Quantifying External Information in Social Network Analysis: An Application to Comparative Mythology

Social network analysis is a popular tool to understand the relationships between interacting agents by studying the structural properties of their connections. However, this kind of analysis can miss some of the domain-specific knowledge available in the original information domain and its propagation through the associated network. In this work, we develop an extension of classical social network analysis to incorporate external information from the original source of the network. With this extension we propose a new centrality measure, the semantic value, and a new affinity function, the semantic affinity, that establishes fuzzy-like relationships between the different actors in the network. We also propose a new heuristic algorithm based on the shortest capacity problem to compute this new function. As an illustrative case study, we use the novel proposals to analyze and compare the gods and heroes from three different classical mythologies: 1) Greek; 2) Celtic; and 3) Nordic. We study the relationships of each individual mythology and those of the common structure that is formed when we fuse the three of them. We also compare our results with those obtained using other existing centrality measures and embedding approaches. In addition, we test the proposed measures on a classical social network, the Reuters terror news network, as well as in a Twitter network related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the novel method obtains more meaningful comparisons and results than previous existing approaches in every case.

An MAGDM approach with 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number for mental health education evaluation of college students

Generally speaking, the evaluation of mental health education (MHE) in colleges is an activity and process of evaluating the elements, processes and effects of MHE in schools by systematically collecting relevant information, following reasonable evaluation principles and applying specialized evaluation methods and techniques according to certain evaluation index systems and value judgment systems. The fundamental goal of MHE evaluation in colleges is to promote and regulate the scientific, healthy and smooth development of MHE in colleges and universities, improve the quality of MHE, promote the reform of MHE, build a good psychological atmosphere in colleges and universities, and effectively improve the psychological quality and mental health of college students. The MHE evaluation of college students is looked as multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM). In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number cross-entropy (2TLNN-CE) method is defined based on the traditional cross-entropy and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs). Then, 2TLNN-CE method is established for MAGDM. Finally, a numerical example for MHE evaluation of college students was given and some comparisons are also conducted to further illustrate advantages of the built method.

Over-expressing NadA quinolinate synthase in Escherichia coli enhances the bioelectrochemistry in microbial fuel cells

The microbial fuel cell (MFC), which converts biomass energy into electricity through microbial metabolism, is one of the important devices for generating new bioenergy. However, low power production efficiency limits the development of MFCs. One possible method to solve this problem is to genetically modify the microbial metabolism pathways to enhance the efficiency of MFCs. In this study, we over-expressed the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide A quinolinate synthase gene (nadA) in order to increase the NADH/+ level in Escherichia coli and obtain a new electrochemically active bacteria strain. The following experiments showed an enhanced performance of the MFC, including increased peak voltage output (70.81 mV) and power density (0.29 μW/cm2), which increased by 361% and 20.83% compared to the control group, respectively. These data suggest that genetic modification of electricity producing microbes could be a potential way to improve MFC performance.

Evaluation model of green supplier selection for coal enterprises with similarity measures of double-valued neutrosophic sets based on cosine function

Coal is a vital basic energy source for any economy in the world, and our country is no exception. Our coal resources are abundant, with high production and demand, not comparable to oil and natural gas. The coal supply chain plays an equally important role in economic production, but unfortunately, the current coal supply chain is not focused on greening while creating profits. Unfortunately, the current coal supply chain does not focus on green production and energy conservation and emission reduction while creating profits, which has caused irreversible harm and loss to resources and environment. This has caused irreversible damage and loss to resources and the environment. The green supplier selection for coal enterprises is affirmed as multiple attribute decision making (MADM). In such paper, motivated by the idea of cosine similarity measure (CSM), the CSMs are extended to DVNSs and four CSMs are created under DVNSs. Then, two weighted CSMs are built for MADM under DVNSs. Finally, a numerical example for Green supplier selection for coal enterprises is affirmed and some comparative algorithms are produced to affirm the built method.

GRA method for probabilistic simplified neutrosophic MADM and application to talent training quality evaluation of segmented education

The “3 + 2” segmented training between higher vocational colleges and applied undergraduate courses has opened up the rising channel of vocational education from junior college level to undergraduate level, and promoted the organic connection between higher vocational colleges and Universities of Applied Sciences. It is one of the important ways to establish a modern vocational education system. Exploring the monitoring mechanism of talent training quality is an important measure to ensure the achievement of the segmented training goal, and it is a necessary condition to successfully train high-quality skilled applied talents. The talent training quality evaluation of segmented education is viewed as multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) issue. In this paper, an extended probabilistic simplified neutrosophic number GRA (PSNN-GRA) method is established for talent training quality evaluation of segmented education. The PSNN-GRA method integrated with CRITIC method in probabilistic simplified neutrosophic sets (PSNSs) circumstance is applied to rank the optional alternatives and a numerical example for talent training quality evaluation of segmented education is used to proof the newly proposed method’s practicability along with the comparison with other methods. The results display that the approach is uncomplicated, valid and simple to compute.

