Central Venous Catheter Intravascular Malpositioning: Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Correction

Central Venous Catheter Migration Into Pleura Diagnosed by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Central venous catheter (CVC) tip migration is a well reported delayed complication of these vascular access devices with left-sided internal jugular or subclavian vein placement being the primary risk factor for this complication. We report a case of left internal jugular CVC migration and its diagnosis made by the heretofore unreported use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in this context. Moreover, we describe risk factors for CVC migration along with its diagnosis and management.

Comparative study between the halfway technique and the standard technique for exchange of tunneled hemodialysis catheter

OBJECTIVES

When indicated, tunneled hemodialysis catheters are usually inserted using the standard technique but, this technique has its complications. The halfway method is performed by exchange of an already-inserted dialysis catheter (tunneled or non-tunneled) to a tunneled one over a guidewire mounted via the old catheter. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the feasibility, safety, and durability of halfway method in comparison to the standard technique (de novo puncture).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This prospective study was conducted during the period from May 2020 till May 2022 and included 87 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular hemodialysis (HD) in need for insertion new tunneled dialysis catheters instead of temporary or malfunctioning tunneled ones. According to the technique of catheter insertion, these patients were divided into two groups: group A (the halfway technique: catheters were exchanged over guidewires under fluoroscopic control; 48 patients) and group B (the standard technique: via de novo ultrasound-guided vein puncture; 39 patients). Instant, delayed complications and 12-months patency rates were reported and analyzed.

RESULTS

The frequency of peri-operative bleeding complications was better in the halfway group with comparable infection rate and late catheter dysfunction results between the two groups. One year patency rates were 87.5% in halfway technique group compared to 79.5% in standard technique group, yet without statistical significance. However, there was a statistically significant shorter operative time in halfway group (15.54 ± 2.6 min vs 26.97 ± 5.6 min, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The halfway technique may be recommended over the standard technique of tunneled catheter insertion due to shorter operative time, lower rate of hematoma formation, with non-inferior 1-year patency rates and comparable technical success and infection rates. The advantage of access sites preservation for future demand makes this technique of great value to this group of ESRD patients.

Comparison of Catheter Malposition Between Left and Right Ultrasound-Guided Infraclavicular Subclavian Venous Catheterizations: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES

Catheter malposition after subclavian venous catheterization (SVC) is not uncommon and can lead to serious complications. This study hypothesized that the left access is superior to the right access in terms of catheter malposition after ultrasound-guided infraclavicular SVC due to the asymmetry of the bilateral brachiocephalic veins.

DESIGN

Parallel-armed randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

A tertiary referral hospital in Korea.

PATIENTS

Patients 20-79 years old who were scheduled to undergo SVC under general anesthesia.

INTERVENTIONS

Patients were randomly assigned to either the left ( n = 224) or right ( n = 225) SVC group. The primary outcome measure was the overall catheter malposition rate. The secondary outcome measures included catheter malposition rates into the ipsilateral internal jugular and contralateral brachiocephalic veins, other catheterization-related complications, and catheterization performance.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

The catheter malposition rate was lower (10 [4.5%] vs. 31 [13.8%], p = 0.001), especially in the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (9 [4.0%] vs. 24 [10.7%], p = 0.007), in the left SVC group than in the right SVC group. In the left SVC group, catheterization success rates on the first pass (88 [39.3%] vs. 65 [28.9%], p = 0.020) and first-catheterization attempt (198 [88.4%] vs. 181 [80.4%], p = 0.020) were higher whereas times for vein visualization (30 s [18-50] vs. 20 s [13-38], p < 0.001) and total catheterization (134 s [113-182] vs. 132 s [103-170], p = 0.034) were longer. There were no significant differences in other catheterization performance and catheterization-related complications between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings strengthen the rationale for choosing the left access over the right access for ultrasound-guided infraclavicular SVC.

Persistent Left-Sided Superior Vena Cava: A Case Report

A persistent left-sided superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common thoracic venous anomaly. However, it is still quite rare in the general population. PLSVC occurs during the embryological stages and is seen mostly in patients with congenital heart disease. Normally during development, the left anterior cardinal vein will regress and obliterate to form the ligament of Marshall. In cases of PLSVC, the left anterior cardinal vein persists and can become a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC). There are different anatomical variants of a left-sided SVC, most commonly presenting with both a right and a left SVC. In some PLSVC cases, there is an isolated left SVC. Though rare, this anomaly is not without clinical significance. This case report describes a 48-year-old male with incidental findings of isolated PLSVC seen on chest X-ray after the placement of a temporary dialysis catheter. This report will also describe the incidence/prevalence, embryological origin including anatomical variants, and clinical implications of PLSVC.

