone health. Here we used synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and fluorescent-probing approaches of candidate receptors P2X7R and divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1), to better understand the entry, intra-cellular distribution and speciation of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) in human osteoblasts and primary human osteoclasts. We found that both Co and Cr were most highly localized at nuclear and perinuclear sites in osteoblasts, suggesting uptake through cell membrane transporters, and supported by a finding that P2X7 receptor blockade reduced cellular entry of Co. In contrast, metal species were present at discrete sites corresponding to the basolateral membrane in osteoclasts, suggesting cell entry by endocytosis and trafficking through a functional secretory domain. An intracellular reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ was the only redox change observed in cells treated with Co2+, Cr3+, and Cr6+. Our data suggest that the cellular uptake and processing of Co and Cr differs between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan M Shah
- Department of Human Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Brodin H. Longitudinal Bone Growth, the Nutrition of the Epiphyseal Cartilages and the Local Blood Supply: An Experimental Study in the Rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/ort.1955.26.suppl-20.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Baby PM, Kumar P, Kumar R, Jacob SS, Rawat D, Binu VS, Karun KM. A novel method for blood volume estimation using trivalent chromium in rabbit models. Indian J Plast Surg 2014; 47:242-8. [PMID: 25190922 PMCID: PMC4147461 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.138961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood volume measurement though important in management of critically ill-patients is not routinely estimated in clinical practice owing to labour intensive, intricate and time consuming nature of existing methods. Aims: The aim was to compare blood volume estimations using trivalent chromium [51Cr(III)] and standard Evans blue dye (EBD) method in New Zealand white rabbit models and establish correction-factor (CF). Materials and Methods: Blood volume estimation in 33 rabbits was carried out using EBD method and concentration determined using spectrophotometric assay followed by blood volume estimation using direct injection of 51Cr(III). Twenty out of 33 rabbits were used to find CF by dividing blood volume estimation using EBD with blood volume estimation using 51Cr(III). CF is validated in 13 rabbits by multiplying it with blood volume estimation values obtained using 51Cr(III). Results: The mean circulating blood volume of 33 rabbits using EBD was 142.02 ± 22.77 ml or 65.76 ± 9.31 ml/kg and using 51Cr(III) was estimated to be 195.66 ± 47.30 ml or 89.81 ± 17.88 ml/kg. The CF was found to be 0.77. The mean blood volume of 13 rabbits measured using EBD was 139.54 ± 27.19 ml or 66.33 ± 8.26 ml/kg and using 51Cr(III) with CF was 152.73 ± 46.25 ml or 71.87 ± 13.81 ml/kg (P = 0.11). Conclusions: The estimation of blood volume using 51Cr(III) was comparable to standard EBD method using CF. With further research in this direction, we envisage human blood volume estimation using 51Cr(III) to find its application in acute clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathap Moothamadathil Baby
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal campus, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, King Abdul Aziz Specialist Hospital, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanu S Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Rawat
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - V S Binu
- Department of Statistics, Manipal Univeristy, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalesh M Karun
- Department of Statistics, Manipal Univeristy, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of chromium in food and drinking water. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Suh M, Thompson CM, Kirman CR, Carakostas MC, Haws LC, Harris MA, Proctor DM. High concentrations of hexavalent chromium in drinking water alter iron homeostasis in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:381-8. [PMID: 24418189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] induces hematological signs of microcytic anemia in rodents. Considering that Cr(VI) can oxidize ferrous (Fe(2+)) to ferric (Fe(3+)) iron, and that only the former is transported across the duodenum, we hypothesize that, at high concentrations, Cr(VI) oxidizes Fe(2+) in the lumen of the small intestine and perturbs iron absorption. Herein we report that 90-day exposure to Cr(VI) in drinking water resulted in dose-dependent decreases in Fe levels in the duodenum, liver, serum, and bone marrow. Toxicogenomic analyses from the duodenum indicate responses consistent with Fe deficiency, including significant induction of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, Slc11a2) and transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1, Tfr1). In addition, at ⩾20mg Cr(VI)/L in drinking water, Cr RBC:plasma ratios in rats were increased and exceeded unity, indicating saturation of reductive capacity and intracellular absorption of Cr(VI) into red blood cells (RBCs). These effects occurred in both species but were generally more severe in rats. These data suggest that high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking limit Fe absorption and alter iron homeostasis. Furthermore, some effects observed at high doses in recent Cr(VI) chronic and subchronic bioassays may be explained, at least in part, by iron deficiency and disruption of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Laurie C Haws
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Austin, TX 78759, United States.