Properties of interval-valued quadripartitioned neutrosophic graphs with real-life application

The interval-valued quadripartitioned neutrosophic set is represented by the partition of the interval-valued neutrosophic set’s indeterminacy function into contradiction and ignorance parts. This article introduces the properties of interval quadripartitioned single valued neutrosophic graph. The properties like complementary, self-complementary, strong and complete interval-valued quadripartitioned neutrosophic graphs are investigated. The finest illustration of locating a climate conducive to apricot cultivation in Ladakh is provided by the notion that has been offered. The model gives us details on the location that should be chosen for apricot farming. Using the proposed concepts, we highlight potential applications of the usual apricot plant that thrives in extremely cold climates and is appropriate for higher production. The adopted approach makes a superior fit to consider the problems in application viewpoint.

An efficient method for ideological and political education quality evaluation of colleges and universities with 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets

Improving college students’ satisfaction with the teaching quality of ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities is the need to promote college students to consciously fulfill their ideological and political quality, and it is also the need to further form a strong driving force for the teaching reform of ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities. The requirements of teaching level are also the requirements to further enhance the competitiveness of colleges and universities. The ideological and political education quality (IPEQ) evaluation of college students is looked as multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem. In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic TOPSIS (2TLN-TOPSIS) model is built based on the traditional TOPSIS and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs). Firstly, the 2TLNSs is introduced. Then, combine the TOPSIS model with 2TLNSs, the 2TLN-TOPSIS model is established for MAGDM. Finally, a numerical example for IPEQ evaluation of College students have been given and some comparisons are also conducted to further illustrate advantages of the 2TLN-TOPSIS method.

IVNN-Taxonomy method for teaching effect evaluation of “micro-ideological and political” model in medical colleges and universities

How to make good use of new network technology and design the classroom teaching of a course needs to be based on the teaching object, teaching content, and the teacher’s mastery of the technology and teaching platform. In teaching design, scholars also put forward different teaching links based on their own teaching experience. The cooperative learning links should be designed in college teaching. To build a positive and interdependent organizational structure and an equal and democratic learning atmosphere will help students to stimulate their learning motivation and sense of responsibility. The fuzzy evaluation of the teaching effect of the “micro-ideological and political” model in medical colleges and universities is viewed as the multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issue. In such paper, Taxonomy method is designed for solving the MAGDM under interval-valued neutrosophic sets (IVNSs). First, the score function of IVNSs and Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation (CRITIC) method is used to derive the attribute weights. Second, then, the interval-valued neutrosophic numbers Taxonomy (IVNN-Taxonomy) method is built to deal with MAGDM problem. Finally, a numerical example for teaching effect evaluation of the “micro-ideological and political” model in medical colleges and universities is given to illustrate the built method.

Grey relational analysis method for typhoon vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures based on the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number

As one of the severe natural disasters, typhoon hazard brings tremendous tragedy to human beings. The foreland in the southeast of China is one of the most typhoon prone areas in the world. There are amount of damage of civil engineering structures induced by typhoon every year. Especially for the spacious villages, the low-rise buildings are vulnerable to typhoon so that many of them are destroyed regionally. The typhoon vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures is a classical multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issues. In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number grey relational analysis (2TLNN-GRA) method is built based on the grey relational analysis (GRA) and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs) with incomplete weight information. For deriving the weight information of the attribute, an optimization model is built on the basis of the GRA, by which the attribute weights can be decided. Then, the optimal alternative is chosen through calculating largest relative relational degree from the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number positive ideal solution (2TLNNPIS) which considers both the largest grey relational coefficient (GRC) from the 2TLNNPIS and the smallest GRC form 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number negative ideal solution (2TLNN NIS). Then, combine the traditional fuzzy GRA model with 2TLNNSs information, the 2TLNN-GRA method is established and the computing steps for MAGDM are built. Finally, a numerical example for typhoon vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures has been given and some comparisons is used to illustrate advantages of 2TLNN-GRA method.

