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Rodgers LT, Schulz Pauly JA, Maloney BJ, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Optimization, Characterization, and Comparison of Two Luciferase-Expressing Mouse Glioblastoma Models. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1997. [PMID: 38893116 PMCID: PMC11171217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain cancer. To model GBM in research, orthotopic brain tumor models, including syngeneic models like GL261 and genetically engineered mouse models like TRP, are used. In longitudinal studies, tumor growth and the treatment response are typically tracked with in vivo imaging, including bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which is quick, cost-effective, and easily quantifiable. However, BLI requires luciferase-tagged cells, and recent studies indicate that the luciferase gene can elicit an immune response, leading to tumor rejection and experimental variation. We sought to optimize the engraftment of two luciferase-expressing GBM models, GL261 Red-FLuc and TRP-mCherry-FLuc, showing differences in tumor take, with GL261 Red-FLuc cells requiring immunocompromised mice for 100% engraftment. Immunohistochemistry and MRI revealed distinct tumor characteristics: GL261 Red-FLuc tumors were well-demarcated with densely packed cells, high mitotic activity, and vascularization. In contrast, TRP-mCherry-FLuc tumors were large, invasive, and necrotic, with perivascular invasion. Quantifying the tumor volume using the HALO® AI analysis platform yielded results comparable to manual measurements, providing a standardized and efficient approach for the reliable, high-throughput analysis of luciferase-expressing tumors. Our study highlights the importance of considering tumor engraftment when using luciferase-expressing GBM models, providing insights for preclinical research design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis T. Rodgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Julia A. Schulz Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bryan J. Maloney
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anika M. S. Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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2
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Liao WH, Hsiao MY, Kung Y, Huang APH, Chen WS. Investigation of the Therapeutic Effect of Doxorubicin Combined With Focused Shockwave on Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:711088. [PMID: 34395286 PMCID: PMC8356050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.711088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is currently the most devastating brain tumor globally and produces a high mortality rate. GBM is also challenging to eradicate using surgery due to its invasive characteristics. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) increases the difficulty of transporting most therapeutic drugs to tumor sites. The use of transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) has recently been investigated for opening the BBB to facilitate drug delivery. A special form of FUS, the shockwave (SW), has also been shown to open BBB efficiently. SW has several advantages including no heating effect, less reactive oxygen species production, good transcranial ability, and no need to supply microbubbles. METHODS We employed a commercial SW device, which is a common tool used for musculoskeletal disorders, to improve doxorubicin delivery across the BBB and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy on GBM rat models. SW emits relatively short but stronger mechanical pulses comparing with FUS. RESULTS The results demonstrated that doxorubicin combined with SW treatment substantially inhibited tumor growth and prolonged overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the non-invasive transcranial SW may have potential for the treatment of GBM in future clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Liao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsiao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Kung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Abel Po-Hao Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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3
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Vatner R, James CD, Sathiaseelan V, Bondra KM, Kalapurakal JA, Houghton PJ. Radiation therapy and molecular-targeted agents in preclinical testing for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas: Opportunities and challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68 Suppl 2:e28439. [PMID: 32827353 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite radiation therapy (RT) being an integral part of the treatment of most pediatric cancers and the recent discovery of novel molecular-targeted agents (MTAs) in this era of precision medicine with the potential to improve the therapeutic ratio of modern chemoradiotherapy regimens, there are only a few preclinical trials being conducted to discover novel radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. This has resulted in a paucity of translational clinical trials combining RT and novel MTAs. This report describes the opportunities and challenges of investigating RT together with MTAs in preclinical testing for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas in pediatric oncology. We discuss the need for improving the collaboration between radiation oncologists, biologists, and physicists to improve the reliability, reproducibility, and translational potential of RT-based preclinical research. Current translational clinical trials using RT and MTAs for immunotherapy, brain tumors, and sarcomas are described. The technologic advances in experimental RT, availability of novel experimental tumor models, advances in immunology and tumor biology, and the discovery of novel MTAs together hold considerable promise for good quality preclinical and clinical multimodality research to improve the current rates of survival and toxicity in children afflicted with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Vatner
- Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Kathryn M Bondra
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
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4
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Jung BT, Jung K, Lim M, Li M, Santos R, Ozawa T, Xu T. Design of 18 nm Doxorubicin-Loaded 3-Helix Micelles: Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Patient-Derived GBM6 Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:196-206. [PMID: 33338381 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fate of nanocarrier materials at the cellular level constitutes a critical checkpoint in the development of effective nanomedicines, determining whether tissue level accumulation results in therapeutic benefit. The cytotoxicity and cell internalization of ∼18 nm 3-helix micelle (3HM) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) were analyzed in patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3HM-DOX increased to 6.2 μg/mL from <0.5 μg/mL for free DOX in patient-derived GBM6 cells, to 15.0 μg/mL from 6.5 μg/mL in U87MG cells, and to 21.5 μg/mL from ∼0.5 μg/mL in LN229 cells. Modeling analysis of previous 3HM biodistribution results predicts that these cytotoxic concentrations are achievable with intravenous injection in rodent GBM models. 3HM-DOX formulations were internalized intact and underwent intracellular trafficking distinct from free DOX. 3HM was quantified to have an internalization half-life of 12.6 h in GBM6 cells, significantly longer than that reported for some liposome and polymer systems. 3HM was found to traffic through active endocytic processes, with clathrin-mediated endocytosis being the most involved of the pathways studied. Inhibition studies suggest substantial involvement of receptor recognition in 3HM uptake. As the 3HM surface is PEG-ylated with no targeting functionalities, protein corona-cell surface interactions, such as the apolipoprotein-low-density lipoprotein receptor, are expected to initiate internalization. The present work gives insights into the cytotoxicity, pharmacodynamics, and cellular interactions of 3HM and 3HM-DOX relevant for ongoing preclinical studies. This work also contributes to efforts to develop predictive mathematical models tracking the accumulation and biodistribution kinetics at a systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson T Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katherine Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marc Lim
- UCB-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raquel Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Bozec D, Sattiraju A, Bouras A, Jesu Raj JG, Rivera D, Huang Y, Junqueira Alves C, Tejero R, Tsankova NM, Zou H, Hadjipanayis C, Friedel RH. Akaluc bioluminescence offers superior sensitivity to track in vivo glioma expansion. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa134. [PMID: 33241215 PMCID: PMC7680182 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Longitudinal tracking of tumor growth using noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a key approach for studies of in vivo cancer models, with particular relevance for investigations of malignant gliomas in rodent intracranial transplant paradigms. Akaluciferase (Akaluc) is a new BLI system with higher signal strength than standard firefly luciferase (Fluc). Here, we establish Akaluc BLI as a sensitive method for in vivo tracking of glioma expansion. Methods We engineered a lentiviral vector for expression of Akaluc in high-grade glioma cell lines, including patient-derived glioma stem cell (GSC) lines. Akaluc-expressing glioma cells were compared to matching cells expressing Fluc in both in vitro and in vivo BLI assays. We also conducted proof-of-principle BLI studies with intracranial transplant cohorts receiving chemoradiation therapy. Results Akaluc-expressing glioma cells produced more than 10 times higher BLI signals than Fluc-expressing counterparts when examined in vitro, and more than 100-fold higher signals when compared to Fluc-expressing counterparts in intracranial transplant models in vivo. The high sensitivity of Akaluc permitted detection of intracranial glioma transplants starting as early as 4 h after implantation and with as little as 5000 transplanted cells. The sensitivity of the system allowed us to follow engraftment and expansion of intracranial transplants of GSC lines. Akaluc was also robust for sensitive detection of in vivo tumor regression after therapy and subsequent relapse. Conclusion Akaluc BLI offers superior sensitivity for in vivo tracking of glioma in the intracranial transplant paradigm, facilitating sensitive approaches for the study of glioma growth and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bozec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anirudh Sattiraju
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexandros Bouras
