451
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Lehe C, Ghebeh H, Al-Sulaiman A, Al Qudaihi G, Al-Hussein K, Almohareb F, Chaudhri N, Alsharif F, Al-Zahrani H, Tbakhi A, Aljurf M, Dermime S. The Wilms' tumor antigen is a novel target for human CD4+ regulatory T cells: implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6350-9. [PMID: 18676860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidences indicate a key role for regulatory T cells (T(reg)) on the host response to cancer. The Wilms' tumor antigen (WT1) is overexpressed in several human leukemias and thus considered as promising target for development of leukemia vaccine. However, recent studies indicated that the generation of effective WT1-specific cytotoxic T cells can be largely affected by the presence of T(regs). We have generated T-cell lines and clones that specifically recognized a WT1-84 (RYFKLSHLQMHSRKH) peptide in an HLA-DRB1*0402-restricted manner. Importantly, they recognized HLA-DRB1*04-matched fresh leukemic cells expressing the WT1 antigen. These clones exerted a T helper 2 cytokine profile, had a CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)GITR(+)CD127(-) T(reg) phenotype, and significantly inhibited the proliferative activity of allogeneic T cells independently of cell contact. Priming of alloreactive T cells in the presence of T(regs) strongly inhibited the expansion of natural killer (NK), NK T, and CD8(+) T cells and had an inhibitory effect on NK/NK T cytotoxic activity but not on CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, priming of T cells with the WT1-126 HLA-A0201-restricted peptide in the presence of T(regs) strongly inhibited the induction of anti-WT1-126 CD8(+) CTL responses as evidenced by both very low cytotoxic activity and IFN-gamma production. Moreover, these T(reg) clones specifically produced granzyme B and selectively induced apoptosis in WT1-84-pulsed autologous antigen-presenting cells but not in apoptotic-resistant DR4-matched leukemic cells. Importantly, we have also detected anti-WT1-84 interleukin-5(+)/granzyme B(+)/Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T(regs) in five of eight HLA-DR4(+) acute myeloid leukemia patients. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest important implications for the clinical manipulation of T(regs) in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lehe
- Tumor Immunology Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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452
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Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T Cell Development. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:625-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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453
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Kunzmann V, Kimmel B, Herrmann T, Einsele H, Wilhelm M. Inhibition of phosphoantigen-mediated gammadelta T-cell proliferation by CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Immunology 2008; 126:256-67. [PMID: 18775028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour growth promotes the expansion of CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) which suppress various arms of immune responses and might therefore contribute to tumour immunosurveillance. In this study, we found an inverse correlation between circulating Treg frequencies and phosphoantigen-induced gammadelta T-cell proliferation in cancer patients, which prompted us to address the role of Tregs in controlling the gammadelta T-cell arm of innate immune responses. In vitro, human Treg-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-cultures strongly inhibited phosphoantigen-induced proliferation of gammadelta T cells and depletion of Tregs restored the impaired phosphoantigen-induced gammadelta T-cell proliferation of cancer patients. Tregs did not suppress other effector functions of gammadelta T cells such as cytokine production or cytotoxicity. Our experiments indicate that Tregs do not mediate their suppressive activity via a cell-cell contact-dependent mechanism, but rather secrete a soluble non-proteinaceous factor, which is independent of known soluble factors interacting with amino acid depletion (e.g. arginase-diminished arginine and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase-diminished tryptophan) or nitric oxide (NO) production. However, the proliferative activity of alphabeta T cells was not affected by this cell-cell contact-independent suppressive activity induced by Tregs. In conclusion, these findings indicate a potential new mechanism by which Tregs can specifically suppress gammadelta T cells and highlight the strategy of combining Treg inhibition with subsequent gammadelta T-cell activation to enhance gammadelta T cell-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kunzmann
- University of Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Würzburg, Germany.
