451
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Brazzolotto X, Wandhammer M, Ronco C, Trovaslet M, Jean L, Lockridge O, Renard PY, Nachon F. Human butyrylcholinesterase produced in insect cells: huprine-based affinity purification and crystal structure. FEBS J 2012; 279:2905-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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452
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Gjørlund MD, Nielsen J, Pankratova S, Li S, Korshunova I, Bock E, Berezin V. Neuroligin-1 induces neurite outgrowth through interaction with neurexin-1β and activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. FASEB J 2012; 26:4174-86. [PMID: 22750515 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurexin-1 (NRXN1) and neuroligin-1 (NLGN1) are synaptic cell adhesion molecules that connect pre- and postsynaptic neurons at synapses and mediate signaling across the synapse, which modulates synaptic activity and determines the properties of neuronal networks. Defects in the genes encoding NLGN1 have been linked to cognitive diseases such as autism. The roles of both NRXN1 and NLGN1 during synaptogenesis have been studied extensively, but little is known about the role of these molecules in neuritogenesis, which eventually results in neuronal circuitry formation. The present study investigated the neuritogenic effect of NLGN1 in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Our results show that NLGN1, both in soluble and membrane-bound forms, induces neurite outgrowth that depends on the interaction with NRXN1β and on activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1. In addition, we demonstrate that a synthetic peptide, termed neurolide, which is modeled after a part of the binding interface of NLGN1 for NRXN1β, can bind to NRXN1β and mimic the biological properties of NLGN1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Gjørlund
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Building 24.2, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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453
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Lin MC, Lin GZ, Shen YF, Jian SY, Hsieh DK, Lin J, Lin G. Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of tri-, di-, and mono-N-alkylcarbamylphloroglucinols as bulky inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1462-71. [PMID: 22690874 DOI: 10.1021/tx300119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Tri-N-alkylcarbamylphloroglucinols (1-4) are synthesized as a new series of bulky inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase that may block the catalytic triad, the anionic substrate binding site, and the entrance of the enzyme simultaneously. Among three series of phloroglucinol-derived carbamates, tridentate inhibitors 1,3,5-tri-N-alkylcarbamylphloroglucinols (1-4), bidentate inhibitors 3,5-di-N-n-alkylcarbamyloxyphenols (5-8), and monodentate inhibitors 5-N-n-alkylcarbamyloxyresorcinols (9-12), tridentate inhibitors 1-4 are the most potent inhibitors of mouse acetylcholinesterase. When different n-alkylcarbamyl substituents in tridentate inhibitors 1-4 are compared, n-octylcarbamate 1 is the most potent inhibitor of the enzyme. All inhibitors 1-12 are characterized as the pseudo substrate inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Thus, tridentate inhibitors 1-4 are supposed to be hydrolyzed to bidentate inhibitors 5-8 after the enzyme catalysis. Subsequently, bidentate inhibitors 5-8 and monodentate inhibitors 9-12 are supposed to yield monodentate inhibitors 9-12 and phloroglucinol, respectively, after the enzyme catalysis. This means that tridentate inhibitors 1-4 may act as long period inhibitors of the enzyme. Therefore, inhibitors 1-4 may be considered as a new methodology to develop the long-acting drug for Alzheimer's disease. Automated dockings of inhibitor 1 into the X-ray crystal structure of acetylcholinesterase suggest that the most suitable configuration of inhibitor 1 to the enzyme binding is the (1,3,5)- (cis,trans,trans)-tricarbamate rotamer. The cis-carbamyl moiety of this rotamer does not bind into the acetyl group binding site of the enzyme but stretches out itself to the entrance. The other two trans-carbmayl moieties of this rotamer bulkily block the tryptophan 86 residue of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chen Lin
- Division of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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454
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Zhang Y, Hei T, Cai Y, Gao Q, Zhang Q. Affinity Binding-Guided Fluorescent Nanobiosensor for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors via Distance Modulation between the Fluorophore and Metallic Nanoparticle. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2830-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300436m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, ‡Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Tingting Hei
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, ‡Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, ‡Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Qunqun Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, ‡Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of
Education, ‡Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
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455