Patency, assessment, and management of central catheter occlusion in adult patients in the intensive care unit: a best practice implementation project

INTRODUCTION

Cannulation with a central venous catheter (CVC) is a common procedure used in critical care. One of the main complications is occlusion, which can lead to delayed treatment, prolonged hospital stay, and increased health care costs.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project was to promote evidence-based practice for nurses caring for patients with a CVC in a Spanish intensive care unit. The project also aimed to reduce CVC occlusion and ensure CVC patency.

METHODS

This project was guided by the JBI Model of Evidence-based Healthcare and the JBI Evidence Implementation Framework. Seven phases were followed using evidence-based auditing and feedback. The JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (PACES) and Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) tools were used to support data collection, data analysis, and implementation planning.

RESULTS

After project implementation, the following results were obtained. Criterion 1 (assessing the CVC, flushing, and aspirating) reached 100% compliance in both audits. Criterion 2 (occlusion documentation) showed a modest improvement, rising from 13.33% to 36.67%. Improvement for Criterion 3 (the need for a policy and protocol) was excellent, rising from 0% at baseline to 100% following implementation. Criterion 4 (rapid instillation of an appropriate thrombolytic agent if a CVC is occluded) remained at 0% compliance in both audits. Criterion 5 (continuing education for health care professionals) improved from 10% to 60%. Criterion 6 (flushing and locking before procedures) improved from 90% to 100%.

CONCLUSION

The project objectives were largely met and resulted in a protocol, which has been shared with other departments within the hospital. The implementation of best clinical practice will be continued, including the use of thrombolytic agents.

SPANISH ABSTRACT

http://links.lww.com/IJEBH/A200.

Preparing interns for clinical practice through an institution-wide simulation-based mastery learning program for teaching central venous catheter placement

Central venous catheter (CVC) placement is a challenging procedure with known iatrogenic risks. However, there are no residency program requirements to demonstrate baseline CVC procedural competency. Competency-based procedural education has been shown to decrease CVC-associated morbidity, but there has been limited literature about institution-wide efforts to ensure initial trainee competency for CVC placement. This study describes the implementation of a competency-based CVC curriculum for first-year interns across an institution before supervised clinical care. An institution-wide, simulation-based mastery training curriculum was designed to assess initial competency in CVC placement in first-year residents during 2021 and 2022. A checklist was internally developed with a multidisciplinary team. Using the Mastery-Angoff technique, minimum passing standards were derived to define competency levels considered appropriate for intern participation in supervised clinical care. Interns were trained through the competency-based program with faculty assessing intern performance using the CVC checklist to verify procedural competency. Over 2 academic cycles, 229 interns from 20 specialties/subspecialties participated. Overall, 83% of interns met performance standards on their first posttest attempt, 14% on the second attempt, and 3% on the third attempt. Interns from both cycles demonstrated significant improvement from baseline to posttest scores (P < .001). Overall, 10.5% of interns performed dangerous actions during assessment (malpositioning, retained guidewire, or carotid dilation). All interns ultimately achieved the passing standard to demonstrate initial competency in the simulation assessment. All participating interns demonstrated simulation-based competency allowing them to place CVCs under supervised clinical care. Dangerous actions, however, were not uncommon. Simulation-based teaching and learning frameworks were a feasible method to promote patient safety through an institutional-wide verification of preliminary procedural competency.

Malposition of Central Venous Catheter into Coronary Sinus throughout the Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Other Complications Related to Catheterization

This case concentrates on the persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), a rare vascular anomaly which contributes to central venous catheter (CVC) misplacement. A 72-year-old woman with renal insufficiency presented to the hospital with recurrent bleeding from her permanent CVC device placed in the right common jugular vein. An initial attempt to replace the device was unsuccessful, necessitating the placement of a secondary catheter in the left jugular vein. Shortly after the procedure, the patient developed swelling of the face and neck. Further diagnostic imaging, including a chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT), revealed CVC misplacement in the PLSVC and coronary sinus, thrombosis of the common jugular vein, and a posterior mediastinal hematoma. Conservative therapy of the mediastinal hematoma was implemented and proved effective in this case. A temporary CVC was inserted into the left femoral vein. Two months later, the catheter underwent further dysfunction and a decision was made to place a long-term permanent CVC via the right femoral vein. The patient is currently awaiting an arteriovenous fistula for dialysis use. This case emphasizes the importance of radiological techniques for CVC procedural placement, as well as the detection of congenital abnormalities. Providers regularly placing CVCs should have an in-depth knowledge of the possible complications and potential anatomical variations, especially as seen in high-risk patients.