Exponential function-driven single-valued neutrosophic entropy and similarity measures and their applications to multi-attribute decision-making

Single-valued neutrosophic set is an important tool for describing fuzzy information and solving fuzzy decision problems. It is known that entropy can be applied to measure the degree of uncertainty of evaluation information and determine the important degree of objects, similarity is mainly used to capture the internal relationship of the evaluation objects. Therefore, single-valued neutrosophic entropy and single-valued neutrosophic similarity are two important topics in multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) problems. In this paper, some new single-valued neutrosophic entropy and similarity methods are first proposed to deal with uncertain and fuzzy decision problems with the help of exponential function. Then, the proofs of exponential entropy and exponential similarity measures fit the definition of single-valued neutrosophic similarity and single-valued neutrosophic entropy are presented. Moreover, we apply these two measure methods to cope with the MADM problems, then a new MADM method is provided. Finally, the developed MADM method is applied to the practical example of investment decision, and comparisons with other methods are conducted to show the advantages and rationality of our method.

Method for 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number MAGDM and applications to physical education teaching quality evaluation in colleges and universities

The quality of physical education (PE) teaching in colleges and universities is the basis for the development of PE disciplines in colleges and universities, so currently thinking about how to effectively improve the quality of PE teaching in colleges and universities has become the first and foremost problem for many college and university PE departments to solve. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to build a reasonable and scientific evaluation and monitoring system of PE teaching quality, because only by establishing an effective evaluation and monitoring system of teaching quality can we evaluate and supervise all the PE operation properly and scientifically, and then give feedback in the process of evaluation and supervision, such evaluation and monitoring system can greatly promote the continuous improvement of PE teaching quality in colleges and universities. This is also one of the most effective means to improve the quality of PE and achieve the goal of PE in colleges and universities. The PE teaching quality evaluation in Colleges and Universities is frequently viewed as the multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issue. In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number grey relational analysis (2TLNN-GRA) method is built based on the traditional grey relational analysis (GRA) and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNNSs). Then, a numerical example for PE teaching quality evaluation in Colleges and Universities has been given and some comparisons is used to illustrate advantages of 2TLNN-GRA method.

Application of evidence reasoning algorithm and QUALIFLEX with single-valued neutrosophic set for MCDM

Multi-criteria decision-making methods often include attributes with uncertain nature in practical applications, single-valued neutrosophic set is an important approach to solve above problem. QUALIFLEX method is a traditional decision method that makes decision by comparing different permutations of alternatives. In this paper, QUALIFLEX method is developed to solve the MCDM problem with the element of decision matrix is the single-valued neutrosophic number. Besides, since the defects of the original QUALIFLEX method about fusing information of different attributes, this paper uses Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence to integrate the information about weight and alternatives. Finally, by comparing the result with other MCDM methods, we find that the new method can not only obtain reasonable results, but also explain the decision results by probability theory. This paper not only develops the traditional MCDM method, but also a meaningful attempt to apply AI algorithm in MCDM method.

Private anomaly detection of student health conditions based on wearable sensors in mobile cloud computing

With the continuous spread of COVID-19 virus, how to guarantee the healthy living of people especially the students who are of relative weak physique is becoming a key research issue of significant values. Specifically, precise recognition of the anomaly in student health conditions is beneficial to the quick discovery of potential patients. However, there are so many students in each school that the education managers cannot know about the health conditions of students in a real-time manner and accurately recognize the possible anomaly among students quickly. Fortunately, the quick development of mobile cloud computing technologies and wearable sensors has provided a promising way to monitor the real-time health conditions of students and find out the anomalies timely. However, two challenges are present in the above anomaly detection issue. First, the health data monitored by massive wearable sensors are often massive and updated frequently, which probably leads to high sensor-cloud transmission cost for anomaly detection. Second, the health data of students are often sensitive enough, which probably impedes the integration of health data in cloud environment even renders the health data-based anomaly detection infeasible. In view of these challenges, we propose a time-efficient and privacy-aware anomaly detection solution for students with wearable sensors in mobile cloud computing environment. At last, we validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our work via a set of simulated experiments.

Personalized survival probabilities for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients by explainable machine learning

Interpretable risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients can aid clinicians to implement precision medicine. Here we trained a machine learning model to predict mortality within 12 weeks of a first positive SARS-CoV-2 test. By leveraging data on 33,938 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in eastern Denmark, we considered 2723 variables extracted from electronic health records (EHR) including demographics, diagnoses, medications, laboratory test results and vital parameters. A discrete-time framework for survival modelling enabled us to predict personalized survival curves and explain individual risk factors. Performance on the test set was measured with a weighted concordance index of 0.95 and an area under the curve for precision-recall of 0.71. Age, sex, number of medications, previous hospitalizations and lymphocyte counts were identified as top mortality risk factors. Our explainable survival model developed on EHR data also revealed temporal dynamics of the 22 selected risk factors. Upon further validation, this model may allow direct reporting of personalized survival probabilities in routine care.