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joe G Jesu Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Rivera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chrystian Junqueira Alves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rut Tejero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Constantinos Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Brain Tumor Nanotechnology Laboratory, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Renfrow JJ, Soike MH, West JL, Ramkissoon SH, Metheny-Barlow L, Mott RT, Kittel CA, D'Agostino RB, Tatter SB, Laxton AW, Frenkel MB, Hawkins GA, Herpai D, Sanders S, Sarkaria JN, Lesser GJ, Debinski W, Strowd RE. Attenuating hypoxia driven malignant behavior in glioblastoma with a novel hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha inhibitor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15195. [PMID: 32938997 PMCID: PMC7495485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIFs) signaling contributes to malignant cell behavior in glioblastoma (GBM). We investigated a novel HIF2α inhibitor, PT2385, both in vitro, with low-passage patient-derived cell lines, and in vivo, using orthotopic models of glioblastoma. We focused on analysis of HIF2α expression in situ, cell survival/proliferation, and survival in brain tumor-bearing mice treated with PT2385 alone and in combination with standard of care chemoradiotherapy. HIF2α expression increased with glioma grade, with over half of GBM specimens HIF2α positive. Staining clustered in perivascular and perinecrotic tumor regions. Cellular phenotype including proliferation, viability, migration/invasion, and also gene expression were not altered after PT2385 treatment. In the animal model, PT2385 single-agent treatment did improve median overall survival compared to placebo (p = 0.04, n = 21) without a bioluminescence correlate (t = 0.67, p = 0.52). No difference in animal survival was seen in combination treatment with radiation (RT)/temozolomide (TMZ)/PT2385 (p = 0.44, n = 10) or mean tumor bioluminescence (t 1.13, p = 0.32). We conclude that HIF2α is a reasonable novel therapeutic target as expressed in the majority of glioblastomas in our cohort. PT2385 as a single-agent was efficacious in vivo, however, an increase in animal survival was not seen with PT2385 in combination with RT/TMZ. Further study for targeting HIF2α as a therapeutic approach in GBM is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn J Renfrow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- One Medical Center Drive, Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Michael H Soike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James L West
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Linda Metheny-Barlow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan T Mott
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carol A Kittel
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephen B Tatter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Adrian W Laxton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark B Frenkel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Denise Herpai
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Sanders
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Glenn J Lesser
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine - Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roy E Strowd
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine - Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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7
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Bozza M, Green EW, Espinet E, De Roia A, Klein C, Vogel V, Offringa R, Williams JA, Sprick M, Harbottle RP. Novel Non-integrating DNA Nano-S/MAR Vectors Restore Gene Function in Isogenic Patient-Derived Pancreatic Tumor Models. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:957-968. [PMID: 32420409 PMCID: PMC7218229 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein non-integrating minimally sized nano-S/MAR DNA vectors, which can be used to genetically modify dividing cells in place of integrating vectors. They represent a unique genetic tool, which avoids vector-mediated damage. Previous work has shown that DNA vectors comprising a mammalian S/MAR element can provide persistent mitotic stability over hundreds of cell divisions, resisting epigenetic silencing and thereby allowing sustained transgene expression. The composition of the original S/MAR vectors does present some inherent limitations that can provoke cellular toxicity. Herein, we present a new system, the nano-S/MAR, which drives higher transgene expression and has improved efficiency of establishment, due to the minimal impact on cellular processes and perturbation of the endogenous transcriptome. We show that these features enable the hitherto challenging genetic modification of patient-derived cells to stably restore the tumor suppressor gene SMAD4 to a patient-derived SMAD4 knockout pancreatic cancer line. Nano-S/MAR modification does not alter the molecular or phenotypic integrity of the patient-derived cells in cell culture and xenograft mouse models. In conclusion, we show that these DNA vectors can be used to persistently modify a range of cells, providing sustained transgene expression while avoiding the risks of insertional mutagenesis and other vector-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bozza
- DNA Vector Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward W Green
- Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Espinet
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alice De Roia
- DNA Vector Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Klein
- Stem Cells and Metastasis, Hi-Stem Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Vogel
- Stem Cells and Metastasis, Hi-Stem Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rienk Offringa
- Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Sprick
- Stem Cells and Metastasis, Hi-Stem Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard P Harbottle
- DNA Vector Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Vengoji R, Macha MA, Nimmakayala RK, Rachagani S, Siddiqui JA, Mallya K, Gorantla S, Jain M, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK, Shonka N. Afatinib and Temozolomide combination inhibits tumorigenesis by targeting EGFRvIII-cMet signaling in glioblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:266. [PMID: 31215502 PMCID: PMC6582495 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with universal recurrence and poor prognosis. The recurrence is largely driven by chemoradiation resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutant EGFRvIII are amplified in ~ 60% and ~ 30% of GBM patients, respectively; however, therapies targeting EGFR have failed to improve disease outcome. EGFRvIII-mediated cross-activation of tyrosine kinase receptor, cMET, regulates GBM CSC maintenance and promote tumor recurrence. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of pan-EGFR inhibitor afatinib and Temozolomide (TMZ) combination on GBM in vitro and in vivo. Methods We analyzed the effect of afatinib and temozolomide (TMZ) combination on GBM cells U87MG and U251 engineered to express wild type (WT) EGFR, EGFRvIII or EGFRvIII dead kinase, CSCs isolated from U87 and U87EGFRvIII in vitro. The therapeutic utility of the drug combination was investigated on tumor growth and progression using intracranially injected U87EGFRvIII GBM xenografts. Results Afatinib and TMZ combination synergistically inhibited the proliferation, clonogenic survival, motility, invasion and induced senescence of GBM cells compared to monotherapy. Mechanistically, afatinib decreased U87EGFRvIII GBM cell proliferation and motility/invasion by inhibiting EGFRvIII/AKT, EGFRvIII/JAK2/STAT3, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathways respectively. Interestingly, afatinib specifically inhibited EGFRvIII-cMET crosstalk in CSCs, resulting in decreased expression of Nanog and Oct3/4, and in combination with TMZ significantly decreased their self-renewal property in vitro. More interestingly, afatinib and TMZ combination significantly decreased the xenograft growth and progression compared to single drug alone. Conclusion Our study demonstrated significant inhibition of GBM tumorigenicity, CSC maintenance in vitro, and delayed tumor growth and progression in vivo by combination of afatinib and TMZ. Our results warrant evaluation of this drug combination in EGFR and EGFRvIII amplified GBM patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1264-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rama Krishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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9
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Frenster JD, Placantonakis DG. Bioluminescent In Vivo Imaging of Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenografts in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1741:191-198. [PMID: 29392701 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7659-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic rodent xenografts are an essential tool for studying glioblastoma in vivo. Xenograft growth as a function of time can only be monitored by noninvasive imaging. This chapter describes in detail how to assess xenograft size and growth using bioluminescent imaging with IVIS (in vivo imaging system). This form of imaging (a) can be performed without the help of a trained technician, (b) is a very quick procedure, allowing simultaneous imaging of up to five animals at a total experimental duration of 15 min, and (c) is cheaper than the alternatives (small animal MRI or CT). This technique relies on the stable expression of luciferase by the xenografted GBM cells. Luciferin, the substrate of luciferase, which is injected into host mice intraperitoneally, distributes throughout the mouse body and crosses the blood brain barrier. Luciferase expressed by the xenografted cells uses this substrate in a catalytic reaction, leading to the emission of visible light, which is detected by the CCD camera of the IVIS imaging system. The intensity of this emitted light correlates to the size of a given xenograft and allows comparisons of xenograft size across different animals, as well as within the same animal across different time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Frenster
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Louis N, Liu S, He X, Drummond DC, Noble CO, Goldman S, Mueller S, Bankiewicz K, Gupta N, Hashizume R. New therapeutic approaches for brainstem tumors: a comparison of delivery routes using nanoliposomal irinotecan in an animal model. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:475-484. [PMID: 29170909 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in imaging, surgery and radiotherapy, the majority of patients with brainstem gliomas die within 2 years after initial diagnosis. Factors that contribute to the dismal prognosis of these patients include the infiltrative nature and anatomic location in an eloquent area of the brain, which prevents total surgical resection and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which reduces the distribution of systemically administered agents. The development of new therapeutic approaches which can circumvent the BBB is a potential path to improve outcomes for these children. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) and intranasal delivery (IND) are strategies that permit direct drug delivery into the central nervous system and are an alternative to intravenous injection (IV). We treated rats bearing human brainstem tumor xenografts with nanoliposomal irinotecan (CPT-11) using CED, IND, and IV. A single treatment of CED irinotecan had a similar effect on overall survival as multiple treatments by IV route. IND CPT-11 showed significantly increased survival of animals with brainstem tumors, and demonstrated the promise of this non-invasive approach of drug delivery bypassing the BBB when combined with nanoliposomal chemotherapy. Our results indicated that using CED and IND of nanoliposomal therapy increase likelihood of practical therapeutic approach for the treatment of brainstem gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nundia Louis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Tarry 2-709, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sharon Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xingyao He
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Tarry 2-709, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | | | - Stewart Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics - Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Tarry 2-709, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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11
