451
|
Nyazika TK, Robertson VJ, Nherera B, Mapondera PT, Meis JF, Hagen F. Comparison of biotyping methods as alternative identification tools to molecular typing of pathogenic Cryptococcus species in sub-Saharan Africa. Mycoses 2015; 59:151-6. [PMID: 26661484 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is the leading fungal infection and AIDS defining opportunistic illness in patients with late stage HIV infection, particularly in South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Given the high mortality, clinical differences and the extensive ecological niche of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes, there is need for laboratories in sub-Sahara African countries to adopt new and alternative reliable diagnostic algorithms that rapidly identify and distinguish these species. We biotyped 74 and then amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyped 66 Cryptococcus isolates from a cohort of patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. C. gattii sensu lato was isolated at a prevalence of 16.7% (n = 11/66) and C. neoformans sensu stricto was responsible for 83.3% (n = 55/66) of the infections. l-Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue, yeast-carbon-base-d-proline-d-tryptophan and creatinine dextrose bromothymol blue thymine were able to distinguish pathogenic C. gattii sensu lato from C. neoformans sensu stricto species when compared with AFLP genotyping. This study demonstrates high C. gattii sensu lato prevalence in Zimbabwe. In addition, biotyping methods can be used as alternative diagnostic tools to molecular typing in resource-limited areas for differentiating pathogenic Cryptococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe K Nyazika
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Valerie J Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brenda Nherera
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Prichard T Mapondera
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
452
|
Bielska E, May RC. What makes Cryptococcus gattii a pathogen? FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov106. [PMID: 26614308 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection of humans and other animals, typically caused by the species Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with impaired immunity. However, there is growing recognition of the importance of the related species C. gattii in causing infections in apparently immunocompetent individuals. In particular, an ongoing outbreak of cryptococcal disease in the Pacific Northwest region, which started in 1999, has driven an intense research effort into this previously neglected pathogen. Here, we discuss some of the recent discoveries in this organism from the Pacific Northwest region and highlight areas for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bielska
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection & School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection & School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
453
|
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii, the sister species of Cryptococcus neoformans, is an emerging pathogen which gained importance in connection with the ongoing cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island. Many molecular studies have divided this species into for major lineages: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV. This commentary summarizes the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies that have been carried out with this species, re-emphasizing the phylogenetic relationships, showing chromosomal rearrangements between those four groups, and identifying VGII as ancestral population within C. gattii. In addition, WGS specific to VGII, containing the Vancouver Island outbreak genotypes and those from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, has placed the origin of this lineage within South America and identified specific genes responsible for either brain or lung infection. It also showed, that many genotypes are spread across a number of different continents, as has been previously shown by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In addition, it showed that recombination occurs more frequently between mitochondrial than nuclear genomes.
Collapse
|
454
|
Badali H, Alian S, Fakhim H, Falahatinejad M, Moradi A, Mohammad Davoudi M, Hagen F, Meis JF. Cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans genotype AFLP1/VNI in Iran: a review of the literature. Mycoses 2015; 58:689-93. [PMID: 26444438 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is the most important opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality in HIV-patients in less developed regions. Here, we report a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a 49-year-old HIV-positive female due to Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A, mating-type alpha, genotype AFLP1/VNI) in Sari, Iran. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed MICs of isavuconazole (0.016 μg ml(-1) ), voriconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), posaconazole (0.031 μg ml(-1) ), itraconazole (0.063 μg ml(-1) ), amphotericin B (0.125 μg ml(-1) ) and fluconazole (8 μg ml(-1) ). Despite immediate antifungal therapy, the patient died 4 days later due to respiratory failure. Cryptococcal infections have been infrequently reported from Iran and therefore we analysed all published cases of cryptococcosis in Iran since the first reported case from 1969.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alian
- Department of Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center (ARRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Fakhim
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahsa Falahatinejad
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center (ARRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
455
|
Pryszcz LP, Németh T, Saus E, Ksiezopolska E, Hegedűsová E, Nosek J, Wolfe KH, Gacser A, Gabaldón T. The Genomic Aftermath of Hybridization in the Opportunistic Pathogen Candida metapsilosis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005626. [PMID: 26517373 PMCID: PMC4627764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida metapsilosis is a rarely-isolated, opportunistic pathogen that belongs to a clade of pathogenic yeasts known as the C. parapsilosis sensu lato species complex. To gain insight into the recent evolution of C. metapsilosis and the genetic basis of its virulence, we sequenced the genome of 11 clinical isolates from various locations, which we compared to each other and to the available genomes of the two remaining members of the complex: C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis. Unexpectedly, we found compelling genomic evidence that C. metapsilosis is a highly heterozygous hybrid species, with all sequenced clinical strains resulting from the same past hybridization event involving two parental lineages that were approximately 4.5% divergent in sequence. This result indicates that the parental species are non-pathogenic, but that hybridization between them formed a new opportunistic pathogen, C. metapsilosis, that has achieved a worldwide distribution. We show that these hybrids are diploid and we identified strains carrying loci for both alternative mating types, which supports mating as the initial mechanism for hybrid formation. We trace the aftermath of this hybridization at the genomic level, and reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among the different strains. Recombination and introgression -resulting in loss of heterozygosis- between the two subgenomes have been rampant, and includes the partial overwriting of the MTLa mating locus in all strains. Collectively, our results shed light on the recent genomic evolution within the C. parapsilosis sensu lato complex, and argue for a re-definition of species within this clade, with at least five distinct homozygous lineages, some of which having the ability to form hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leszek P. Pryszcz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tibor Németh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ester Saus
