1
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Ma L, Luo K, Liu Z, Ji M. Stain-Free Histopathology with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7907-7925. [PMID: 38713830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Yu Q, Yao Z, Zhou J, Yu W, Zhuang C, Qi Y, Xiong H. Transient stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:70. [PMID: 38453917 PMCID: PMC10920877 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has been developed as an essential quantitative contrast for chemical imaging in recent years. However, while spectral lines near the natural linewidth limit can be routinely achieved by state-of-the-art spontaneous Raman microscopes, spectral broadening is inevitable for current mainstream SRS imaging methods. This is because those SRS signals are all measured in the frequency domain. There is a compromise between sensitivity and spectral resolution: as the nonlinear process benefits from pulsed excitations, the fundamental time-energy uncertainty limits the spectral resolution. Besides, the spectral range and acquisition speed are mutually restricted. Here we report transient stimulated Raman scattering (T-SRS), an alternative time-domain strategy that bypasses all these fundamental conjugations. T-SRS is achieved by quantum coherence manipulation: we encode the vibrational oscillations in the stimulated Raman loss (SRL) signal by femtosecond pulse-pair sequence excited vibrational wave packet interference. The Raman spectrum was then achieved by Fourier transform of the time-domain SRL signal. Since all Raman modes are impulsively and simultaneously excited, T-SRS features the natural-linewidth-limit spectral line shapes, laser-bandwidth-determined spectral range, and improved sensitivity. With ~150-fs laser pulses, we boost the sensitivity of typical Raman modes to the sub-mM level. With all-plane-mirror high-speed time-delay scanning, we further demonstrated hyperspectral SRS imaging of live-cell metabolism and high-density multiplexed imaging with the natural-linewidth-limit spectral resolution. T-SRS shall find valuable applications for advanced Raman imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Yu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhengjian Yao
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chenjie Zhuang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yafeng Qi
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hanqing Xiong
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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3
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Zhu H, Chen B, Yakovlev VV, Zhang D. Time-resolved vibrational dynamics: Novel opportunities for sensing and imaging. Talanta 2024; 266:125046. [PMID: 37595525 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of time-resolved spectroscopies has resulted in significant advancements across numerous scientific disciplines, particularly those concerned with molecular electronic states. However, the intricacy of molecular vibrational spectroscopies, which provide comprehensive molecular-level information within complex structures, has presented considerable challenges due to the ultrashort dephasing time. Over recent decades, an increasing focus has been placed on exploring the temporal progression of bond vibrations, thereby facilitating an improved understanding of energy redistribution within and between molecules. This review article focuses on an array of time-resolved detection methodologies, each distinguished by unique technological attributes that offer exclusive capabilities for investigating the physical phenomena propelled by molecular vibrational dynamics. In summary, time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy emerges as a potent instrument for deciphering the dynamic behavior of molecules. Its potential for driving future progress across fields as diverse as biology and materials science is substantial, marking a promising future for this innovative tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
| | - Vladislav V Yakovlev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Delong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, and Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310028, China.
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4
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Zhang J, Lin H, Xu J, Zhang M, Ge X, Zhang C, Huang WE, Cheng JX. High-throughput single-cell sorting by stimulated Raman-activated cell ejection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562526. [PMID: 37904930 PMCID: PMC10614813 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell sorting is essential to explore cellular heterogeneity in biology and medicine. Recently developed Raman-activated cell sorting (RACS) circumvents the limitations of fluorescence-activated cell sorting, such as the cytotoxicity of labels. However, the sorting throughputs of all forms of RACS are limited by the intrinsically small cross-section of spontaneous Raman scattering. Here, we report a stimulated Raman-activated cell ejection (S-RACE) platform that enables high-throughput single-cell sorting based on high-resolution multi-channel stimulated Raman chemical imaging, in situ image decomposition, and laser-induced cell ejection. The performance of this platform was illustrated by sorting a mixture of 1 μm polymer beads, where 95% yield, 98% purity, and 14 events per second throughput were achieved. Notably, our platform allows live cell ejection, allowing for the growth of single colonies of bacteria and fungi after sorting. To further illustrate the chemical selectivity, lipid-rich Rhodotorula glutinis cells were successfully sorted from a mixture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, confirmed by downstream quantitative PCR. Furthermore, by integrating a closed-loop feedback control circuit into the system, we realized real-time single-cell imaging and sorting, and applied this method to precisely eject regions of interest from a rat brain tissue section. The reported S-RACE platform opens exciting opportunities for a wide range of single-cell applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Meng Zhang
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wei E. Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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5
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Huang GJ, Li CW, Lee PY, Su JX, Chao KC, Chu LA, Chiang AS, Cheng JX, Chen BH, Lu CH, Chu SW, Yang SD. Electronic Preresonance Stimulated Raman Scattering Spectromicroscopy Using Multiple-Plate Continuum. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6896-6902. [PMID: 37494414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectromicroscopy is a powerful technique that enables label-free detection of chemical bonds with high specificity. However, the low Raman cross section due to typical far-electronic resonance excitation seriously restricts the sensitivity and undermines its application to bio-imaging. To address this bottleneck, the electronic preresonance (EPR) SRS technique has been developed to enhance the Raman signals by shifting the excitation frequency toward the molecular absorption. A fundamental weakness of the previous demonstration is the lack of dual-wavelength tunability, making EPR-SRS only applicable to a limited number of species in the proof-of-concept experiment. Here, we demonstrate the EPR-SRS spectromicroscopy using a multiple-plate continuum (MPC) light source able to examine a single vibration mode with independently adjustable pump and Stokes wavelengths. In our experiments, the C═C vibration mode of Alexa 635 is interrogated by continuously scanning the pump-to-absorption frequency detuning throughout the entire EPR region enabled by MPC. The results exhibit 150-fold SRS signal enhancement and good agreement with the Albrecht A-term preresonance model. Signal enhancement is also observed in EPR-SRS images of the whole Drosophila brain stained with Alexa 635. With the improved sensitivity and potential to implement hyperspectral measurement, we envision that MPC-EPR-SRS spectromicroscopy can bring the Raman techniques closer to a routine in bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jie Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Li
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Xuan Su
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Chao
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Li-An Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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6
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Grassi E, Laptenok SP, Genchi L, Serdaroglu A, Liberale C. Frequency-modulation stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with an acousto-optic tunable filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18290-18299. [PMID: 37381542 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is increasingly employed for highly specific, label-free, and high-speed bioimaging. Despite its benefits, SRS is susceptible to spurious background signals caused by competing effects, which lower the possible imaging contrast and sensitivity. An efficient approach to suppress these undesired background signals is frequency-modulation (FM) SRS, which exploits the competing effects' weak spectral dependence compared to the SRS signal's high spectral specificity. We propose an FM-SRS scheme realized with an acousto-optic tunable filter, which presents a few advantages compared to other solutions presented in the literature. In particular, it can perform automated measurements from the fingerprint to the CH-stretching region of the vibrational spectrum without any manual adjustment of the optical setup. Moreover, it allows simple all-electronic control of the spectral separation and relative intensities of the pair of probed wavenumbers.