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Alphandéry E, Idbaih A, Adam C, Delattre JY, Schmitt C, Guyot F, Chebbi I. Development of non-pyrogenic magnetosome minerals coated with poly-l-lysine leading to full disappearance of intracranial U87-Luc glioblastoma in 100% of treated mice using magnetic hyperthermia. Biomaterials 2017; 141:210-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Alphandéry E, Idbaih A, Adam C, Delattre JY, Schmitt C, Guyot F, Chebbi I. Chains of magnetosomes with controlled endotoxin release and partial tumor occupation induce full destruction of intracranial U87-Luc glioma in mice under the application of an alternating magnetic field. J Control Release 2017; 262:259-272. [PMID: 28713041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that magnetic hyperthermia could efficiently destroy tumors both preclinically and clinically, especially glioma. However, antitumor efficacy remained suboptimal and therefore required further improvements. Here, we introduce a new type of nanoparticles synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria, called magnetosomes, with improved properties compared with commonly used chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Indeed, mice bearing intracranial U87-Luc glioma tumors injected with 13μg of nanoparticles per mm3 of tumor followed by 12 to 15 of 30min alternating magnetic field applications displayed either full tumor disappearance in 40% of mice or no tumor regression using magnetosomes or chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Magnetosome superior antitumor activity could be explained both by a larger production of heat and by endotoxins release under alternating magnetic field application. Most interestingly, this behavior was observed when magnetosomes occupied only 10% of the whole tumor volume, which suggests that an indirect mechanism, such as an immune reaction, takes part in tumor regression. This is desired for the treatment of infiltrating tumors, such as glioma, for which whole tumor coverage by nanoparticles can hardly be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie, UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Nanobacterie SARL, 36 boulevard Flandrin, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Clovis Adam
- Laboratoire de neuropathologie, GHU Paris-Sud-Hôpital Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Yves Delattre
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Schmitt
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - François Guyot
- Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie, UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Imène Chebbi
- Nanobacterie SARL, 36 boulevard Flandrin, 75016 Paris, France
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13
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Dual bioluminescence and near-infrared fluorescence monitoring to evaluate spherical nucleic acid nanoconjugate activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4129-4134. [PMID: 28373576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702736114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene regulation platforms have shown promise as a novel class of therapeutics for the precision treatment of cancer. Techniques in preclinical evaluation of RNAi-based nanoconjugates have yet to allow for optimization of their gene regulatory activity. We have developed spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) as a blood-brain barrier-/blood-tumor barrier-penetrating nanoconjugate to deliver small interfering (si) and micro (mi)RNAs to intracranial glioblastoma (GBM) tumor sites. To identify high-activity SNA conjugates and to determine optimal SNA treatment regimens, we developed a reporter xenograft model to evaluate SNA efficacy in vivo. Engrafted tumors stably coexpress optical reporters for luciferase and a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent protein (iRFP670), with the latter fused to the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). Using noninvasive imaging of animal subjects bearing reporter-modified intracranial xenografts, we quantitatively assessed MGMT knockdown by SNAs composed of MGMT-targeting siRNA duplexes (siMGMT-SNAs). We show that systemic administration of siMGMT-SNAs via single tail vein injection is capable of robust intratumoral MGMT protein knockdown in vivo, with persistent and SNA dose-dependent MGMT silencing confirmed by Western blotting of tumor tissue ex vivo. Analyses of SNA biodistribution and pharmacokinetics revealed rapid intratumoral uptake and significant intratumoral retention that increased the antitumor activity of coadministered temozolomide (TMZ). Our study demonstrates that dual noninvasive bioluminescence and NIR fluorescence imaging of cancer xenograft models represents a powerful in vivo strategy to identify RNAi-based nanotherapeutics with potent gene silencing activity and will inform additional preclinical and clinical investigations of these constructs.
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Wainwright DA, Horbinski CM, Hashizume R, James CD. Therapeutic Hypothesis Testing With Rodent Brain Tumor Models. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:385-392. [PMID: 28321824 PMCID: PMC5398994 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of rodent models for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics and approaches for treating brain tumors has been a mainstay of neuro-oncology preclinical research for decades, and is likely to remain so into the foreseeable future. These models serve as an important point of entry for analyzing the potential efficacy of experimental therapies that are being considered for clinical trial evaluation. Although rodent brain tumor models have seen substantial change, particularly since the introduction of genetically engineered mouse models, certain principles associated with the use of these models for therapeutic testing are enduring, and form the basis for this review. Here we discuss the most common rodent brain tumor models while directing specific attention to their usefulness in preclinical evaluation of experimental therapies. These models include genetically engineered mice that spontaneously or inducibly develop brain tumors; syngeneic rodent models in which cultured tumor cells are engrafted into the same strain of rodent from which they were derived; and patient-derived xenograft models in which human tumor cells are engrafted in immunocompromised rodents. The emphasis of this review is directed to the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Hashizume R, Gupta N. Patient-derived Tumor Models for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:98-103. [PMID: 27212051 PMCID: PMC5327452 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160523144117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas represent a unique subtype of primary brain tumors occuring in a specific location and age. Their growth demonstrates early invasion and, following diagnosis, rapid growth not responsive to common therapies. Until recently, the genetic and cellular basis of these tumors was unknown. Genetic evidence implicates mutations in the histone genes in the origin of these tumors. Methods: Surgical biopsies performed on selected patients have resulted in the establishment of anatomically accurate mouse models that have been used to examine patterns of growth and response to new therapeutic agents. Results: Human derived pontine glioma models recapitulate the invasive patterns of growth. The grade of the original tumor affects the latency of tumor growth after implantation. Conclusion: The use of human-derived xenograft models allows for improved pre-clinical testing of new therapeutic targets in a tumor- and organ-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Room M779, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, California 94143-0137, USA
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16
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Yao TW, Zhang J, Prados M, Weiss WA, James CD, Nicolaides T. EGFR blockade prevents glioma escape from BRAFV600E targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21993-2005. [PMID: 26023796 PMCID: PMC4673141 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutational activation of BRAF (BRAFV600E) occurs in pediatric glioma and drives aberrant MAPK signaling independently of upstream cues. Targeted monotherapy against BRAFV600E displays efficacy in pre-clinical models of glioma, however xenograft tumors adapt rapidly and escape from the growth-inhibitory effects of BRAF-targeted therapy. Here, we show that intrinsic resistance to a BRAFV600E specific inhibitor stems, in part, from feedback activation of EGFR and downstream signaling pathways. BRAFV600E inhibition suppresses MAPK signaling, which in turn downregulates the EGFR phosphatase PTPN9, resulting in sustained EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced EGFR activity. We demonstrated that overexpression of PTPN9 reduces EGFR phosphorylation and cooperates with BRAFV600E inhibitor PLX4720 to reduce MAPK and Akt signaling, resulting in decreased glioma cell viability. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR combined with inhibition of BRAFV600E to reduce growth of glioma cell lines and orthotopic glioma xenograft by decreasing tumor cell proliferation while increasing apoptosis, with resultant significant extension of animal subject survival. Our data support clinical evaluation of BRAFV600E and EGFR targeted therapy in treating BRAFV600E glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Wen Yao
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C David James
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore Nicolaides
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Capodilupo AL, Vergaro V, Accorsi G, Fabiano E, Baldassarre F, Corrente GA, Gigli G, Ciccarella G. A series of diphenylamine-fluorenone derivatives as potential fluorescent probes for neuroblastoma cell staining. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Schmid RS, Simon JM, Vitucci M, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Huey L, White KK, Ewend MG, Wu J, Miller CR. Core pathway mutations induce de-differentiation of murine astrocytes into glioblastoma stem cells that are sensitive to radiation but resistant to temozolomide. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:962-73. [PMID: 26826202 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma stem cells (GSCs) from human glioblastomas (GBMs) are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy and may drive recurrence. Treatment efficacy may depend on GSCs, expression of DNA repair enzymes such as methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), or transcriptome subtype. METHODS To model genetic alterations in human GBM core signaling pathways, we induced Rb knockout, Kras activation, and Pten deletion mutations in cortical murine astrocytes. Neurosphere culture, differentiation, and orthotopic transplantation assays were used to assess whether these mutations induced de-differentiation into GSCs. Genome-wide chromatin landscape alterations and expression profiles were examined by formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) seq and RNA-seq. Radiation and temozolomide efficacy were examined in vitro and in an allograft model in vivo. Effects of radiation on transcriptome subtype were examined by microarray expression profiling. RESULTS Cultured triple mutant astrocytes gained unlimited self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity. These cells harbored significantly altered chromatin landscapes that were associated with downregulation of astrocyte- and upregulation of stem cell-associated genes, particularly the Hoxa locus of embryonic transcription factors. Triple-mutant astrocytes formed serially transplantable glioblastoma allografts that were sensitive to radiation but expressed MGMT and were resistant to temozolomide. Radiation induced a shift in transcriptome subtype of GBM allografts from proneural to mesenchymal. CONCLUSION A defined set of core signaling pathway mutations induces de-differentiation of cortical murine astrocytes into GSCs with altered chromatin landscapes and transcriptomes. This non-germline genetically engineered mouse model mimics human proneural GBM on histopathological, molecular, and treatment response levels. It may be useful for dissecting the mechanisms of treatment resistance and developing more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Schmid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Lauren Huey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Kristen K White
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Matthew G Ewend
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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Clark AJ, Fakurnejad S, Ma Q, Hashizume R. Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma. J Vis Exp 2016:e53287. [PMID: 26863490 PMCID: PMC4781579 DOI: 10.3791/53287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Clark