Two Cases of Malpositioning of Internal Jugular Central Venous Catheters: A Review of Literature and Current Treatment Recommendations

Percutaneous central venous catheterization, despite ultrasound guidance, is known to carry significant risks. While central venous catheters are widely used in clinical practice, they are also associated with various complications, including incorrect positioning during insertion. Arterial puncture is a well-recognized complication, and although unintended subclavian or carotid artery cannulation is rare, it can lead to serious consequences. We present two cases, in which a dual-lumen, non-tunneled temporary hemodialysis catheter was inadvertently inserted into the left common carotid artery and in the left innominate vein.

Angiographic evidence of an inadvertent cannulation of the marginal sinus following central line migration: illustrative case

BACKGROUND

Central venous catheters (CVCs) play an indispensable role in clinical practice. Catheter malposition and tip migration can lead to severe complications. The authors present a case illustrating the endovascular management of inadvertent marginal sinus cannulation after an internal jugular vein (IJV) catheter tip migration.

OBSERVATIONS

A triple-lumen CVC was inserted without complications into the right IJV of a patient undergoing a repeat sternotomy for aortic valve replacement. Two weeks postinsertion, it was discovered that the tip had migrated superiorly, terminating below the torcula in the posterior fossa. In the interventional suite, a three-dimensional venogram confirmed the inadvertent marginal sinus cannulation. The catheter was carefully retracted to the sigmoid sinus to preserve the option of catheter exchange if embolization became necessary. After a subsequent venogram, which displayed an absence of contrast extravasation, the entire catheter was safely removed. The patient tolerated the procedure well.

LESSONS

Clinicians must be vigilant of catheter tip migration and malposition risks. Relying solely on postinsertion radiographs is insufficient. Once identified, prompt management of the malpositioned catheter is paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality and improving patient outcomes. Removing a malpositioned catheter constitutes a critical step, best performed by a specialized team under angiographic visualization.

On the way to the azygos vein: a road of return rather than ruined

BACKGROUND

The malposition of central venous catheters (CVCs) may lead to vascular damage, perforation, and even mediastinal injury. The malposition of CVC from the right subclavian vein into the azygos vein is extremely rare. Here, we report a patient with CVC malposition into the azygos vein via the right subclavian vein. We conduct a comprehensive review of the anatomical structure of the azygos vein and the manifestations associated with azygos vein malposition. Additionally, we explore the resolution of repositioning the catheter into the superior vena cava by carefully withdrawing a specific length of the catheter.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 79-year-old female presented to our department with symptoms of complete intestinal obstruction. A double-lumen CVC was inserted via the right subclavian vein to facilitate total parenteral nutrition. Due to the slow onset of sedative medications during surgery, the anesthetist erroneously believed that the CVC had penetrated the superior vena cava, leading to the premature removal of the CVC. Postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest confirmed that the central venous catheter had not penetrated the superior vena cava but malpositioned into the azygos vein. The patient was discharged 15 days after surgery without any complications.

CONCLUSIONS

CVC malposition into the azygos vein is extremely rare. Clinical practitioners should be vigilant regarding this form of catheter misplacement. Ensuring the accurate positioning of the CVC before each infusion is crucial. Utilizing chest X-rays in both frontal and lateral views, as well as chest computed tomography, can aid in confirming the presence of catheter misplacement.

Very rare malposition of central venous catheter in cardiac surgery patients

Malposition of a catheter is found in approximately 7% of cases after central venous catheterisation. This may result in haemorrhage, venous thrombosis and functional impairment, depending on the injury to the vessel wall. Uncomplicated catheterisation, easy aspiration of blood and monitoring of catheterisation do not guarantee correct placement of the catheter. In our rare case series, we share our experience of four cases of malposition into the left internal mammary vein (LIMV) that we experienced in a three-year period. The thinness and fragility of the vessel wall, particularly, increases the probability of complications in malposition into the LIMV. Administration of a catheter through the right jugular vein is associated with the lowest incidence of malposition. Performing the procedure under the guidance of ultrasonography (USG) and confirmation of the catheter position after puncture using one of the USG techniques will minimise the probability of malposition. In addition, a lung X-ray should immediately be taken, and venography and fluoroscopy should be considered in the presence of suspicion.