Performance evaluation of family business strategic transition based on the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number multiple attribute group decision making

Since 2010, China’s traditional industry has entered a critical stage of development and enterprise reform and development is imminent. Product homogenization is serious in this market, so that the competition among enterprises is fierce. At the same time, international brands continue to enter the Chinese consumption market, which intensifies the competition and seriously squeezes the market share of Chinese local brands. However, the popularization and development of the Internet and the change of people’s consumption concept and level make the market put forward higher requirements for the development of business operation and many traditional family enterprises have embarked on the road of transformation. It is of great significance and value to clarify the influence of internal factors of family enterprises on strategic transformation. The performance evaluation of family business strategic transition is really a multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) problems. In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number grey relational analysis (2TLNN-GRA) method is proposed along with on the traditional grey relational analysis (GRA) and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNNSs). Firstly, the 2TLNNSs is introduced. Then, combine the traditional fuzzy GRA model with 2TLNNSs information, the 2TLNN-GRA method is established and the computing steps for MAGDM are built. Finally, a numerical example for performance evaluation of family business strategic transition has been given and some comparisons is used to illustrate advantages of 2TLNN-GRA method.

An intelligent decision methodology for physical health evaluation of college students based on generalized 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic geometric HM operators

Physical Health is an important part of health education and health promotion in my country, and the health literacy level of students majoring in physical education in colleges and universities is an important factor in the development of health education in primary and secondary schools, and also directly affects the implementation of school health education in the future. The physical health evaluation of College students is frequently viewed as the multiple attribute decision making (MADM) issue. In our article, we combine the geometric Heronian mean (GHM) operator, generalized weighted Heronian mean (GWHM) operator with 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic numbers (2TLNNs) to propose the generalized 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic geometric HM (G2TLNGHM) operator and generalized 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic weighted geometric HM (G2TLNWGHM) operator. Meanwhile, some ideal properties of built operator are studied. Then, the G2TLNWGHM operator is applied to deal with the MADM problems under 2TLNNs. Finally, an example for Physical health evaluation of College students is used to show the proposed methods.

Correlation measures under single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy sets environment for multi-criteria decision-making problems

We examine correlation coefficients for single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy sets (SVNHFSs) to point out their questionable results for the ideal alternative. Then, we propose three similarity measure methods to solve multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Three applications, namely, ranking of alternatives, dysfunctional comments of turbine engine generators, and disease diagnoses for patients, illustrate the stability and effectivity of our new similarity. Our findings will help researchers deal with similarity measures in the future.

Fabrication of a graphene-based sensor to detect the humidity and the temperature of a metal body with imprecise data analysis

Graphene is a 2D material with remarkable properties. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of a graphene-based sensor for measuring the temperature and humidity of a metal body. The graphene sensor was fabricated by depositing a thin film of graphene nanoparticles between silver electrodes (separated by ∼50 μm) on a glass substrate. The graphene thin film was characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis techniques. The capacitance and resistance for both the relative humidity (in the range of 0-100% RH) and temperature (in the range of 230-310 K) were measured using an LCR meter at 1 kHz in a controlled chamber. The graphene-based sensor expressed high sensitivity with fast response and recovery times for both humidity and temperature with long stability and low hysteresis curves. The sensor was also tested on a metal body, which expressed a good response time. Moreover, the measured data of capacitance and resistance was analyzed with classical and neutrosophic analysis as an application of modern material statistics. It was observed that neutrosophic analysis is more flexible for analyzing the capacitance and resistance of the fabricated sensor.

Fabrication of flexible temperature sensors to explore indeterministic data analysis for robots as an application of Internet of Things

The use of flexible electronic devices in different applications of Internet of Things, especially in robot technology, has gained importance to measure different physical factors such as temperature. Moreover, there is a need for a flexible and more informative approach to analyse the data. In this study, we report two flexible temperature sensors based on reduced graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high sensitivity and quick response and recovery times. The electrical properties of the sensors were studied using an LCR meter associated with a controlled chamber at 1 kHz. We used both classical and neutrosophic methods for analyzing the measured data of temperature sensors and found the more effective method by comparing their methods of analysis.

The use of flexible electronic devices in different applications of Internet of Things, especially in robot technology, has gained importance to measure different physical factors such as temperature.