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Hegedűsová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kenneth H. Wolfe
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Attila Gacser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
456
|
Suh SO, Houseknecht JL, Grosso KM, Carrion ME. Characterization of the medically important yeast Trichosporon mucoides and its close sister Trichosporon dermatis by traditional and advanced technologies. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1135-1143. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Oui Suh
- ATCC, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
457
|
Mak S, Vélez N, Castañeda E, Escandón P. The Fungus among Us: Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Ecological Modeling for Colombia. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 1:332-344. [PMID: 29376914 PMCID: PMC5753128 DOI: 10.3390/jof1030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental isolation of Cryptococcus spp. is typically a difficult undertaking. Collecting samples in the field is costly in terms of travel, personnel time and materials. Furthermore, the recovery rate of Cryptococcus spp. may be very low, thereby requiring a large number of samples to be taken without any guarantee of success. Ecological niche modeling is a tool that has traditionally been used to forecast the distribution of plant and animal of species for biodiversity and conservation purposes. Here, we use it in a public health application to produce risk area maps for cryptococcal disease in Colombia. The Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production (GARP) was used to create models for Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) and Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii), based on environmental sampling and clinical records data recorded since 1987. These maps could be used to focus public health messaging related to cryptococcal disease, and it enables us to characterize the ecological niche for Cryptococcus in Colombia. We found that the OPEN ACCESS J. Fungi 2015, 1 333 ecological niche for C. gattii in Colombia is quite diverse, establishing itself in sub-tropical and temperate ecoregions within the country. This suggests that C. gattii is highly adaptive to different ecological conditions in Colombia and different regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Mak
- Public Health Analytics, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue,Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada.
| | - Nórida Vélez
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No. 51-20, Bogotá, D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Elizabeth Castañeda
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No. 51-20, Bogotá, D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Patricia Escandón
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No. 51-20, Bogotá, D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
458
|
Kangogo M, Bader O, Boga H, Wanyoike W, Folba C, Worasilchai N, Weig M, Groß U, Bii CC. Molecular types of Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from clinical and environmental sources in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycoses 2015; 58:665-70. [PMID: 26404188 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis infections cause high mortality rates among HIV-infected patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. The high incidences of cryptococcal infections may be attributed to common environmental sources which, if identified, could lead to institution of appropriate control strategies. To determine the genotypes of Cryptococcus gattii/C. neoformans- species complex from Nairobi, Kenya, 123 clinical and environmental isolates were characterised. Typing was done using orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (URA5) gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (URA5-RFLP). The majority of the isolates [105/123; 85.4%] were C. neoformans genotype (AFLPI/VNI) and 1.6% AFLP1A/VNB/VNII, whereas (13%) were C. gattii (AFLP4/VGI). This is the first report on the genotypes of C. gattii/C. neoformans species complex from clinical and environmental sources in Nairobi, Kenya and the isolation of C. gattii genotype AFLP4/VGI from the environment in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourine Kangogo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hamadi Boga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wanjiru Wanyoike
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Folba
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Interdisciplinary Program, Medical Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Weig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine C Bii
- Medical Mycology Unit, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
459
|
Ashu EE, Xu J. The roles of sexual and asexual reproduction in the origin and dissemination of strains causing fungal infectious disease outbreaks. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:199-209. [PMID: 26394109 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction commonly refers to the reproductive process in which genomes from two sources are combined into a single cell through mating and then the zygote genomes are partitioned to progeny cells through meiosis. Reproduction in the absence of mating and meiosis is referred to as asexual or clonal reproduction. One major advantage of sexual reproduction is that it generates genetic variation among progeny which may allow for faster adaptation of the population to novel and/or stressful environments. However, adaptation to stressful or new environments can still occur through mutation, in the absence of sex. In this review, we analyzed the relative contributions of sexual and asexual reproduction in the origin and spread of strains causing fungal infectious diseases outbreaks. The necessity of sex and the ability of asexual fungi to initiate outbreaks are discussed. We propose a framework that relates the modes of reproduction to the origin and propagation of fungal disease outbreaks. Our analyses suggest that both sexual and asexual reproduction can play critical roles in the origin of outbreak strains and that the rapid spread of outbreak strains is often accomplished through asexual expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eta Ebasi Ashu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