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Fang W, Zhu H, Ye C, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Spatial sterol metabolism unveiled by stimulated Raman imaging. Front Chem 2023; 11:1166313. [PMID: 37065823 PMCID: PMC10090450 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractHigh-resolution stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of a genetically engineered model (GEM) enables metabolite imaging in a yeast model and uncovers an unexpected regulatory mechanism of sterol metabolism, providing new insights underpinning the distributional and functional importance of sterol in cells. SRS-GEM demonstrates a promising platform to explore unknown metabolic mechanisms beyond the reach of conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Delong Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cunqi Ye, ; Delong Zhang, ; Hyeon Jeong Lee,
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8
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Wallmeier K, Würthwein T, Lemberger N, Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Fallnich C. Frequency modulation stimulated Raman scattering scheme for real-time background correction with a single light source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:315-325. [PMID: 36698676 PMCID: PMC9841997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.476513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A frequency modulation (FM) scheme for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is presented with a single fiber-based light source. Pulse-to-pulse wavelength-switching allows real-time subtraction of parasitic signals leaving only the resonant SRS signal with a noise reduction of up to 30 % compared to digital subtraction schemes, leading effectively to a contrast improvement by a factor of up to 8.3. The wide tuning range of the light source from 1500 cm-1 to 3000 cm-1 and the possibility to separately adjust the resonant and the nonresonant wavenumber for every specimen allow to investigate a variety of samples with high contrast and high signal-to-noise ratio, e. g., for medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wallmeier
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Würthwein
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nick Lemberger
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Tim Hellwig
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Fallnich
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Münster, Germany
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9
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Lin P, Li C, Flores-Valle A, Wang Z, Zhang M, Cheng R, Cheng JX. Tilt-angle stimulated Raman projection tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:37112-37123. [PMID: 36258628 PMCID: PMC9662602 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman projection tomography is a label-free volumetric chemical imaging technology allowing three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of chemical distribution in a biological sample from the angle-dependent stimulated Raman scattering projection images. However, the projection image acquisition process requires rotating the sample contained in a capillary glass held by a complicated sample rotation stage, limiting the volumetric imaging speed, and inhibiting the study of living samples. Here, we report a tilt-angle stimulated Raman projection tomography (TSPRT) system which acquires angle-dependent projection images by utilizing tilt-angle beams to image the sample from different azimuth angles sequentially. The TSRPT system, which is free of sample rotation, enables rapid scanning of different views by a tailor-designed four-galvo-mirror scanning system. We present the design of the optical system, the theory, and calibration procedure for chemical tomographic reconstruction. 3D vibrational images of polystyrene beads and C. elegans are demonstrated in the C-H vibrational region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andres Flores-Valle
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior–caesar (MPINB), Bonn, Germany, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Zian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Chemistry,
Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry,
Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center,
Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Liu R, Ma Y, Ji L, Qiu L, Ji M, Tao Z, Wu S. Composite acousto-optical modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27780-27793. [PMID: 36236941 DOI: 10.1364/oe.445719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a composite acousto-optical modulation (AOM) scheme for wide-band, efficient modulation of CW and pulsed lasers. We show that by adjusting the amplitudes and phases of weakly-driven daughter AOMs, diffraction beyond the Bragg condition can be achieved with exceptional efficiencies. Furthermore, by imaging pairs of AOMs with opposite directions of sound-wave propagation, high contrast switching of output orders can be achieved at the driving radio frequency (rf) limit, thereby enabling efficient bidirectional routing of a synchronized mode-locked laser. Here we demonstrate a simplest example of such scheme with a double-AOM setup for efficient diffraction across an octave of rf bandwidth, and for routing a mode-locked pulse train with up to frep = 400 MHz repetition rate. We discuss extension of the composite scheme toward multi-path routing and time-domain multiplexing, so as to individually shape each pulses of ultrafast lasers for novel quantum control applications.
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11
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Ge X, Pereira FC, Mitteregger M, Berry D, Zhang M, Hausmann B, Zhang J, Schintlmeister A, Wagner M, Cheng JX. SRS-FISH: A high-throughput platform linking microbiome metabolism to identity at the single-cell level. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203519119. [PMID: 35727976 PMCID: PMC9245642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203519119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in microbiome research in environmental and medical samples is to better understand functional properties of microbial community members at a single-cell level. Single-cell isotope probing has become a key tool for this purpose, but the current detection methods for determination of isotope incorporation into single cells do not allow high-throughput analyses. Here, we report on the development of an imaging-based approach termed stimulated Raman scattering-two-photon fluorescence in situ hybridization (SRS-FISH) for high-throughput metabolism and identity analyses of microbial communities with single-cell resolution. SRS-FISH offers an imaging speed of 10 to 100 ms per cell, which is two to three orders of magnitude faster than achievable by state-of-the-art methods. Using this technique, we delineated metabolic responses of 30,000 individual cells to various mucosal sugars in the human gut microbiome via incorporation of deuterium from heavy water as an activity marker. Application of SRS-FISH to investigate the utilization of host-derived nutrients by two major human gut microbiome taxa revealed that response to mucosal sugars tends to be dominated by Bacteroidales, with an unexpected finding that Clostridia can outperform Bacteroidales at foraging fucose. With high sensitivity and speed, SRS-FISH will enable researchers to probe the fine-scale temporal, spatial, and individual activity patterns of microbial cells in complex communities with unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ge
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Fátima C. Pereira
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mitteregger
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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12
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Manifold B, Fu D. Quantitative Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy: Promises and Pitfalls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:269-289. [PMID: 35300525 PMCID: PMC10083020 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its first demonstration, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has become a powerful chemical imaging tool that shows promise in numerous biological and biomedical applications. The spectroscopic capability of SRS enables identification and tracking of specific molecules or classes of molecules, often without labeling. SRS microscopy also has the hallmark advantage of signal strength that is directly proportional to molecular concentration, allowing for in situ quantitative analysis of chemical composition of heterogeneous samples with submicron spatial resolution and subminute temporal resolution. However, it is important to recognize that quantification through SRS microscopy requires assumptions regarding both system and sample. Such assumptions are often taken axiomatically, which may lead to erroneous conclusions without proper validation. In this review, we focus on the tacitly accepted, yet complex, quantitative aspect of SRS microscopy. We discuss the various approaches to quantitative analysis, examples of such approaches, challenges in different systems, and potential solutions. Through our examination of published literature, we conclude that a scrupulous approach to experimental design can further expand the powerful and incisive quantitative capabilities of SRS microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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13