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco
| | - Shayan Fakurnejad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Quanhong Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine;
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Welker AM, Jaros BD, Puduvalli VK, Imitola J, Kaur B, Beattie CE. Standardized orthotopic xenografts in zebrafish reveal glioma cell-line-specific characteristics and tumor cell heterogeneity. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:199-210. [PMID: 26659251 PMCID: PMC4770147 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain cancer, for which few effective drug treatments are available. Several studies have used zebrafish models to study GBM, but a standardized approach to modeling GBM in zebrafish was lacking to date, preventing comparison of data across studies. Here, we describe a new, standardized orthotopic xenotransplant model of GBM in zebrafish. Dose-response survival assays were used to define the optimal number of cells for tumor formation. Techniques to measure tumor burden and cell spread within the brain over real time were optimized using mouse neural stem cells as control transplants. Applying this standardized approach, we transplanted two patient-derived GBM cell lines, serum-grown adherent cells and neurospheres, into the midbrain region of embryonic zebrafish and analyzed transplanted larvae over time. Progressive brain tumor growth and premature larval death were observed using both cell lines; however, fewer transplanted neurosphere cells were needed for tumor growth and lethality. Tumors were heterogeneous, containing both cells expressing stem cell markers and cells expressing markers of differentiation. A small proportion of transplanted neurosphere cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or vimentin, markers of more differentiated cells, but this number increased significantly during tumor growth, indicating that these cells undergo differentiation in vivo. By contrast, most serum-grown adherent cells expressed GFAP and vimentin at the earliest times examined post-transplant. Both cell types produced brain tumors that contained Sox2+ cells, indicative of tumor stem cells. Transplanted larvae were treated with currently used GBM therapeutics, temozolomide or bortezomib, and this resulted in a reduction in tumor volume in vivo and an increase in survival. The standardized model reported here facilitates robust and reproducible analysis of glioblastoma tumor cells in real time and provides a platform for drug screening. Summary: This zebrafish xenotransplant model of glioblastoma enables in vivo imaging of tumor cells and rapid screening for anti-glioma agents. It provides standardization of a model that is easily replicated across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Welker
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian D Jaros
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vinay K Puduvalli
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine E Beattie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Luwor RB, Stylli SS, Kaye AH. Using bioluminescence imaging in glioma research. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:779-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kouri FM, Hurley LA, Daniel WL, Day ES, Hua Y, Hao L, Peng CY, Merkel TJ, Queisser MA, Ritner C, Zhang H, James CD, Sznajder JI, Chin L, Giljohann DA, Kessler JA, Peter ME, Mirkin CA, Stegh AH. miR-182 integrates apoptosis, growth, and differentiation programs in glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2015; 29:732-45. [PMID: 25838542 PMCID: PMC4387715 DOI: 10.1101/gad.257394.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal, therapy-resistant brain cancer consisting of numerous tumor cell subpopulations, including stem-like glioma-initiating cells (GICs), which contribute to tumor recurrence following initial response to therapy. Here, we identified miR-182 as a regulator of apoptosis, growth, and differentiation programs whose expression level is correlated with GBM patient survival. Repression of Bcl2-like12 (Bcl2L12), c-Met, and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2A) is of central importance to miR-182 anti-tumor activity, as it results in enhanced therapy susceptibility, decreased GIC sphere size, expansion, and stemness in vitro. To evaluate the tumor-suppressive function of miR-182 in vivo, we synthesized miR-182-based spherical nucleic acids (182-SNAs); i.e., gold nanoparticles covalently functionalized with mature miR-182 duplexes. Intravenously administered 182-SNAs penetrated the blood-brain/blood-tumor barriers (BBB/BTB) in orthotopic GBM xenografts and selectively disseminated throughout extravascular glioma parenchyma, causing reduced tumor burden and increased animal survival. Our results indicate that harnessing the anti-tumor activities of miR-182 via safe and robust delivery of 182-SNAs represents a novel strategy for therapeutic intervention in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini M Kouri
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lisa A Hurley
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | - Emily S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Youjia Hua
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Liangliang Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Chian-Yu Peng
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Markus A Queisser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Carissa Ritner
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Hailei Zhang
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - John A Kessler
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Division Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Alexander H Stegh
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA;
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Kim W, Kang BR, Kim HY, Cho SM, Lee YD, Kim S, Kim JY, Kim DJ, Kim Y. Real-time imaging of glioblastoma using bioluminescence in a U-87 MG xenograft model mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Clark AJ, Safaee M, Oh T, Ivan ME, Parimi V, Hashizume R, Ozawa T, James CD, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Stable luciferase expression does not alter immunologic or in vivo growth properties of GL261 murine glioma cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:345. [PMID: 25464980 PMCID: PMC4258256 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GL261 cells are murine glioma cells that demonstrate proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis when implanted in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, providing a highly useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. Modification of tumor cells for luciferase expression enables non-invasive monitoring of orthotopic tumor growth, and has proven useful for studying glioblastoma response to novel therapeutics. However, tumor modification for luciferase has the potential for evoking host immune response against otherwise syngeneic tumor cells, thereby mitigating the tumor cells’ value for tumor immunology and immunotherapy studies. Methods GL261 cells were infected with lentivirus containing a gene encoding firefly luciferase (GL261.luc). In vitro proliferation of parental (unmodified) GL261 and GL261.luc was measured on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 following plating, and the expression of 82 mouse cytokines and chemokines were analyzed by RT-PCR array. Cell lines were also evaluated for differences in invasion and migration in modified Boyden chambers. GL261 and GL261.luc cells were then implanted intracranially in C57BL/6 mice, with GL261.luc tumor growth monitored by quantitative bioluminescence imaging, and all mice were followed for survival to compare relative malignancy of tumor cells. Results No difference in proliferation was indicated for GL261 vs. GL261.luc cells (p>0.05). Of the 82 genes examined by RT-PCR array, seven (9%) exhibited statistically significant change after luciferase modification. Of these, only three changed by greater than 2-fold: BMP-2, IL-13, and TGF-β2. No difference in invasion (p=0.67) or migration (p=0.26) was evident between modified vs. unmodified cells. GL261.luc cell luminescence was detectable in the brains of C57BL/6 mice at day 5 post-implantation, and tumor bioluminescence increased exponentially to day 19. Median overall survival was 20.2 days versus 19.7 days for mice receiving implantation with GL261 and GL261.luc, respectively (p=0.62). Histopathologic analysis revealed no morphological difference between tumors, and immunohistochemical analysis showed no significant difference for staining of CD3, Ki67, or CD31 (p>0.05 for all). Conclusions Luciferase expression in GL261 murine glioma cells does not affect GL261 proliferation, invasion, cytokine expression, or in vivo growth. Luciferase modification increases their utility for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Clark
- The Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 505 Parnassus Ave., Room 779 M, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., M779, Box 0112, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA.
| | - Michael Safaee
- The Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 505 Parnassus Ave., Room 779 M, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA.
| | - Taemin Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2922, USA.
| | - Michael E Ivan
- The Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 505 Parnassus Ave., Room 779 M, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA.
| | - Vamsi Parimi
- Pathology Core Facility, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 N. Fairbanks Court, Room 8-419, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2922, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- The Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 505 Parnassus Ave., Room 779 M, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0112, USA.
| | - Charles D James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2922, USA.
| | - Orin Bloch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2922, USA.
| | - Andrew T Parsa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair St., Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2922, USA.
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Lee J, Dang X, Borboa A, Coimbra R, Baird A, Eliceiri BP. Thrombin-processed Ecrg4 recruits myeloid cells and induces antitumorigenic inflammation. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:685-96. [PMID: 25378632 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive infiltration of brain tumors by microglia and macrophages is a hallmark of tumor progression, and yet the overall tumor microenvironment is characterized by an immunosuppressive phenotype. Here we identify esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (Ecrg4) as a novel thrombin-processed monocyte chemoattractant that recruits myeloid cells, promotes their activation, and leads to a blockade of tumor progression. METHODS Both xenograft glioma and syngeneic glioma models were used to measure orthotopic tumor progression and overall survival. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess myeloid cell localization, recruitment, and activation. RESULTS Ecrg4 promotes monocyte recruitment and activation of microglia in a T-/B-cell-independent mechanism, which leads to a reduction in glioma tumor burden and increased survival. Mutational analysis reveals that the biological activity of Ecrg4 is dependent on a thrombin-processing site at the C-terminus, inducing monocyte invasion in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, tumor-induced myeloid cell recruitment is impaired in Ecrg4 knockout mice, leading to increased tumor burden and decreased survival. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results identify Ecrg4 as a paracrine factor that activates microglia and is chemotactic for monocytes, with potential as an antitumor therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
| | - Xitong Dang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
| | - Alexandra Borboa
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
| | - Andrew Baird
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California (J.L., X.D., A.B., R.C., A.B., B.P.E.)