460
|
Tavares ER, Azevedo CS, Panagio LA, Pelisson M, Pinge-Filho P, Venancio EJ, Barros TF, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Yamauchi LM. Accurate and sensitive real-time PCR assays using intergenic spacer 1 region to differentiate Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato and Cryptococcus neoformans sensu lato. Med Mycol 2015; 54:89-96. [PMID: 26392390 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, two accurate and sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to differentiate pathogenic Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato (s.l.) and C. neoformans sensu lato (s.l.) targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region from rDNA locus were developed. Specific primers were designed based on their IGS1 sequence analyses and the optimal real-time PCR assays showed that the dissociation curves generated two different melting peaks, at 82.8 and 84.2ºC for C. gattii s.l. and C. neoformans s.l., respectively. No amplifications were observed in the negative template control. The minimum limit of detection of both primers was 100 plasmid copies per reaction, and they were highly specific when tested with a range of fungal DNAs. Overall, the results showed that the designed primers completely differentiated C. gattii s.l. and C. neoformans s.l. from clinical and environmental sources with great accuracy when compared to phenotypic identification, with no cross-reactivity to other fungal DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciano Aparecido Panagio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Departamento de Patologia Aplicada, Análise Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Emerson José Venancio
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Tânia Fraga Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
461
|
Castro e Silva DM, Santos DCS, Martins MA, Oliveira L, Szeszs MW, Melhem MSC. First isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans genotype VNI MAT-alpha from wood inside hollow trunks of Hymenaea courbaril. Med Mycol 2015; 54:97-102. [PMID: 26337089 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal infection is transmitted by the inhalation of Cryptococcus spp. propagules. Information about the Cryptococcus species inhabiting plants might be clinically relevant due to the epidemiological role of these habitats as possible sources of human infection. The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge about the environmental occurrence of cryptococcosis agents. Hollow tree vegetal debris of nine plant species was sampled quarterly over a 12-month period. Melanized colonies were screened for Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii by biochemical tests, followed by URA5-RFLP molecular analysis, M13 fingerprinting assays, and mating-typing with the specific a and α primers. The susceptibility to fluconazole of all of the confirmed species colonies was determined using the AFST-EUCAST broth dilution method. We found that the typical Brazilian flora tree Hymenaea courbaril yielded a high cryptococcal burden (median, 10(2) CFU/g) during the summer, autumn and winter seasons. C. neoformans VNI molecular type MAT alpha was identified in all of the samples. The fingerprinting analyses showed great molecular variability with no correlation with the susceptibility profile to fluconazole (MIC range 4 to ≥64 mg/l). To our knowledge, this study is the first describing the association between C. neoformans and Hymenaea courbaril. These observations extend the known geographic distribution of and substantiate a new urban environmental niche for C. neoformans and also emphasize the genetic diversity of the environmental C. neoformans VNI molecular type isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Castro e Silva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - D C S Santos
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M A Martins
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - L Oliveira
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M W Szeszs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M S C Melhem
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretariat of Health, Government of São Paulo State, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
462
|
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen of humans, causing pulmonary infections in otherwise healthy hosts. To characterize genomic variation among the four major lineages of C. gattii (VGI, -II, -III, and -IV), we generated, annotated, and compared 16 de novo genome assemblies, including the first for the rarely isolated lineages VGIII and VGIV. By identifying syntenic regions across assemblies, we found 15 structural rearrangements, which were almost exclusive to the VGI-III-IV lineages. Using synteny to inform orthology prediction, we identified a core set of 87% of C. gattii genes present as single copies in all four lineages. Remarkably, 737 genes are variably inherited across lineages and are overrepresented for response to oxidative stress, mitochondrial import, and metal binding and transport. Specifically, VGI has an expanded set of iron-binding genes thought to be important to the virulence of Cryptococcus, while VGII has expansions in the stress-related heat shock proteins relative to the other lineages. We also characterized genes uniquely absent in each lineage, including a copper transporter absent from VGIV, which influences Cryptococcus survival during pulmonary infection and the onset of meningoencephalitis. Through inclusion of population-level data for an additional 37 isolates, we identified a new transcontinental clonal group that we name VGIIx, mitochondrial recombination between VGII and VGIII, and positive selection of multidrug transporters and the iron-sulfur protein aconitase along multiple branches of the phylogenetic tree. Our results suggest that gene expansion or contraction and positive selection have introduced substantial variation with links to mechanisms of pathogenicity across this species complex. The genetic differences between phenotypically different pathogens provide clues to the underlying mechanisms of those traits and can lead to new drug targets and improved treatments for those diseases. In this paper, we compare 16 genomes belonging to four highly differentiated lineages of Cryptococcus gattii, which cause pulmonary infections in otherwise healthy humans and other animals. Half of these lineages have not had their genomes previously assembled and annotated. We identified 15 ancestral rearrangements in the genome and over 700 genes that are unique to one or more lineages, many of which are associated with virulence. In addition, we found evidence for recent transcontinental spread, mitochondrial genetic exchange, and positive selection in multidrug transporters. Our results suggest that gene expansion/contraction and positive selection are diversifying the mechanisms of pathogenicity across this species complex.
