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Jovanovic MZ, Stanojevic J, Stevanovic I, Ninkovic M, Ilic TV, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation restores the balance between A2AR- and A1R-mediated adenosine signaling in the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2053-2067. [PMID: 39254566 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00027/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling, particularly the increased A2AR-mediated signaling, plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression, demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling. Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test. Immunoblot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen. Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals. A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen. Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion, coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms. After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation, complete motor recovery was observed. This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the eN/CD73-A2AR pathway and a return to physiological levels of A1R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation. Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A1R and elevated the expression of A2AR. Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A1R and A2AR to control levels. The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling, ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stanojevic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Yang H, Xia Y, Ma Y, Gao M, Hou S, Xu S, Wang Y. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway: contributing to the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1900-1918. [PMID: 38993125 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart, liver, brain, and kidney, but its role and mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been systematically reviewed. Here, we outline the components of the cGAS-STING pathway and then analyze its role in autophagy, ferroptosis, cellular pyroptosis, disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis, inflammatory responses, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, microglia transformation, and complement system activation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We further analyze the value of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and conclude that the pathway can regulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway may be helpful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yulei Xia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingtong Gao
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuai Hou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology II, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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3
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Yao J, Li Y, Liu X, Liang W, Li Y, Wu L, Wang Z, Song W. FUBP3 mediates the amyloid-β-induced neuronal NLRP3 expression. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2068-2083. [PMID: 39254567 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202507000-00028/figure1/v/2024-09-09T124005Z/r/image-tiff Alzheimer's disease is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β, which forms extracellular neuritic plaques, and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, which aggregates to form intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, in the brain. The NLRP3 inflammasome may play a role in the transition from amyloid-β deposition to tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Because NLRP3 is primarily found in brain microglia, and tau is predominantly located in neurons, it has been suggested that NLRP3 expressed by microglia indirectly triggers tau phosphorylation by upregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we found that neurons also express NLRP3 in vitro and in vivo, and that neuronal NLRP3 regulates tau phosphorylation. Using biochemical methods, we mapped the minimal NLRP3 promoter and identified FUBP3 as a transcription factor regulating NLRP3 expression in neurons. In primary neurons and the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2A, FUBP3 is required for endogenous NLRP3 expression and tau phosphorylation only when amyloid-β is present. In the brains of aged wild-type mice and a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, FUBP3 expression was markedly increased in cortical neurons. Transcriptome analysis suggested that FUBP3 plays a role in neuron-mediated immune responses. We also found that FUBP3 trimmed the 5' end of DNA fragments that it bound, implying that FUBP3 functions in stress-induced responses. These findings suggest that neuronal NLRP3 may be more directly involved in the amyloid-β-to-phospho-tau transition than microglial NLRP3, and that amyloid-β fundamentally alters the regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 expression in neurons. Given that FUBP3 was only expressed at low levels in young wild-type mice and was strongly upregulated in the brains of aged mice and Alzheimer's disease mice, FUBP3 could be a safe therapeutic target for preventing Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenping Liang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Chen Y, Deng H, Zhang N. Autophagy-targeting modulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1864-1882. [PMID: 39254547 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration following traumatic peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies is a complex process modulated by diverse factors and intricate molecular mechanisms. Past studies have focused on factors that stimulate axonal outgrowth and myelin regeneration. However, recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of autophagy in peripheral nerve regeneration, particularly in the context of traumatic injuries. Consequently, autophagy-targeting modulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration. Our current understanding suggests that activating autophagy facilitates the rapid clearance of damaged axons and myelin sheaths, thereby enhancing neuronal survival and mitigating injury-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. These actions collectively contribute to creating a favorable microenvironment for structural and functional nerve regeneration. A range of autophagy-inducing drugs and interventions have demonstrated beneficial effects in alleviating peripheral neuropathy and promoting nerve regeneration in preclinical models of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. This review delves into the regulation of autophagy in cell types involved in peripheral nerve regeneration, summarizing the potential drugs and interventions that can be harnessed to promote this process. We hope that our review will offer novel insights and perspectives on the exploitation of autophagy pathways in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Women and Children's Diseases, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Reproductive Regulation, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Women and Children's Diseases, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Reproductive Regulation, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Women and Children's Diseases, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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5
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Castillo-González J, González-Rey E. Beyond wrecking a wall: revisiting the concept of blood-brain barrier breakdown in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1944-1956. [PMID: 39254550 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier constitutes a dynamic and interactive boundary separating the central nervous system and the peripheral circulation. It tightly modulates the ion transport and nutrient influx, while restricting the entry of harmful factors, and selectively limiting the migration of immune cells, thereby maintaining brain homeostasis. Despite the well-established association between blood-brain barrier disruption and most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases, much remains unknown about the factors influencing its physiology and the mechanisms underlying its breakdown. Moreover, the role of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the translational failure underlying therapies for brain disorders is just starting to be understood. This review aims to revisit this concept of "blood-brain barrier breakdown," delving into the most controversial aspects, prevalent challenges, and knowledge gaps concerning the lack of blood-brain barrier integrity. By moving beyond the oversimplistic dichotomy of an "open"/"bad" or a "closed"/"good" barrier, our objective is to provide a more comprehensive insight into blood-brain barrier dynamics, to identify novel targets and/or therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, in this review, we advocate for considering the diverse time- and location-dependent alterations in the blood-brain barrier, which go beyond tight-junction disruption or brain endothelial cell breakdown, illustrated through the dynamics of ischemic stroke as a case study. Through this exploration, we seek to underscore the complexity of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, Granada, Spain
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6
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Xing X, Liu X, Li X, Li M, Wu X, Huang X, Xu A, Liu Y, Zhang J. Insights into spinal muscular atrophy from molecular biomarkers. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1849-1863. [PMID: 38934395 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness. It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years. Biomarker research is currently receiving more attention, and new candidate biomarkers are constantly being discovered. This review initially discusses the evaluation methods commonly used in clinical practice while briefly outlining their respective pros and cons. We also describe recent advancements in research and the clinical significance of molecular biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy, which are classified as either specific or non-specific biomarkers. This review provides new insights into the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy, the mechanism of biomarkers in response to drug-modified therapies, the selection of biomarker candidates, and would promote the development of future research. Furthermore, the successful utilization of biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of gene-targeting treatments for patients with spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinzhu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiandeng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ajing Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Kim K. Role of glutathione transferase in phase separation of FUS and TAF15 in neurons. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1999-2000. [PMID: 39254557 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