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454
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Schwarz S, Butz M, Morsczeck C, Reichert TE, Driemel O. Increased number of CD25 FoxP3 regulatory T cells in oral squamous cell carcinomas detected by chromogenic immunohistochemical double staining. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:485-489. [PMID: 18355177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg) compromising antitumor effects of immune cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is largely unknown. PURPOSE The presence of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Treg as well as of CD3(+) FoxP3(+) and of CD8(+) FoxP3(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) was verified in OSCC and compared with non-cancerous lymphoepithelial tissue. METHOD Three double stainings (CD3/FoxP3, CD8/FoxP3 and CD25/FoxP3) were performed on tissue sections of 15 OSCC and compared with 15 human tonsils. RESULTS OSCC biopsy samples provide evidence for a strong infiltration of TIL, in particular, naturally occurring CD25(+) FoxP3(+) Treg. Whereas a comparison of OSCC and control tissue did not show significant changes in the number of CD3(+) FoxP3(+) TIL and of CD8(+) FoxP3(+) TIL, a significantly higher frequency of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) TIL (Treg) could be observed in OSCC (P < 0.001, two-sided t-test). Given the small number of specimens, a significant correlation with tumor stage could not be verified. CONCLUSION Chromogenic double staining of CD4/FoxP3 is a promising tool for the detection of Treg in paraffin-embedded tissue of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schwarz
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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455
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Yarkoni S, Kaminitz A, Sagiv Y, Yaniv I, Askenasy N. Involvement of IL-2 in homeostasis of regulatory T cells: the IL-2 cycle. Bioessays 2008; 30:875-88. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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456
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Miyara M, Amoura Z, Piette JC, Gorochov G. Cellules T régulatrices et lupus érythémateux systémique. Rev Med Interne 2008; 29:691-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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457
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Suzuki M, Chiocca EA, Saeki Y. Stable transgene expression from HSV amplicon vectors in the brain: potential involvement of immunoregulatory signals. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1727-36. [PMID: 18728642 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon is a plasmid-based, infectious gene delivery system that carries up to 150 kilobase (kb) of exogenous DNA. We previously characterized early host responses and stability of transgene expression in mice systemically injected with HSV amplicon vectors. Transgene expression was readily detected primarily in the liver but rapidly declined to undetectable levels within 2 weeks. Molecular analyses revealed induction of type I interferons (IFN) as the primary response, and early transcriptional silencing of the vector followed IFN's activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1). In this study, we investigate vector administration by stereotactic injection into the striatum. In the brain, induction of type I IFN was rather modest, and transgene expression lasted more than 1 year despite dose-dependent inflammation and infiltration of immune cells around injection sites. Further analyses revealed dose-dependent upregulation of immunosuppressive cytokines and molecular markers specific to regulatory T cells in the injected brain regions, which supported the immune-privileged properties of the brain parenchyma. Overall, our findings indicate that the spectrum of host responses can differ significantly depending on target organs and administrative routes, and that HSV amplicon vectors hold great potential for gene therapy of chronic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Suzuki
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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458
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Chong MMW, Rasmussen JP, Rudensky AY, Rundensky AY, Littman DR. The RNAseIII enzyme Drosha is critical in T cells for preventing lethal inflammatory disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2005-17. [PMID: 18725527 PMCID: PMC2526196 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in the differentiation and function of many cell types. We provide genetic and in vivo evidence that the two RNaseIII enzymes, Drosha and Dicer, do indeed function in the same pathway. These have previously been shown to mediate the stepwise maturation of miRNAs (Lee, Y., C. Ahn, J. Han, H. Choi, J. Kim, J. Yim, J. Lee, P. Provost, O. Radmark, S. Kim, and V.N. Kim. 2003. Nature. 425:415–419), and genetic ablation of either within the T cell compartment, or specifically within Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells, results in identical phenotypes. We found that miRNA biogenesis is indispensable for the function of T reg cells. Specific deletion of either Drosha or Dicer phenocopies mice lacking a functional Foxp3 gene or Foxp3+ cells, whereas deletion throughout the T cell compartment also results in spontaneous inflammatory disease, but later in life. Thus, miRNA-dependent regulation is critical for preventing spontaneous inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M W Chong
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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459
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Strauss L, Bergmann C, Szczepanski MJ, Lang S, Kirkwood JM, Whiteside TL. Expression of ICOS on human melanoma-infiltrating CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T regulatory cells: implications and impact on tumor-mediated immune suppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2967-80. [PMID: 18292519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interaction of ICOS with its ligand (ICOSL, B7-H2) promotes T cell responses. As CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ naturally occurring T regulatory cells in melanoma patients express ICOS, we investigated the impact of ICOS on naturally occurring T regulatory cell function. METHODS Expression of ICOS and T regulatory (Treg) cell markers was determined on CD4+CD25high T cells in PBMC and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from melanoma patients (n=10) and PBMC of normal controls (n=10) by multicolor flow cytometry. Suppression mediated by sorted ICOShigh and ICOSlow Treg was assessed in CFSE-based suppression assays with autologous CD4+CD25- responder cells (RC). Transwell inserts separating Treg from RC were used to evaluate suppression mechanisms used by Treg. ICOShigh or ICOSlow Treg were coincubated with RC+/-TCR and IL-2 stimulation. ICOShigh and ICOS- Treg were also expanded under conditions previously shown to induce Tr1 from RC. RESULTS Treg in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed ICOS (mean fluorescence intensity=70+/-10), while Treg in PBMC had low ICOS expression (mean fluorescence intensity=3.5+/-2.5, p<or=0.001). ICOShigh Treg up-regulated Treg markers (p<or=0.0016) and mediated stronger suppression (p<or=0.001) relative to ICOSlow Treg. ICOShigh Treg induced Tr1 cells in nonactivated RC and Th2 cells in preactivated RC. ICOShigh Treg exposed to Tr1 cytokines expressed IL-10 and suppressed RC (92+/-12%) in contrast to ICOSlow Treg, which mediated low suppression (21+/-15%; p<or=0.0028). CONCLUSION ICOShigh Treg can induce diverse immune responses in RC, depending on activation signals and cytokines present. ICOShigh Treg induce Tr1 or Th2 cells depending on the activation state of RC. In a "Tr1" cytokine milieu, ICOShigh Treg transit to Tr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Strauss