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17
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Abstract
The method for determining blood volume has evolved substantially since first attempts were made in the latter part of the nineteenth century with the exsanguination of animals. The now accepted methods are based on indicator dilution methodologies. First attempts utilized inert dyes such as Evans Blue and Cardiogreen. These were found to be impractical due, primarily, to their rapid clearance from the blood. For many years, the most accepted method for blood volume determination was the dual isotope technique. This procedure utilizes chromium 51 or 99mTc to label autologous red cells and radioiodine 125 or 131 to label human serum albumin (HSA). Plasma and red cell volumes are measured separately and the results "combined". The procedure requires on-site labeling of autologous red cells and HSA, and meticulous preparation of standards and doses. The complexity of this method leads to performance times of 6 to 8 hours. An FDA-approved single isotope method is now employed in over 60 major institutions. HSA is labeled with radioiodine 131 at an FDA radiopharmaceutical facility, and test doses and standards are provided to laboratories in kit form. The red cell volume is derived by a calculation utilizing the measured plasma volume and the value for the average whole-body hematocrit. All calculations are carried out by a dedicated microprocessor, and a final report is generated and printed. The results are compared with predicted normal values for male and female patients based on percentage deviation from normal weight. Preliminary results are available in 30 minutes and complete calculations in 90 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Margouleff
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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18
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Karagun BS, Temiz F, Ozer G, Yuksel B, Topaloglu AK, Mungan NO, Mazman M, Karagun GM. Chromium levels in healthy and newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic children. Pediatr Int 2012; 54:780-5. [PMID: 22783884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2012.03696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the chromium levels of plasma (PCL), erythrocyte (ECL) and urine (UCL) in type 1 diabetics and healthy subjects and to review the relation between metabolic parameters. METHODS We evaluated 165 subjects who were: newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics (group 1 [n= 29]); previously diagnosed type 1 diabetics (group 2 [n= 18]); non-diabetic control subjects who were admitted and treated for any reason in hospital (group 3 [n= 21]); and two other groups of control subjects from two schools that have different socioeconomic levels (group 4 [n= 48] and group 5 [n= 49]). RESULTS PCL in group 1 and group 2 subjects (7.21 ± 4.78 and 10.94 ± 3.04 mcg/L, respectively) was significantly lower than in all control groups (21.84 ± 7.87, 16.11 ± 7.44, 17.25 ± 8.58 mcg/L, respectively) (P < 0.05). A significant difference in PCL between the group 1 and group 2 subjects was present (7.21 ± 4.78 and 10.94 ± 3.04, respectively) (P= 0.021). ECL (as tissue chromium) in group 1 and group 2 subjects (13.99 ± 11.37 and 19.64 ± 12.58, respectively) was significantly lower than in all control groups (28.20 ± 7.34.25, 49 ± 12.47, 26.37 ± 9.77 mcg/L, respectively) (P= 0.05). UCL in group 1 and group 2 subjects (11.44 ± 6.88 and 15.68 ± 6.75 mcg/L, respectively) was significantly lower than in group 3 subjects (28.83 ± 9.37 mcg/L) (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations between length, bodyweight and PCL in the group 1 subjects (r = 0.42, P= 0.22 and r = 0.53, P= 0.03, respectively). There was a negative correlation between plasma glucose and UCL, which was not statistically significant in group 2 subjects (r =-0.4, P= 0.061). CONCLUSION There was a negative chromium balance in type 1 diabetics. This negative balance may affect the insulin function badly. If this negative balance should be confirmed by recent studies we suggest that chromium supplementation with insulin is necessary