Comparison of success rate of abducted and neutral arm position for right infraclavicular subclavian vein cannulation under real-time ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing elective neurosurgery under general anesthesia

Background

Classically subclavian vein catheterization is done in neutral arm position; recently, it has been done in different arm positions to compare success rate and catheter misplacement. There is a paucity of literature for comparing abducted and neutral arm position for right infraclavicular subclavian vein cannulation.

Aim

Comparison of success rate of abducted and neutral arm position for right infraclavicular subclavian vein cannulation under real-time ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing elective neurosurgery under general anesthesia.

Design

Randomized comparative study.

Materials and Methods

After approval from Institutional Review Board and Ethical Committee, 100 patients of 18-70 years of age, of either sex, posted for elective neurosurgery under general anesthesia, requiring right subclavian vein cannulation were included in our study. They were randomly divided into two groups: abducted arm position (group 1-AG) and neutral arm position (group 2-NG) using sealed envelope technique.

Results

First attempt success rate was higher in AG group compared to NG group (P value- 0.741). Times taken (seconds) for cannulation in NG and AG group, catheter misplacement and hematoma (P value- 0.37, P value- 0.37, P value- 1, respectively) were lesser in AG Group.

Conclusion

For USG-guided infraclavicular subclavian vein cannulation, abducted arm position, and neutral arm position in terms of first attempt success rate, number of attempts and associated complications has comparable results; however, further studies with larger group of patients are required to assess the overall advantage of abducted arm position over neutral arm position.

Chest X-ray Interpretation: Detecting Devices and Device-Related Complications

This short review has the aim of helping the radiologist to identify medical devices when interpreting a chest X-ray, as well as looking for their most commonly detectable complications. Nowadays, many different medical devices are used, often together, especially in critical patients. It is important for the radiologist to know what to look for and to remember the technical factors that need to be considered when checking each device's positioning.

Non-tunneled catheter tip depth position in urgent hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The average accepted depth for non-tunneled catheters (NTC) insertion does not guarantee its correct position, so controversy exists. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of two NTC placement depths on the number of NTC complication episodes.

METHODS

We designed a triple blind, parallel group, randomized controlled trial in a single Hemodialysis Center in Mexico (Registry: ACTRN12619000774123). We included patients in urgent need of hemodialysis via internal right jugular vein NTC. The length of the NTC tip placement depth was randomized to second intercostal space (2ICS) or fourth intercostal space (4ICS), using physical landmarks. The primary outcome was to compare the composite number of NTC dysfunction, repositioning, and relocation episodes for 48 hours post-procedure.

RESULTS

One hundred and sixty-five patients were included, 86 and 79 patients to NTC placement in the 2ICS and 4ICS, respectively. All patients underwent intention-to-treat analysis. The incidence of the composite outcome was lower in the 2ICS group compared to the 4ICS group, 4 (4.6%) and 50 (63%) combined episodes, respectively (P<0.001). Compared to the 4ICS group, the 2ICS group presented a relative risk of 0.06 (CI: 0.02-0.21, P<0.001) and number needed to treat (NNT) of 2.1. No adverse events occurred, derived from the NTC placement.

CONCLUSIONS

NTC tip placement in the 2ICS compared to 4ICS decreases the incidence of the combined number of dysfunctions, repositioning and relocation episodes, with a NNT of 2 for its prevention.

Implementation of Ultrasound-Guided Infraclavicular Subclavian Venous Catheterization During Anesthesia and Elective Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study at a Single Center in Lithuania

BACKGROUND Ultrasound-guided procedures have become more reliable and efficient in daily anesthesiology practice, with increased patient comfort, better antimicrobial pattern, and easer care, and can be used in routine central vein catheterization practice. The infraclavicular subclavian vein approach provides all these advandages and in some clinical scenarios ensures the only appropriate route to central vein access. Therefore, this study of 105 patients aimed to implement and evaluate the use of ultrasound-guided infraclavicular subclavian venous catheterization. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 108 patients who were scheduled for elective major abdominal surgery and had an indication for central venous access. Catheterization was done according to the developed protocol. Anesthesiologists with at least 1 year of experience in regional ultrasound-guided anesthesia participated in this study. Data were collected and compared with the existing literature. RESULTS Out of 108 patients enrolled, 3 were excluded due to unfulfilled protocol. The successful catheterization rate was 98.1%. A significant relationship with deeper and narrower vein and failure was noted. On average, the distance between the vein entry point and acoustic shadow of the clavicle was 10.45 mm, at this point the depth was 22.01 mm and the diameter of the vein was 10.74 mm. The length of catheter intratissue passage was 42.06 mm. The angle between the skin and catheter passage was 31.58°. The malposition rate was 8.7%, and no predictive factors were identified. Equations to predict vein diameter and depth were generated. Patient weight more than 119.5 kg predicted procedure failure. There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization can be easily and safely integrated into daily clinical practice, with high success rates and low complication rates.