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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460
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Welters MJP, Piersma SJ, van der Burg SH. T-regulatory cells in tumour-specific vaccination strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1365-79. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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461
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Akins EJ, Dubey P. Noninvasive imaging of cell-mediated therapy for treatment of cancer. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:180S-95S. [PMID: 18523073 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated therapy (immunotherapy) for the treatment of cancer is an active area of investigation in animal models and clinical trials. Despite many advances, objective responses to immunotherapy are observed in a small number of cases, for certain tumor types. To better understand differences in outcomes, it is critical to develop assays for tracking effector cell localization and function in situ. The fairly recent use of molecular imaging techniques to track cell populations has presented researchers and clinicians with a powerful diagnostic tool for determining the efficacy of cell-mediated therapy for the treatment of cancer. This review highlights the application of whole-body noninvasive radioisotopic, magnetic, and optical imaging methods for monitoring effector cells in vivo. Issues that affect sensitivity of detection, such as methods of cell marking, efficiency of cell labeling, toxicity, and limits of detection of imaging modalities, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Akins
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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462
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Jaron B, Maranghi E, Leclerc C, Majlessi L. Effect of attenuation of Treg during BCG immunization on anti-mycobacterial Th1 responses and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2833. [PMID: 18665224 PMCID: PMC2475666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional equilibrium between natural regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells can affect the issue of numerous infections. In unvaccinated mice, the influence of Treg in the control of primary infection with mycobacteria remains controversial. METHODOLOGY Here, we evaluated the role of Treg during prophylactic vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) on the induction of T cell responses and on the protective effect against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in mice. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We demonstrated that, subsequent to BCG injection, Treg were recruited to the draining lymph nodes and negatively control anti-mycobacterial CD4(+)--but not CD8(+)--T-cell responses. Treatment of BCG-immunized mice with an anti-CD25 mAb (PC61) induced an increase IFN-gamma response against both subdominant and immunodominant regions of the protective immunogen TB10.4. In Treg-attenuated, BCG-immunized mice, which were then infected with M. tuberculosis, the lung mycobacterial load was significantly, albeit moderately, reduced compared to the control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first demonstration that attenuation of Treg subset concomitant to BCG vaccination has a positive, yet limited, impact on the protective capacity of this vaccine against infection with M. tuberculosis. Thus, for rational design of improved BCG, it should be considered that, although the action of Treg does not represent the major cause of the limited efficiency of BCG, the impact of this cell population on the subsequent control of M. tuberculosis growth is significant and measurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jaron
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U883, Paris, France
| | | | - Claude Leclerc
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U883, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U883, Paris, France
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463
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In silico identified CCR4 antagonists target regulatory T cells and exert adjuvant activity in vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10221-6. [PMID: 18621704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803453105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are substances that enhance immune responses and thus improve the efficacy of vaccination. Few adjuvants are available for use in humans, and the one that is most commonly used (alum) often induces suboptimal immunity for protection against many pathogens. There is thus an obvious need to develop new and improved adjuvants. We have therefore taken an approach to adjuvant discovery that uses in silico modeling and structure-based drug-design. As proof-of-principle we chose to target the interaction of the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 with their receptor CCR4. CCR4 was posited as an adjuvant target based on its expression on CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which negatively regulate immune responses induced by dendritic cells (DC), whereas CCL17 and CCL22 are chemotactic agents produced by DC, which are crucial in promoting contact between DC and CCR4(+) T cells. Molecules identified by virtual screening and molecular docking as CCR4 antagonists were able to block CCL22- and CCL17-mediated recruitment of human Tregs and Th2 cells. Furthermore, CCR4 antagonists enhanced DC-mediated human CD4(+) T cell proliferation in an in vitro immune response model and amplified cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo in experimental models when injected in combination with either Modified Vaccinia Ankara expressing Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MVA85A) or recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (rHBsAg) vaccines. The significant adjuvant activity observed provides good evidence supporting our hypothesis that CCR4 is a viable target for rational adjuvant design.
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464
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Mechanisms of disease: the evolving role of regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:531-40. [PMID: 18607396 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and related complications still represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. The mechanisms that govern the progression and destabilization of atheromatous lesions are multiple and complex. Despite their widespread use, lipid-lowering agents do not provide sufficient protection from future clinical cardiovascular-associated events. Interest in the role of immunity in atherosclerosis and support for this relationship has grown significantly over recent years. This paradigm, in which inflammation is an instrumental process in plaque development and rupture, is further supported by studies showing that immune subsets are operative in atherosclerosis. Regulatory T-cell subpopulations consist of lymphocytes--with several phenotypic markers--that share the ability to suppress, by various mechanisms, inflammatory responses. These regulatory T cells consist of subsets such as interleukin-10 secreting type I regulatory cells, type 3 effector T-helper cells that produce transforming growth factor-beta, as well as adaptive and natural CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. In this Review, I focus on the direct and indirect evidence for the involvement of regulatory T cells in atherogenesis in experimental models and in humans. The growing knowledge of the role of regulatory T cells could result in the future development of novel therapeutic modalities to attenuate atherosclerosis and stabilize vulnerable plaques.