Single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar Hamy mean aggregation operators and their application in multi-attribute decision making

Single-valued neutrosophic sets can efficiently depict a great deal of imprecise, uncertain and discordant information. Hamy mean operator can consider the interrelationships among multiple integrated arguments and Schweizer-Sklar operations express great flexibility in the process of information aggregation. To give full consideration to these advantages, we merge the Hamy mean operator with the Schweizer-Sklar operations in single-valued neutrosophic environment, proposing a single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar Hamy mean operator and a single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar weighted Hamy mean operator. Besides, we illustrate some specific cases and attributes of the two operators. Moreover, based on the entropy weight method and the single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar weighted Hamy mean operator, this paper presents a single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar entropic weighted Hamy mean method to tackle multi-attribute decision making problems. At last, the method and other three existing methods are applied to solve a practical multi-attribute decision making problem, which validates the credibility and validity of the single-valued neutrosophic Schweizer-Sklar entropic weighted Hamy mean method by comparing the differences among them.

A Novel Similarity Measure of Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets Based on Modified Manhattan Distance and Its Applications

A single-valued neutrosophic (SVN) set contains three parameters, which can well describe three aspects of an objective thing. However, most previous similarity measures of SVN sets often encounter some counter-intuitive examples. Manhattan distance is a well-known distance, which has been applied in pattern recognition, image analysis, ad-hoc wireless sensor networks, etc. In order to develop suitable distance measures, a new distance measure of SVN sets based on modified Manhattan distance is constructed, and a new distance-based similarity measure also is put forward. Then some applications of the proposed similarity measure are introduced. First, we introduce a pattern recognition algorithm. Then a multi-attribute decision-making method is proposed, in which a weighting method is developed by building an optimal model based on the proposed similarity measure. Furthermore, a clustering algorithm is also put forward. Some examples are also used to illustrate these methods.

Targets preliminary screening for the fresh natural drug molecule based on Cosine-correlation and similarity-comparison of local network

Background

Chinese herbal medicine is made up of hundreds of natural drug molecules and has played a major role in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for several thousand years. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the target of natural drug molecules for exploring the mechanism of treating diseases with TCM. However, it is very difficult to determine the targets of a fresh natural drug molecule due to the complexity of the interaction between drug molecules and targets. Compared with traditional biological experiments, the computational method has the advantages of less time and low cost for targets screening, but it remains many great challenges, especially for the molecules without social ties.

Methods

This study proposed a novel method based on the Cosine-correlation and Similarity-comparison of Local Network (CSLN) to perform the preliminary screening of targets for the fresh natural drug molecules and assign weights to them through a trained parameter.

Results

The performance of CSLN is superior to the popular drug-target-interaction (DTI) prediction model GRGMF on the gold standard data in the condition that is drug molecules are the objects for training and testing. Moreover, CSLN showed excellent ability in checking the targets screening performance for a fresh-natural-drug-molecule (scenario simulation) on the TCMSP (13 positive samples in top20), meanwhile, Western-Blot also further verified the accuracy of CSLN.

Conclusions

In summary, the results suggest that CSLN can be used as an alternative strategy for screening targets of fresh natural drug molecules.

Comparative Analysis of the Simple WISP and Some Prominent MCDM Methods: A Python Approach

This article presents a comparison of the results obtained using the newly proposed Simple Weighted Sum Product method and some prominent multiple criteria decision-making methods. For comparison, several analyses were performed using the Python programming language and its NumPy library. The comparison was also made on a real decision-making problem taken from the literature. The obtained results confirm the high correlation of the results obtained using the Simple Weighted Sum Product method and selected multiple criteria decision-making methods such as TOPSIS, SAW, ARAS, WASPAS, and CoCoSo, which confirms the usability of the Simple Weighted Sum Product method for solving multiple criteria decision-making problems.

Hybrid weighted aggregation operator of cubic fuzzy-consistency elements and their group decision-making model in cubic fuzzy multi-valued setting

The ambiguity and uncertainty of human cognition about actual engineering problems are very challenging and indispensable issues in the information expression and aggregation. However, existing various cubic (hesitant) concepts may not reasonably represent the hybrid information of both an interval-valued fuzzy value and a fuzzy sequence with identical and/or different fuzzy values, which commonly occurs in engineering fields. To express the hybrid information, this paper first proposes the notion of a cubic fuzzy multi-valued set as a new extension of existing cubic (hesitant) notions and defines operational relations of cubic fuzzy multi-valued elements. To obtain reasonable operations between different fuzzy sequence lengths in cubic fuzzy multi-valued elements, cubic fuzzy multi-valued elements are transformed into cubic fuzzy-consistency elements based on the average value and consistency degree/level (complement of standard deviation) of a fuzzy sequence in a cubic fuzzy multi-valued element. Next, we present operations of cubic fuzzy-consistency elements and an expected value of a cubic fuzzy-consistency element for ranking cubic fuzzy-consistency elements. Further, we propose a cubic fuzzy-consistency hybrid weighted arithmetic and geometric averaging operator, and then develop a multi-attribute group decision-making model using the cubic fuzzy-consistency hybrid weighted arithmetic and geometric averaging operator and expected value of cubic fuzzy-consistency elements to solve group decision-making problems under the cubic fuzzy multi-valued environment. To reflect the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed group decision-making model, the developed group decision-making model is utilized in an example on the selection problem of slope design schemes regarding an open pit mine in the cubic fuzzy multi-valued environment. Comparative analysis indicates the flexibility and rationality of the developed group decision-making model.