for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbaros Sahin Karagun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Newton AW, Ranganath L, Armstrong C, Peter V, Roberts NB. Differential distribution of cobalt, chromium, and nickel between whole blood, plasma and urine in patients after metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1640-6. [PMID: 22447496 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that raised cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) whole blood concentrations correlate with poor device outcome in patients following metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty. To understand the local and systemic pathological effects of these raised metal concentrations it is important to define their distribution between whole blood, plasma, and urine. The metals were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Two hundred and five plasma, 199 whole blood, and 24 sets of urine samples were analyzed from 202 patients with Co-Cr alloy MoM hip prostheses implanted between 8 months to 12 years (mean 6.0 years) prior to analysis. Plasma Co (median 39.1 nmol/L) showed significantly positive 1:1 correlation with whole blood Co (median 45.9 nmol/L; R(2) = 0.98, p < 0.001, slope = 1.0). Plasma Cr (median 53.8 nmol/L) and whole blood Cr (median 40.3 nmol/L) were also correlated; however, concentrations were significantly higher in plasma indicating relatively little blood cell uptake (R(2) = 0.96, p < 0.001, slope = 1.6). Urinary Co was up to threefold higher than Cr (median 334.0 vs. 97.3 nmol/L respectively). Nickel concentrations in whole blood, plasma, and urine were low relative to Co and Cr. The analysis shows fundamental differences in the physiological handling of these metals: Co is distributed approximately equally between blood cells and plasma, whereas Cr is mainly in plasma, despite which, Cr had far less renal excretion than Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W Newton
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, United Kingdom.
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Thompson CM, Proctor DM, Suh M, Haws LC, Hébert CD, Mann JF, Shertzer HG, Hixon JG, Harris MA. Comparison of the effects of hexavalent chromium in the alimentary canal of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice following exposure in drinking water: implications for carcinogenic modes of action. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:79-90. [PMID: 22011396 PMCID: PMC3243750 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high concentrations of hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) in drinking water is reported to induce oral mucosa tumors in F344 rats and intestinal tumors in B6C3F1 mice. To investigate the modes of action underlying these tumors, 90-day drinking water studies (with interim necropsy at day 8) were conducted with concentrations of 0.1-182 mg/l Cr(VI), administered as 0.3-520 mg/l sodium dichromate dihydrate. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for chromium content, oxidative stress, iron levels, and gross and microscopic lesions. Results for the F344 rats are described herein and compared with results from B6C3F1 mice published previously. After 90 days of exposure, total chromium concentrations in the rat and mouse oral mucosae were comparable, yet significant dose-dependent decreases in the reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were observed only in rats. In the duodenum, changes in GSH/GSSG were only observed in mice. Levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were not increased in the oral or duodenal mucosae of either species. Glutathione levels were increased in the duodenum but decreased in the jejunum of both species, indicating potential differential responses in the intestinal segments. Histiocytic infiltration was observed in the duodenum of both species, yet duodenal cytokines were repressed in mice but increased in rats. Serum and bone marrow iron levels were more decreased in rats than mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis in the rodent alimentary canal involves oxidative stress; however, differences in histopathology, cytokines, and iron status suggest potential contributions from other factors as well.