Collapse
|
463
|
HIV/AIDS-Associated Cryptococcosis in Portugal Spanning the Pre- to Post-HAART Era: A Retrospective Assessment at the Genotypic Level Based on URA5-RFLP. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:449-57. [PMID: 26169111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic mycosis, infecting mainly immunodepressed individuals. Molecular epidemiology studies of cryptococcosis in Europe are limited. This paper presents a retrospective study of cryptococcosis in 105 cryptococcal isolates from two hospitals in Lisbon, Portugal, among HIV/AIDS patients, from 1991 to 2007. Among these patients, the number of cases of cryptococcosis increased from 5.1 to 6.9 cases per year from the pre- to post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. As expected, the median age of the patients increased, from 32 (mean: 33 ± 8) to 39 (mean: 41 ± 10) years, and the ratio of male to female patients remained high (7.7 and 7.6, respectively). Strain genotyping based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of the orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (URA5-RFLP) gene showed that, in general, the relative frequencies of the genotypes VNI-IV are similar to those from other European countries. These frequencies were, respectively, for the pre- and post-HAART periods: 41.7 and 43.5 % for VNI; 2.8 and 17.4 % for VNII; 38.9 and 30.4 % for VNIII; 16.7 and 7.2 % for VNIV and 0 and 1.4 % for VGII. Some apparent although statistically insignificant differences among these values were observed between both periods. The genotypic frequencies were not also statistically different according to the patients' gender or age range. Of note are the high proportion of VNIII isolates (common in Europe) and the high increase in the frequency of the VNII genotype in the post-HAART. Ultimately, these results may have implications in disease therapy, management and control.
Collapse
|
464
|
Rodrigues J, Fonseca FL, Schneider RO, Godinho RMDC, Firacative C, Maszewska K, Meyer W, Schrank A, Staats C, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Rodrigues ML. Pathogenic diversity amongst serotype C VGIII and VGIV Cryptococcus gattii isolates. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11717. [PMID: 26153364 PMCID: PMC4495446 DOI: 10.1038/srep11717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is one of the causative agents of human cryptococcosis. Highly virulent strains of serotype B C. gattii have been studied in detail, but little information is available on the pathogenic properties of serotype C isolates. In this study, we analyzed pathogenic determinants in three serotype C C. gattii isolates (106.97, ATCC 24066 and WM 779). Isolate ATCC 24066 (molecular type VGIII) differed from isolates WM 779 and 106.97 (both VGIV) in capsule dimensions, expression of CAP genes, chitooligomer distribution, and induction of host chitinase activity. Isolate WM 779 was more efficient than the others in producing pigments and all three isolates had distinct patterns of reactivity with antibodies to glucuronoxylomannan. This great phenotypic diversity reflected in differential pathogenicity. VGIV isolates WM 779 and 106.97 were similar in their ability to cause lethality and produced higher pulmonary fungal burden in a murine model of cryptococcosis, while isolate ATCC 24066 (VGIII) was unable to reach the brain and caused reduced lethality in intranasally infected mice. These results demonstrate a high diversity in the pathogenic potential of isolates of C. gattii belonging to the molecular types VGIII and VGIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L Fonseca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael O Schneider
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M da C Godinho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Firacative
- 1] Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia [2] Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Krystyna Maszewska
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley Staats
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Kmetzsch
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- 1] Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [2] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
465
|
Kurtzman CP, Mateo RQ, Kolecka A, Theelen B, Robert V, Boekhout T. Advances in yeast systematics and phylogeny and their use as predictors of biotechnologically important metabolic pathways. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov050. [PMID: 26136514 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection, identification and classification of yeasts have undergone a major transformation in the last decade and a half following application of gene sequence analyses and genome comparisons. Development of a database (barcode) of easily determined DNA sequences from domains 1 and 2 (D1/D2) of the nuclear large subunit rRNA gene and from ITS now permits many laboratories to identify species quickly and accurately, thus replacing the laborious and often inaccurate phenotypic tests previously used. Phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences is leading to a major revision of yeast systematics that will result in redefinition of nearly all genera. This new understanding of species relationships has prompted a change of rules for naming and classifying yeasts and other fungi, and these new rules are presented in the recently implemented International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). The use of molecular methods for species identification and the impact of Code changes on classification will be discussed, as will use of phylogeny for prediction of biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cletus P Kurtzman
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Raquel Quintilla Mateo
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anna Kolecka
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Robert
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
466
|