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465
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Cecchinato V, Tryniszewska E, Ma ZM, Vaccari M, Boasso A, Tsai WP, Petrovas C, Fuchs D, Heraud JM, Venzon D, Shearer GM, Koup RA, Lowy I, Miller CJ, Franchini G. Immune activation driven by CTLA-4 blockade augments viral replication at mucosal sites in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5439-47. [PMID: 18390726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of chronic immune activation in progression to AIDS has been inferred by correlative studies in HIV-infected individuals and in nonhuman primate models of SIV infection. Using the SIV(mac251) macaque model, we directly address the impact of immune activation by inhibiting CTLA-4, an immunoregulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells and a subset of regulatory T cells. We found that CTLA-4 blockade significantly increased T cell activation and viral replication in primary SIV(mac251) infection, particularly at mucosal sites, and increased IDO expression and activity. Accordingly, protracted treatment with anti-CTLA-4 Ab of macaques chronically infected with SIV(mac251) decreased responsiveness to antiretroviral therapy and abrogated the ability of therapeutic T cell vaccines to decrease viral set point. These data provide the first direct evidence that immune activation drives viral replication, and suggest caution in the use of therapeutic approaches for HIV infection in vivo that increase CD4(+) T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecchinato
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065, USA
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466
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Abstract
There is much interest in using embryonic stem cells to regenerate tissues and organs. For this approach to succeed, these stem cells or their derivatives must engraft in patients over the long term. Unless a cell transplant is derived from the patient's own cells, however, the cells will be targeted for rejection by the immune system. Although standard methods for suppressing the immune system achieve some success, rejection of the transplant is inevitable. Emerging approaches to address this issue include 're-educating' the immune system to induce tolerance to foreign cells and reducing the immune targeting of the transplant by administering 'self stem cells' instead of foreign cells, but each of these approaches has associated challenges.
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467
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Keynan Y, Card CM, McLaren PJ, Dawood MR, Kasper K, Fowke KR. The role of regulatory T cells in chronic and acute viral infections. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1046-52. [PMID: 18444822 DOI: 10.1086/529379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells, a subset of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, play a pivotal role in the maintenance of the balance between the tissue-damaging and protective effects of the immune response. These cells have immunosuppressive function and have been intensely studied in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, allergies, asthma, and infectious diseases. Their role in chronic and persistent viral infections is well appreciated. In acute viral infections, the function of these cells is still unclear. The host and pathogen factors that control the generation and activity of regulatory T cells and the role of these cells in modulating expansion, contraction, and development of immune memory in acute respiratory virus infection need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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468
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an indispensable role in maintaining immunological unresponsiveness to self-antigens and in suppressing excessive immune responses deleterious to the host. Tregs are produced in the thymus as a functionally mature subpopulation of T cells and can also be induced from naive T cells in the periphery. Recent research reveals the cellular and molecular basis of Treg development and function and implicates dysregulation of Tregs in immunological disease.
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469
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Schnoeller C, Rausch S, Pillai S, Avagyan A, Wittig BM, Loddenkemper C, Hamann A, Hamelmann E, Lucius R, Hartmann S. A helminth immunomodulator reduces allergic and inflammatory responses by induction of IL-10-producing macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4265-72. [PMID: 18322239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coincidence between infections with parasitic worms and the reduced prevalence of allergic disease in humans and in animal models has prompted the search for helminth molecules with antiallergic and antiinflammatory potential. We report herein that filarial cystatin, a secreted protease inhibitor of filarial nematodes, suppresses Th2-related inflammation and the ensuing asthmatic disease in a murine model of OVA-induced allergic airway responsiveness. Treatment with recombinant filarial cystatin inhibited eosinophil recruitment, reduced levels of OVA-specific and total IgE, down-regulated IL-4 production, and suppressed allergic airway hyperreactivity when applied during or after sensitization and before challenge with the allergen. Depletion of macrophages by clodronate-containing liposomes prevented the curative effects and restored the levels of infiltrating cells, IgE, and allergic airway reactivity. Blocking of IL-10 by application of anti-IL-10 receptor Abs restored the reduced number of infiltrating cells and the levels of OVA-specific IgE. In contrast, depletion of regulatory T cells by anti-CD25 Abs had only limited effects. Cystatin also modulated macrophage-mediated inflammation in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, leading to reduction of inflammatory infiltrations and epithelial damage. Our data demonstrate that treatment with a single helminth protein can exert the antiallergic effects of helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schnoeller
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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470
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Sarangi PP, Sehrawat S, Suvas S, Rouse BT. IL-10 and natural regulatory T cells: two independent anti-inflammatory mechanisms in herpes simplex virus-induced ocular immunopathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6297-306. [PMID: 18424753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two prominent anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved in controlling HSV-1-induced corneal immunopathology (stromal keratitis or SK) are the production of the cytokine IL-10 and the activity of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs). It is not known whether, under in vivo conditions, IL-10 and nTregs influence the corneal pathology independently or in concert. In the current study using wild-type and IL-10(-/-) animals, we have assessed the activity of nTregs in the absence of IL-10 both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The IL-10(-/-) animals depleted of nTregs before ocular infection showed more severe SK lesions as compared with the undepleted IL-10(-/-) animals. In addition, nTregs purified from naive WT and IL-10(-/-) animals were equally able to suppress the proliferation and the cytokine production from anti-CD3-stimulated CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in vitro. Furthermore, intracellular cytokine staining results indicated that nonregulatory cells expressing B220 and CD25 markers were the major IL-10-producing cell types in the lymphoid tissues of HSV-infected mice. In contrast, in the infected corneas, cells with the CD11b(+)Gr1(+) phenotype along with a minor population of Foxp3(-)CD4(+) and a few F4/80(+) cells produced IL-10. Our current investigations indicate that at least two independent anti-inflammatory mechanisms are involved in limiting the corneal lesions in SK, both of which may need to be modulated to control SK therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita P Sarangi