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Yoshida Y, Ozawa T, Yao TW, Shen W, Brown D, Parsa AT, Raizer JJ, Cheng SY, Stegh AH, Mazar AP, Giles FJ, Sarkaria JN, Butowski N, Nicolaides T, James CD. NT113, a pan-ERBB inhibitor with high brain penetrance, inhibits the growth of glioblastoma xenografts with EGFR amplification. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2919-29. [PMID: 25313012 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This report describes results from our analysis of the activity and biodistribution of a novel pan-ERBB inhibitor, NT113, when used in treating mice with intracranial glioblastoma (GBM) xenografts. Approaches used in this investigation include: bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for monitoring intracranial tumor growth and response to therapy; determination of survival benefit from treatment; analysis of tumor IHC reactivity for indication of treatment effect on proliferation and apoptotic response; Western blot analysis for determination of effects of treatment on ERBB and ERBB signaling mediator activation; and high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of NT113 concentration in tissue extracts from animals receiving oral administration of inhibitor. Our results show that NT113 is active against GBM xenografts in which wild-type EGFR or EGFRvIII is highly expressed. In experiments including lapatinib and/or erlotinib, NT113 treatment was associated with the most substantial improvement in survival, as well as the most substantial tumor growth inhibition, as indicated by BLI and IHC results. Western blot analysis results indicated that NT113 has inhibitory activity, both in vivo and in vitro, on ERBB family member phosphorylation, as well as on the phosphorylation of downstream signaling mediator Akt. Results from the analysis of animal tissues revealed significantly higher NT113 normal brain-to-plasma and intracranial tumor-to-plasma ratios for NT113, relative to erlotinib, indicating superior NT113 partitioning to intracranial tissue compartments. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical investigation of NT113, a novel ERBB inhibitor, in treating patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yoshida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tsun-Wen Yao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wang Shen
- NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Dennis Brown
- NewGen Therapeutics, Inc., Menlo Park, California
| | - Andrew T Parsa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey J Raizer
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander H Stegh
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Theodore Nicolaides
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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McNeill RS, Vitucci M, Wu J, Miller CR. Contemporary murine models in preclinical astrocytoma drug development. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:12-28. [PMID: 25246428 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 6 decades of research, only 3 drugs have been approved for astrocytomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumors. However, clinical drug development is accelerating with the transition from empirical, cytotoxic therapy to precision, targeted medicine. Preclinical animal model studies are critical for prioritizing drug candidates for clinical development and, ultimately, for their regulatory approval. For decades, only murine models with established tumor cell lines were available for such studies. However, these poorly represent the genomic and biological properties of human astrocytomas, and their preclinical use fails to accurately predict efficacy in clinical trials. Newer models developed over the last 2 decades, including patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mice, and genetically engineered cells purified from human brains, more faithfully phenocopy the genomics and biology of human astrocytomas. Harnessing the unique benefits of these models will be required to identify drug targets, define combination therapies that circumvent inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms, and develop molecular biomarkers predictive of drug response and resistance. With increasing recognition of the molecular heterogeneity of astrocytomas, employing multiple, contemporary models in preclinical drug studies promises to increase the efficiency of drug development for specific, molecularly defined subsets of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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Hadaczek P, Ozawa T, Soroceanu L, Yoshida Y, Matlaf L, Singer E, Fiallos E, James CD, Cobbs CS. Cidofovir: a novel antitumor agent for glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6473-83. [PMID: 24170543 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cidofovir (CDV) is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nucleoside antiviral agent used to treat severe human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Until now, no clear therapeutic effects of CDV have been reported outside of the setting of viral infection, including a potential role for CDV as an antineoplastic agent for the treatment of brain tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the cytotoxicity of CDV against the glioblastoma cells, U87MG and primary SF7796, both in vitro and in vivo, using an intracranial xenograft model. Standard techniques for cell culturing, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR were employed. The survival of athymic mice (n = 8-10 per group) bearing glioblastoma tumors, treated with CDV alone or in combination with radiation, was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and evaluated with a two-sided log-rank test. RESULTS CDV possesses potent antineoplastic activity against HCMV-infected glioblastoma cells. This activity is associated with the inhibition of HCMV gene expression and with activation of cellular apoptosis. Surprisingly, we also determined that CDV induces glioblastoma cell death in the absence of HCMV infection. CDV is incorporated into tumor cell DNA, which promotes double-stranded DNA breaks and induces apoptosis. In the setting of ionizing radiotherapy, the standard of care for glioblastoma in humans, CDV augments radiation-induced DNA damage and, further, promotes tumor cell death. Combination therapy with CDV and radiotherapy significantly extended the survival of mice bearing intracranial glioblastoma tumors. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel antiglioma property of the FDA-approved drug CDV, which heightens the cytotoxic effect of radiotherapy, the standard of care therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Hadaczek
- Authors' Affiliations: California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA
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Jarzabek MA, Huszthy PC, Skaftnesmo KO, McCormack E, Dicker P, Prehn JH, Bjerkvig R, Byrne AT. In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging Validation of a Human Biopsy–Derived Orthotopic Mouse Model of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Jarzabek
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter C. Huszthy
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kai O. Skaftnesmo
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emmet McCormack
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Dicker
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H.M. Prehn
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette T. Byrne
- From the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, and PHS Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; NorLux Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Chu Q, Orr BA, Semenkow S, Bar EE, Eberhart CG. Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3224-33. [PMID: 23630166 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of clinically relevant pharmacologic Notch inhibition on glioblastoma xenografts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Murine orthotopic xenografts generated from temozolomide-sensitive and -resistant glioblastoma neurosphere lines were treated with the γ-secretase inhibitor MRK003. Tumor growth was tracked by weekly imaging, and the effects on animal survival and tumor proliferation were assessed, along with the expression of Notch targets, stem cell, and differentiation markers, and the biology of neurospheres isolated from previously treated xenografts and controls. RESULTS Weekly MRK003 therapy resulted in significant reductions in growth as measured by imaging, as well as prolongation of survival. Microscopic examination confirmed a statistically significant reduction in cross-sectional tumor area and mitotic index in a MRK003-treated cohort as compared with controls. Expression of multiple Notch targets was reduced in the xenografts, along with neural stem/progenitor cell markers, whereas glial differentiation was induced. Neurospheres derived from MRK003-treated xenografts exhibited reduced clonogenicity and formed less aggressive secondary xenografts. Neurospheres isolated from treated xenografts remained sensitive to MRK003, suggesting that therapeutic resistance does not rapidly arise during in vivo Notch blockade. CONCLUSIONS Weekly oral delivery of MRK003 results in significant in vivo inhibition of Notch pathway activity, tumor growth, stem cell marker expression, and clonogenicity, providing preclinical support for the use of such compounds in patients with malignant brain tumors. Some of these effects can persist for some time after in vivo therapy is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chen PY, Ozawa T, Drummond DC, Kalra A, Fitzgerald JB, Kirpotin DB, Wei KC, Butowski N, Prados MD, Berger MS, Forsayeth JR, Bankiewicz K, James CD. Comparing routes of delivery for nanoliposomal irinotecan shows superior anti-tumor activity of local administration in treating intracranial glioblastoma xenografts. Neuro Oncol 2012; 15:189-97. [PMID: 23262509 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liposomal drug packaging is well established as an effective means for increasing drug half-life, sustaining drug activity, and increasing drug efficacy, whether administered locally or distally to the site of disease. However, information regarding the relative effectiveness of peripheral (distal) versus local administration of liposomal therapeutics is limited. This issue is of importance with respect to the treatment of central nervous system cancer, for which the blood-brain barrier presents a significant challenge in achieving sufficient drug concentration in tumors to provide treatment benefit for patients. METHODS We compared the anti-tumor activity and efficacy of a nanoliposomal formulation of irinotecan when delivered peripherally by vascular route with intratumoral administration by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for treating intracranial glioblastoma xenografts in athymic mice. RESULTS Our results show significantly greater anti-tumor activity and survival benefit from CED of nanoliposomal irinotecan. In 2 of 3 efficacy experiments, there were animal subjects that experienced apparent cure of tumor from local administration of therapy, as indicated by a lack of detectable intracranial tumor through bioluminescence imaging and histopathologic analysis. Results from investigating the effectiveness of combination therapy with nanoliposomal irinotecan plus radiation revealed that CED administration of irinotecan plus radiation conferred greater survival benefit than did irinotecan or radiation monotherapy and also when compared with radiation plus vascularly administered irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that liposomal formulation plus direct intratumoral administration of therapeutic are important for maximizing the anti-tumor effects of irinotecan and support clinical trial evaluation of this therapeutic plus route of administration combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, Room HD-283, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Argyros O, Wong SP, Gowers K, Harbottle RP. Genetic modification of cancer cells using non-viral, episomal S/MAR vectors for in vivo tumour modelling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47920. [PMID: 23110132 PMCID: PMC3482240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of genetically marked animal tumour xenografts is an area of ongoing research to enable easier and more reliable testing of cancer therapies. Genetically marked tumour models have a number of advantages over conventional tumour models, including the easy longitudinal monitoring of therapies and the reduced number of animals needed for trials. Several different methods have been used in previous studies to mark tumours genetically, however all have limitations, such as genotoxicity and other artifacts related to the usage of integrating viral vectors. Recently, we have generated an episomally maintained plasmid DNA (pDNA) expression system based on Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR), which permits long-term luciferase transgene expression in the mouse liver. Here we describe a further usage of this pDNA vector with the human Ubiquitin C promoter to create stably transfected human hepatoma (Huh7) and human Pancreatic Carcinoma (MIA-PaCa2) cell lines, which were delivered into “immune deficient” mice and monitored longitudinally over time using a bioluminometer. Both cell lines revealed sustained episomal long-term luciferase expression and formation of a tumour showing the pathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic carcinoma (PaCa), respectively. This is the first demonstration that a pDNA vector can confer sustained episomal luciferase transgene expression in various mouse tumour models and can thus be readily utilised to follow tumour formation without interfering with the cellular genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Argyros