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Shi X, Zhou Z, Wang L, Yue F, Wang M, Yang C, Song L. The immunomodulation of acetylcholinesterase in zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30828. [PMID: 22292052 PMCID: PMC3264636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acetycholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is an essential hydrolytic enzyme in the cholinergic nervous system, which plays an important role during immunomodulation in vertebrates. Though AChEs have been identified in most invertebrates, the knowledge about immunomodulation function of AChE is still quite meagre in invertebrates. Methodology A scallop AChE gene was identified from Chlamys farreri (designed as CfAChE), and its open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 522 amino acids. A signal peptide, an active site triad, the choline binding site and the peripheral anionic sites (PAS) were identified in CfAChE. The recombinant mature polypeptide of CfAChE (rCfAChE) was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115, and its activity was 71.3±1.3 U mg−1 to catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide. The mRNA transcripts of CfAChE were detected in haemocytes, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, mantle, gill, kidney and gonad, with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. The relative expression level of CfAChE mRNA in haemocytes was both up-regulated after LPS (0.5 mg mL−1) and human TNF-α (50 ng mL−1) stimulations, and it reached the highest level at 12 h (10.4-fold, P<0.05) and 1 h (3.2-fold, P<0.05), respectively. After Dichlorvos (DDVP) (50 mg L−1) stimulation, the CfAChE activity in the supernatant of haemolymph decreased significantly from 0.16 U mg−1 at 0 h to 0.03 U mg−1 at 3 h, while the expression level of lysozyme in the haemocytes was up-regulated and reached the highest level at 6 h, which was 3.0-fold (P<0.05) of that in the blank group. Conclusions The results collectively indicated that CfAChE had the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing activity, which was in line with the potential roles of AChE in the neuroimmune system of vertebrates which may help to re-balance the immune system after immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (LS)
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (LS)
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456
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Croom E. Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 112:31-88. [PMID: 22974737 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism. Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations. Most metabolic activity inside the cell requires energy, cofactors, and enzymes in order to occur. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes can be divided into phase I, phase II, and transporter enzymes. Lipophilic xenobiotics are often first metabolized by phase I enzymes, which function to make xenobiotics more polar and provide sites for conjugation reactions. Phase II enzymes are conjugating enzymes and can directly interact with xenobiotics but more commonly interact with metabolites produced by phase I enzymes. Through both passive and active transport, these more polar metabolites are eliminated. Most xenobiotics are cleared through multiple enzymes and pathways. The relationship between chemical concentrations, enzyme affinity and quantity, and cofactor availability often determine which metabolic reactions dominate in a given individual.
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457
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Peters J, Trovaslet M, Trapp M, Nachon F, Hill F, Royer E, Gabel F, van Eijck L, Masson P, Tehei M. Activity and molecular dynamics relationship within the family of human cholinesterases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6764-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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458
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Facile synthesis of oxo-/thioxopyrimidines and tetrazoles C–C linked to sugars as novel non-toxic antioxidant acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 347:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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459
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Sánchez DG, Otero LH, Hernández CM, Serra AL, Encarnación S, Domenech CE, Lisa AT. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 acetylcholinesterase is encoded by the PA4921 gene and belongs to the SGNH hydrolase family. Microbiol Res 2011; 167:317-25. [PMID: 22192836 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of molecular and biochemical experiments and bioinformatic tools, this work demonstrates that the PA4921 gene of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genome is a gene responsible for cholinesterase (ChoE) activity. Similar to the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) of Zea mays, this ChoE belongs to the SGNH hydrolase family. In mature ChoE, i.e., without a signal peptide, (18)Ser, (78)Gly, (127)N, and (268)H are conserved aminoacyl residues. Acetylthiocholine (ATC) and propionylthiocholine (PTC) are substrates of this enzyme, but butyrylcholine is an inhibitor. The enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of the artificial esters p-nitrophenyl propionate (pNPP) and p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) but with lower catalytic efficiency with respect to ATC or PTC. The second difference is that pNPP and pNPB did not produce inhibition at high substrate concentrations, as occurred with ATC and PTC. These differences plus preliminary biochemical and kinetic studies with alkylammonium compounds led us to propose that this enzyme is an acetylcholinesterase (AchE) or propionylcholinesterase. Studies performed with the purified recombinant enzyme indicated that the substrate saturation curves and the catalytic mechanism are similar to those properties described for mammalian AchEs. Therefore, the results of this work suggest that the P. aeruginosa ChoE is an AchE that may also be found in Pseudomonas fluorescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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460