Neutrosophic statistical analysis of resistance depending on the temperature variance of conducting material

In this work, we have proposed a neutrosophic statistical approach for the analysis of resistance of conducting material depending on the temperature variance. We have developed a neutrosophic formula and applied it to the resistance data. We also use the classical statistical approach for making a comparison between both approaches. As a result, it is observed that the neutrosophic statistical approach is more flexible and informative. Also, this work suggests that the neutrosophic statistical approach analyzes the resistance of conducting material for big data.

Fabrication of a surface type humidity sensor based on methyl green thin film, with the analysis of capacitance and resistance through neutrosophic statistics

In this work, we propose a humidity sensor based on methyl green thin film. A surface-type humidity sensor Al/MG/Al was fabricated by depositing methyl green thin film between aluminum electrodes. The structural, optical and surface morphological properties of the thin film were characterized by XRD, UV Vis and FESEM. The sensing properties with high sensitivity as well as response time 200 s and recovery 60 s of the humidity sensor were investigated by measuring the capacitance and resistance at 1, 10 and 100 kHz with the humidity varying range from 32 to 85% RH. These measured values were analyzed by classical statistics and neutrosophic statistics. As a result, it was observed that neutrosophic statistics were more informative, flexible and adequate than classical statistics for analyzing the measured values of capacitance and resistance.

An Application of Neutrosophic Set to Relative Importance Assignment in AHP

The paper addresses a new facet of problem regarding the application of AHP in the real world. There are occasions that decision makers are not certain about relative importance assignment in pairwise comparison. The decision makers think the relative importance is among a set of scales, each of which is associated with a different possibility degree. A Discrete Single Valued Neutrosophic Number (DSVNN) with specified degrees of truth, indeterminacy, and falsity is employed to represent each assignment by taking into account all possible scales according to the decision maker’s thought. Each DSVNN assignment is transformed into a crisp value via a deneutrosophication using a similarity-to-absolute-truth measure. The obtained crisp scales are input to a pairwise comparison matrix for further analysis. The proposed neutrosophic set-based relative importance assignment is another additional novelty of the paper, which is different from all prior studies focusing only on the definition of measurement scales. The presented assignment emulates the real-world approach of decision making in human beings which may consider more than one possibility. It is also shown herein that the single and crisp relative importance assignment in the original AHP by Saaty is just a special case of the proposed methodology. The sensitivity analysis informs that when decision makers have neither absolute truth nor falsity about a scale, the proposed methodology is recommended for obtaining reliable relative importance scale. The applicability of the proposed methodology to the real-world problem is shown through the investment in equity market.

Statistical Modeling based Directional Pattern Design (SMDPD) feature extraction for coral reef classification

Coral reefs are a precious ecosystem that supports majority of marine life. The identification of coral species is essential in the conservation and monitoring process. Distinguishing the coral species among the coral reef family is really a challenging task since they have analogous characteristics and have complex spatial borders between the coral classes. This requires experts to identify corals. But due to inconsistency and biasing of manual labelling, the manual annotations of coral reefs are not feasible. The objective of this research work is to identify various types of corals present in the given input video. This work is aimed at identifying thirty-six types of coral by employing a new feature extraction method called Statistical Modeling based Directional Pattern Design (SMDPD) using a new directional pattern. The proposed work outperforms the state-of-art techniques for four coral datasets namely EILAT, EILAT 2 Red Sea, MLC 2010 and RSMAS. Another advantage of this work is the reduction in feature bin size from 255 to just 16 bins.

Consistency Fuzzy Sets and a Cosine Similarity Measure in Fuzzy Multiset Setting and Application to Medical Diagnosis

The main purpose of this study is to construct a base for a new fuzzy set concept that is called consistency fuzzy set (CFS) which expresses the multidimensional uncertain data quite successfully. Our motive is to reduce the complexity and difficulty caused by the information contained in the truth sequence in a fuzzy multiset (FMS) and to present the data of the truth sequence in a more understandable and compact manner. Therefore, this paper introduces the concept of CFS that is characterized with a truth function defined on a universal set ${\left[\mathrm{0,1}\right]}^2$ . The first component of the truth pair of a CFS is the average value of the truth sequence of a FMS and the second component is the consistency degree, that is, the fuzzy complement of the standard deviation of the truth sequence of the same FMS. The main contribution of a CFS is the reflection of both the level of the average of the data that can be expressed with the different sequence lengths and the degree of the reasonable information in data via consistency degree. To develop this new concept, this paper also presents a correlation coefficient and a cosine similarity measure between CFSs. Furthermore, the proposed correlation coefficient and cosine similarity measure are applied to a multiperiod medical diagnosis problem. Finally, a comparison analysis is given between the obtained results and the existing results in literature to show the efficiency and rationality of the proposed correlation coefficient and cosine similarity measure.