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suet Ping Wong
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Gowers
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Paul Harbottle
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Baumann BC, Dorsey JF, Benci JL, Joh DY, Kao GD. Stereotactic intracranial implantation and in vivo bioluminescent imaging of tumor xenografts in a mouse model system of glioblastoma multiforme. J Vis Exp 2012:4089. [PMID: 23051742 DOI: 10.3791/4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality treatment consisting of surgical resection, post-operative radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. New therapeutic approaches are clearly needed to improve patient survival and quality of life. The development of more effective treatment strategies would be aided by animal models of GBM that recapitulate human disease yet allow serial imaging to monitor tumor growth and treatment response. In this paper, we describe our technique for the precise stereotactic implantation of bio-imageable GBM cancer cells into the brains of nude mice resulting in tumor xenografts that recapitulate key clinical features of GBM. This method yields tumors that are reproducible and are located in precise anatomic locations while allowing in vivo bioluminescent imaging to serially monitor intracranial xenograft growth and response to treatments. This method is also well-tolerated by the animals with low perioperative morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Baumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Hashizume R, Smirnov I, Liu S, Phillips JJ, Hyer J, McKnight TR, Wendland M, Prados M, Banerjee A, Nicolaides T, Mueller S, James CD, Gupta N. Characterization of a diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma cell line: implications for future investigations and treatment. J Neurooncol 2012; 110:305-13. [PMID: 22983601 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas arise almost exclusively in children, and despite advances in treatment, the majority of patients die within 2 years after initial diagnosis. Because of their infiltrative nature and anatomic location in an eloquent area of the brain, most pontine gliomas are treated without a surgical biopsy. The corresponding lack of tissue samples has resulted in a limited understanding of the underlying genetic and molecular biologic abnormalities associated with pontine gliomas, and is a substantial obstacle for the preclinical testing of targeted therapeutic agents for these tumors. We have established a human glioma cell line that originated from surgical biopsy performed on a patient with a pontine glioma. To insure sustainable in vitro propagation, tumor cells were modified with hTERT (human telomerase ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase), and with a luciferase reporter to enable non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. The hTERT modified cells are tumorigenic in athymic rodents, and produce brainstem tumors that recapitulate the infiltrative growth of brainstem gliomas in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0520, USA
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Huang J, Li YM, Massague J, Sicheneder A, Vallera DA, Hall WA. Intracerebral infusion of the bispecific targeted toxin DTATEGF in a mouse xenograft model of a human metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Neurooncol 2012; 109:229-38. [PMID: 22696210 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effect of the bispecific diphtheria toxin (DT) based immunotoxin DTATEGF, which targets both the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor (uPAR) in vitro and in vivo when delivered by convection-enhanced delivery (CED) via an osmotic minipump in a human metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain tumor mouse xenograft model. The effects of the bispecific immunotoxin DTATEGF, and monospecific DTAT, DTEGF and control DT at various concentrations were tested for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of human metastatic NSCLC PC9-BrM3 cells in vitro by MTT assay. A xenograft model of human metastatic NSCLC intracranial model was established in nude mice using the human NSCLC PC9-BrM3 cell line genetically marked with a firefly luciferase reporter gene. One microgram of DTATEGF in the treatment group or control DT in the control group was delivered intracranially by CED via an osmotic minipump. The bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was performed at day 7, 14, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the two groups were generated. The brain tissue samples were stained by hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological assessment. In vitro, DTATEGF could selectively kill PC9-BrM3 cells and showed an IC(50) less than 0.001 nM, representing a more than 100- to 1000-fold increase in activity as compared to monospecific DTAT and DTEGF. In vivo, mice with tumors were treated intracranially with drug via CED where the results showed the treatment was successful in providing a survival benefit with the median survival of mice treated with DTATEGF being significantly prolonged relative to controls (87 vs. 63 days, P = 0.006). The results of these experiments indicate that DTATEGF kills the NSCLC PC9-BrM3 cell line in vitro, and when it is delivered via CED intracranially, it is highly efficacious against metastatic NSCLC brain tumors. DTATEGF is a safe and effective drug where further preclinical and clinical development is warranted for the management of metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Baia GS, Caballero OL, Orr BA, Lal A, Ho JSY, Cowdrey C, Tihan T, Mawrin C, Riggins GJ. Yes-associated protein 1 is activated and functions as an oncogene in meningiomas. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:904-13. [PMID: 22618028 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is functionally conserved in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, and its proposed function is to control tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. The core components are composed of a kinase cascade that culminates with the phosphorylation and inhibition of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Phospho-YAP1 is retained in the cytoplasm. In the absence of Hippo signaling, YAP1 translocates to the nucleus, associates with co-activators TEAD1-4, and functions as a transcriptional factor promoting the expression of key target genes. Components of the Hippo pathway are mutated in human cancers, and deregulation of this pathway plays a role in tumorigenesis. Loss of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene is the most common genetic alteration in meningiomas, and the NF2 gene product, Merlin, acts upstream of the Hippo pathway. Here, we show that primary meningioma tumors have high nuclear expression of YAP1. In meningioma cells, Merlin expression is associated with phosphorylation of YAP1. Using an siRNA transient knockdown of YAP1 in NF2-mutant meningioma cells, we show that suppression of YAP1 impaired cell proliferation and migration. Conversely, YAP1 overexpression led to a strong augment of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and restriction of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, expression of YAP1 in nontransformed arachnoidal cells led to the development of tumors in nude mice. Together, these findings suggest that in meningiomas, deregulation of the Hippo pathway is largely observed in primary tumors and that YAP1 functions as an oncogene promoting meningioma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson S Baia
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Neurosurgery Department, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Aoki Y, Hashizume R, Ozawa T, Banerjee A, Prados M, James CD, Gupta N. An experimental xenograft mouse model of diffuse pontine glioma designed for therapeutic testing. J Neurooncol 2012; 108:29-35. [PMID: 22231932 PMCID: PMC3841009 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for diffuse infiltrating pontine gliomas (DIPG) remains extremely poor, with the majority of patients surviving less than 2 years. Here, we have adapted standard xenograft techniques to study glioma growth in the mouse brainstem, and have utilized the mouse model for studying a relevant therapeutic for treating DIPGs. bioluminescence imaging monitoring revealed a progressive increase in signal following the injection of either of two tumor cell types into the brainstem. Mice with orthotopic GS2 tumors, and receiving a single 100 mg/kg dose of temozolomide showed a lengthy period of decreased tumor luminescence, with substantially increased survival relative to untreated mice (P < 0.001). A small molecule inhibitor that targets cdk4/6 was used to test AM-38 brainstem xenograft response to treatment. Drug treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth, and significantly extended survival. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using an orthotopic brainstem tumor model in athymic mice, and for application to testing therapeutic agents in treating DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Aoki
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Anu Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Rm M779, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Dasgupta A, Shields JE, Spencer HT. Treatment of a solid tumor using engineered drug-resistant immunocompetent cells and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:711-21. [PMID: 22397715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal therapy approaches, such as combining chemotherapy agents with cellular immunotherapy, suffers from potential drug-mediated toxicity to immune effector cells. Overcoming such toxic effects of anticancer cellular products is a potential critical barrier to the development of combined therapeutic approaches. We are evaluating an anticancer strategy that focuses on overcoming such a barrier by genetically engineering drug-resistant variants of immunocompetent cells, thereby allowing for the coadministration of cellular therapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, a method we refer to as drug-resistant immunotherapy (DRI). The strategy relies on the use of cDNA sequences that confer drug resistance and recombinant lentiviral vectors to transfer nucleic acid sequences into immunocompetent cells. In the present study, we evaluated a DRI-based strategy that incorporates the immunocompetent cell line NK-92, which has intrinsic antitumor properties, genetically engineered to be resistant to both temozolomide and trimetrexate. These immune effector cells efficiently lysed neuroblastoma cell lines, which we show are also sensitive to both chemotherapy agents. The antitumor efficacy of the DRI strategy was demonstrated in vivo, whereby neuroblastoma-bearing NOD/SCID/γ-chain knockout (NSG) mice treated with dual drug-resistant NK-92 cell therapy followed by dual cytotoxic chemotherapy showed tumor regression and significantly enhanced survival compared with animals receiving either nonengineered cell-based therapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapy alone, or chemotherapy alone. These data show there is a benefit to using drug-resistant cellular therapy when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Dasgupta