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a human opportunistic fungal pathogen causing severe disseminated meningoencephalitis, mostly in patients with cellular immune defects. This species is divided into three serotypes: A, D, and the AD hybrid. Our objectives were to compare population structures of serotype A and D clinical isolates and to assess whether infections with AD hybrids differ from infections with the other serotypes. For this purpose, we analyzed 483 isolates and the corresponding clinical data from 234 patients enrolled during the CryptoA/D study or the nationwide survey on cryptococcosis in France. Isolates were characterized in terms of ploidy, serotype, mating type, and genotype, utilizing flow cytometry, serotype- and mating type-specific PCR amplifications, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods. Our results suggest that C. neoformans serotypes A and D have different routes of multiplication (primarily clonal expansion versus recombination events for serotype A and serotype D, respectively) and important genomic differences. Cryptococcosis includes a high proportion of proven or probable infections (21.5%) due to a mixture of genotypes, serotypes, and/or ploidies. Multivariate analysis showed that parameters independently associated with failure to achieve cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sterilization by week 2 were a high serum antigen titer, the lack of flucytosine during induction therapy, and the occurrence of mixed infection, while infections caused by AD hybrids were more likely to be associated with CSF sterilization. Our study provides additional evidence for the possible speciation of C. neoformans var. neoformans and grubii and highlights the importance of careful characterization of causative isolates. Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus causing severe disease, estimated to be responsible for 600,000 deaths per year worldwide. This species is divided into serotypes A and D and an AD hybrid, and these could be considered two different species and an interspecies hybrid. The objectives of our study were to compare population structures of serotype A and serotype D and to assess whether infections with AD hybrids differ from infections with serotype A or D isolates in terms of clinical presentation and outcome. For this purpose, we used clinical data and strains from patients diagnosed with cryptococcosis in France. Our results suggest that, according to the serotype, isolates have different routes of multiplication and high genomic differences, confirming the possible speciation of serotypes A and D. Furthermore, we observed a better prognosis for infections caused by AD hybrid than those caused by serotype A or D, at least for those diagnosed in France.
Collapse
|
467
|
Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin A, Lumbsch H, Millanes A, Wedin M, Yurkov A, Boekhout T, Bai FY. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud Mycol 2015; 81:85-147. [PMID: 26955199 PMCID: PMC4777781 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Families and genera assigned to Tremellomycetes have been mainly circumscribed by morphology and for the yeasts also by biochemical and physiological characteristics. This phenotype-based classification is largely in conflict with molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here a phylogenetic classification framework for the Tremellomycetes is proposed based on the results of phylogenetic analyses from a seven-genes dataset covering the majority of tremellomycetous yeasts and closely related filamentous taxa. Circumscriptions of the taxonomic units at the order, family and genus levels recognised were quantitatively assessed using the phylogenetic rank boundary optimisation (PRBO) and modified general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) tests. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on an expanded LSU rRNA (D1/D2 domains) gene sequence dataset covering as many as available teleomorphic and filamentous taxa within Tremellomycetes was performed to investigate the relationships between yeasts and filamentous taxa and to examine the stability of undersampled clades. Based on the results inferred from molecular data and morphological and physiochemical features, we propose an updated classification for the Tremellomycetes. We accept five orders, 17 families and 54 genera, including seven new families and 18 new genera. In addition, seven families and 17 genera are emended and one new species name and 185 new combinations are proposed. We propose to use the term pro tempore or pro tem. in abbreviation to indicate the species names that are temporarily maintained.
Collapse
Key Words
- A. cacaoliposimilis (J.L. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. dehoogii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. domesticum (Sugita, A. Nishikawa & Shinoda) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. dulcitum (Berkhout) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. gamsii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. gracile (Weigmann & A. Wolff) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. laibachii (Windisch) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. lignicola (Diddens) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. loubieri (Morenz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. montevideense (L.A. Queiroz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. mycotoxinivorans (O. Molnár, Schatzm. & Prillinger) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. scarabaeorum (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. siamense (Nakase, Jindam., Sugita & H. Kawas.) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. sporotrichoides (van Oorschot) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. vadense (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. veenhuisii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. wieringae (Middelhoven) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. xylopini (S.O. Suh, Lee, Gujjari & Zhou) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Apiotrichumbrassicae (Nakase) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Bandonia A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bandoniamarina (van Uden & Zobell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. foliicola (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. hainanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. panici (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. pseudovariabile (F.Y. Bai, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. sanyaense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. setariae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. siamense (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. variabile (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. wuzhishanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleraceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleribasidiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleribasidiumbegoniae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Carc. polyporina (D.A. Reid) A.M. Yurkov
- Carcinomycesarundinariae (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Carlosrosaea A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Carlosrosaeavrieseae (Landell, Brandão, Safar, Gomes, Félix, Santos, Pagani, Ramos, Broetto, Mott, Valente & Rosa) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cr. luteus (Roberts) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.
- Cryptococcusdepauperatus (Petch) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.