Multi-attribute Cognitive Decision Making via Convex Combination of Weighted Vector Similarity Measures for Single-Valued Neutrosophic Sets

Similarity measure (SM) proves to be a necessary tool in cognitive decision making processes. A single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is just a particular instance of neutrosophic sets (NSs), which is capable of handling uncertainty and impreciseness/vagueness with a better degree of accuracy. The present article proposes two new weighted vector SMs for SVNSs, by taking the convex combination of vector SMs of Jaccard and Dice and Jaccard and cosine vector SMs. The applications of the proposed measures are validated by solving few multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) problems under neutrosophic environment. Moreover, to prevent the spread of COVID-19 outbreak, we also demonstrate the problem of selecting proper antivirus face mask with the help of our newly constructed measures. The best deserving alternative is calculated based on the highest SM values between the set of alternatives with an ideal alternative. Meticulous comparative analysis is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed measures with the already established ones in the literature. Finally, illustrative examples are demonstrated to show the reliability, feasibility, and applicability of the proposed decision-making method. The comparison of the results manifests a fair agreement of the outcomes for the best alternative, proving that our proposed measures are effective. Moreover, the presented SMs are assured to have multifarious applications in the field of pattern recognition, image clustering, medical diagnosis, complex decision-making problems, etc. In addition, the newly constructed measures have the potential of being applied to problems of group decision making where the human cognition-based thought processes play a major role.

Multifuzzy Cubic Sets and Their Correlation Coefficients for Multicriteria Group Decision-Making

The notion of multifuzzy sets (MFSs) or multi-interval-valued fuzzy sets (MIVFSs) provides a new method to represent some problems with a sequence of the different and/or same fuzzy/interval-valued fuzzy membership values of an element to the set. Then, a fuzzy cubic set (FCS) consists of a certain part (a fuzzy value) and an uncertain part (an interval-valued fuzzy value) but cannot represent hybrid information of both MFS and MIVFS. To adequately depict the opinion of several experts/decision-makers by using a union/sequence of the different and/or same fuzzy cubic values for an object assessed in group decision-making (GDM) problems, this paper proposes a multifuzzy cubic set (MFCS) notion as the conceptual extension of FCS to express the hybrid information of both MFS and MIVFS in the fuzzy setting of both uncertainty and certainty. Then, we propose three correlation coefficients of MFCSs and then introduce correlation coefficients of MFSs and MIVFSs as special cases of the three correlation coefficients of MFCSs. Further, the multicriteria GDM methods using three weighted correlation coefficients of MFCSs are developed under the environment of MFCSs, which contains the MFS and MIVFS GDM methods. Lastly, these multicriteria GDM methods are applied in an illustrative example on the selection problem of equipment suppliers; then their decision results and comparative analysis indicate that the developed GDM methods are more practicable and effective and reflect that either different correlation coefficients or different information expressions can also impact on the ranking of alternatives. Therefore, this study indicates the main contribution of the multifuzzy cubic information expression, correlation coefficients, and GDM methods in the multifuzzy setting of both uncertainty and certainty.

New similarity measures for single-valued neutrosophic sets with applications in pattern recognition and medical diagnosis problems

The single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is a well-known model for handling uncertain and indeterminate information. Information measures such as distance measures, similarity measures and entropy measures are very useful tools to be used in many applications such as multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), medical diagnosis, pattern recognition and clustering problems. A lot of such information measures have been proposed for the SVNS model. However, many of these measures have inherent problems that prevent them from producing reasonable or consistent results to the decision makers. In this paper, we propose several new distance and similarity measures for the SVNS model. The proposed measures have been verified and proven to comply with the axiomatic definition of the distance and similarity measure for the SVNS model. A detailed and comprehensive comparative analysis between the proposed similarity measures and other well-known existing similarity measures has been done. Based on the comparison results, it is clearly proven that the proposed similarity measures are able to overcome the shortcomings that are inherent in existing similarity measures. Finally, an extensive set of numerical examples, related to pattern recognition and medical diagnosis, is given to demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed similarity measures. In all numerical examples, it is proven that the proposed similarity measures are able to produce accurate and reasonable results. To further verify the superiority of the suggested similarity measures, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test is performed on the ranking results that were obtained from the numerical examples, and it was again proven that the proposed similarity measures produced the most consistent ranking results compared to other existing similarity measures.