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Brzozowski K, Matuszyk E, Pieczara A, Firlej J, Nowakowska AM, Baranska M. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy in chemistry and life science - Development, innovation, perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108003. [PMID: 35690271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present a summary of the basics of the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) phenomenon, methods of detecting the signal, and collection of the SRS images. We demonstrate the advantages of SRS imaging, and recent developments, but also the limitations, especially in image capture speeds and spatial resolution. We also compare the use of SRS microscopy in biological system studies with other techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, second-harmonic generation (SHG)-based microscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and spontaneous Raman, and we show the compatibility of SRS-based systems with other discussed methods. The review is also focused on indicating innovations in SRS microscopy, on the background of which we present the layout and performance of our homemade setup built from commercially available elements enabling for imaging of the molecular structure of single cells over the spectral range of 800-3600 cm-1. Methods of image analysis are discussed, including machine learning methods for obtaining images of the distribution of selected molecules and for the detection of pathological lesions in tissues or malignant cells in the context of clinical diagnosis of a wide range of diseases with the use of SRS microscopy. Finally, perspectives for the development of SRS microscopy are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - E Matuszyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pieczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Firlej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A M Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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14
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Koike K, Smith NI, Fujita K. Spectral focusing in picosecond pulsed stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:995-1004. [PMID: 35284158 PMCID: PMC8884224 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce spectral focusing of picosecond laser pulses in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to improve spectral resolution, reduce nonlinear background signals, and decrease nonlinear photodamage. We produce a pair of 14 ps pump and Stokes laser pulses by spectral focusing of a 2 ps laser and achieve a spectral resolution of 2 cm-1. Due to instantaneous narrow-band excitation, we find that the chirped 14 ps laser pulses can be used to improve the signal-to-background ratio in SRS microscopy of various samples such as polymer particles and small molecules in HeLa cells. The lower peak powers produced by chirped picosecond laser pulses also reduce nonlinear photodamage, allowing long-term SRS imaging of living cells with higher SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Koike
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicholas I. Smith
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Heuke S, Rimke I, Sarri B, Gasecka P, Appay R, Legoff L, Volz P, Büttner E, Rigneault H. Shot-noise limited tunable dual-vibrational frequency stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7780-7789. [PMID: 35003866 PMCID: PMC8713670 DOI: 10.1364/boe.446348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a shot-noise limited SRS implementation providing a >200 mW per excitation wavelength that is optimized for addressing two molecular vibrations simultaneously. As the key to producing a 3 ps laser of different colors out of a single fs-laser (15 nm FWHM), we use ultra-steep angle-tunable optical filters to extract 2 narrow-band Stokes laser beams (1-2 nm & 1-2 ps), which are separated by 100 cm-1. The center part of the fs-laser is frequency doubled to pump an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The temporal width of the OPO's output (1 ps) is matched to the Stokes beams and can be tuned from 650-980 nm to address simultaneously two Raman shifts separated by 100 cm-1 that are located between 500 cm-1 and 5000 cm-1. We demonstrate background-free SRS imaging of C-D labeled biological samples (bacteria and Drosophila). Furthermore, high quality virtual stimulated Raman histology imaging of a brain adenocarcinoma is shown for pixel dwell times of 16 µs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Heuke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- contributed equally to this work
| | - Ingo Rimke
- APE Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- contributed equally to this work
| | - Barbara Sarri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Lightcore Technologies, Cannes, France
| | - Paulina Gasecka
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Appay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service d’Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Loic Legoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Volz
- APE Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edlef Büttner
- APE Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Rigneault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Lightcore Technologies, Cannes, France
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16
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Ni H, Lin P, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Tan Y, Zhan Y, Wang Z, Cheng JX. Multiwindow SRS Imaging Using a Rapid Widely Tunable Fiber Laser. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15703-15711. [PMID: 34787995 PMCID: PMC9713687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging has become a useful tool finding a broad range of applications. Yet, wider adoption is hindered by the bulky and environmentally sensitive solid-state optical parametric oscillator (OPO) in a current SRS microscope. Moreover, chemically informative multiwindow SRS imaging across C-H, C-D, and fingerprint Raman regions is challenging due to the slow wavelength tuning speed of the solid-state OPO. In this work, we present a multiwindow SRS imaging system based on a compact and robust fiber laser with rapid and wide tuning capability. To address the relative intensity noise intrinsic to a fiber laser, we implemented autobalanced detection, which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of stimulated Raman loss imaging by 23 times. We demonstrate high-quality SRS metabolic imaging of fungi, cancer cells, and Caenorhabditis elegans across the C-H, C-D, and fingerprint Raman windows. Our results showcase the potential of the compact multiwindow SRS system for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuying Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuewei Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Centre, Boston University, 8 St. Mary’s St., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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17
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Ito T, Iguchi R, Matsuoka F, Nishi Y, Ogihara T, Misawa K. Label-free skin penetration analysis using time-resolved, phase-modulated stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6545-6557. [PMID: 34745755 PMCID: PMC8548008 DOI: 10.1364/boe.436142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin penetration analysis of topically applied drugs or active compounds is essential in biomedical applications. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a promising label-free skin penetration analysis tool. However, conventional SRS microcopy suffers from limited signal contrast owing to strong background signals, which prevents its use in low-concentration drug imaging. Here, we present a skin penetration analysis method of topical agents using recently developed phase-modulated SRS (PM-SRS) microscopy. PM-SRS uses phase modulation and time-resolved signal detection to suppress both nonlinear background signals and Raman background signals from a tissue. A proof-of-concept experiment with a topically applied skin moisturizing agent (ectoine) in an in vitro skin tissue model revealed that PM-SRS with 1.7-ps probe delay yields a signal contrast 40 times higher than that of conventional amplitude-modulated SRS (AM-SRS). Skin penetration measurement of a topical therapeutic drug (loxoprofen sodium) showed that the mean drug concentration at the tissue surface layer after 240 min was 47.3 ± 4.8 mM. The proposed PM-SRS microscopy can be employed to monitor the spatial and temporal pharmacokinetics of small molecules in the millimolar concentration regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Ito
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Risa Iguchi
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Matsuoka
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yoji Nishi
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ogihara
- Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd., 1-13-7 Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Misawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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18
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Zhang C, Aldana-Mendoza JA. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy for chemical imaging of biological systems. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abfd09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) processes, including both the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have been utilized in state-of-the-art microscopy platforms for chemical imaging of biological samples. The key advantage of CRS microscopy over fluorescence microscopy is label-free, which is an attractive characteristic for modern biological and medical sciences. Besides, CRS has other advantages such as higher selectivity to metabolites, no photobleaching, and narrow peak width. These features have brought fast-growing attention to CRS microscopy in biological research. In this review article, we will first briefly introduce the history of CRS microscopy, and then explain the theoretical background of the CRS processes in detail using the classical approach. Next, we will cover major instrumentation techniques of CRS microscopy. Finally, we will enumerate examples of recent applications of CRS imaging in biological and medical sciences.