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8
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Teodoro RO, Ramos MR, Carvalho L. Contribution of mechanical forces to structural synaptic plasticity: insights from 3D cellular motility mechanisms. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1995-1996. [PMID: 39254555 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita O Teodoro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Hu Q, Wang S, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH. Unraveling brain aging through the lens of oral microbiota. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1930-1943. [PMID: 38993126 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a complex physiological community encompassing a wide range of microorganisms. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota can lead to various oral infectious diseases, such as periodontitis and tooth decay, and even affect systemic health, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted how oral microbes might be involved in brain aging and neurodegeneration, indicating potential avenues for intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize clinical evidence demonstrating a link between oral microbes/oral infectious diseases and brain aging/neurodegenerative diseases, and dissect potential mechanisms by which oral microbes contribute to brain aging and neurodegeneration. We also highlight advances in therapeutic development grounded in the realm of oral microbes, with the goal of advancing brain health and promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang M, Xiang C, Niu R, He X, Luo W, Liu W, Gu R. Liposomes as versatile agents for the management of traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system disorders: drug stability, targeting efficiency, and safety. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1883-1899. [PMID: 39254548 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Various nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological disorders have been widely studied. However, their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier hampers the clinical translation of these therapeutic strategies. Liposomes are nanoparticles composed of lipid bilayers, which can effectively encapsulate drugs and improve drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and into brain tissue through their targeting and permeability. Therefore, they can potentially treat traumatic and nontraumatic central nervous system diseases. In this review, we outlined the common properties and preparation methods of liposomes, including thin-film hydration, reverse-phase evaporation, solvent injection techniques, detergent removal methods, and microfluidics techniques. Afterwards, we comprehensively discussed the current applications of liposomes in central nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and brain tumors. Most studies related to liposomes are still in the laboratory stage and have not yet entered clinical trials. Additionally, their application as drug delivery systems in clinical practice faces challenges such as drug stability, targeting efficiency, and safety. Therefore, we proposed development strategies related to liposomes to further promote their development in neurological disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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11
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Maejima I, Sato K. New aspects of a small GTPase RAB35 in brain development and function. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1971-1980. [PMID: 39254551 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelles in the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways actively exchange biological materials with each other through intracellular membrane trafficking, which is the process of transporting the cargo of proteins, lipids, and other molecules to appropriate compartments via transport vesicles or intermediates. These processes are strictly regulated by various small GTPases such as the RAS-like in rat brain (RAB) protein family, which is the largest subfamily of the RAS superfamily. Dysfunction of membrane trafficking affects tissue homeostasis and leads to a wide range of diseases, including neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the physiological and pathological roles of RAB proteins in brain function. RAB35, a member of the RAB family, is an evolutionarily conserved protein in metazoans. A wide range of studies using cultured mammalian cells and model organisms have revealed that RAB35 mediates various processes such as cytokinesis, endocytic recycling, actin bundling, and cell migration. RAB35 is also involved in neurite outgrowth and turnover of synaptic vesicles. We generated brain-specific Rab35 knockout mice to study the physiological roles of RAB35 in brain development and function. These mice exhibited defects in anxiety-related behaviors and spatial memory. Strikingly, RAB35 is required for the precise positioning of pyramidal neurons during hippocampal development, and thereby for normal hippocampal lamination. In contrast, layer formation in the cerebral cortex occurred superficially, even in the absence of RAB35, suggesting a predominant role for RAB35 in hippocampal development rather than in cerebral cortex development. Recent studies have suggested an association between RAB35 and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of subcellular functions of RAB35. We also provide insights into the physiological role of RAB35 in mammalian brain development and function, and discuss the involvement of RAB35 dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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12
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Socodato R, Relvas JB. Neuroinflammation revisited through the microglial lens. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1989-1990. [PMID: 39254552 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Socodato
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Socodato R, Relvas JB)
| | - João B Relvas
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Socodato R, Relvas JB)
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal (Relvas JB)
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13
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Huang F, Bello ST. Neuropeptide cholecystokinin: a key neuromodulator for hippocampal functions. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1991-1992. [PMID: 39254553 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Huang F, Bello ST)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Huang F, Bello ST)
| | - Stephen Temitayo Bello
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Huang F, Bello ST)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Huang F, Bello ST)
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14
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Yu SP, Choi E, Jiang MQ, Wei L. Acute and chronic excitotoxicity in ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1981-1988. [PMID: 39101641 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke and Alzheimer's disease are common neurological disorders and often occur in the same individuals. The comorbidity of the two neurological disorders represents a grave health threat to older populations. This review presents a brief background of the development of novel concepts and their clinical potentials. The activity of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca 2+ influx is critical for neuronal function. An ischemic insult induces prompt and excessive glutamate release and drastic increases of intracellular Ca 2+ mainly via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, particularly of those at the extrasynaptic site. This Ca 2+ -evoked neuronal cell death in the ischemic core is dominated by necrosis within a few hours and days known as acute excitotoxicity. Furthermore, mild but sustained Ca 2+ increases under neurodegenerative conditions such as in the distant penumbra of the ischemic brain and early stages of Alzheimer's disease are not immediately toxic, but gradually set off deteriorating Ca 2+ -dependent signals and neuronal cell loss mostly because of activation of programmed cell death pathways. Based on the Ca 2+ hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and recent advances, this Ca 2+ -activated "silent" degenerative excitotoxicity evolves from years to decades and is recognized as a unique slow and chronic neuropathogenesis. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN3A, primarily at the extrasynaptic site, serves as a gatekeeper for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and is neuroprotective against both acute and chronic excitotoxicity. Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease, therefore, share an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and Ca 2+ -mediated mechanism, although with much different time courses. It is thus proposed that early interventions to control Ca 2+ homeostasis at the preclinical stage are pivotal for individuals who are susceptible to sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia. This early treatment simultaneously serves as a preconditioning therapy against ischemic stroke that often attacks the same individuals during abnormal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Emily Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Li Y, Xue J, Ma Y, Ye K, Zhao X, Ge F, Zheng F, Liu L, Gao X, Wang D, Xia Q. The complex roles of m 6 A modifications in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal and implications for memory and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1582-1598. [PMID: 38845217 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), the most prevalent and conserved RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, profoundly influences virtually all aspects of mRNA metabolism. mRNA plays crucial roles in neural stem cell genesis and neural regeneration, where it is highly concentrated and actively involved in these processes. Changes in m 6 A modification levels and the expression levels of related enzymatic proteins can lead to neurological dysfunction and contribute to the development of neurological diseases. Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, as well as nerve regeneration, are intimately linked to memory function and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the roles of m 6 A in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal, as well as its implications in memory and neurodegenerative diseases. m 6 A has demonstrated divergent effects on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. These observed contradictions may arise from the time-specific nature of m 6 A and its differential impact on neural stem cells across various stages of development. Similarly, the diverse effects of m 6 A on distinct types of memory could be attributed to the involvement of specific brain regions in memory formation and recall. Inconsistencies in m 6 A levels across different models of neurodegenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, suggest that these disparities are linked to variations in the affected brain regions. Notably, the opposing changes in m 6 A levels observed in Parkinson's disease models exposed to manganese compared to normal Parkinson's disease models further underscore the complexity of m 6 A's role in neurodegenerative processes. The roles of m 6 A in neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal, and its implications in memory and neurodegenerative diseases, appear contradictory. These inconsistencies may be attributed to the time-specific nature of m 6 A and its varying effects on distinct brain regions and in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuejia Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Fangliang Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Feifei Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Basic Medical Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province for Genetically Modified Animals, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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16
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Ye J, Duan C, Han J, Chen J, Sun N, Li Y, Yuan T, Peng D. Peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for major depressive disorder. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1541-1554. [PMID: 38934398 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder, chronic stress-related neuroinflammation hinders favorable prognosis and antidepressant response. Mitochondrial DNA may be an inflammatory trigger, after its release from stress-induced dysfunctional central nervous system mitochondria into peripheral circulation. This evidence supports the potential use of peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder. Herein, we critically review the neuroinflammation theory in major depressive disorder, providing compelling evidence that mitochondrial DNA release acts as a critical biological substrate, and that it constitutes the neuroinflammatory disease pathway. After its release, mitochondrial DNA can be carried in the exosomes and transported to extracellular spaces in the central nervous system and peripheral circulation. Detectable exosomes render encaged mitochondrial DNA relatively stable. This mitochondrial DNA in peripheral circulation can thus be directly detected in clinical practice. These characteristics illustrate the potential for mitochondrial DNA to serve as an innovative clinical biomarker and molecular treatment target for major depressive disorder. This review also highlights the future potential value of clinical applications combining mitochondrial DNA with a panel of other biomarkers, to improve diagnostic precision in major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Ye
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Duan
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jinrong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorder, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Jiang Y, Qi Z, Zhu H, Shen K, Liu R, Fang C, Lou W, Jiang Y, Yuan W, Cao X, Chen L, Zhuang Q. Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1628-1643. [PMID: 38845220 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore, bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico-striato-pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremor-dominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia-thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity, and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimiao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zengxin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kangli Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chenxin Fang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiwei Lou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wangrui Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianxing Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Kim E, Tanzi RE, Choi SH. Therapeutic potential of exercise-hormone irisin in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1555-1564. [PMID: 38993140 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine that is generated by cleavage of the membrane protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in response to physical exercise. Studies reveal that irisin/FNDC5 has neuroprotective functions against Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia in the elderly, by improving cognitive function and reducing amyloid-β and tau pathologies as well as neuroinflammation in cell culture or animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Although current and ongoing studies on irisin/FNDC5 show promising results, further mechanistic studies are required to clarify its potential as a meaningful therapeutic target for alleviating Alzheimer's disease. We recently found that irisin treatment reduces amyloid-β pathology by increasing the activity/levels of amyloid-β-degrading enzyme neprilysin secreted from astrocytes. Herein, we present an overview of irisin/FNDC5's protective roles and mechanisms against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Naffaa MM. Neurogenesis dynamics in the olfactory bulb: deciphering circuitry organization, function, and adaptive plasticity. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1565-1581. [PMID: 38934393 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists after birth in the subventricular zone, with new neurons migrating to the granule cell layer and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, where they integrate into existing circuitry as inhibitory interneurons. The generation of these new neurons in the olfactory bulb supports both structural and functional plasticity, aiding in circuit remodeling triggered by memory and learning processes. However, the presence of these neurons, coupled with the cellular diversity within the olfactory bulb, presents an ongoing challenge in understanding its network organization and function. Moreover, the continuous integration of new neurons in the olfactory bulb plays a pivotal role in regulating olfactory information processing. This adaptive process responds to changes in epithelial composition and contributes to the formation of olfactory memories by modulating cellular connectivity within the olfactory bulb and interacting intricately with higher-order brain regions. The role of adult neurogenesis in olfactory bulb functions remains a topic of debate. Nevertheless, the functionality of the olfactory bulb is intricately linked to the organization of granule cells around mitral and tufted cells. This organizational pattern significantly impacts output, network behavior, and synaptic plasticity, which are crucial for olfactory perception and memory. Additionally, this organization is further shaped by axon terminals originating from cortical and subcortical regions. Despite the crucial role of olfactory bulb in brain functions and behaviors related to olfaction, these complex and highly interconnected processes have not been comprehensively studied as a whole. Therefore, this manuscript aims to discuss our current understanding and explore how neural plasticity and olfactory neurogenesis contribute to enhancing the adaptability of the olfactory system. These mechanisms are thought to support olfactory learning and memory, potentially through increased complexity and restructuring of neural network structures, as well as the addition of new granule granule cells that aid in olfactory adaptation. Additionally, the manuscript underscores the importance of employing precise methodologies to elucidate the specific roles of adult neurogenesis amidst conflicting data and varying experimental paradigms. Understanding these processes is essential for gaining insights into the complexities of olfactory function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Zheng Y, Ren Z, Liu Y, Yan J, Chen C, He Y, Shi Y, Cheng F, Wang Q, Li C, Wang X. T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1277-1292. [PMID: 39075894 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary mechanism of secondary injury after cerebral ischemia may be the brain inflammation that emerges after an ischemic stroke, which promotes neuronal death and inhibits nerve tissue regeneration. As the first immune cells to be activated after an ischemic stroke, microglia play an important immunomodulatory role in the progression of the condition. After an ischemic stroke, peripheral blood immune cells (mainly T cells) are recruited to the central nervous system by chemokines secreted by immune cells in the brain, where they interact with central nervous system cells (mainly microglia) to trigger a secondary neuroimmune response. This review summarizes the interactions between T cells and microglia in the immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke. We found that, during ischemic stroke, T cells and microglia demonstrate a more pronounced synergistic effect. Th1, Th17, and M1 microglia can co-secrete pro-inflammatory factors, such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β, to promote neuroinflammation and exacerbate brain injury. Th2, Treg, and M2 microglia jointly secrete anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β, to inhibit the progression of neuroinflammation, as well as growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor to promote nerve regeneration and repair brain injury. Immune interactions between microglia and T cells influence the direction of the subsequent neuroinflammation, which in turn determines the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. Clinical trials have been conducted on the ways to modulate the interactions between T cells and microglia toward anti-inflammatory communication using the immunosuppressant fingolimod or overdosing with Treg cells to promote neural tissue repair and reduce the damage caused by ischemic stroke. However, such studies have been relatively infrequent, and clinical experience is still insufficient. In summary, in ischemic stroke, T cell subsets and activated microglia act synergistically to regulate inflammatory progression, mainly by secreting inflammatory factors. In the future, a key research direction for ischemic stroke treatment could be rooted in the enhancement of anti-inflammatory factor secretion by promoting the generation of Th2 and Treg cells, along with the activation of M2-type microglia. These approaches may alleviate neuroinflammation and facilitate the repair of neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zilin Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Juntang Yan