A cosine similarity measure for multi-criteria group decision making under neutrosophic soft environment

In actual life, uncertain and inconsistent information exists widely. How to deal with the information so that it can be better applied is a problem that has to be solved. Neutrosophic soft sets can process uncertain and inconsistent information. Also, Dempster-Shafer evidence theory has the advantage of dealing with uncertain information, and it can synthesize uncertain information and deal with subjective judgments effectively. Therefore, this paper creatively combines the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory with the neutrosophic soft sets, and proposes a cosine similarity measure for multi-criteria group decision making. Different from the previous studies, the proposed similarity measure is utilized to measure the similarity between two objects in the structure of neutrosophic soft set, rather than two neutrosophic soft sets. We also propose the objective degree and credibility degree which reflect the decision makers’ subjective preference based on the similarity measure. Then parameter weights are calculated by the objective degree. Additionally, based on credibility degree and parameter weights, we propose the modified score function, modified accuracy function, and modified certainty function, which can be employed to obtain partial order relation and make decisions. Later, we construct an aggregation algorithm for multi-criteria group decision making based on Dempster’s rule of combination and apply the algorithm to a case of medical diagnosis. Finally, by testing and comparing the algorithm, the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can solve the multi-criteria group decision making problems effectively.

A neutrosophic clinical decision-making system for cardiovascular diseases risk analysis

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis of heart disease can reduce this large number of deaths so that treatment can be carried out. Many decision-making systems have been developed, but they are too complex for medical professionals. To target these objectives, we develop an explainable neutrosophic clinical decision-making system for the timely diagnose of cardiovascular disease risk. We make our system transparent and easy to understand with the help of explainable artificial intelligence techniques so that medical professionals can easily adopt this system. Our system is taking thirty-five symptoms as input parameters, which are, gender, age, genetic disposition, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, depression, unhealthy diet, metabolic disorder, physical inactivity, pre-eclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis, coffee consumption, pregnancy, rubella, drugs, tobacco, alcohol, heart defect, previous surgery/injury, thyroid, sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation, heart history, infection, homocysteine level, pericardial cysts, marfan syndrome, syphilis, inflammation, clots, cancer, and electrolyte imbalance and finds out the risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, heart attack, heart arrhythmia, peripheral artery disease, aortic disease, pericardial disease, deep vein thrombosis, heart valve disease, and heart failure. There are five main modules of the system, which are neutrosophication, knowledge base, inference engine, de-neutrosophication, and explainability. To demonstrate the complete working of our system, we design an algorithm and calculates its time complexity. We also present a new de-neutrosophication formula, and give comparison of our the results with existing methods.

Reverse triple I method based on single valued neutrosophic fuzzy inference

The theory of single valued neutrosophic sets, which is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, is more capable of dealing with inconsistent information in practice. In this paper, we propose reverse triple I method under single valued neutrosophic environment. Firstly, we give the definitions of single valued neutrosophic t-representation t-norms and single valued neutrosophic residual implications. Secondly, we develop a formula for calculating single valued neutrosophic residual implications. Then we propose reverse triple I method based on left-continuous single valued neutrosophic t-representation t-norms and its solutions. Lastly, we discuss the robustness of reverse triple I method based on the proposed similarity measure.

Some aggregation operators of neutrosophic Z-numbers and their multicriteria decision making method

As the generalization of the classical fuzzy number, the concept of Z-number introduced by Zadeh indicates more ability to depict the human knowledge and judgments of both restraint and reliability as an order pair of fuzzy numbers. In indeterminacy and inconsistent environment, a neutrosophic set is described by the truth, falsity, and indeterminacy degrees, but they lack measures related to reliability. To describe the hybrid information of combining the truth, falsity and indeterminacy degrees with their corresponding reliability degrees, this paper first proposes the concept of a neutrosophic Z-number (NZN) set, which is a new framework of neutrosophic values combined with the neutrosophic measures of reliability, as the generalization of the Z-number and the neutrosophic set. Then, we define the operations of neutrosophic Z-numbers (NZNs) and a score function for ranking NZNs. Next, we present NZN weighted arithmetic averaging (NZNWAA) and NZN weighted geometric averaging (NZNWGA) operators to aggregate NZN information and investigate their properties. Regarding the NZNWAA and NZNWGA operators and the score function, a multicriteria decision making (MDM) approach is developed in the NZN environment. Finally, an illustrative example about the selection problem of business partners is given to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed MDM approach in NZN setting.