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19
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Xiong H, Qian N, Miao Y, Zhao Z, Chen C, Min W. Super-resolution vibrational microscopy by stimulated Raman excited fluorescence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:87. [PMID: 33879766 PMCID: PMC8058038 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the revolutionary impact of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, super-resolution Raman imaging has been long pursued because of its much higher chemical specificity than the fluorescence counterpart. However, vibrational contrasts are intrinsically less sensitive compared with fluorescence, resulting in only mild resolution enhancement beyond the diffraction limit even with strong laser excitation power. As such, it is still a great challenge to achieve biocompatible super-resolution vibrational imaging in the optical far-field. In 2019 Stimulated Raman Excited Fluorescence (SREF) was discovered as an ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and the superb sensitivity of fluorescence detection. Herein we developed a novel super-resolution vibrational imaging method by harnessing SREF as the contrast mechanism. We first identified the undesired role of anti-Stokes fluorescence background in preventing direct adoption of super-resolution fluorescence technique. We then devised a frequency-modulation (FM) strategy to remove the broadband backgrounds and achieved high-contrast SREF imaging. Assisted by newly synthesized SREF dyes, we realized multicolor FM-SREF imaging with nanometer spectral resolution. Finally, by integrating stimulated emission depletion (STED) with background-free FM-SREF, we accomplished high-contrast super-resolution vibrational imaging with STED-FM-SREF whose spatial resolution is only determined by the signal-to-noise ratio. In our proof-of-principle demonstration, more than two times of resolution improvement is achieved in biological systems with moderate laser excitation power, which shall be further refined with optimized instrumentation and imaging probes. With its super resolution, high sensitivity, vibrational contrast, and mild laser excitation power, STED-FM-SREF microscopy is envisioned to aid a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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20
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Lee D, Qian C, Wang H, Li L, Miao K, Du J, Shcherbakova DM, Verkhusha VV, Wang LV, Wei L. Toward photoswitchable electronic pre-resonance stimulated Raman probes. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:135102. [PMID: 33832245 PMCID: PMC8019356 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversibly photoswitchable probes allow for a wide variety of optical imaging applications. In particular, photoswitchable fluorescent probes have significantly facilitated the development of super-resolution microscopy. Recently, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging, a sensitive and chemical-specific optical microscopy, has proven to be a powerful live-cell imaging strategy. Driven by the advances of newly developed Raman probes, in particular the pre-resonance enhanced narrow-band vibrational probes, electronic pre-resonance SRS (epr-SRS) has achieved super-multiplex imaging with sensitivity down to 250 nM and multiplexity up to 24 colors. However, despite the high demand, photoswitchable Raman probes have yet to be developed. Here, we propose a general strategy for devising photoswitchable epr-SRS probes. Toward this goal, we exploit the molecular electronic and vibrational coupling, in which we switch the electronic states of the molecules to four different states to turn their ground-state epr-SRS signals on and off. First, we showed that inducing transitions to both the electronic excited state and triplet state can effectively diminish the SRS peaks. Second, we revealed that the epr-SRS signals can be effectively switched off in red-absorbing organic molecules through light-facilitated transitions to a reduced state. Third, we identified that photoswitchable proteins with near-infrared photoswitchable absorbance, whose states are modulable with their electronic resonances detunable toward and away from the pump photon energy, can function as the photoswitchable epr-SRS probes with desirable sensitivity (<1 µM) and low photofatigue (>40 cycles). These photophysical characterizations and proof-of-concept demonstrations should advance the development of novel photoswitchable Raman probes and open up the unexplored Raman imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkwan Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Chenxi Qian
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Kun Miao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jiajun Du
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Daria M. Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | - Lihong V. Wang
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lu Wei
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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21
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Jiang J, Grass D, Zhou Y, Warren WS, Fischer MC. Beyond intensity modulation: new approaches to pump-probe microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1474-1477. [PMID: 33720215 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe microscopy is an emerging nonlinear imaging technique based on high repetition rate lasers and fast intensity modulation. Here, we present new methods for pump-probe microscopy that keep the beam intensity constant and instead modulate the inter-pulse time delay or the relative polarization. These techniques can improve image quality for samples that have poor heat dissipation or long-lived radiative states and can selectively address nonlinear interactions in the sample. We experimentally demonstrate this approach and point out the advantages over conventional intensity modulation.
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22
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Reynkens K, Clemmen S, Zhao H, Raza A, Vanackere T, Stassen A, Van Daele M, Dendooven J, Baets R. Gold-induced photothermal background in on-chip surface enhanced stimulated Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:953-956. [PMID: 33649629 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) are well established techniques capable of boosting the strength of Raman scattering. The combination of both techniques (surface enhanced stimulated Raman spectroscopy, or SE-SRS) has been reported using plasmonic nanoparticles. In parallel, waveguide enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been developed using nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic waveguides. Here, we explore SE-SRS in nanoplasmonic waveguides. We demonstrate that a combined photothermal and thermo-optic effect in the gold material induces a strong background signal that limits the detection limit for the analyte. The experimental results are in line with theoretical estimates. We propose several methods to reduce or counteract this background.
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23
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Lee M, Herrington CS, Ravindra M, Sepp K, Davies A, Hulme AN, Brunton VG. Recent advances in the use of stimulated Raman scattering in histopathology. Analyst 2021; 146:789-802. [PMID: 33393954 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman histopathology (SRH) utilises the intrinsic vibrational properties of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids to generate contrast providing rapid image acquisition that allows visualisation of histopathological features. It is currently being trialled in the intraoperative setting, where the ability to image unprocessed samples rapidly and with high resolution offers several potential advantages over the use of conventional haematoxylin and eosin stained images. Here we review recent advances in the field including new updates in instrumentation and computer aided diagnosis. We also discuss how other non-linear modalities can be used to provide additional diagnostic contrast which together pave the way for enhanced histopathology and open up possibilities for in vivo pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Manasa Ravindra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Kristel Sepp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK. and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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24
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Heuke S, Rigneault H, Sentenac A. 3D-coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering Fourier ptychography tomography (CARS-FPT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:4230-4239. [PMID: 33771007 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fourier ptychography tomography (FPT) is a novel computational technique for coherent imaging in which the sample is numerically reconstructed from images acquired under various illumination directions. FPT is able to provide three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the complex sample permittivity with an increased resolution compared to standard microscopy. In this work, FPT is applied to coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging. We show on synthetic data that complex third-order susceptibilities can be reconstructed in 3D from a limited number of widefield CARS images. In addition, we observe that the non-linear interaction increases significantly the potential of CARS-FPT compared to linear FPT in terms of resolution. In particular, with a careful choice of the pump and Stokes beam directions, CARS-FPT is able to provide optical sectioning even in transmission configuration.