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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471
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Zauli G, Secchiero P. Potential involvement of TRAIL in Treg cell-mediated osteoclast suppression: comment on the article by Zaiss et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2008; 58:1887-1888. [PMID: 18512807 DOI: 10.1002/art.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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472
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Elinav E, Waks T, Eshhar Z. Redirection of regulatory T cells with predetermined specificity for the treatment of experimental colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:2014-24. [PMID: 18424268 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Treatment with ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs) is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease but is hampered by impaired Treg accumulation and function at inflammatory sites. We aim to study whether antigen-specific redirected Tregs can overcome these limitations. METHODS We developed transgenic mice whose T cells, including Tregs, express chimeric receptor (CR) made of antibody variable region as recognition unit and T-cell stimulatory and costimulatory domains to activate specifically in response to the predetermined model antigen 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). RESULTS TNP-specific CR-bearing Tregs were potently and specifically activated by exogenous TNP and suppressed effector T cells in the absence of costimulatory B7-CD28 interaction. TNP-specific transgenic (Tg) mice were resistant to 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis but not to other hapten-mediated colitis. Adoptive transfer of CR-bearing Tregs to wild-type mice with TNBS colitis was associated with significant amelioration of colitis and improved survival. Although TNP-specific CR-bearing Tregs did not suppress oxazolone colitis, they cured it after addition of traces of TNBS to oxazolone-inflamed colons, demonstrating a "bystander" effect. In vivo imaging of adoptively transferred CR-bearing Tregs demonstrated that they preferentially migrate to TNBS-induced colonic mucosal lesions within hours of induction of colitis. CONCLUSIONS Tregs can be redirected with specificity distinct from that of pathogenic lymphocytes, accumulate at colonic inflammatory lesions, and suppress effector T cells in a specific, nonmajor histocompatibility complex-restricted, and noncostimulatory-dependent manner, resulting in significant amelioration of colitis. Hopefully, this approach will lead to a novel therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, as well as other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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473
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Chen ML, Yan BS, Bando Y, Kuchroo VK, Weiner HL. Latency-associated peptide identifies a novel CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell subset with TGFbeta-mediated function and enhanced suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:7327-37. [PMID: 18490732 PMCID: PMC2771858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Here we characterize a novel subset of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) on their cell surface (CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(+) cells). CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(+) cells express elevated levels of Foxp3 and Treg-associated molecules (CTLA4, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene), secrete TGFbeta, and express both cell surface TGFbeta and surface receptors for TGFbeta. In vitro, the suppressive function of CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(+) cells is both cell contact and soluble factor dependent; this contrasts with CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(-) cells, which are mainly cell contact dependent. In a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(+) cells exhibit more potent suppressive activity than CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(-) cells, and the suppression is TGFbeta dependent. We further show that CD4(+)CD25(+)LAP(+) cells suppress myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific immune responses by inducing Foxp3 and by inhibiting IL-17 production. Our findings demonstrate that CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs are a heterogeneous population and that the CD4(+)CD25(+) subset that expresses LAP functions in a TGFbeta-dependent manner and has greater in vivo suppressive properties. Our work helps elucidate the ambiguity concerning the role of TGFbeta in CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg-mediated suppression and indicates that LAP is an authentic marker able to identify a TGFbeta-expressing CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Chen
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bo-Shiun Yan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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474
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Elluru SR, Vani J, Delignat S, Bloch MF, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Modulation of human dendritic cell maturation and function by natural IgG antibodies. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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475
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Vani J, Elluru S, Negi VS, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kazatchkine MD, Bayary J, Kaveri SV. Role of natural antibodies in immune homeostasis: IVIg perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:440-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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476
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Terme M, Chaput N, Combadiere B, Ma A, Ohteki T, Zitvogel L. Regulatory T cells control dendritic cell/NK cell cross-talk in lymph nodes at the steady state by inhibiting CD4+ self-reactive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4679-86. [PMID: 18354191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the control of peripheral tolerance by directly inhibiting conventional T cell proliferative and effector functions. However, the mechanisms by which Treg regulate the homeostasis of lymph nodes remain unclear. In this study, we show in a mouse model that Treg control two major checkpoints dictated by the interaction between self-reactive CD4(+) T cells and resident dendritic cell (DC) in secondary lymphoid organs. First, Treg inhibit the production of CCR5 ligands, limiting the CCR5-dependent recruitment of DC in the lymph nodes. Second, Treg prevent the DC exposure of IL-15Ralpha, markedly interfering in the DC-mediated NK cell proliferation in vivo. Therefore, the DC/T cell autoreactivity leading to NK cell triggering could potentially be controlled by the coinhibition of both IL-15Ralpha and CCR5 in autoimmune disorders in which NK cells play a deleterious role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Terme
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 805, Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Villejuif, France