- Cu. curvatus (Diddens & Lodder) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. cutaneum (de Beurmann, Gougerot & Vaucher) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. cyanovorans (Motaung, Albertyn, J.L.F. Kock et Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. daszewskae (Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. debeurmannianum (Sugita, Takash., Nakase & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. dermatis (Sugita, Takash., Nakase, Ichikawa, Ikeda & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. guehoae (Middelhoven, Scorzettii & Fell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. haglerorum (Middelhoven, Á. Fonseca, S.C. Carreiro, Pagnocca & O.C. Bueno) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. jirovecii (Frágner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. moniliiforme (Weigmann & A. Wolff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. mucoides (E. Guého & M.T. Smith) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. oleaginosus (J.J. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. smithiae (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sugita & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. terricola (Sugita, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cutaneotrichosporon X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cutaneotrichosporonarboriformis (Sugita, M. Takash., Sano, Nishim., Kinebuchi, S. Yamag. & Osanai) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Dimennazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Dimennazyma cistialbidi (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Effuseotrichosporon A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Effuseotrichosporon vanderwaltii (Motaung, Albertyn, Kock, C.F. Lee, S.O. Suh, M. Blackwell & C.H. Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. magnum (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. oeirense (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. stepposum (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. wieringae (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Filobasidium chernovii (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fon. mujuensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fon. tronadorensis (V. De Garcia, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brook) A.M. Yurkov
- Fonsecazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fonsecazyma betulae (K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang, C. T. Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov, A.V. Kachalkin & Boekhout
- Gelidatrema A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae (Garcia, Brizzio, Boekhout, Theelen, Libkind & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. armeniaca (Á. Fonseca & J. Inácio) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. bromeliarum (Landell & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. tibetensis (F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Genolevuria X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Genolevuria amylolytica (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. agrionensis (Russo, Libkind, Samp. & van Broock) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. gastrica (Reiersöl & di Menna) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. gilvescens (Chernov & Babeva) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. iberica (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. metallitolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Goffeauzyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Goffeauzyma aciditolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Haglerozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Haglerozymachiarellii (Pagnocca, Legaspe, Rodrigues & Ruivo) A. M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Het. bachmannii (Diederich & M.S. Christ.) Millanes & Wedin
- Het. physciacearum (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin
- Heterocephalacriaarrabidensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Itersoniliapannonica (Niwata, Takash., Tornai-Lehoczki, T. Deák & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Jelly fungi
- Ko. distylii (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. fuzhouensis (J.Z. Yue) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. lichenicola (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Ko. mexicana (Lopandic, O. Molnár & Prillinger) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. ogasawarensis (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. sichuanensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kockovaellachinensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kockovaellaprillingeri (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kr. tahquamenonensis (Wang, Hulfachor, Sylvester and Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov
- Krasilnikovozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Krasilnikovozymahuempii (C. Ramírez & A. E. González) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. dejecticola (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. dendrophila (Van der Walt & D.B. Scott) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. pini (Golubev & Pfeiffer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. shivajii (S.R. Ravella, S.A. James, C.J. Bond, I.N. Roberts, K. Cross, Retter & P.J. Hobbs) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kwoniellabestiolae (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. cryoconiti (Margesin & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. niccombsii (Thomas-Hall) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Morphology
- Mrakiaaquatica (E.B.G. Jones & Slooff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Mrakiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Multigene phylogeny
- Naem. microspora (Lloyd) Millanes & Wedin
- Naemateliaaurantialba (Bandoni & M. Zang) Millanes & Wedin
- Naemateliaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. albida (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. albidosimilis (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. antarctica (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. bhutanensis (Goto & Sugiy.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. cerealis (Passoth, A.-C. Andersson, Olstorpe, Theelen, Boekhout & Schnürer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. diffluens (Zach) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. friedmannii (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. liquefaciens (Saito & M. Ota) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. onofrii (Turchetti, Selbmann & Zucconi) A.M. Yurkov
- Nag. randhawae (Z.U. Khan, S.O. Suh. Ahmad, F. Hagen, Fell, Kowshik, Chandy & Boekhout) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. uzbekistanensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. vaughanmartiniae (Turchetti, Blanchette & Arenz) A.M. Yurkov
- Nag. vishniacii (Vishniac & Hempfling) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Naganishiaadeliensis (Scorzetti, I. Petrescu, Yarrow & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Niel. melastomae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozymaformosana (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- P. mycophaga (G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin
- Pap. aspenensis (K. Ferreira-Paim, T.B. Ferreira, L. Andrade-Silva, D.J. Mora, D.J. Springer, J. Heitman, F.M. Fonseca, D. Matos, M.S.C. Melhem & M.L. Silva-Vergara) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Pap. aurea (Saito) M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. baii (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. flavescens (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. fonsecae (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. frias (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. fuscus (J.P. Samp., J. Inácio, Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. hoabinhensis (D.T. Luong, M. Takash., Ty. Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. japonica (J.P. Samp., Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. laurentii (Kuff.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. mangalensis (Fell, Statzell & Scorzett) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. nemorosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. perniciosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Pap. pseudoalba (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. rajasthanensis (Saluja & G.S. Prasad) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. ruineniae (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. taeanensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. terrestris (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. wisconsinensis (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotremaanemochoreius (C.H. Pohl, Kock, P.W.J. van Wyk & Albertyn) F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ph. mycetophiloides (Kobayasi) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. neofoliacea (Chee J. Chen) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. simplex (H.S. Jacks. & G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. skinneri (Phaff & Carmo Souza) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Phaeotremellaceae A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Phaeotremellafagi (Middelhoven & Scorzetti) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Pis. cylindrica (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pis. fildesensis (T. Zhang & L.-Y. Yu) A.M. Yurkov
- Pis. filicatus (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) Kachalkin
- Pis. silvicola (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pis. sorana (Hauerslev) A.M. Yurkov
- Pis. taiwanensis (Nakase, Tsuzuki & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Piskurozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Piskurozymacapsuligena (Fell, Statzell, I.L. Hunter & Phaff) A.M. Yurkov
- Piskurozymaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ps. lacticolor (Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov
- Ps. moriformis (Berk.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ps. nivalis (Chee J. Chen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pseudotremella X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pseudotremellaallantoinivorans (Middelhoven) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- R. complexa (Landell, Pagnocca, Sette, Passarini, Garcia, Ribeiro, Lee, Brandao, Rosa & Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. fermentans (Lee) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. glucofermentans (S.O. Suh & Blackwell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. nanyangensis (F.L. Hui & Q.H. Niu) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. noutii (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzett & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. tunnelae (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzetti & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. visegradensis (Peter & Dlauchy) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Ranks
- Rhynchogastremaaquatica (Brandao, Valente, Pimenta & Rosa) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Sait. ninhbinhensis (Luong, Takash., Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Sait. paraflava (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sait. podzolica (Babeva & Reshetova) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Saitozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Saitozymaflava (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sol. fuscescens (Golubev) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. keelungensis (C.F. Chang & S.M. Liu) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. phenolicus (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. terreus (Di Menna) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. terricola (T.A. Pedersen) A.M. Yurkov
- Solicoccozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Solicoccozymaaeria (Saito) A.M. Yurkov
- Sugitazyma A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sugitazymamiyagiana (Nakase, Itoh, Takem. & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Tausoniapullulans (Lindner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Taxonomy
- Tremellayokohamensis (Alshahni, Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov
- Tremellomycetes
- Trimorphomycessakaeraticus (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Trimorphomycetaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Van. meifongana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Van. nantouana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Van. thermophila (Vogelmann, Chaves & Hertel) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Vanrijafragicola (M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. dimennae (Fell & Phaff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. foliicola (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. globispora (B.N. Johri & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. heimaeyensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. nebularis (Vishniac) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. peneaus (Phaff, Mrak & O.B. Williams) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. psychrotolerans (V. de García, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. taibaiensis (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. tephrensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. victoriae (M.J. Montes, Belloch, Galiana, M.D. García, C. Andrés, S. Ferrer, Torr.-Rodr. & J. Guinea) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vishniacozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vishniacozymacarnescens (Verona & Luchetti) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Yeasts
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.-Z. Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Q.-M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - M. Groenewald
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.V. Kachalkin
- Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - H.T. Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A.M. Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - M. Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A.M. Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - T. Boekhout
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - F.-Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
468
|