- Library, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congai Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyu Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changxiang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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21
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Cui Y, Ma X, Wei J, Chen C, Shakir N, Guirram H, Dai Z, Anderson T, Ferguson D, Qiu S. MET receptor tyrosine kinase promotes the generation of functional synapses in adult cortical circuits. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1431-1444. [PMID: 39075910 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202505000-00026/figure1/v/2024-07-28T173839Z/r/image-tiff Loss of synapse and functional connectivity in brain circuits is associated with aging and neurodegeneration, however, few molecular mechanisms are known to intrinsically promote synaptogenesis or enhance synapse function. We have previously shown that MET receptor tyrosine kinase in the developing cortical circuits promotes dendritic growth and dendritic spine morphogenesis. To investigate whether enhancing MET in adult cortex has synapse regenerating potential, we created a knockin mouse line, in which the human MET gene expression and signaling can be turned on in adult (10-12 months) cortical neurons through doxycycline-containing chow. We found that similar to the developing brain, turning on MET signaling in the adult cortex activates small GTPases and increases spine density in prefrontal projection neurons. These findings are further corroborated by increased synaptic activity and transient generation of immature silent synapses. Prolonged MET signaling resulted in an increased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/N-methyl-D-aspartate (AMPA/NMDA) receptor current ratio, indicative of enhanced synaptic function and connectivity. Our data reveal that enhancing MET signaling could be an interventional approach to promote synaptogenesis and preserve functional connectivity in the adult brain. These findings may have implications for regenerative therapy in aging and neurodegeneration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Cui
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Chang Chen
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Neha Shakir
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hitesch Guirram
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiyu Dai
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Trent Anderson
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Deveroux Ferguson
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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22
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Tohda C. Pharmacological intervention for chronic phase of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1377-1389. [PMID: 38934397 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is an intractable traumatic injury. The most common hurdles faced during spinal cord injury are failure of axonal regrowth and reconnection to target sites. These also tend to be the most challenging issues in spinal cord injury. As spinal cord injury progresses to the chronic phase, lost motor and sensory functions are not recovered. Several reasons may be attributed to the failure of recovery from chronic spinal cord injury. These include factors that inhibit axonal growth such as activated astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, myelin-associated proteins, inflammatory microglia, and fibroblasts that accumulate at lesion sites. Skeletal muscle atrophy due to denervation is another chronic and detrimental spinal cord injury-specific condition. Although several intervention strategies based on multiple outlooks have been attempted for treating spinal cord injury, few approaches have been successful. To treat chronic spinal cord injury, neural cells or tissue substitutes may need to be supplied in the cavity area to enable possible axonal growth. Additionally, stimulating axonal growth activity by extrinsic factors is extremely important and essential for maintaining the remaining host neurons and transplanted neurons. This review focuses on pharmacotherapeutic approaches using small compounds and proteins to enable axonal growth in chronic spinal cord injury. This review presents some of these candidates that have shown promising outcomes in basic research ( in vivo animal studies) and clinical trials: AA-NgR(310)ecto-Fc (AXER-204), fasudil, phosphatase and tensin homolog protein antagonist peptide 4, chondroitinase ABC, intracellular sigma peptide, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, matrine, acteoside, pyrvate kinase M2, diosgenin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and fampridine-sustained release. Although the current situation suggests that drug-based therapies to recover function in chronic spinal cord injury are limited, potential candidates have been identified through basic research, and these candidates may be subjects of clinical studies in the future. Moreover, cocktail therapy comprising drugs with varied underlying mechanisms may be effective in treating the refractory status of chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Section of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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23
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Weng C, Groh AMR, Yaqubi M, Cui QL, Stratton JA, Moore GRW, Antel JP. Heterogeneity of mature oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1336-1349. [PMID: 38934385 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mature oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths that are crucial for the insulation of axons and efficient signal transmission in the central nervous system. Recent evidence has challenged the classical view of the functionally static mature oligodendrocyte and revealed a gamut of dynamic functions such as the ability to modulate neuronal circuitry and provide metabolic support to axons. Despite the recognition of potential heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocyte function, a comprehensive summary of mature oligodendrocyte diversity is lacking. We delve into early 20 th -century studies by Robertson and Río-Hortega that laid the foundation for the modern identification of regional and morphological heterogeneity in mature oligodendrocytes. Indeed, recent morphologic and functional studies call into question the long-assumed homogeneity of mature oligodendrocyte function through the identification of distinct subtypes with varying myelination preferences. Furthermore, modern molecular investigations, employing techniques such as single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, consistently unveil at least six mature oligodendrocyte subpopulations in the human central nervous system that are highly transcriptomically diverse and vary with central nervous system region. Age and disease related mature oligodendrocyte variation denotes the impact of pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, caution is warranted when subclassifying mature oligodendrocytes because of the simplification needed to make conclusions about cell identity from temporally confined investigations. Future studies leveraging advanced techniques like spatial transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics promise a more nuanced understanding of mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity. Such research avenues that precisely evaluate mature oligodendrocyte heterogeneity with care to understand the mitigating influence of species, sex, central nervous system region, age, and disease, hold promise for the development of therapeutic interventions targeting varied central nervous system pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Weng
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Adam M R Groh
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G R Wayne Moore
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Hickmott JW, Morshead CM. Glia-to- neuron reprogramming to the rescue? Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1395-1396. [PMID: 39075900 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Hickmott
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Hickmott JW, Morshead CM)
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada (Hickmott JW, Morshead CM)
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Hickmott JW, Morshead CM)
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada (Hickmott JW, Morshead CM)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (Morshead CM)
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (Morshead CM)
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25