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477
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Yates J, Whittington A, Mitchell P, Lechler RI, Lightstone L, Lombardi G. Natural regulatory T cells: number and function are normal in the majority of patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:44-55. [PMID: 18505436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells have been shown to be a vital component of the mechanisms that prevent autoreactivity in mice and also in humans. Previous studies have examined CD4(+) CD25(hi) regulatory T cell frequency and function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with mixed results. We investigated frequency, phenotype and function in 21 patients with SLE and six with inactive disease. We found no reduction in frequency of the CD25(hi) subset, although active disease was associated with an increased proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells. When examining function, in the majority of individuals suppression was comparable with controls, although cells isolated from one patient with active disease failed to suppress proliferation. On testing the effect of CD25(hi) depletion on the responses of whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells to nucleosomes we found that, where a response was detectable from patients, depletion augmented interferon-gamma secretion, demonstrating intact suppression of responses implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. Our results did not confirm an association of failure in CD4(+) CD25(hi) regulatory T cell function or a reduction in their frequency with active disease. Instead, perturbations in the CD4(+) CD25(hi) regulatory T cell population may play a role in disease in only a minority of the patients afflicted by the diverse syndromes of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yates
- Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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478
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Mahic M, Henjum K, Yaqub S, Bjørnbeth BA, Torgersen KM, Taskén K, Aandahl EM. Generation of highly suppressive adaptive CD8(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells by continuous antigen stimulation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:640-6. [PMID: 18266270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous antigen stimulation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells leads to generation of adaptive CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (T(R)) cells. Here, we show that highly suppressive adaptive CD8(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) T cells can be generated in the same manner by continuous antigen stimulation in the presence of CD14(+) monocytes. During the course of stimulation, acquisition of immunosuppressive properties develops in parallel with up-regulation and expression of cytotoxic molecules. The CD8(+) T(R) cells inhibit CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but do not alter the expression of granzyme A and granzyme B or perforin in CD8(+) effector T cells. Although, the CD8(+) T(R) cells express prostaglandin E(2), IL-10 and TGF-beta, the mechanism of suppression was independent of these soluble factors. In contrast to adaptive CD4(+) T(R) cells, the CD8(+) T(R) cells suppress mainly by a contact-dependent mechanism as evident from transwell experiments. However, neither blocking antibodies to CTLA-4, CD80 nor CD86 could reverse CD8(+) T(R)-mediated suppression, indicating that other mechanism(s) must be employed by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Mahic
- Biotechnology Centre and Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Norway
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479
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Dittel BN. CD4 T cells: Balancing the coming and going of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in the CNS. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:421-30. [PMID: 18207698 PMCID: PMC2376206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the inflammatory response is often viewed as very complex with many cellular players. The type of immune response generated is dependent upon the nature of the immune stimulation. In autoimmunity, one of the most important players is the CD4 T cell. The CD4 T cell lineage consists of a number of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. The unique functions of CD4 T cells are often mediated by soluble factors, which shape the nature of the immune response. In a T cell-mediated autoimmune response, such as in multiple sclerosis (MS), the CD4 T cell is thought to orchestrate and drive the immune response resulting in inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The extent of the inflammation must be tightly controlled or permanent tissue damage will occur. In MS, progressive debilitating disease is thought to be due to such damage. In addition to promoting inflammation, the CD4 T cell lineage also has the capacity to prevent and downmodulate inflammation. This is accomplished by specific CD4 T regulatory (Treg) cells and other regulatory feedback mechanisms. Thus although the complexity of the immune system is often viewed as too complicated for a nonimmunologist to fully understand, there are patterns that emerge that make the system clearer. One such pattern is the balance that the immune system must always maintain. A weak or slow immune response to a pathogen can lead to sickness and even death, while a too robust or uncontrolled immune response can lead to tissue damage, and for autoimmune diseases, ultimately death. How CD4 T cells maintain this balance will be discussed in the context of the CNS autoimmune disease MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie N. Dittel
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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480
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Askenasy N, Kaminitz A, Yarkoni S. Mechanisms of T regulatory cell function. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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481
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Regulatory T cell-derived interleukin-10 limits inflammation at environmental interfaces. Immunity 2008; 28:546-58. [PMID: 18387831 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1179] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory T (Treg) cells restrain immune responses through suppressor-function elaboration that is dependent upon expression of the transcription factor Foxp3. Despite a critical role for Treg cells in maintaining lympho-myeloid homeostasis, it remains unclear whether a single mechanism or multiple mechanisms of Treg cell-mediated suppression are operating in vivo and how redundant such mechanisms might be. Here we addressed these questions by examining the role of the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 in Treg cell-mediated suppression. Analyses of mice in which the Treg cell-specific ablation of a conditional IL-10 allele was induced by Cre recombinase knocked into the Foxp3 gene locus showed that although IL-10 production by Treg cells was not required for the control of systemic autoimmunity, it was essential for keeping immune responses in check at environmental interfaces such as the colon and lungs. Our study suggests that Treg cells utilize multiple means to limit immune responses. Furthermore, these mechanisms are likely to be nonredundant, in that a distinct suppressor mechanism most likely plays a prominent and identifiable role at a particular tissue and inflammatory setting.