Panackal AA, Wuest SC, Lin YC, Wu T, Zhang N, Kosa P, Komori M, Blake A, Browne SK, Rosen LB, Hagen F, Meis J, Levitz SM, Quezado M, Hammoud D, Bennett JE, Bielekova B, Williamson PR. Paradoxical Immune Responses in Non-HIV Cryptococcal Meningitis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004884. [PMID: 26020932 PMCID: PMC4447450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Cryptococcus is a major cause of meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected as well as HIV-uninfected individuals with mortalities in developed countries of 20% and 30%, respectively. In HIV-related disease, defects in T-cell immunity are paramount, whereas there is little understanding of mechanisms of susceptibility in non-HIV related disease, especially that occurring in previously healthy adults. The present description is the first detailed immunological study of non-HIV-infected patients including those with severe central nervous system (s-CNS) disease to 1) identify mechanisms of susceptibility as well as 2) understand mechanisms underlying severe disease. Despite the expectation that, as in HIV, T-cell immunity would be deficient in such patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunophenotyping, T-cell activation studies, soluble cytokine mapping and tissue cellular phenotyping demonstrated that patients with s-CNS disease had effective microbiological control, but displayed strong intrathecal expansion and activation of cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity including HLA-DR+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells and NK cells. These expanded CSF T cells were enriched for cryptococcal-antigen specific CD4+ cells and expressed high levels of IFN-γ as well as a lack of elevated CSF levels of typical T-cell specific Th2 cytokines -- IL-4 and IL-13. This inflammatory response was accompanied by elevated levels of CSF NFL, a marker of axonal damage, consistent with ongoing neurological damage. However, while tissue macrophage recruitment to the site of infection was intact, polarization studies of brain biopsy and autopsy specimens demonstrated an M2 macrophage polarization and poor phagocytosis of fungal cells. These studies thus expand the paradigm for cryptococcal disease susceptibility to include a prominent role for macrophage activation defects and suggest a spectrum of disease whereby severe neurological disease is characterized by immune-mediated host cell damage. Cryptococcus is an important cause of fungal meningitis with significant mortality globally. Susceptibility to the fungus in humans has been related to T-lymphocyte defects in HIV-infected individuals, but little is known about possible immune defects in non HIV-infected patients including previously healthy individuals. This latter group also has some of the worst response rates to therapy with almost a third dying in the United States, despite available therapy. Here we conducted the first detailed immunological analysis of non-HIV apparently immunocompetent individuals with active cryptococcal disease. In contrast to HIV-infected individuals, these studies identified a highly activated antigen-presenting dendritic cell population within CSF, accompanied by a highly active T-lymphocyte population with potentially damaging inflammatory cytokine responses. Furthermore, elevated levels of CSF neurofilament light chains (NFL), a marker of axonal damage in severe central nervous system infections suggest a dysfunctional role to this acute inflammatory state. Paradoxically, CSF macrophage proportions were reduced in patients with severe disease and biopsy and autopsy samples identified alternatively activated tissue macrophage populations that failed to appropriately phagocytose fungal cells. Our study thus provides new insights into the susceptibility to human cryptococcal disease and identifies a paradoxically active T-lymphocyte response that may be amenable to adjunctive immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes in this high-mortality disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil A. Panackal
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, F. Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone C. Wuest
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yen-Chih Lin
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Kosa
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mika Komori
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Blake
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Browne
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lindsey B. Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dima Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health/Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John E. Bennett
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bibi Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BB); (PRW)
| |
Collapse
|
469
|
Idnurm A, Lin X. Rising to the challenge of multiple Cryptococcus species and the diseases they cause. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 78:1-6. [PMID: 25983191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are well-studied basidiomyceteous yeasts that are capable of causing disease in healthy and immunocompromised people. The Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis (ICCC) is held every three years: the accompanying Special Issue stems from the 9th ICCC and covers a subset of the topics related to these fungi in detail. This conference started with a revised and reduced estimate of disease burden globally, in part due to improved treatment for HIV(+) people. However, mortality from cryptococcosis remains consistently high for those unfortunate to have limited access to therapies or without underlying immunodeficiencies. As such, there are yet still great distances to be covered to address antifungal drug availability, the need for new antifungal agents and the timing and doses of these agents in conjunction with antiviral therapy, underscoring the importance of continued research. A notable point from the 9th ICCC was the research addressing the variation in the pathogen and host populations. Analysis of cryptococcal strain variability, particularly at the molecular level, has resolved distinct lineages with the consequence of a taxonomic revision that divides C. neoformans and C. gattii into seven Cryptococcus species. Similarly, analysis of host factors in so called "immune-competent" individuals revealed previously unrecognized risk factors. Research on these species has established them as important model organisms to understand gene evolution and function in other fungi and eukaryotes. The stage is set for the refinement of research directions, leading ultimately to better treatment of this monophyletic clade of pathogens in the genus Cryptococcus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
470
|
Environmental sampling of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) trees in Spain reveals the presence of the rare Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:269-72. [PMID: 25900707 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus gattii is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast that is emerging in temperate climate zones worldwide. C. gattii has repetitively been isolated from numerous tree species. Ongoing environmental sampling and molecular characterization is essential to understand the presence of this primary pathogenic microorganism in the Mediterranean environment. AIMS To report the first isolation of the rare C. gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV from the environment in Europe. METHODS Samples were collected from woody debris of carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) and olive trees (Olea europaea) in El Perelló, Tarragona, Spain. Cryptococcus species were further characterized by using URA5-RFLP, MALDI-TOF, AFLP and MLST. The antifungal susceptibility profile to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole was determined using Sensititre Yeast One and E-test. RESULTS Cultures from one carob tree revealed the presence of ten Cryptococcus-like colonies. One colony was identified as C. gattii, and subsequent molecular characterization showed that it was an α mating-type that belonged to the rare genotype AFLP7/VGIV. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed values within the range of sensitivity described for other isolates of the same genotype and within the epidemiological cutoff values for this species. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of the rare C. gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV in Spain is the first report in the European environment, implying the possible presence in other regions of the Mediterranean area, and underlines that clinicians must be aware for C. gattii infections in healthy individuals.
Collapse
|