A case of accidental displacement of a central venous catheter in lung parenchyma leading to hydrothorax: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Effective critical care requires the placement of a central venous catheter (CVC), which is frequently indicated for volume resuscitation, hemodynamic assessment, and the administration of vasopressors, blood products, and parenteral nourishment. However, central venous catheterization is not without its complications. The majority of these problems are avoidable and treatable with proper patient selection, cautious insertion technique, and attention after catheter insertion.

CASE

We present a case of a 34-year-old male patient who developed unilateral hydrothorax as a result of a central venous catheter malposition in the lung parenchyma. The condition was resolved since the complication was identified and treated quickly.

CONCLUSION

Previous studies have revealed a few unusual incidences of catheter misplacement. This case report can be serviceable to the medical community as they should be aware of this unique presentation, it's management and outcome.

Vascular anomaly diagnosis by central venous catheter misplacement: a case report

Background

Congenital heart diseases rarely have a primary manifestation in adulthood. They are a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension in adults.

Case presentation

A 70-year-old woman of Eurasian descent underwent emergency surgery for bowel ischemia. Her history of mild pulmonary hypertension likely correlates with a peculiar diagnosis of an anatomic anomaly on the postoperative x-ray and computed tomography scan. The central venous catheter was misplaced. Initial management consisted of removal of the catheter. The diagnosis, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, may pose a clinical therapeutic dilemma.

Conclusions

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return is a potentially treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. With the current trend toward more medical imaging, we expect this diagnosis to be made more often in the future.

Central venous catheter penetrating the spinal canal via the spinal foramen: A case report and literature review

The insertion of a neck central venous catheter (CVC) is a common procedure in medical practice; however, malposition and complications frequently occur. A 66-year-old woman had CVC inserted through the right internal jugular vein. CVC malposition was observed on chest radiography and computed tomography. The catheter was accidentally inserted via the vertebral vein and had entered the C6-C7 intervertebral foramen, penetrating the spinal canal with the tip at the T2 epidural space. We present this rare CVC complication to demonstrate the possibility of incorrect insertion of the catheter and penetration of the spinal canal, possibly causing neuronal damage.

Inadvertent Arterial Cannulation and Norepinephrine Infusion Due to a Misplaced Central Venous Catheter

Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion is one of the most common procedures done for critically ill patients. The subclavian vein is the particular preferred site. Misplacement of a CVC via the subclavian vein is frequent and can result in life-threatening complications. We aim to report a rare complication of misplaced CVC in the left subclavian vein and norepinephrine infusion that was associated with right upper limb ischemia. Immediate recognition and intervention are key to prevent further complications. The use of ultrasound has proven to reduce such complication, and the hospital implemented the use of ultrasound prior to any CVC placement.

Central venous catheterization site choice based on anatomical landmark technique: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Internal jugular vein catheterization (IJVC) and subclavian vein catheterization (SCVC) have been the most preferred central venous catheterizations (CVC) clinically. Individual preference and institutional routine dominate the traditional CVC choice; however, it is lack of high-level evidence. We sought to provide better clinical strategy for CVC site choice based on anatomical landmark technique between IJVC and SCVC.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed eligible studies from PubMed, OVID, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.Gov till February 2020. The primary outcomes were catheterization time and overall success rate, and the secondary outcomes were the first-attempt success rate and the instant mechanical complications. Ethical problems are not applicable.

RESULTS

A total of 3378 patients from 7 studies were included in the analyses. Neither difference was found on the catheterization time (SMD 95% CI: -0.095-0.124, p = 0.792), nor any difference on the overall success rate (RR = 1.017, 95% CI: 0.927-1.117, p = 0.721, I² = 89.6%) between the 2 procedures. However, subgroup analyses showed overall success rate of IJVC was significantly lower than that of SCVC (RR = 0.906, 95% CI: 0.850-0.965, p = 0.002) in adults. The first-attempt success rate of IJVC group was higher in the adults (RR = 1.472, 95% CI: 1.004-2.156, p = 0.047). No significance was detected in arterial injury (RR = 1.137, 95% CI: 0.541-2.387, p = 0.735) and pneumothorax (RR = 0.600, 95% CI: 0.32-1.126, p = 0.112) between the two procedures. Hematoma was significantly more in IJVC group than that in SCVC group (RR = 2.824, 95% CI: 1.181-6.751, p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with IJVC, SCVC shows a higher overall success rate while a lower first-attempt success rate in adults, and has involved with less hematoma.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION

CRD42020165444.