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482
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Aricha R, Feferman T, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Ex vivo generated regulatory T cells modulate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2132-9. [PMID: 18250419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are key players in immune tolerance and have therefore been suggested as potential therapeutic tools for autoimmune diseases. In myasthenia gravis (MG), reduced numbers or functionally impaired Treg cells have been reported. We have observed that PBL from myasthenic rats contain decreased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) cells as compared with PBL from healthy controls, and we have tested whether Treg cells from healthy donors can suppress experimental autoimmune MG in rats. Because the number of naturally occurring Treg cells is low, we used an approach for a large-scale ex vivo generation of functional Treg cells from CD4(+) splenocytes of healthy donor rats. Treg cells were generated ex vivo from CD4(+) cells by stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-2. The obtained cells expressed high levels of CD25, CTLA-4, and Foxp3, and they were capable of suppressing in vitro proliferation of T cells from myasthenic rats in response to acetylcholine receptor, the major autoantigen in myasthenia. Administration of ex vivo-generated Treg cells to myasthenic rats inhibited the progression of experimental autoimmune MG and led to down-regulation of humoral acetylcholine receptor-specific responses, and to decreased IL-18 and IL-10 expression. The number of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the spleen of treated rats remained unchanged, but the subpopulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells expressing Foxp3 was significantly elevated. Our findings imply that Treg cells play a critical role in the control of myasthenia and could thus be considered as potential agents for the treatment of MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Aricha
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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483
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McKay FC, Swain LI, Schibeci SD, Rubio JP, Kilpatrick TJ, Heard RN, Stewart GJ, Booth DR. CD127 immunophenotyping suggests altered CD4+ T cell regulation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:52-8. [PMID: 18406576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant regulatory T cell populations, characterised by a wide array of CD markers, have been identified in many autoimmune diseases. CD127 has recently been identified as a specific marker for the CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs) subset. CD127 is the first non-HLA gene to have its association with multiple sclerosis widely replicated. We demonstrate that the regulatory or suppressor T cells CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs), CD8(+)CD28(-), and CD3(+)CD56(+) (NKT) all produce low levels of CD127, and so could be at a disadvantage in survival and/or proliferation where IL7 is limiting. The remissions seen in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) could be driven by regulatory T cells, and the absence of remissions seen in primary progressive MS (PPMS) may point to a particularly reduced function of this cell subset. We found that the proportions of CD4(+)FoxP3(+)CD25(Hi) regulatory T cells were not aberrant in PPMS. There was, however, a trend towards reduced FoxP3 expression per cell in this fraction (p<0.083), which has been highly correlated with suppressor function. Notably, we found that the target of regulatory T cells, the CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, was in excess (p<0.009); and in PPMS a protective CD127 haplotype is correlated with higher CD127 expression (p<0.01). These data support further investigations into the regulatory T cell immunophenotype in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C McKay
- Department of Immunology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead 2145, Australia
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484
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485
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Puigdomènech I, Massanella M, Izquierdo-Useros N, Ruiz-Hernandez R, Curriu M, Bofill M, Martinez-Picado J, Juan M, Clotet B, Blanco J. HIV transfer between CD4 T cells does not require LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 and is governed by the interaction of HIV envelope glycoprotein with CD4. Retrovirology 2008; 5:32. [PMID: 18377648 PMCID: PMC2359761 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-to-cell HIV transmission requires cellular contacts that may be in part mediated by the integrin leukocyte function antigen (LFA)-1 and its ligands intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, -2 and -3. The role of these molecules in free virus infection of CD4 T cells or in transinfection mediated by dendritic cells (DC) has been previously described. Here, we evaluate their role in viral transmission between different HIV producing cells and primary CD4 T cells. Results The formation of cellular conjugates and subsequent HIV transmission between productively infected MOLT cell lines and primary CD4 T cells was not inhibited by a panel of blocking antibodies against ICAM-1, ICAM-3 and α and β chains of LFA-1. Complete abrogation of HIV transmission and formation of cellular conjugates was only observed when gp120/CD4 interactions were blocked. The dispensable role of LFA-1 in HIV transmission was confirmed using non-lymphoid 293T cells, lacking the expression of adhesion molecules, as HIV producing cells. Moreover, HIV transmission between infected and uninfected primary CD4 T cells was abrogated by inhibitors of gp120 binding to CD4 but was not inhibited by blocking LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 or ICAM-3. Rather, LFA-1 and ICAM-3 mAbs enhanced HIV transfer. All HIV producing cells (including 293T cells) transferred HIV particles more efficiently to memory than to naive CD4 T cells. Conclusion In contrast to other mechanisms of viral spread, HIV transmission between infected and uninfected T cells efficiently occurs in the absence of adhesion molecules. Thus, gp120/CD4 interactions are the main driving force of the formation of cellular contacts between infected and uninfected CD4 T cells whereby HIV transmission occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Puigdomènech
- Fundació irsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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486
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T lymphocytes (CD3) may participate in the recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 278:525-30. [PMID: 18343936 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-008-0621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data from the literature demonstrate that the local and systemic immune responses seem to play an important role in the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Our aim was to investigate whether recurrences among CIN III patients might be related to the presence of local lymphocytes, macrophage and enzyme iNOS. METHODS We analyzed 35 patients with CIN III who underwent conization and followed up for a minimum of 4 years. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of T lymphocytes (CD3, CD8 and CD45RO), B lymphocytes (CD20), macrophages (CD68) and the expression of the enzyme iNOS were investigated. The quantity of marked cells is graded as: 0, absence of cells; 1, rare cells; 2, moderate number of cells; 3, many cells. For statistical purposes, we took the scores 0 and 1 to indicate weak marking and the scores 2 and 3 to indicate strong marking. RESULTS We found strong positive expression of CD3-positive T lymphocytes among CIN III patients with recurrence following conization (100 vs. 50% without recurrence, p=0.02). We did not find any statistical differences in the expression of CD20, CD68, CD45RO, CD8 or iNOS. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that strong positive findings of CD3 T lymphocytes were related to recurrence following conization due to CIN III.