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Korell J, Coulter CV, Duffull SB. Evaluation of red blood cell labelling methods based on a statistical model for red blood cell survival. J Theor Biol 2011; 291:88-98. [PMID: 21945607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to compare different labelling methods that are commonly used to estimate the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs), e.g. in anaemia of renal failure, where the effect of treatment with erythropoietin depends on the lifespan of RBCs. A previously developed model for the survival time of RBCs that accounts for plausible physiological processes of RBC destruction was used to simulate ideal random and cohort labelling methods for RBCs, as well as the flaws associated with these methods (e.g. reuse of label and loss of the label from the surviving RBCs). Random labelling with radioactive chromium and cohort labelling using heavy nitrogen were considered. Blood sampling times were determined for RBC survival studies using both labelling methods by applying the theory of optimal design. It was assessed whether the underlying parameter values of the model are estimable from these studies, and the precision of the parameter estimates were calculated. In theory, parameter estimation would be possible for both types of ideal labelling methods without flaws. However, flaws associated with random labelling are significant and not all parameters controlling RBC survival in the model can be estimated with good precision. In contrast, cohort labelling shows good precision in the parameter estimates even in the presence of reuse and prolonged incorporation of the label. A model based analysis of RBC survival studies is recommended in future to account for limitations in methodology as well as likely causes of RBC destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Korell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Seale L, Love WG, Amos N, Williams BD, Kellaway IW. Accumulation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone within the Inflamed Paws of Adjuvant-induced Arthritic Rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:10-4. [PMID: 1350620 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb14354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
125I-Labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone ([125I]PVP) of a range of molecular weights (mol. wt 10, 40 and 360 kDa) was injected i.v. into adjuvant-induced arthritic and normal rats and the blood clearance and tissue distribution of the polymers determined. The half-life of PVP in the circulation increased with increasing mol. wt; 10, 40 and 360 kDa polymers had mean terminal half-lives of 2·2, 6·9 and 16·4 h, respectively. Tissue uptake was also found to be mol. wt dependent, the largest PVP molecule accumulating to a greater extent in the spleen, liver, lungs and paws in both normal and arthritic rats (P < 0·01) than the two lower mol. wt polymers. Accumulation of the polymer in inflamed paws (g tissue)−1 greatly exceeded that of normal paws (P < 0·01). This difference was particularly noticeable with 360 kDa PVP, where arthritic paws amassed 7 times more PVP than normal paws.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Seale
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK
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Korell J, Coulter CV, Duffull SB. A statistical model for red blood cell survival. J Theor Biol 2011; 268:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Collins BJ, Stout MD, Levine KE, Kissling GE, Melnick RL, Fennell TR, Walden R, Abdo K, Pritchard JB, Fernando RA, Burka LT, Hooth MJ. Exposure to hexavalent chromium resulted in significantly higher tissue chromium burden compared with trivalent chromium following similar oral doses to male F344/N rats and female B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:368-79. [PMID: 20843897 PMCID: PMC2984535 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In National Toxicology Program 2-year studies, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] administered in drinking water was clearly carcinogenic in male and female rats and mice, resulting in small intestine epithelial neoplasms in mice at a dose equivalent to or within an order of magnitude of human doses that could result from consumption of chromium-contaminated drinking water, assuming that dose scales by body weight(3/4) (body weight raised to the 3/4 power). In contrast, exposure to trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] at much higher concentrations may have been carcinogenic in male rats but was not carcinogenic in mice or female rats. As part of these studies, total chromium was measured in tissues and excreta of additional groups of male rats and female mice. These data were used to infer the uptake and distribution of Cr(VI) because Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) in vivo, and no methods are available to speciate tissue chromium. Comparable external doses resulted in much higher tissue chromium concentrations following exposure to Cr(VI) compared with Cr(III), indicating that a portion of the Cr(VI) escaped gastric reduction and was distributed systemically. Linear or supralinear dose responses of total chromium in tissues were observed following exposure to Cr(VI), indicating that these exposures did not saturate gastric reduction capacity. When Cr(VI) exposure was normalized to ingested dose, chromium concentrations in the liver and glandular stomach were higher in mice, whereas kidney concentrations were higher in rats. In vitro studies demonstrated that Cr(VI), but not Cr(III), is a substrate of the sodium/sulfate cotransporter, providing a partial explanation for the greater absorption of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Collins
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Matthew D. Stout
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Keith E. Levine
- Discovery and Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ronald L. Melnick
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Discovery and Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ramsey Walden
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kamal Abdo
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John B. Pritchard
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Reshan A. Fernando
- Discovery and Analytical Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Leo T. Burka
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Michelle J. Hooth