Supraclavicular versus infraclavicular approach for ultrasound-guided right subclavian venous catheterisation: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial

Infraclavicular and supraclavicular approaches are used for subclavian venous catheterisation. We hypothesised that the supraclavicular approach is non-inferior to the infraclavicular approach in terms of safety during ultrasound-guided right subclavian venous catheterisation. We randomly allocated 401 neurosurgical patients undergoing ultrasound-guided right subclavian venous catheterisation into supraclavicular (n = 200) and infraclavicular (n = 201) groups. We assessed catheterisation-related complications (primary outcome measure) including catheter misplacement and mechanical complications (arterial puncture, haematoma formation, pneumothorax and haemothorax). We also recorded catheterisation success rates and time required for venous puncture and catheterisation. The number (proportion) of patients with catheterisation-related complications was six (3.0%) in the supraclavicular group and 27 (13.4%) in the infraclavicular group, mean difference (95%CI) -10.4% (-15.7 to -5.1%), p < 0.001, with a significant difference also seen for catheter misplacement. Except for a shorter time (median (IQR [range]) required for venous puncture in the supraclavicular group, being 9 (6-20 [2-138]) vs. 13 (8-20 [3-99]) s, the incidence of mechanical complications and other catheterisation characteristics were similar between the two groups. We recommend the supraclavicular approach for ultrasound-guided right subclavian venous catheterisation.

Cephalad misplacement of a pulmonary artery catheter in a patient with a preexisting Hickman catheter

Background

Pulmonary artery catheter insertion is a routine practice in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, pulmonary artery catheter insertion is associated with numerous complications that can be devastating to the patient. Incorrect placement is an overlooked complication with few case reports to date.

Case presentation

An 18-year-old male patient underwent elective mitral valve replacement due to severe mitral valve regurgitation. The patient had a history of synovial sarcoma, and Hickman catheter had been inserted in the right internal jugular vein for systemic chemotherapy. We made multiple attempts to position the pulmonary artery catheter in the correct position but failed. A chest radiography revealed that the pulmonary artery catheter was bent and pointed in the cephalad direction. Removal of the pulmonary artery catheter was successful, and the patient was discharged 10 days after the surgery without complications.

Conclusions

To prevent misplacement of the PAC, clinicians should be aware of multiple risk factors in difficult PAC placement, and be prepared to utilize adjunctive methods, such as TEE and fluoroscopy.

Medical and surgical devices in the emergency and trauma patient: what the radiologist should know, and how they can add value

A variety of different external and internal medical devices are used in the acute setting to maintain life support and manage severely injured and unstable trauma or emergency patients. These devices are inserted into the acutely ill patient with the specific purpose of improving outcome, but misplacement can cause additional morbidity and mortality. Consequently, meaningful interpretation of the position of devices can affect acute management. Some devices such as nasopharyngeal, nasogastric and endotracheal tubes and chest and surgical drains are well known to most clinicians, however, little formal training exists for radiologists in composing their report on the imaging of these devices. The novice radiologist often relies on tips and phrases handed down in an aural tradition or resorts to phrases such as: "position as shown". Furthermore, radiologists with limited experience in trauma might not be familiar with the radiological appearance of other more specific devices. This review will focus on the most common medical devices used in acute trauma patients, indications, radiological appearance and their correct and suboptimal positioning.

The value of real-time ultrasound-guidance for definite placement of a right supraclavicular subclavian central venous catheter

Central venous catheters (CVC) are widely used in critically ill patients and in those undergoing major surgery. Significant adverse events, such as pneumothorax and hemothorax, can be caused by needle insertion during CVC insertion. CVC misplacement is less often described, yet equally important, as it can lead to deleterious complications.Here, we describe a case in which misplacement of a guidewire following infraclavicular puncture of the right axillary vein was detected by continuous ultrasound employing the right supraclavicular fossa view. Utilizing this ultrasound view, the insertion approach to the vessel was changed and correct CVC placement could be achieved.While ultrasound guidance is widely accepted for vessel puncture, this case demonstrates the value of continuous ultrasound guidance for the entire process of CVC insertion: vessel puncture, correct guidewire advancement, catheter placement, and exclusion of complications such as pneumothorax. It also shows that there should be a high index of suspicion for guidewire misplacement, even after successful venipuncture.In conclusion, ultrasound protocols covering the complete CVC insertion process should be implemented into current clinical practice.