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pichorner A, Sack U, Kobelt D, Kelch I, Arlt F, Smith J, Walther W, Schlag PM, Stein U. In vivo imaging of colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by targeting MACC1 with shRNA in xenografted mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:573-83. [PMID: 22484916 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified the gene metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) and demonstrated its important role for metastasis prediction in colorectal cancer. MACC1 induces cell motility and proliferation in vitro as well as metastasis in several mouse models. Here we report non-invasive real time imaging of inhibition of colorectal tumor progression and metastasis in xenografted mice by MACC1 shRNA. First, we demonstrated reduction of tumors and liver metastases by endpoint imaging of mice transplanted with MACC1 endogenously high expressing colorectal cancer cells and treated with shRNAs acting on MACC1 or Met. Next, we generated a novel bicistronic IRES vector simultaneously expressing the reporter gene firefly luciferase and MACC1 to ensure a direct correlation of bioluminescence signal with MACC1 expression. We transfected MACC1 endogenously low expressing colorectal cancer cells with this luciferase-IRES-MACC1 construct, transplanted them intrasplenically, and monitored MACC1 induced tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo imaging over time. Transfection of an IRES construct harboring the firefly luciferase reporter gene together with MACC1 lacking the SH3-domain reduced tumor growth and metastasis. Finally, we counteracted the luciferase-IRES-MACC1 induced effects by shRNA targeting MACC1 and monitored reduced tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo imaging over weeks. In summary, the new bicistronic luciferase-IRES-MACC1 construct is suitable for in vivo imaging of tumor progression and metastasis, and moreover, for imaging of therapy response such as treatment with MACC1 shRNA. Thereby, we provide proof-of-concept for employment of this MACC1-based in vivo model for evaluating therapeutic intervention strategies aiming at inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pichorner
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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Efficacy of vincristine administered via convection-enhanced delivery in a rodent brainstem tumor model documented by bioluminescence imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:565-74. [PMID: 22282078 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Brain stem gliomas account for 20% of childhood brain tumors. Presently, there is no effective treatment for these tumors, and the prognosis remains poor. One reason for this is that chemotherapeutic drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we used a rodent brainstem tumor model, monitored both qualitatively and quantitatively, to examine the effectiveness of vincristine (VCR) administered via convection-enhanced delivery (CED). METHODS C6 rat glioblastoma cells, transduced with an oncoretroviral plasmid containing a luciferase coding sequence, were inoculated into Fischer 344 rat brainstems. Tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence intensity (BLI), and tumor volume was calculated from serial histopathologic sections. Therapeutic efficacy of VCR delivered via CED was assessed. Intravenous (I.V.) and intraperitoneal (I.P.) drug administration were used as a comparison for CED efficacy. RESULTS BLI monitoring revealed progressive tumor growth in inoculated rats. Symptoms caused by tumor burden were evident 16-18 days after inoculation. BLI correlated quantitatively with tumor volume (r(2) = 0.9413), established by histopathological analysis of tumor growth within the pons. VCR administered through CED was more effective than I.V. or I.P. administration in reducing tumor size and increasing survival times. TUNEL assay results suggest that VCR induced glioblastoma cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS VCR administered by CED was effective in reducing tumors and prolonging survival time.
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Carlson BL, Pokorny JL, Schroeder MA, Sarkaria JN. Establishment, maintenance and in vitro and in vivo applications of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models for translational biology studies and drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 14:Unit 14.16. [PMID: 21743824 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1416s52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of clinically relevant tumor model systems for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is important for advancement of basic and translational biology. One model that has gained wide acceptance in the neuro-oncology community is the primary xenograft model. This model entails the engraftment of patient tumor specimens into the flank of nude mice and subsequent serial passage of these tumors in the flank of mice. These tumors are then used to establish short-term explant cultures or intracranial xenografts. This unit describes detailed procedures for establishment, maintenance, and utilization of a primary GBM xenograft panel for the purpose of using them as tumor models for basic or translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett L Carlson
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade gliomas are among the most deadly of all cancer types and are also the most common malignant primary tumors of the CNS. Large-scale studies that have analyzed the transcriptional and translational expression patterns of glioma have found that the majority of these tumors can be categorized based on specific genomic anomalies. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that represent the molecular subgroups of the human disease harbor a variety of molecular alterations that have been proven to drive gliomagenesis. These models provide an opportunity to assess the effects of novel therapies in the presence of specific molecular defects. Research using GEMMs, which are associated with these subclasses, allow researchers to assess drug efficacy by subclass. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the histological and molecular characteristics of malignant gliomas, the therapies used to treat them and the animal models that closely recapitulate them. EXPERT OPINION It is likely that GEMMs that recapitulate the molecular character of human tumors will provide a more accurate prediction of individuals who may be more or less likely to benefit from specific therapies. This knowledge can be then used to drive clinical trial design and this, in turn, could lead to better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terreia S Jones
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Department of Clinical Pharmacy , 19 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 39103 , USA +901 448 1136 ; +901 448 6064 ;
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Serwer LP, Noble CO, Michaud K, Drummond DC, Kirpotin DB, Ozawa T, Prados MD, Park JW, James CD. Investigation of intravenous delivery of nanoliposomal topotecan for activity against orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1288-95. [PMID: 21954443 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving effective treatment outcomes for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) has been impeded by many obstacles, including the pharmacokinetic limitations of antitumor agents, such as topotecan (TPT). Here, we demonstrate that intravenous administration of a novel nanoliposomal formulation of TPT (nLS-TPT) extends the survival of mice with intracranial GBM xenografts, relative to administration of free TPT, because of improved biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the liposome-formulated drug. In 3 distinct orthotopic GBM models, 3 weeks of biweekly intravenous therapy with nLS-TPT was sufficient to delay tumor growth and significantly extend animal survival, compared with treatment with free TPT (P ≤ .03 for each tumor tested). Analysis of intracranial tumors showed increased activation of cleaved caspase-3 and increased DNA fragmentation, both indicators of apoptotic response to treatment with nLS-TPT. These results demonstrate that intravenous delivery of nLS-TPT is a promising strategy in the treatment of GBM and support clinical investigation of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Serwer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 1450 Third St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Lathia JD, Gallagher J, Myers JT, Li M, Vasanji A, McLendon RE, Hjelmeland AB, Huang AY, Rich JN. Direct in vivo evidence for tumor propagation by glioblastoma cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24807. [PMID: 21961046 PMCID: PMC3178553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (World Health Organization grade III anaplastic astrocytoma and grade IV glioblastoma multiforme), the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors, display a cellular hierarchy with self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. While the CSC hypothesis has been an attractive model to describe many aspects of tumor behavior, it remains controversial due to unresolved issues including the use of ex vivo analyses with differential growth conditions. A CSC population has been confirmed in malignant gliomas by preferential tumor formation from cells directly isolated from patient biopsy specimens. However, direct comparison of multiple tumor cell populations with analysis of the resulting phenotypes of each population within a representative tumor environment has not been clearly described. To directly test the relative tumorigenic potential of CSCs and non-stem tumor cells in the same microenvironment, we interrogated matched tumor populations purified from a primary human tumor transplanted into a xenograft mouse model and monitored competitive in vivo tumor growth studies using serial in vivo intravital microscopy. While CSCs were a small minority of the initial transplanted cancer cell population, the CSCs, not the non-stem tumor cells, drove tumor formation and yielded tumors displaying a cellular hierarchy. In the resulting tumors, a fraction of the initial transplanted CSCs maintained expression of stem cell and proliferation markers, which were significantly higher compared to the non-stem tumor cell population and demonstrated that CSCs generated cellular heterogeneity within the tumor. These head-to-head comparisons between matched CSCs and non-stem tumor cells provide the first functional evidence using live imaging that in the same microenvironment, CSCs more than non-stem tumor cells are responsible for tumor propagation, confirming the functional definition of a CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDL); (JNR)
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jay T. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Meizhang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Vasanji
- Image Processing Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roger E. McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anita B. Hjelmeland
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDL); (JNR)
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Noninvasive monitoring of tumor growth in a rat glioma model: comparison between neurological assessment and animal imaging. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:669-78. [PMID: 21318319 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary tumors that arise from glial cells and are characterized by extensive invasiveness and rapid progression. Limitation of the current therapeutic regimen for malignant glioma warrants the development of new therapies strategies. In order to investigate new methods of therapy, establishment of a reliable animal model is essential both in studying the tumor biology and trialing a new therapeutic strategy. Noninvasive monitoring of tumor growth in living animals may be important for new therapeutic strategy development. The development of animal imaging techniques has improved our ability to investigate animal models of malignant gliomas. In this study, both neurological examination and positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-FDG were used to monitor tumor growth in a rat glioma model. Visual limb placing, tactile limb placing, and beam walking tests were used to assess neurological deficits. Neurobehavioral alterations were correlated with PET findings and histopathological data. Seven days after surgery, the tumor was clearly visible on PET images. Results of behavioral tests correlated well with imaging data and histopathological findings. PET is feasible to detect experimental rat gliomas in their early stage of development. In contrast, standard neurological assessment is useful for monitoring tumor growth during the course of the disease.