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25
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Zong C, Xie Y, Zhang M, Huang Y, Yang C, Cheng JX. Plasmon-enhanced coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering vs plasmon-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering: Comparison of line shape and enhancement factor. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:034201. [PMID: 33499625 PMCID: PMC7816769 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced coherent Raman scattering microscopy has reached single-molecule detection sensitivity. Due to the different driven fields, there are significant differences between a coherent Raman scattering process and its plasmon-enhanced derivative. The commonly accepted line shapes for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering do not hold for the plasmon-enhanced condition. Here, we present a theoretical model that describes the spectral line shapes in plasmon-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (PECARS). Experimentally, we measured PECARS and plasmon-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering (PESRS) spectra of 4-mercaptopyridine adsorbed on the self-assembled Au nanoparticle (NP) substrate and aggregated Au NP colloids. The PECARS spectra show a nondispersive line shape, while the PESRS spectra exhibit a dispersive line shape. PECARS shows a higher signal to noise ratio and a larger enhancement factor than PESRS from the same specimen. It is verified that the nonresonant background in PECARS originates from the photoluminescence of nanostructures. The decoupling of background and the vibrational resonance component results in the nondispersive line shape in PECARS. More local electric field enhancements are involved in the PECARS process than in PESRS, which results in a higher enhancement factor in PECARS. The current work provides new insight into the mechanism of plasmon-enhanced coherent Raman scattering and helps to optimize the experimental design for ultrasensitive chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yurun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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26
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Li Y, Shen B, Li S, Zhao Y, Qu J, Liu L. Review of Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Techniques and Applications in the Biosciences. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2020; 5:e2000184. [PMID: 33724734 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical imaging method for visualizing chemical content based on molecular vibrational bonds. Featuring high speed, high resolution, high sensitivity, high accuracy, and 3D sectioning, SRS microscopy has made tremendous progress toward biochemical information acquisition, cellular function investigation, and label-free medical diagnosis in the biosciences. In this review, the principle of SRS, system design, and data analysis are introduced, and the current innovations of the SRS system are reviewed. In particular, combined with various bio-orthogonal Raman tags, the applications of SRS microscopy in cell metabolism, tumor diagnosis, neuroscience, drug tracking, and microbial detection are briefly examined. The future prospects for SRS microscopy are also shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Binglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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27
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Lang X, Welsher K. Mapping solvation heterogeneity in live cells by hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:174201. [PMID: 32384848 DOI: 10.1063/1.5141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Water provides a dynamic matrix in which all biochemical processes occur in living organisms. The structure and dynamics of intracellular water constitute the cornerstone for understanding all aspects of cellular function. Fundamentally, direct visualization of subcellular solvation heterogeneity is essential but remains challenging with commonly used nuclear magnetic resonance methods due to poor spatial resolution. To explore this question, we demonstrate a vibrational-shift imaging approach by combining the spectral-focusing hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering technique with an environmentally sensitive nitrile probe. The sensing ability of a near-infrared nitrile-containing molecule is validated in the solution phase, microscopic droplets, and cellular environments. Finally, we quantitatively measure the subcellular solvation variance between the cytoplasm (29.5%, S.E. 1.8%) and the nucleus (57.3%, S.E. 1.0%), which is in good agreement with previous studies. This work sheds light on heterogeneous solvation in live systems using coherent Raman microscopy and opens up new avenues to explore environmental variance in complex systems with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kevin Welsher
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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28
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Lombardini A, Berto P, Duboisset J, Andresen ER, Heuke S, Büttner E, Rimke I, Vergnole S, Shinkar V, de Bettignies P, Rigneault H. Background-suppressed SRS fingerprint imaging with a fully integrated system using a single optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14490-14502. [PMID: 32403488 PMCID: PMC7340376 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) imaging can be hampered by non-resonant parasitic signals that lead to imaging artifacts and eventually overwhelm the Raman signal of interest. Stimulated Raman gain opposite loss detection (SRGOLD) is a three-beam excitation scheme capable of suppressing this nonlinear background while enhancing the resonant Raman signal. We present here a compact electro-optical system for SRGOLD excitation which conveniently exploits the idler beam generated by an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). We demonstrate its successful application for background suppressed SRS imaging in the fingerprint region. This system constitutes a simple and valuable add-on for standard coherent Raman laser sources since it enables flexible excitation and background suppression in SRS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lombardini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Institut de la vision, CNRS-UMR 7210, Paris, France
| | - Julien Duboisset
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Esben Ravn Andresen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 – PhLAM – Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molecules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandro Heuke
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edlef Büttner
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 – PhLAM – Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molecules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ingo Rimke
- APE Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Haus N, Plauener Str. 163-165, D-13053 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vasyl Shinkar
- HORIBA Scientific 231 rue de Lille F-59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | | | - Hervé Rigneault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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29
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Xiong H, Qian N, Zhao Z, Shi L, Miao Y, Min W. Background-free imaging of chemical bonds by a simple and robust frequency-modulated stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15663-15677. [PMID: 32403589 PMCID: PMC7340375 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Being able to image chemical bonds with high sensitivity and speed, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has made a major impact in biomedical optics. However, it is well known that the standard SRS microscopy suffers from various backgrounds, limiting the achievable contrast, quantification and sensitivity. While many frequency-modulation (FM) SRS schemes have been demonstrated to retrieve the sharp vibrational contrast, they often require customized laser systems and/or complicated laser pulse shaping or introduce additional noise, thereby hindering wide adoption. Herein we report a simple but robust strategy for FM-SRS microscopy based on a popular commercial laser system and regular optics. Harnessing self-phase modulation induced self-balanced spectral splitting of picosecond Stokes beam propagating in standard single-mode silica fibers, a high-performance FM-SRS system is constructed without introducing any additional signal noise. Our strategy enables adaptive spectral resolution for background-free SRS imaging of Raman modes with different linewidths. The generality of our method is demonstrated on a variety of Raman modes with effective suppressing of backgrounds including non-resonant cross phase modulation and electronic background from two-photon absorption or pump-probe process. As such, our method is promising to be adopted by the SRS microscopy community for background-free chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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30
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Sepp K, Lee M, Bluntzer MTJ, Helgason GV, Hulme AN, Brunton VG. Utilizing Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy To Study Intracellular Distribution of Label-Free Ponatinib in Live Cells. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2028-2034. [PMID: 31829628 PMCID: PMC7073915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy represents a powerful method for imaging label-free drug distribution with high resolution. SRS was applied to image label-free ponatinib with high sensitivity and specificity in live human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines. This was achieved at biologically relevant, nanomolar concentrations, allowing determination of ponatinib uptake and sequestration into lysosomes during the development of acquired drug resistance and an improved understanding of target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Sepp
- Edinburgh Cancer
Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer
Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
| | - Marie T. J. Bluntzer
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - G. Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K.