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Liu Z, Pan C, Huang H. The role of axon guidance molecules in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1244-1257. [PMID: 39075893 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for epilepsy can only manage the symptoms of the condition but cannot alter the initial onset or halt the progression of the disease. Consequently, it is crucial to identify drugs that can target novel cellular and molecular mechanisms and mechanisms of action. Increasing evidence suggests that axon guidance molecules play a role in the structural and functional modifications of neural networks and that the dysregulation of these molecules is associated with epilepsy susceptibility. In this review, we discuss the essential role of axon guidance molecules in neuronal activity in patients with epilepsy as well as the impact of these molecules on synaptic plasticity and brain tissue remodeling. Furthermore, we examine the relationship between axon guidance molecules and neuroinflammation, as well as the structural changes in specific brain regions that contribute to the development of epilepsy. Ample evidence indicates that axon guidance molecules, including semaphorins and ephrins, play a fundamental role in guiding axon growth and the establishment of synaptic connections. Deviations in their expression or function can disrupt neuronal connections, ultimately leading to epileptic seizures. The remodeling of neural networks is a significant characteristic of epilepsy, with axon guidance molecules playing a role in the dynamic reorganization of neural circuits. This, in turn, affects synapse formation and elimination. Dysregulation of these molecules can upset the delicate balance between excitation and inhibition within a neural network, thereby increasing the risk of overexcitation and the development of epilepsy. Inflammatory signals can regulate the expression and function of axon guidance molecules, thus influencing axonal growth, axon orientation, and synaptic plasticity. The dysregulation of neuroinflammation can intensify neuronal dysfunction and contribute to the occurrence of epilepsy. This review delves into the mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of axon guidance molecules in epilepsy, offering a valuable reference for the exploration of therapeutic targets and presenting a fresh perspective on treatment strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
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26
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Qiu Q, Yang M, Gong D, Liang H, Chen T. Potassium and calcium channels in different nerve cells act as therapeutic targets in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1258-1276. [PMID: 38845230 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, information integration center of the body, is mainly composed of neurons and glial cells. The neuron is one of the most basic and important structural and functional units of the central nervous system, with sensory stimulation and excitation conduction functions. Astrocytes and microglia belong to the glial cell family, which is the main source of cytokines and represents the main defense system of the central nervous system. Nerve cells undergo neurotransmission or gliotransmission, which regulates neuronal activity via the ion channels, receptors, or transporters expressed on nerve cell membranes. Ion channels, composed of large transmembrane proteins, play crucial roles in maintaining nerve cell homeostasis. These channels are also important for control of the membrane potential and in the secretion of neurotransmitters. A variety of cellular functions and life activities, including functional regulation of the central nervous system, the generation and conduction of nerve excitation, the occurrence of receptor potential, heart pulsation, smooth muscle peristalsis, skeletal muscle contraction, and hormone secretion, are closely related to ion channels associated with passive transmembrane transport. Two types of ion channels in the central nervous system, potassium channels and calcium channels, are closely related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Accordingly, various drugs that can affect these ion channels have been explored deeply to provide new directions for the treatment of these neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the functions of potassium and calcium ion channels in different nerve cells and their involvement in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, autism, and rare disorders. We also describe several clinical drugs that target potassium or calcium channels in nerve cells and could be used to treat these disorders. We concluded that there are few clinical drugs that can improve the pathology these diseases by acting on potassium or calcium ions. Although a few novel ion-channel-specific modulators have been discovered, meaningful therapies have largely not yet been realized. The lack of target-specific drugs, their requirement to cross the blood-brain barrier, and their exact underlying mechanisms all need further attention. This review aims to explain the urgent problems that need research progress and provide comprehensive information aiming to arouse the research community's interest in the development of ion channel-targeting drugs and the identification of new therapeutic targets for that can increase the cure rate of nervous system diseases and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Danfeng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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27
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Li H, Seugnet L. Decoding the nexus: branched-chain amino acids and their connection with sleep, circadian rhythms, and cardiometabolic health. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1350-1363. [PMID: 39075896 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle stands as an integrative process essential for sustaining optimal brain function and, either directly or indirectly, overall body health, encompassing metabolic and cardiovascular well-being. Given the heightened metabolic activity of the brain, there exists a considerable demand for nutrients in comparison to other organs. Among these, the branched-chain amino acids, comprising leucine, isoleucine, and valine, display distinctive significance, from their contribution to protein structure to their involvement in overall metabolism, especially in cerebral processes. Among the first amino acids that are released into circulation post-food intake, branched-chain amino acids assume a pivotal role in the regulation of protein synthesis, modulating insulin secretion and the amino acid sensing pathway of target of rapamycin. Branched-chain amino acids are key players in influencing the brain's uptake of monoamine precursors, competing for a shared transporter. Beyond their involvement in protein synthesis, these amino acids contribute to the metabolic cycles of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate, as well as energy metabolism. Notably, they impact GABAergic neurons and the excitation/inhibition balance. The rhythmicity of branched-chain amino acids in plasma concentrations, observed over a 24-hour cycle and conserved in rodent models, is under circadian clock control. The mechanisms underlying those rhythms and the physiological consequences of their disruption are not fully understood. Disturbed sleep, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases can elevate branched-chain amino acid concentrations or modify their oscillatory dynamics. The mechanisms driving these effects are currently the focal point of ongoing research efforts, since normalizing branched-chain amino acid levels has the ability to alleviate the severity of these pathologies. In this context, the Drosophila model, though underutilized, holds promise in shedding new light on these mechanisms. Initial findings indicate its potential to introduce novel concepts, particularly in elucidating the intricate connections between the circadian clock, sleep/wake, and metabolism. Consequently, the use and transport of branched-chain amino acids emerge as critical components and orchestrators in the web of interactions across multiple organs throughout the sleep/wake cycle. They could represent one of the so far elusive mechanisms connecting sleep patterns to metabolic and cardiovascular health, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Integrated Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems (WAKING), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Bron, France
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28
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MacDonald DS, Penney J. Microglial dysfunction and genetic risk for neurodegenerative disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1401-1402. [PMID: 39075903 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debra S MacDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, AVC, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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29
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Nawabi H, Belin S. Translational machinery and translation regulation in axon regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1392-1394. [PMID: 39075899 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Homaira Nawabi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
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30
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Long Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Guo H, Cui G. The complex effects of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1309-1323. [PMID: 39075895 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities. Neuroinflammatory plaques formed through the extracellular deposition of amyloid-β proteins, as well as neurofibrillary tangles formed by the intracellular deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, comprise two typical pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Besides symptomatic treatment, there are no effective therapies for delaying Alzheimer's disease progression. MicroRNAs (miR) are small, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels and play important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, miR-146a, a NF-κB-regulated gene, has been extensively implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease through several pathways. Research has demonstrated substantial dysregulation of miR-146a both during the initial phases and throughout the progression of this disorder. MiR-146a is believed to reduce amyloid-β deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation through the TLR/IRAK1/TRAF6 pathway; however, there is also evidence supporting that it can promote these processes through many other pathways, thus exacerbating the pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. It has been widely reported that miR-146a mediates synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal death by targeting mRNAs encoding synaptic-related proteins, mitochondrial-related proteins, and membrane proteins, as well as other mRNAs. Regarding the impact on glial cells, miR-146a also exhibits differential effects. On one hand, it causes widespread and sustained inflammation through certain pathways, while on the other hand, it can reverse the polarization of astrocytes and microglia, alleviate neuroinflammation, and promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation, thus maintaining the normal function of the myelin sheath and exerting a protective effect on neurons. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We aim to elucidate the relationship between miR-146a and the key pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-β deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuronal death, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic dysfunction, and glial cell dysfunction, as well as summarize recent relevant studies that have highlighted the potential of miR-146a as a clinical diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Long