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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GARBY L, HJELM M. Short-term assessment of red cell survival with an improved Cr51-technique. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 14:581-6. [PMID: 13946476 DOI: 10.1080/00365516209051288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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BIRKELAND S. The Use of the Isotope CR51for Studying Destruction of Red Cells in Healthy Humans. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 10:122-32. [PMID: 13602667 DOI: 10.1080/00365515809079934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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NISSEN NI, FRIIS T. Further Study of the Mechanism of Reduction of Erythrocyte Survival Time in Phenacetin Habitués and its Relation to “Phenacetin Kidney Disorders”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 171:125-34. [PMID: 14480028 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1962.tb04173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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MUNKNER T, MATZKE J, VIDEBAEK A. The Life Span of Autochthonous and Transfused Erythrocytes Determined by Simultaneous Labelling with DFP32 and Cr51. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 170:607-15. [PMID: 14477222 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1961.tb00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FRIIS T, FOGH J, NISSEN NI. Erythrocyte Survival Time in Persons Abusing Phenacetin, with or without Renal Insufficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 167:253-66. [PMID: 13825226 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1960.tb03545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FRIIS T, FOGH J, NISSEN NI. The Mechanism of Reduction of Erythrocyte Lifetime in Phenacetin Habitués with Renal Impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 168:127-31. [PMID: 13702094 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1960.tb06653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Radioactive studies on the feeding of larvae, nymphs, and adults of the cattle tick,Boophilus microplus(Canestrini). Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000069444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocytes and plasma of a British and Brahman crossbred steer were labelled with51Cr and125I respectively. The radioactivity levels were subsequently maintained as constant as feasible by injecting the steers with calculated amounts of the appropriate labelled material on 3 consecutive days. The steers had previously been heavily infested withBoophilus microplusto ensure that all stages in the parasite's life-cycle would be present during the 4-day period, when the steers were being treated with isotopes.Various stages ofB. micropluslarvae, nymphs and adults were collected and the uptake of red cells and plasma at each stage assessed by radioassay. In certain calculations, corrections were made for the uptake of blood fractions before the animals were made radioactive.A relationship between the weight of the tick and its dietary intake was established. At all the stages of larval and nymphal feeding the plasma content of the diet was greater than that of the host blood. However, erythrocytes were detectable even in the earliest larval stages examined. Dropped fully engorged adult females contained more red cells per individual, and generally also more plasma, than engorged ticks removed from the host.Fully engorged adult females took up as much as twice their own weight of blood components, but in none of the earlier stages did the tick concentrate its blood meal.No obvious differences could be demonstrated statistically between the behaviour of the parasites on the two hosts. However, indications are that recently attached larvae took up more erythrocytes from the British animal.We wish to thank Messrs A. K. Duffield, A. J. Short, B. Wilson, and Miss S. J. Shepherd, for skilful technical assistance.
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Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ. Using applied research to reduce uncertainty in health risk assessment: Five case studies involving human exposure to chromium in soil and groundwater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent L. Finley
- a Chemrisk® Division , McLaren/Hart, Inc. , 29225 Chagrin Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio, 44122
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Afolaranmi GA, Tettey JN, Gaylor JD, Murray HM, Meek RD, Grant MH. Uptake of chromium into red blood cells does not affect the ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen. Toxicology 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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LITTLE M, GAWKRODGER D, MACNEIL S. Chromium- and nickel-induced cytotoxicity in normal and transformed human keratinocytes: an investigation of pharmacological approaches to the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Afolaranmi G, Tettey J, Meek R, Grant M. Release of chromium from orthopaedic arthroplasties. Open Orthop J 2008; 2:10-8. [PMID: 19461924 PMCID: PMC2685051 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000802010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many orthopaedic implants are composed of alloys containing chromium. Of particular relevance is the increasing number of Cobalt Chromium bearing arthroplasies being inserted into young patients with osteoarthritis. Such implants will release chromium ions. These patients will be exposed to the released chromium for over 50 years in some cases. The subsequent chromium ion metabolism and redistribution in fluid and tissue compartments is complex. In addition, the potential biological effects of chromium are also controversial, including DNA and chromosomal damage, reduction in CD8 lymphocyte levels and possible hypersensitivity reactions (ALVAL). The establishment of these issues and the measurement of chromium in biological fluids is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Tettey
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
| | - R.M.D Meek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - M.H Grant
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, UK
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Silberstein EB. Nuclear Hematology. Clin Nucl Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-28026-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Metabolism of the carcinogen chromate by cellular constituents. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Accurate individual norms are required for blood volume measurement to be useful in a clinical setting. The primary physiological determinant of normal blood volume is body composition. Norms have been developed based on weight and body surface area, but these have systematic errors arising from variations in body composition or body size. The only norm that specifically estimates body composition uses deviation from ideal weight. A clinically useful norm must also include a normal range that is sufficiently sensitive and specific. The ultimate test of a norm's effectiveness is how it relates to known physiological factors or outcomes in a clinical or research setting. When tested in relation to outcome results from previously published clinical studies, norms utilizing deviation from ideal weight provide the most accurate categorization of blood volume status.