| | - Alison N. Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer
Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
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31
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Menżyk A, Damin A, Martyna A, Alladio E, Vincenti M, Martra G, Zadora G. Toward a novel framework for bloodstains dating by Raman spectroscopy: How to avoid sample photodamage and subsampling errors. Talanta 2020; 209:120565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Fimpel P, Choorakuttil AJX, Pruccoli A, Ebner L, Tanaka S, Ozeki Y, Winterhalder MJ, Zumbusch A. Double modulation SRS and SREF microscopy: signal contributions under pre-resonance conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21421-21427. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double modulation of the excitation light gives quantitative insight into signal contributions in pre-resonance SRS and SREF spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fimpel
- Department Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | | | - Andrea Pruccoli
- Department Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Lukas Ebner
- Department Chemie
- Universität Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Shunji Tanaka
- Department of Electrical Engineeering and Information Systems
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineeering and Information Systems
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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33
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Zong C, Premasiri R, Lin H, Huang Y, Zhang C, Yang C, Ren B, Ziegler LD, Cheng JX. Plasmon-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with single-molecule detection sensitivity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5318. [PMID: 31754221 PMCID: PMC6872561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows for high-speed label-free chemical imaging of biomedical systems. The imaging sensitivity of SRS microscopy is limited to ~10 mM for endogenous biomolecules. Electronic pre-resonant SRS allows detection of sub-micromolar chromophores. However, label-free SRS detection of single biomolecules having extremely small Raman cross-sections (~10-30 cm2 sr-1) remains unreachable. Here, we demonstrate plasmon-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering (PESRS) microscopy with single-molecule detection sensitivity. Incorporating pico-Joule laser excitation, background subtraction, and a denoising algorithm, we obtain robust single-pixel SRS spectra exhibiting single-molecule events, verified by using two isotopologues of adenine and further confirmed by digital blinking and bleaching in the temporal domain. To demonstrate the capability of PESRS for biological applications, we utilize PESRS to map adenine released from bacteria due to starvation stress. PESRS microscopy holds the promise for ultrasensitive detection and rapid mapping of molecular events in chemical and biomedical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Ranjith Premasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Haonan Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Lawrence D Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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34
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Bae K, Zheng W, Ma Y, Huang Z. Real-Time Monitoring of Pharmacokinetics of Mitochondria-Targeting Molecules in Live Cells with Bioorthogonal Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 92:740-748. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kideog Bae
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Ying Ma
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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35
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Blat A, Dybas J, Chrabaszcz K, Bulat K, Jasztal A, Kaczmarska M, Pulyk R, Popiela T, Slowik A, Malek K, Adamski MG, Marzec KM. FTIR, Raman and AFM characterization of the clinically valid biochemical parameters of the thrombi in acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15475. [PMID: 31664105 PMCID: PMC6820737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance and utility of innovative imaging techniques in arterial clot analysis, which enable far more detailed and automated analysis compared to standard methods, are presented. The examination of two types of human thrombi is shown, representing the main ischemic stroke etiologies: fibrin–predominant clot of large vessel origin and red blood cells–rich clot of cardioembolic origin. The synergy effect of Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques supported by chemometrics in comparison with reference histological staining was presented. The main advantage of such approach refers to free–label and non–destructive quantitative imaging of clinically valid, biochemical parameters in whole sample (FTIR–low resolution) and selected regions (RS–ultra–high resolution). We may include here analysis of lipid content, its distribution and total degree of unsaturation as well as analysis of protein content (mainly fibrin and hemoproteins). The AFM studies enhanced the vibrational data, showed clearly shape and thickness of clot features as well as visualized the fibrin framework. The extraordinary sensitivity of FTIR and RS imaging toward detection and discrimination of clinically valid parameters in clot confirms its applicability in assessment of thrombi origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Blat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Chrabaszcz
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland.,Center for Medical Genomics (OMICRON), Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7c Kopernika Str., 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kaczmarska
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roman Pulyk
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 3 Botaniczna Str., 31-503, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Popiela
- Department of Neuroradiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 3 Botaniczna Str., 31-503, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Slowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 3 Botaniczna Str., 31-503, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz G Adamski
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348, Krakow, Poland. .,Center for Medical Genomics (OMICRON), Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7c Kopernika Str., 31-034, Krakow, Poland.
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36
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Hill AH, Munger E, Francis AT, Manifold B, Fu D. Frequency Modulation Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy through Polarization Encoding. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8397-8404. [PMID: 31532680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful method for imaging molecular distributions based on their intrinsic vibrational contrast. However, despite a growing list of biological applications, SRS is frequently hindered by a parasitic background signal which both overpowers the signal in low-signal applications and makes the extraction of quantitative information from images challenging. Frequency modulation (FM) has been used to suppress this parasitic background. However, many FM-SRS methods require either the acquisition of multiple images or the addition of multiple optomechanical components and an extensive realignment procedure. Herein, we report a new procedure for alignment-free FM-SRS utilizing polarization encoding. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, along with parabolic amplification of the Stokes pulse, at removing parasitic background signals in SRS microscopy applications. We further highlight how this technique can be used to suppress Raman signals from major molecular species to unveil spectral signatures from nucleic acids in both murine brain tissue and whole blood. Due to its ease of use and demonstrated experimental capabilities, we expect this technique to see broad use in the SRS microscopy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Eleanor Munger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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37
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Choi DS, Kim CH, Lee T, Nah S, Rhee H, Cho M. Vibrational spectroscopy and imaging with non-resonant coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering: double stimulated Raman scattering scheme. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:23558-23575. [PMID: 31510631 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.023558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) suppression scheme based on measuring a non-resonant CARS loss signal by three-beam (pump-Stokes-depletion) double stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) processes, which can be potentially of use for super-resolution Raman microscopy. In the converging configuration with employing both pump-depletion and Stokes-depletion SRS processes, we obtained approximately 94% suppression of non-resonant CARS signal, which is about 1.5 times more efficient than that with the parallel configuration with pump-Stokes and pump-depletion SRS processes. Such an enhanced suppression efficiency in the converging configuration results from a simultaneous loss of photons both in the pump and Stokes beams by double SRS processes, leading to an efficient suppression of the pump-Stokes-pump CARS signal. Based on the present method, we further propose two potential applications: (1) non-resonant background-free CARS imaging and (2) label-free super-resolution Raman imaging, and carry out simple numerical simulations to show their feasibility.