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Reactibodies generated by kinetic selection couple chemical reactivity with favorable protein dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15954-9. [PMID: 21896761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108460108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Igs offer a versatile template for combinatorial and rational design approaches to the de novo creation of catalytically active proteins. We have used a covalent capture selection strategy to identify biocatalysts from within a human semisynthetic antibody variable fragment library that uses a nucleophilic mechanism. Specific phosphonylation at a single tyrosine within the variable light-chain framework was confirmed in a recombinant IgG construct. High-resolution crystallographic structures of unmodified and phosphonylated Fabs display a 15-Å-deep two-chamber cavity at the interface of variable light (V(L)) and variable heavy (V(H)) fragments having a nucleophilic tyrosine at the base of the site. The depth and structure of the pocket are atypical of antibodies in general but can be compared qualitatively with the catalytic site of cholinesterases. A structurally disordered heavy chain complementary determining region 3 loop, constituting a wall of the cleft, is stabilized after covalent modification by hydrogen bonding to the phosphonate tropinol moiety. These features and presteady state kinetics analysis indicate that an induced fit mechanism operates in this reaction. Mutations of residues located in this stabilized loop do not interfere with direct contacts to the organophosphate ligand but can interrogate second shell interactions, because the H3 loop has a conformation adjusted for binding. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters along with computational docking support the active site model, including plasticity and simple catalytic components. Although relatively uncomplicated, this catalytic machinery displays both stereo- and chemical selectivity. The organophosphate pesticide paraoxon is hydrolyzed by covalent catalysis with rate-limiting dephosphorylation. This reactibody is, therefore, a kinetically selected protein template that has enzyme-like catalytic attributes.
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461
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carboxylesterases play major roles in the hydrolysis of numerous therapeutically active compounds. This is, in part, due to the prevalence of the ester moiety in these small molecules. However, the impact these enzymes may play on drug stability and pharmacokinetics is rarely considered prior to molecule development. Therefore, the application of selective inhibitors of this class of proteins may have utility in modulating the metabolism, distribution and toxicity of agents that are subjected to enzyme hydrolysis. AREAS COVERED This review details the development of all such compounds dating back to 1986, but principally focuses on the very recent identification of selective human carboxylesterases inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of carboxylesterase inhibitors may significantly revolutionize drug discovery. Such molecules may allow for improved efficacy of compounds inactivated by this class of enzymes and/or reduce the toxicity of agents that are activated by these proteins. Furthermore, since lack of carboxylesterase activity appears to have no obvious biological consequence, these compounds could be applied in combination with virtually any esterified drug. Therefore, inhibitors of these proteins may have utility in altering drug hydrolysis and distribution in vivo. The characteristics, chemical and biological properties and potential uses of such agents are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jason Hatfield
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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462
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Musilek K, Komloova M, Holas O, Horova A, Pohanka M, Gunn-Moore F, Dohnal V, Dolezal M, Kuca K. Mono-oxime bisquaternary acetylcholinesterase reactivators with prop-1,3-diyl linkage—Preparation, in vitro screening and molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:754-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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463
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Antosiewicz JM, Shugar D. Poisson–Boltzmann continuum-solvation models: applications to pH-dependent properties of biomolecules. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2923-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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