Development and Validation of a New Clinical Prediction Model of Catheter-Related Thrombosis Based on Vascular Ultrasound Diagnosis in Cancer Patients

Background: Central venous catheters are convenient for drug delivery and improved comfort for cancer patients, but they also cause serious complications. The most common complication is catheter-related thrombosis (CRT). Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for CRT in cancer patients and develop an effective prediction model for CRT in cancer patients. Methods: The development of our prediction model was based on a retrospective cohort (n = 3,131) from the National Cancer Center. Our prediction model was confirmed in a prospective cohort from the National Cancer Center (n = 685) and a retrospective cohort from the Hunan Cancer Hospital (n = 61). The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration plots. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that sex, cancer type, catheter type, position of the catheter tip, chemotherapy status, and antiplatelet/anticoagulation status at baseline were independent risk factors for CRT. The area under the ROC curve of our prediction model was 0.741 (CI: 0.715-0.766) in the primary cohort and 0.754 (CI: 0.704-0.803) and 0.658 (CI: 0.470-0.845) in validation cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. The model also showed good calibration and clinical impact in the primary and validation cohorts. Conclusions: Our model is a novel prediction tool for CRT risk that accurately assigns cancer patients into high- and low-risk groups. Our model will be valuable for clinicians when making decisions regarding thromboprophylaxis.

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Identified After Hemodialysis Catheter Insertion: A Case Report

Introduction

Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion is the most commonly performed clinical procedure when a patient initiates hemodialysis. Despite its clinical benefits, CVC insertion has several risks of complications. Thrombosis, venous stenosis, infection, arrhythmia, pneumothorax, and bleeding are among these complications. Malposition of the tip of the CVC can also occur with an incidence of up to 7%. One of several factors that could contribute to malposition is venous anatomy variation. Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is an extremely rare venous anatomical disorder but might have a significant clinical impact.

Case Presentation

Here we report a PLSVC case that was identified in chest radiography after the insertion of a CVC catheter in a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A 40-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity was presented in the emergency room with dyspnea for 1 week. Acute hemodialysis was required because of the ESRD and pulmonary edema. The PLSVC condition accompanied by various complications that occurred in this patient became a dilemma for the nephrologist in determining the diagnosis and proper CVC management.

Discussion

PLSVC is the most common congenital abnormality of the vena cava, even though it has a very small incidence. PLSVC occurs in about 0.1–0.5% of the total population and reaches 10% in individuals with congenital heart abnormalities. Most PLSVC presents along with normal superior vena cava and drains into the right atrium, which makes it very difficult to see the clinical signs and symptoms. Almost all PLSVC conditions are found incidentally during or after invasive procedures such as CVC insertion. CVC insertion in the PLSVC condition needs proper management to minimize the risk of complications.

Conclusion

This case shows the importance of understanding the PLSVC condition, which, although very rare, is expected to increase the awareness of the nephrologist in making the diagnosis, determining appropriate management, and preventing complications, thereby improving patient safety.

[Finger pain and personality changes after chemotherapy initiation via a central venous port system in a 67-year-old female patient]

Central venous port systems are an integral part of chemotherapy. Early recognition and management of arterial malposition are crucial to prevent further complications. A 67-year-old female with breast cancer underwent central venous port implantation for adjuvant chemotherapy. After administration of the first chemotherapy the patient developed acute bihemispheric cerebral infarction and myocardial ischemia due to arterio-arterial emboli with a toxic encephalopathic component. After systemic lysis and surgical removal of the central venous port system, the patient showed a complete recovery.

Calcium priming of the central venous catheter prevents a drop in ionized calcium concentration during Regional Citrate Anticoagulation

During citrate-based Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT), an infusion of calcium is necessary to replace the calcium lost in the effluent. The replacement takes place through a central venous catheter (CVC) that is primed with saline solution. Thus, we hypothesized a potential systemic anticoagulation caused by the unchelated citrate reaching the patient at the start of CRRT because of 0.42 ml of line dead space. In this pilot study, two subpopulations of 7 patients who underwent Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration (150 ml/min of blood flow, 1500 ml/h dialysate flow, 1500 ml/h of citrate predilution) were studied. One had the CVC primed with saline, the second with calcium chloride 10%. Calcium replacement rate was 6.3 ± 0.2 ml/h. Ionized calcium concentration was studied over time in the two groups and in the group with saline priming we detected a transient period of hypocalcemia (ionized calcium concentration [iCa] < 1.00 mmol/l for the first 2 hours). In the subpopulation with the calcium priming, this was not present. No significant effect on filter life emerged. Priming of the catheter with calcium seems effective in avoiding a potential issue regarding citrate accumulation at the start of CRRT. More studies are needed to assess the clinical significance of this finding.