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38
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Abstract
Cellular imaging is an active area of research that enables researchers to monitor cellular dynamics, as well as responses to various external stimuli (physiological stress, exogenous compounds, etc.). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is one popular experimental tool used to image cells, largely because of its chemical specificity, high spatial resolution, and high image acquisition speed. In this Perspective, the theoretical background and experimental implementation of SRS microscopy are discussed and recent developments in the field of cellular imaging with SRS are highlighted and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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39
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Li X, Li Y, Jiang M, Wu W, He S, Chen C, Qin Z, Tang BZ, Mak HY, Qu JY. Quantitative Imaging of Lipid Synthesis and Lipolysis Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2279-2287. [PMID: 30589537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative methods to precisely measure cellular states in vivo have become increasingly important and desirable in modern biology. Recently, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool to visualize small biological molecules tagged with alkyne (C≡C) or carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds in the cell-silent region. In this study, we developed a technique based on SRS microscopy of vibrational tags for quantitative imaging of lipid synthesis and lipolysis in live animals. The technique aims to overcome the major limitations of conventional fluorescent staining and lipid extraction methods that do not provide the capability of in vivo quantitative analysis. Specifically, we used three bioorthogonal lipid molecules (the alkyne-tagged fatty acid 17-ODYA, deuterium-labeled saturated fatty acid PA-D31, and unsaturated fatty acid OA-D34) to investigate the metabolic dynamics of lipid droplets (LDs) in live Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans). Using a hyperspectral SRS (hsSRS) microscope and subtraction method, the interfering non-Raman background was eliminated to improve the accuracy of lipid quantification. A linear relationship between SRS signals and fatty acid molar concentrations was accurately established. With this quantitative analysis tool, we imaged and determined the changes in concentration of the three fatty acids in LDs of fed or starved adult C. elegans. Using the hsSRS imaging mode, we also observed the desaturation of fatty acids in adult C. elegans via spectral analysis on the SRS signals from LDs. The results demonstrated the unique capability of hsSRS microscopy in quantitative analysis of lipid metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Life Science , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Meijuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Wanjie Wu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Sicong He
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Congping Chen
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Zhongya Qin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Ho Yi Mak
- Division of Life Science , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science and Institute for Advanced Study , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
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40
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Heuke S, Sarri B, Lombardini A, Audier X, Rigneault H. Dual-focus stimulated Raman scattering microscopy: a concept for multi-focus scaling. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4763-4766. [PMID: 30272734 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-speed imaging is of the utmost importance for video-rate live cell investigations or to study extended sample areas at sufficient spatial resolution within reasonable time scales. Improving the speed of single-focus stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is ultimately restricted by the sample's damage threshold and the shot noise of the demodulated laser source. To overcome this limitation, we present a dual-focus SRS approach modulating the pump laser for each focus at a distinct frequency. The corresponding probe beams are detected each by a photodiode and demodulated individually by two separate lock-in units to avoid inter-focal cross-talk. Two laterally or axially displaced images as well as hyperspectral SRS images can be obtained simultaneously within the field of view of the objective lens. The modular implementation presented here can be extended to multiple foci by using multi-channel acousto-optics modulators in combination with multi-channel lock-in amplifiers.
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Heuke S, Sarri B, Audier X, Rigneault H. Simultaneous dual-channel stimulated Raman scattering microscopy demultiplexed at distinct modulation frequencies. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3582-3585. [PMID: 30067629 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To increase the information per pixel in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy as well as to correct from artifacts, it is valuable to acquire images at two different Raman shifts. We present a three-color SRS approach acquiring two perfectly registered SRS images where both pump beams are modulated at distinct frequencies while demodulating the Stokes beam. Our implementation uses two optical parametric oscillators that can be tuned to an almost arbitrary energy difference of Raman shifts, allowing investigation of fingerprint resonances simultaneously to CH-stretch vibrations.
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Gottschall T, Meyer T, Schmitt M, Popp J, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. Advances in laser concepts for multiplex, coherent Raman scattering micro-spectroscopy and imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim D, Choi DS, Kwon J, Shim SH, Rhee H, Cho M. Selective Suppression of Stimulated Raman Scattering with Another Competing Stimulated Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:6118-6123. [PMID: 29210582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A three-beam femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) scheme is formulated and demonstrated to simultaneously induce two different SRS processes associated with Raman-active modes in the same molecule. Two SR gains involving a common pump pulse are coupled and compete: As one of the Stokes beam intensities increases, the other SRS is selectively suppressed. We provide theoretical description and experimental evidence that the selective suppression behavior is due to the limited number of pump photons used for both of the two SRS processes when an intense depletion beam induces one SRS process. The maximum suppression efficiency was ∼60% with our experimental setup, where the SR gain of the ring breathing mode of benzene is the target SRS signal, which is allowed to compete with another SRS process, induced by an intense depletion beam, of the CH stretching mode. We anticipate a potential of this new switching-off concept in super-resolution label-free microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Choi
- Technology Human Resource Support for SMEs Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) , Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute , Smart Korea, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kwon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Shim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Li X, Jiang M, Lam JWY, Tang BZ, Qu JY. Mitochondrial Imaging with Combined Fluorescence and Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Using a Probe of the Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristic. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17022-17030. [PMID: 29111701 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo quantitative measurement of biodistribution plays a critical role in the drug/probe development and diagnosis/treatment process monitoring. In this work, we report a probe, named AIE-SRS-Mito, for imaging mitochondria in live cells via fluorescence (FL) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging. The probe features an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic and possesses an enhanced alkyne Raman peak at 2223 cm-1. The dual-mode imaging of AIE-SRS-Mito for selective mitochondrion-targeting was examined on a homemade FL-SRS microscope system. The detection limit of the probe in the SRS imaging was estimated to be 8.5 μM. Due to the linear concentration dependence of SRS and inertness of the alkyne Raman signal to environmental changes, the intracellular distribution of the probe was studied, showing a local concentration of >2.0 mM in the mitochondria matrix, which was >100-fold higher than the incubation concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the local concentration of AIE molecules inside cells has been measured noninvasively and directly. Also, the nonquenching effect of such AIE molecules in cell imaging has been verified by the positive correlation of FL and SRS signals. Our work will encourage the utilization of SRS microscopy for quantitative characterization of FL probes or other nonfluorescent compounds in living biological systems and the development of FL-SRS dual-mode probes for specific biotargets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, ‡Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science, and Institute for Advanced Study, and §Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Meijuan Jiang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, ‡Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science, and Institute for Advanced Study, and §Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, ‡Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science, and Institute for Advanced Study, and §Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, ‡Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science, and Institute for Advanced Study, and §Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, ‡Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, School of Science, and Institute for Advanced Study, and §Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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Stiebing C, Meyer T, Rimke I, Matthäus C, Schmitt M, Lorkowski S, Popp J. Real-time Raman and SRS imaging of living human macrophages reveals cell-to-cell heterogeneity and dynamics of lipid uptake. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1217-1226. [PMID: 28164480 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring living cells in real-time is important in order to unravel complex dynamic processes in life sciences. In particular the dynamics of initiation and progression of degenerative diseases is intensely studied. In atherosclerosis the thickening of arterial walls is related to high lipid levels in the blood stream, which trigger the lipid uptake and formation of droplets as neutral lipid reservoirs in macrophages in the arterial wall. Unregulated lipid uptake finally results in foam cell formation, which is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In previous studies, the uptake and storage of different fatty acids was monitored by measuring fixed cells. Commonly employed fluorescence staining protocols are often error prone because of cytotoxicity and unspecific fluorescence backgrounds. By following living cells with Raman spectroscopic imaging, lipid uptake of macrophages was studied with real-time data acquisition. Isotopic labeling using deuterated palmitic acid has been combined with spontaneous and stimulated Raman imaging to investigate the dynamic process of fatty acid storage in human macrophages for incubation times from 45 min to 37 h. Striking heterogeneity in the uptake rate and the total concentration of deuterated palmitic acid covering two orders of magnitude is detected in single as well as ensembles of cultured human macrophages. SRS signal of deuterated palmitic acid measured at the CD vibration band after incorporation into living macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Stiebing
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo Rimke
- APE Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Plauener Straße 163-165, 13053, Berlin
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Lee HJ, Cheng JX. Imaging chemistry inside living cells by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Methods 2017; 128:119-128. [PMID: 28746829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a vibrational imaging platform developed to visualize chemical content of a biological sample based on molecular vibrational fingerprints. With high-speed, high-sensitivity, and three-dimensional sectioning capability, SRS microscopy has been used to study chemical distribution, molecular transport, and metabolic conversion in living cells in a label-free manner. Moreover, aided with bio-orthogonal small-volume Raman probes, SRS microscopy allows direct imaging of metabolic activities of small molecules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Francis A, Berry K, Chen Y, Figueroa B, Fu D. Label-free pathology by spectrally sliced femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178750. [PMID: 28562695 PMCID: PMC5451135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical “virtual biopsy” is an attractive way to improve disease diagnosis and surgical guidance. Many optical microscopy techniques have been developed to provide diagnostic information without the need for tissue sectioning or staining. Among these techniques, label-free chemical imaging is the most desirable. Recently, it has been shown that narrowband, picosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) can achieve comparable morphological contrast to hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E staining), the ‘gold standard’ of pathology. However, to translate the technique from the bench to the bedside, optimal laser sources and parameters have yet to be identified. Here we describe an improvement to the narrowband SRS microscopy techniques for label-free tissue imaging. Through spectral slicing of broadband, femtosecond pulses, we are able to maintain the same protein/lipid contrast as narrowband SRS while achieving a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our method draws upon the benefits of femtosecond pulses (e.g. higher peak power) while preserving those of picosecond pulses (e.g. adequate spectral resolution). We demonstrate this achievement through protein/lipid signal and contrast quantification of mouse brain tissue as a function of bandwidth, and comparison with numerical simulations. Further method validation is provided through imaging of additional mouse tissues: liver, kidney, and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kyla Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yikai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tipping WJ, Lee M, Serrels A, Brunton VG, Hulme AN. Imaging drug uptake by bioorthogonal stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5606-5615. [PMID: 30155229 PMCID: PMC6103005 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy in tandem with bioorthogonal Raman labelling enables intracellular drug concentrations, distribution and therapeutic response to be measured in living cells.
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy in tandem with bioorthogonal Raman labelling strategies is set to revolutionise the direct visualisation of intracellular drug uptake. Rational evaluation of a series of Raman-active labels has allowed the identification of highly active labels which have minimal perturbation on the biological efficacy of the parent drug. Drug uptake has been correlated with markers of cellular composition and cell cycle status, and mapped across intracellular structures using dual-colour and multi-modal imaging. The minimal phototoxicity and low photobleaching associated with SRS microscopy has enabled real-time imaging in live cells. These studies demonstrate the potential for SRS microscopy in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Tipping
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK . .,Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , Crewe Road South , Edinburgh , EH4 2XR , UK .
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , The University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK .
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Alshaykh MS, Liao CS, Sandoval OE, Gitzinger G, Forget N, Leaird DE, Cheng JX, Weiner AM. High-speed stimulated hyperspectral Raman imaging using rapid acousto-optic delay lines. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1548-1551. [PMID: 28409794 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a powerful, label-free imaging technique that holds significant potential for medical imaging. To allow chemical specificity and minimize spectral distortion in the imaging of live species, a high-speed multiplex SRS imaging platform is needed. By combining a spectral focusing excitation technique with a rapid acousto-optic delay line, we demonstrate a hyperspectral SRS imaging platform capable of measuring a 3-dB spectral window of ∼200 cm-1 within 12.8 μs with a scan rate of 30 KHz. We present hyperspectral images of a mixture of two different microsphere polymers as well as live fungal cells mixed with human blood.
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Yang W, Li A, Suo Y, Lu FK, Xie XS. Simultaneous two-color stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by adding a fiber amplifier to a 2 ps OPO-based SRS microscope. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:523-526. [PMID: 28146518 PMCID: PMC6743724 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free chemical imaging technique. Two-color imaging is often necessary to determine the distribution of chemical species in SRS microscopy. Current multi-color SRS imaging methods involve complicated instrumentation or longer data acquisition time or are limited to transmission imaging. In this Letter, we show that by adding a simple fiber amplifier to a 2 ps laser source and optical-parametric-oscillator-based SRS setup, one can achieve simultaneous two-color or frequency modulation SRS microscopy. The fiber amplifier can generate a wavelength tunable laser of ±10 nm around the Stokes laser wavelength at 1031 nm with average power greater than 200 mW. In vivo and ex vivo lipid-protein imaging of mouse brain and skin is demonstrated. To further demonstrate the potential of this technique in high-speed in vivo imaging, white blood cells in a blood stream are imaged in a live mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Current address: Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Corresponding author:
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