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Asimakidou E, Saipuljumri EN, Lo CH, Zeng J. Role of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation along the liver-brain axis in animal models with obesity-induced neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1069-1076. [PMID: 38989938 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship. Peripheral lipid accumulation, particularly in the liver, initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain, influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions. Ceramide and palmitate, key lipid components, along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E, contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis. Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation. Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models. However, translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects. In conclusion, metabolic dysfunction, peripheral inflammation, and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Asimakidou
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eka Norfaishanty Saipuljumri
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Elroy-Stein O. Effective extraction of polyribosomes from astrocytes enables future discoveries on translation regulation. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1083-1084. [PMID: 38989942 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orna Elroy-Stein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Jang IS, Lee MG, Suk K. Regulation of sleep by astrocytes in the hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1098-1100. [PMID: 38989949 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Suk K)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee MG, Suk K)
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Suk K)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee MG, Suk K)
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Jang IS)
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Jang IS, Lee MG, Suk K)
| | - Maan Gee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee MG, Suk K)
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Jang IS, Lee MG, Suk K)
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Suk K)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee MG, Suk K)
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (Jang IS, Lee MG, Suk K)
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34
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Wang P, Bi Y, Li M, Chen J, Wang Z, Wen H, Zhou M, Luo M, Zhang W. Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1164-1177. [PMID: 38989954 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202504000-00031/figure1/v/2024-07-06T104127Z/r/image-tiff Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Currently, studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. However, little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Furthermore, the role of the dopamine D3 receptor, which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear. We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components, as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex (M1) ↔ dorsolateral striatum gamma flow. Administration of PD128907 (a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist) induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1 ↔ dorsolateral striatum flow. However, administration of PG01037 (a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist) attenuated dyskinesia, suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components, and decreased gamma causality in the M1 → dorsolateral striatum direction. These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity, and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Neurosurgery Center, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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35
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Locatelli M, Farina C. Role of copper in central nervous system physiology and pathology. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1058-1068. [PMID: 38989937 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper is a transition metal and an essential element for the organism, as alterations in its homeostasis leading to metal accumulation or deficiency have pathological effects in several organs, including the central nervous system. Central copper dysregulations have been evidenced in two genetic disorders characterized by mutations in the copper-ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B, Menkes disease and Wilson's disease, respectively, and also in multifactorial neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of copper in central nervous system physiology and pathology, reports about unbalances in copper levels and/or distribution under disease, describes relevant animal models for human disorders where copper metabolism genes are dysregulated, and discusses relevant therapeutic approaches modulating copper availability. Overall, alterations in copper metabolism may contribute to the etiology of central nervous system disorders and represent relevant therapeutic targets to restore tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Locatelli
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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36
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Pérez-Núñez R, González MF, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1031-1041. [PMID: 38845231 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous system. Upon injury and inflammation, astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional changes. Depending on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2, reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses, respectively. However, this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and injuries. Transcriptomic analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles, which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their reactivity. Astrocytes actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types, releasing cytokines, and influencing the immune response. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior, as evidenced by in silico , in vitro , and in vivo results. In astrocytes, inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events, where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activation. We highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity, including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), α v β 3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43, and Notch/PI3K/AKT pathways. While targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage, evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial outcomes. This dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function modulation. The review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to understand their functions accurately and these models are essential for clarifying astrocyte behavior. The findings should then be validated using in vivo models to ensure real-life relevance. The review also highlights the significance of PI3K/AKT pathway modulation in preventing central nervous system damage, although further studies are required to fully comprehend its role due to varying factors such as different cell types, astrocyte responses to inflammation, and disease contexts. Specific strategies are clearly necessary to address these variables effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pérez-Núñez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chen J, Chen J, Yu C, Xia K, Yang B, Wang R, Li Y, Shi K, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Wang J, Chen Q, Liang C. Metabolic reprogramming: a new option for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1042-1057. [PMID: 38989936 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society, mainly because of the severe after-effects they cause. Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for spinal cord injuries, their effectiveness remains unsatisfactory. However, a deeper understanding of metabolism has opened up a new therapeutic opportunity in the form of metabolic reprogramming. In this review, we explore the metabolic changes that occur during spinal cord injuries, their consequences, and the therapeutic tools available for metabolic reprogramming. Normal spinal cord metabolism is characterized by independent cellular metabolism and intercellular metabolic coupling. However, spinal cord injury results in metabolic disorders that include disturbances in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These metabolic disturbances lead to corresponding pathological changes, including the failure of axonal regeneration, the accumulation of scarring, and the activation of microglia. To rescue spinal cord injury at the metabolic level, potential metabolic reprogramming approaches have emerged, including replenishing metabolic substrates, reconstituting metabolic couplings, and targeting mitochondrial therapies to alter cell fate. The available evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming holds great promise as a next-generation approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury. To further advance the metabolic treatment of the spinal cord injury, future efforts should focus on a deeper understanding of neurometabolism, the development of more advanced metabolomics technologies, and the design of highly effective metabolic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Qiandongnan Prefecture People's Hospital, Kaili, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ronghao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kesi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Yin Z, Kang J, Cheng X, Gao H, Huo S, Xu H. Investigating Müller glia reprogramming in mice: a retrospective of the last decade, and a look to the future. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:946-959. [PMID: 38989930 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Müller glia, as prominent glial cells within the retina, plays a significant role in maintaining retinal homeostasis in both healthy and diseased states. In lower vertebrates like zebrafish, these cells assume responsibility for spontaneous retinal regeneration, wherein endogenous Müller glia undergo proliferation, transform into Müller glia-derived progenitor cells, and subsequently regenerate the entire retina with restored functionality. Conversely, Müller glia in the mouse and human retina exhibit limited neural reprogramming. Müller glia reprogramming is thus a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative ocular disorders. Müller glia reprogramming in mice has been accomplished with remarkable success, through various technologies. Advancements in molecular, genetic, epigenetic, morphological, and physiological evaluations have made it easier to document and investigate the Müller glia programming process in mice. Nevertheless, there remain issues that hinder improving reprogramming efficiency and maturity. Thus, understanding the reprogramming mechanism is crucial toward exploring factors that will improve Müller glia reprogramming efficiency, and for developing novel Müller glia reprogramming strategies. This review describes recent progress in relatively successful Müller glia reprogramming strategies. It also provides a basis for developing new Müller glia reprogramming strategies in mice, including epigenetic remodeling, metabolic modulation, immune regulation, chemical small-molecules regulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell-cell fusion, to achieve Müller glia reprogramming in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Jiao D, Xu L, Gu Z, Yan H, Shen D, Gu X. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy: electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy and new technologies. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:917-935. [PMID: 38989927 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe, relapsing, and multifactorial neurological disorder. Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy. The pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex and involves alterations in variables such as gene expression, protein expression, ion channel activity, energy metabolites, and gut microbiota composition. Satisfactory results are lacking for conventional treatments for epilepsy. Surgical resection of lesions, drug therapy, and non-drug interventions are mainly used in clinical practice to treat pain associated with epilepsy. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as a ketogenic diet, gene therapy for nerve regeneration, and neural regulation, are currently areas of research focus. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatments of epilepsy. It also elaborates on the theoretical basis, treatment modes, and effects of invasive nerve stimulation in neurotherapy, including percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain electrical stimulation, repetitive nerve electrical stimulation, in addition to non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Numerous studies have shown that electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy can markedly improve neurological function and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures. Additionally, many new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are being explored. However, current research is mainly focused on analyzing patients' clinical manifestations and exploring relevant diagnostic and treatment methods to study the pathogenesis at a molecular level, which has led to a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms related to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Mellado S, Morillo-Bargues MJ, Perpiñá-Clérigues C, García-García F, Moreno-Manzano V, Guerri C, Pascual M. The emerging role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles to ameliorate hippocampal NLRP3 inflammation induced by binge-like ethanol treatment in adolescence. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1153-1163. [PMID: 38989953 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202504000-00030/figure1/v/2024-07-06T104127Z/r/image-tiff Our previous studies have reported that activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3)-inflammasome complex in ethanol-treated astrocytes and chronic alcohol-fed mice could be associated with neuroinflammation and brain damage. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been shown to restore the neuroinflammatory response, along with myelin and synaptic structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex, and alleviate cognitive and memory dysfunctions induced by binge-like ethanol treatment in adolescent mice. Considering the therapeutic role of the molecules contained in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, the present study analyzed whether the administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles isolated from adipose tissue, which inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, was capable of reducing hippocampal neuroinflammation in adolescent mice treated with binge drinking. We demonstrated that the administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorated the activation of the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome complex and other NLRs inflammasomes (e.g., pyrin domain-containing 1, caspase recruitment domain-containing 4, and absent in melanoma 2, as well as the alterations in inflammatory genes (interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-kappa B, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1) and miRNAs (miR-21a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-141-5p) induced by binge-like ethanol treatment in adolescent mice. Bioinformatic analysis further revealed the involvement of miR-21a-5p and miR-146a-5p with inflammatory target genes and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence of the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs to ameliorate the hippocampal neuroinflammatory response associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by binge drinking in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mellado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carla Perpiñá-Clérigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Zhang L, Wei J, Liu X, Li D, Pang X, Chen F, Cao H, Lei P. Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:990-1008. [PMID: 38989933 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly aging human population, age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and the functions of astrocytes. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function. This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function, mainly through the vagus nerve, immune responses, circadian rhythms, and microbial metabolites. Finally, this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota-astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota-astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline, aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingge Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xilei Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dai Li
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Tianjin Neurological Institution, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Zhu K, Wang H, Ye K, Chen G, Zhang Z. Netrin-1 signaling pathway mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:960-972. [PMID: 38989931 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 and its receptors play crucial roles in inducing axonal growth and neuronal migration during neuronal development. Their profound impacts then extend into adulthood to encompass the maintenance of neuronal survival and synaptic function. Increasing amounts of evidence highlight several key points: (1) Diminished Netrin-1 levels exacerbate pathological progression in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and potentially, similar alterations occur in humans. (2) Genetic mutations of Netrin-1 receptors increase an individuals' susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. (3) Therapeutic approaches targeting Netrin-1 and its receptors offer the benefits of enhancing memory and motor function. (4) Netrin-1 and its receptors show genetic and epigenetic alterations in a variety of cancers. These findings provide compelling evidence that Netrin-1 and its receptors are crucial targets in neurodegenerative diseases. Through a comprehensive review of Netrin-1 signaling pathways, our objective is to uncover potential therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hualong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Heibei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guiqin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Liu Y, Huang W, Wen J, Xiong X, Xu T, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhao X, Li S, Li X, Yang W. Differential distribution of PINK1 and Parkin in the primate brain implies distinct roles. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1124-1134. [PMID: 38989951 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202504000-00028/figure1/v/2024-07-06T104127Z/r/image-tiff The vast majority of in vitro studies have demonstrated that PINK1 phosphorylates Parkin to work together in mitophagy to protect against neuronal degeneration. However, it remains largely unclear how PINK1 and Parkin are expressed in mammalian brains. This has been difficult to address because of the intrinsically low levels of PINK1 and undetectable levels of phosphorylated Parkin in small animals. Understanding this issue is critical for elucidating the in vivo roles of PINK1 and Parkin. Recently, we showed that the PINK1 kinase is selectively expressed as a truncated form (PINK1-55) in the primate brain. In the present study, we used multiple antibodies, including our recently developed monoclonal anti-PINK1, to validate the selective expression of PINK1 in the primate brain. We found that PINK1 was stably expressed in the monkey brain at postnatal and adulthood stages, which is consistent with the findings that depleting PINK1 can cause neuronal loss in developing and adult monkey brains. PINK1 was enriched in the membrane-bound fractionations, whereas Parkin was soluble with a distinguishable distribution. Immunofluorescent double staining experiments showed that PINK1 and Parkin did not colocalize under physiological conditions in cultured monkey astrocytes, though they did colocalize on mitochondria when the cells were exposed to mitochondrial stress. These findings suggest that PINK1 and Parkin may have distinct roles beyond their well-known function in mitophagy during mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang J, Zhang B, Li L, Tang X, Zeng J, Song Y, Xu C, Zhao K, Liu G, Lu Y, Li X, Shu K. Repetitive traumatic brain injury-induced complement C1-related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:821-835. [PMID: 38886955 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202503000-00027/figure1/v/2024-06-17T092413Z/r/image-tiff Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, leading to long-term cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown. In this study, we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury. Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development, delayed neuronal maturation, and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines. Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval. Moreover, following repetitive traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased, C1q binding protein levels were decreased, and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated. An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function. These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury-induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinyu Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yige Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Graduate Student, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medical Science, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Yang X, Huang YWA, Marshall J. Targeting TrkB-PSD-95 coupling to mitigate neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:715-724. [PMID: 38886937 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling plays a pivotal role in dendritic growth and dendritic spine formation to promote learning and memory. The activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at synapses binds to pre- or postsynaptic TrkB resulting in the strengthening of synapses, reflected by long-term potentiation. Postsynaptically, the association of postsynaptic density protein-95 with TrkB enhances phospholipase Cγ-Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling required for long-term potentiation. In this review, we discuss TrkB-postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling as a promising strategy to magnify brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling towards the development of novel therapeutics for specific neurological disorders. A reduction of TrkB signaling has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, and enhancement of postsynaptic density protein-95 association with TrkB signaling could mitigate the observed deficiency of neuronal connectivity in schizophrenia and depression. Treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor is problematic, due to poor pharmacokinetics, low brain penetration, and side effects resulting from activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor or the truncated TrkB.T1 isoform. Although TrkB agonists and antibodies that activate TrkB are being intensively investigated, they cannot distinguish the multiple human TrkB splicing isoforms or cell type-specific functions. Targeting TrkB-postsynaptic density protein-95 coupling provides an alternative approach to specifically boost TrkB signaling at localized synaptic sites versus global stimulation that risks many adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Alvin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Biverstål H, Bazan NG, Tan S, Li N, Ohshima M, Schultzberg M, Li X. Pro-resolving lipid mediator reduces amyloid-β42-induced gene expression in human monocyte-derived microglia. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:873-886. [PMID: 38886959 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202503000-00031/figure1/v/2024-06-17T092413Z/r/image-tiff Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including maresin 1 mediate resolution but the levels of these are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, suggesting that they constitute a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to prevent/stop inflammation and combat disease pathology. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether they counteract the expression of genes and proteins induced by amyloid-β. With this objective, we analyzed the relevance of human monocyte-derived microglia for in vitro modeling of neuroinflammation and its resolution in the context of Alzheimer's disease and investigated the pro-resolving bioactivity of maresin 1 on amyloid-β42-induced Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data and secreted proteins in supernatants from the monocyte-derived microglia showed that the monocyte-derived microglia resembled Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation in human brain microglia after incubation with amyloid-β42. Maresin 1 restored homeostasis by down-regulating inflammatory pathway related gene expression induced by amyloid-β42 in monocyte-derived microglia, protection of maresin 1 against the effects of amyloid-β42 is mediated by a re-balancing of inflammatory transcriptional networks in which modulation of gene transcription in the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway plays a major part. We pinpointed molecular targets that are associated with both neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic targets by maresin 1. In conclusion, monocyte-derived microglia represent a relevant in vitro microglial model for studies on Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation and drug response for individual patients. Maresin 1 ameliorates amyloid-β42-induced changes in several genes of importance in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shuai Tan
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nailin Li
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Makiko Ohshima
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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An Z, Jiang A, Chen J. Toward understanding the role of genomic repeat elements in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:646-659. [PMID: 38886931 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases cause great medical and economic burdens for both patients and society; however, the complex molecular mechanisms thereof are not yet well understood. With the development of high-coverage sequencing technology, researchers have started to notice that genomic repeat regions, previously neglected in search of disease culprits, are active contributors to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the association between repeat element variants and multiple degenerative diseases through genome-wide association studies and targeted sequencing. We discuss the identification of disease-relevant repeat element variants, further powered by the advancement of long-read sequencing technologies and their related tools, and summarize recent findings in the molecular mechanisms of repeat element variants in brain degeneration, such as those causing transcriptional silencing or RNA-mediated gain of toxic function. Furthermore, we describe how in silico predictions using innovative computational models, such as deep learning language models, could enhance and accelerate our understanding of the functional impact of repeat element variants. Finally, we discuss future directions to advance current findings for a better understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and the clinical applications of genomic repeat elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu An
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aidi Jiang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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48
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhuang C, Qi J, Zhao RC, Wang J. Lipid droplets in the nervous system: involvement in cell metabolic homeostasis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:740-750. [PMID: 38886939 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons, glial cells, and other cells in the nervous system. Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum. Previously, lipid droplets were recognized for their role in maintaining lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis; however, recent research has shown that lipid droplets are highly adaptive organelles with diverse functions in the nervous system. In addition to their role in regulating cell metabolism, lipid droplets play a protective role in various cellular stress responses. Furthermore, lipid droplets exhibit specific functions in neurons and glial cells. Dysregulation of lipid droplet formation leads to cellular dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities, and nervous system diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of lipid droplets in the nervous system, covering topics such as biogenesis, cellular specificity, and functions. Additionally, it will explore the association between lipid droplets and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the involvement of lipid droplets in cell metabolic homeostasis related to the nervous system is crucial to determine the underlying causes and in exploring potential therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxuan Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Mahajani S, Salahi A, Gonzalez B, Nelson C, Hsiung F. Decoding complexity: the need to enhance precision and streamline spatial understanding in neuroscience. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:801-802. [PMID: 38886946 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
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50
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Pabon A, Bhupana JN, Wong CO. Crosstalk between degradation and bioenergetics: how autophagy and endolysosomal processes regulate energy production. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:671-681. [PMID: 38886933 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelid Pabon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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