Inadvertent insertion of a venous catheter into the internal thoracic vein: a word of caution

Central venous catheters are widely used in clinical practice and are linked to many types of complications, including incorrect positioning at the time the catheter is fitted. Here, the authors describe a case in which a fully implantable catheter was inadvertently positioned in the right internal thoracic vein. The complication was identified when the nursing team attempted to use the catheter. The right internal thoracic vein is within the radiographic projection of the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava, simulating correct catheter placement on an anteroposterior radiograph. In cases of central catheter malfunction during the immediate postoperative period, work-up should include oblique and lateral views, to rule out the complication described here without a need for computed tomography.

Complications and management strategies of totally implantable venous access port insertion through percutaneous subclavian vein

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to present clinical characteristics, peri-procedural outcomes, early and late complications, and management strategies in patients undergoing totally implantable venous access port insertion through percutaneous subclavian vein.

METHODS

A total of 2,084 port devices were inserted to 2,000 cancer patients (1,066 males, 934 females; mean age 58.4±12.7 years; range, 18 to 88 years) through subclavian vein using percutaneous landmark method between March 2012 and June 2018. Medical data including demographic features, primary diagnosis, technical success, procedural time, duration of device use, reasons for the device removal, and early and late complications were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

The most common type of cancer was colon cancer in males and breast cancer in females. Technical success rate of the procedure was 98.5%. Right subclavian vein was accessed in the majority of patients (92.4%). Early complications including inadvertent arterial puncture, catheter malposition, superficial hematoma, and pneumothorax occurred in 143 patients (6.9%), while late complications including infection, catheter occlusion, venous thrombosis, wound problems, catheter migration and embolization and pinch-off syndrome was developed in 118 patients (5.7%). Inadvertent arterial puncture in 63 patients (3%) was the most common early complication, while infection in 44 patients (2.1%) was the most common late complication. A total of 192 devices were removed due to the completion of chemotherapy or development of complications.

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed the safety and tolerability of totally implantable venous access port insertion through percutaneous subclavian vein with high technical success and low complication rates.

Recurrent central venous catheter migration in a patient with brittle asthma

Central venous catheters are widely used in intensive care and critically unwell patients, and reporting of unusual complications is in the interest of those using them on a regular basis. Recognised complications involve vascular, cardiac and pulmonary systems and include the risk of infection. Described is a case with a recurrent complication of device failure secondary to migration of the central venous catheter tip as a result of recurrent coughing episodes. The approach to inserting central catheters and diagnosing the cause for the migration is discussed. This case directly demonstrated looping and significant movement of a polyurethane catheter as a result of coughing. On two occasions, this resulted in the tip migration and the catheter becoming kinked, causing premature failure of the central venous catheter. This has only been seen before with silicone catheters. There should be high index of suspicion for migration of central venous catheters in patients with history of cough. Recommendations include maintaining a high index of suspicion for migration of central venous catheters in patients with history of cough and insertion of larger French size catheters in patient groups prone to severe coughing episodes. Ways to optimise initial central venous catheter placement using intracavitary electrocardiogram should be considered along with the use of interventional radiology in complex cases and those with recurrent complications.

Covered Stenting as Bail-Out Technique for Central Venous Catheter Malposition Within the Brachiocephalic Trunk

Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion with ultrasound guidance is routine clinical practice in the critically ill patient. Arterial malposition is serious and may lead to severe complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or death. We describe a bail-out technique for removal of right-sided CVC that was mispositioned into the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) at the origin of the right common carotid artery (CCA). Covered stenting of the BCT extending into the CCA in combination with plug embolization of the right subclavian artery was utilized.

‘Transvenous’ pleurocentesis

A middle-aged woman had a central venous catheter insertion for fluid resuscitation presented with tachypnea and oxygen desaturation 6 h later. Diagnosis was made based on the chest X-ray performed 6 h after the catheter placement. Thereafter, the patient received appropriate treatment.