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Prasad G, Sottero T, Yang X, Mueller S, James CD, Weiss WA, Polley MY, Ozawa T, Berger MS, Aftab DT, Prados MD, Haas-Kogan DA. Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR pathways in glioblastoma and implications for combination therapy with temozolomide. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:384-92. [PMID: 21317208 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its molecular heterogeneity and infiltrative nature, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is notoriously resistant to traditional and experimental therapeutics. To overcome these hurdles, targeted agents have been combined with conventional therapy. We evaluated the preclinical potential of a novel, orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor (XL765) in in vitro and in vivo studies. In vivo serially passaged human GBM xenografts that are more genetically stable than GBM cell lines in culture were used for all experiments. Biochemical downstream changes were evaluated by immunoblot and cytotoxicity by colorimetric ATP-based assay. For in vivo experiments, human xenograft GBM 39 grown intracranially in nude mice was altered to express luciferase to monitor tumor burden by optical imaging. XL765 resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in cell viability in vitro. Cytotoxic doses resulted in specific inhibition of PI3K signaling. Combining XL765 with temozolomide (TMZ) resulted in additive toxicity in 4 of 5 xenografts. In vivo, XL765 administered by oral gavage resulted in greater than 12-fold reduction in median tumor bioluminescence compared with control (Mann-Whitney test p = 0.001) and improvement in median survival (logrank p = 0.05). TMZ alone showed a 30-fold decrease in median bioluminescence, but the combination XL765 + TMZ yielded a 140-fold reduction in median bioluminescence (Mann-Whitney test p = 0.05) with a trend toward improvement in median survival (logrank p = 0.09) compared with TMZ alone. XL765 shows activity as monotherapy and in combination with conventional therapeutics in a range of genetically diverse GBM xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Prasad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Lee J, Borboa AK, Chun HB, Baird A, Eliceiri BP. Conditional deletion of the focal adhesion kinase FAK alters remodeling of the blood-brain barrier in glioma. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10131-40. [PMID: 21159635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas generally infiltrate the surrounding normal brain parenchyma, a process associated with increased vascular permeability (VP) and dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma-induced VP in the brain remain poorly understood. Using a conditional, endothelium-specific deletion of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the mouse (FAK CKO), we show that FAK is critical for destabilization of the tumor endothelium in tumor-bearing mice, with mutant mice exhibiting a relatively normalized vasculature compared with wild-type mice (FAK WT). Tumor vessels in the FAK CKO mice displayed reduced VP compared with FAK WT mice, resulting in reduced tumor growth. Additionally, FAK CKO mice displayed partial restoration of cell-cell junction proteins in the tumor vessels and astrocyte-endothelium interactions in tumors, revealing an additional role of astrocytes in mediating tumor-induced VP. Together, these results provide genetic evidence that FAK is a mediator of tumor-induced VP in the brain. Our findings may help understand how therapeutics might be used to regulate specific cell-type interactions to restore BBB structure/function in cancer and perhaps other pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, California 92103-8236, USA
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Harley W, Floyd C, Dunn T, Zhang XD, Chen TY, Hegde M, Palandoken H, Nantz MH, Leon L, Carraway KL, Lyeth B, Gorin FA. Dual inhibition of sodium-mediated proton and calcium efflux triggers non-apoptotic cell death in malignant gliomas. Brain Res 2010; 1363:159-69. [PMID: 20869350 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma cells maintain an elevated intracellular pH (pH(i)) within hypoxic-ischemic tumor microenvironments through persistent activation of sodium-proton transport (McLean et al., 2000). Amiloride has been reported to selectively kill human malignant glioma cell lines but not primary astrocytes (Hegde et al., 2004). While amiloride reduces pH(i) of malignant gliomas by inhibiting isoform 1 of sodium-proton exchange (NHE1), direct acidification was shown to be cytostatic rather than cytotoxic. At cytotoxic concentrations, amiloride has multiple drug targets including inhibition of NHE1 and sodium-calcium exchange. Amiloride's glioma cytotoxicity can be explained, at least in part, by dual inhibition of NHE1 and of Na(+)-dependent calcium efflux by isoform 1.1 of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX1.1), which increases [Ca(2+)](i) and initiates glioma cell demise. As a result of persistent NHE1 activity, cytosolic free levels of sodium ([Na(+)](i)) in U87 and C6 glioma cells are elevated 3-fold, as compared with normal astrocytes. Basal cytosolic free calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) also are increased 5-fold. 2', 4'-dichlorobenzamil (DCB) inhibits the sodium-dependent calcium transporter (NCX1.1) much more potently than NHE1. DCB was employed in a concentration-dependent fashion in glioma cells to selectively inhibit the forward mode of NCX1.1 at ≤1μM, while dually inhibiting both NHE1 and NCX1.1 at ≥20μM. DCB (1μM) was not cytotoxic to glioma cells, while DCB (20μM) further increased basal elevated levels of [Ca(2+)](i) in glioma cells that was followed by cell demise. Cariporide and SEA0400 are more selective inhibitors of NHE1 and NCX1.1 than amiloride or DCB, respectively. Individually, Cariporide and SEA0400 are not cytotoxic, but in combination induced glioma cell death. Like amiloride, the combination of Cariporide and SEA0400 produced glioma cell death in the absence of demonstrable caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Dinca EB, Voicu RV, Ciurea AV. Bioluminescence imaging of invasive intracranial xenografts: implications for translational research and targeted therapeutics of brain tumors. Neurosurg Rev 2010; 33:385-94. [PMID: 20652720 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-010-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, the etiology of brain cancer remains elusive. However, extensive molecular characterization of primary brain tumors has been accomplished, outlining recurrent features that are proving useful for devising targeted therapies. There are far too few patients available for comparing the efficacy of therapeutic combinations, especially when variations in dosing, frequency, and sequencing are taken into account. Consequently, there is a substantial need for increasing preclinical testing throughput using clinically relevant models. We review luminescent optical imaging for its potential in facilitating in vivo assessment of intracranial tumor growth and response to therapy in rodent orthotopic xenograft models of primary brain malignancies. We review the rationale behind the need of an in vivo model, why orthotopic tumor models displaying an invasive phenotype may be a superior choice when compared to flank-implanted tumors, and what advantages may be drawn from the use of modified cells, suitable for sequential monitoring by in vivo optical imaging. Studies show that luminescent signal correlates highly both with tumor burden and Kaplan-Meier survival curves of rodents bearing intracranial xenografts. We conclude that bioluminescent imaging is a highly sensitive technique for assessment of tumor burden, response to therapy, tumor recurrence, and behavior to salvage therapy, making it a superior option for longitudinal monitoring in intracranial rodent models of primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard B Dinca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bagdasar-Arseni Hospital, Sos. Berceni nr. 12, sector 4, 041915, Bucharest, Romania.
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Ozawa T, James CD. Establishing intracranial brain tumor xenografts with subsequent analysis of tumor growth and response to therapy using bioluminescence imaging. J Vis Exp 2010:1986. [PMID: 20644517 PMCID: PMC3149989 DOI: 10.3791/1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation models using human brain tumor cells have served an essential function in neuro-oncology research for many years. In the past, the most commonly used procedure for human tumor xenograft establishment consisted of the collection of cells from culture flasks, followed by the subcutaneous injection of the collected cells in immunocompromised mice. Whereas this approach still sees frequent use in many laboratories, there has been a significant shift in emphasis over the past decade towards orthotopic xenograft establishment, which, in the instance of brain tumors, requires tumor cell injection into appropriate neuroanatomical structures. Because intracranial xenograft establishment eliminates the ability to monitor tumor growth through direct measurement, such as by use of calipers, the shift in emphasis towards orthotopic brain tumor xenograft models has necessitated the utilization of non-invasive imaging for assessing tumor burden in host animals. Of the currently available imaging methods, bioluminescence monitoring is generally considered to offer the best combination of sensitivity, expediency, and cost. Here, we will demonstrate procedures for orthotopic brain tumor establishment, and for monitoring tumor growth and response to treatment when testing experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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