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WASSERMAN M, RUBIN H. True Red Blood Cell Survival with Radiochromium by Correcting for Percentage of Activity not Bound to Hemoglobin. Demonstration of two Erythrocyte Populations in Normals and in Thalassemia Minor. Erythropoiesis and the Thalassemia Trait. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 119:586-606. [PMID: 14219437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb54059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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JACOBSON LO, GOLDWASSER E, GURNEY CW, FRIED W, PLZAK L. STUDIES OF ERYTHROPOIETIN: THE HORMONE REGULATING RED CELL PRODUCTION. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 77:551-73. [PMID: 14406418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb36925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Sakurai H, Tachikawa T, Shimomura S. Interaction of Chromium with Thiol-Containing Proteins Evidence for The Formation of Trivalent Chromium. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032717808059740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sedman RM, Beaumont J, McDonald TA, Reynolds S, Krowech G, Howd R. Review of the evidence regarding the carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium in drinking water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2006; 24:155-82. [PMID: 16690539 DOI: 10.1080/10590500600614337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent analyses have revealed that 38% of municipal sources of drinking water in California have detectable levels of hexavalent chromium. This observation provided new impetus to characterize the carcinogenic risk associated with oral exposure to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Notwithstanding the well-characterized increases in cancer associated with inhalation exposure to this chemical, the marked reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium in the stomach suggests that exposure to hexavalent chromium in drinking water may not pose a carcinogenic risk. A reevaluation of studies that investigated the toxicokinetics, the genotoxicity, and the mechanism of carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium, as well as the available human and animal cancer studies, was undertaken to determine if there is evidence that exposure to this chemical in drinking water may pose a carcinogenic risk. Mechanistic studies suggest the potential for a carcinogenic response if hexavalent chromium enters cells. Both toxicokinetic and genotoxicity studies indicate that a portion of an orally administered dose of hexavalent chromium is absorbed and gets into cells of several tissues, causing DNA damage. The only lifetime oral study of hexavalent chromium in animals conducted thus far yielded a statistically significant increase in stomach tumors compared to controls. Also, in a limited-term cancer study, co-exposure to hexavalent chromium in drinking water and ultraviolet light produced skin tumors in mice. The only available cancer study of humans exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water revealed a statistically significant increase in stomach tumors. Moreover, a meta-analysis of occupational studies also revealed a statistically significant increase in stomach cancers. The increases in stomach tumors in both human and animal studies, along with the toxicokinetic, genotoxic, and mechanistic data, suggest that oral exposure to this agent appears to pose a carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Sedman
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Williams KA. Measurement of ventricular function with scintigraphic techniques: part I-imaging hardware, radiopharmaceuticals, and first-pass radionuclide angiography. J Nucl Cardiol 2005; 12:86-95. [PMID: 15682369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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STERLING K. The turnover rate of serum albumin in man as measured by I131-tagged albumin. J Clin Invest 2004; 30:1228-37. [PMID: 14888700 PMCID: PMC436365 DOI: 10.1172/jci102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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STERLING K, GRAY SJ. Determination of the circulating red cell volume in man by radioactive chromium. J Clin Invest 2004; 29:1614-9. [PMID: 14794791 PMCID: PMC436213 DOI: 10.1172/jci102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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