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487
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Gjerdrum LM, Woetmann A, Odum N, Hother C, Henrik-Nielsen R, Gniadecki R, Ralfkiaer E. FOXP3 positive regulatory T-cells in cutaneous and systemic CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferations. Eur J Haematol 2008; 80:483-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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488
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Shalev I, Liu H, Koscik C, Bartczak A, Javadi M, Wong KM, Maknojia A, He W, Liu MF, Diao J, Winter E, Manuel J, McCarthy D, Cattral M, Gommerman J, Clark DA, Phillips MJ, Gorczynski RR, Zhang L, Downey G, Grant D, Cybulsky MI, Levy G. Targeted deletion of fgl2 leads to impaired regulatory T cell activity and development of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:249-60. [PMID: 18097026 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mice with targeted deletion of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2) spontaneously developed autoimmune glomerulonephritis with increasing age, as did wild-type recipients reconstituted with fgl2-/- bone marrow. These data implicate FGL2 as an important immunoregulatory molecule and led us to identify the underlying mechanisms. Deficiency of FGL2, produced by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg), resulted in increased T cell proliferation to lectins and alloantigens, Th 1 polarization, and increased numbers of Ab-producing B cells following immunization with T-independent Ags. Dendritic cells were more abundant in fgl2-/- mice and had increased expression of CD80 and MHCII following LPS stimulation. Treg cells were also more abundant in fgl2-/- mice, but their suppressive activity was significantly impaired. Ab to FGL2 completely inhibited Treg cell activity in vitro. FGL2 inhibited dendritic cell maturation and induced apoptosis of B cells through binding to the low-affinity FcgammaRIIB receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that FGL2 contributes to Treg cell activity and inhibits the development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shalev
- Multi Organ Transplant Program, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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489
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490
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Neuropilin-1 expression on regulatory T cells enhances their interactions with dendritic cells during antigen recognition. Immunity 2008; 28:402-13. [PMID: 18328743 PMCID: PMC2726439 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of T cells with dendritic cells (DCs) determines whether an immune response is launched or not. Recognition of antigen leads to formation of immunological synapses at the interface between the cells. The length of interaction is likely to determine the functional outcome, because it limits the number of MHC class II-peptide complexes that can be recruited into the synapse. Here, we show that regulatory T (Treg) cells and naive helper T (Th) cells interact differently with DCs in the absence of proinflammatory stimuli. Although differences in T cell receptor repertoire might contribute, Foxp3-induced phenotypic differences play a major role. We found that Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1), which is expressed by most Treg cells but not naive Th cells, promoted prolonged interactions with immature DCs (iDCs), resulting in higher sensitivity to limiting amounts of antigen. This is likely to give Treg cells an advantage over naive Th cells, with the same specificity leading to a "default" suppression of immune responses in the absence of "danger signals."
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491
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Functional analysis of effector and regulatory T cells in a parasitic nematode infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1908-19. [PMID: 18316386 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01233-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes typically modulate T-cell reactivity, primarily during the chronic phase of infection. We analyzed the role of CD4-positive (CD4+) T effector (T(eff)) cells and regulatory T (T(reg)) cells derived from mice chronically infected with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Different CD4+ T-cell subsets were transferred into naïve recipients that were subsequently infected with H. polygyrus. Adoptive transfer of conventional T(eff) cells conferred protection and led to a significant decrease in the worm burdens of H. polygyrus-infected recipients. Roughly 0.2% of the CD4+ T cells were H. polygyrus specific based on expression of CD154, and cells producing interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 were highly enriched within the CD154+ population. In contrast, adoptive transfer of T(reg) cells, characterized by the markers CD25 and CD103 and the transcription factor Foxp3, had no effect on the worm burdens of recipients. Further analysis showed that soon after infection, the number of Foxp3+ T(reg) cells temporarily increased in the inflamed tissue while effector/memory-like CD103+ Foxp+ T(reg) cells systemically increased in the draining lymph nodes and spleen. In addition, T(reg) cells represented a potential source of IL-10 and reduced the expression of IL-4. Finally, under in vitro conditions, T(reg) cells from infected mice were more potent suppressors than cells derived from naïve mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that small numbers of T(eff) cells have the ability to promote host protective immune responses, even in the presence of T(reg) cells.
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492
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Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Tristão FSM, Campanelli AP, Martinez R, Rossi MA, Silva JS. CCR5-Dependent Regulatory T Cell Migration Mediates Fungal Survival and Severe Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3049-56. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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493
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Human regulatory T cells inhibit polarization of T helper cells toward antigen-presenting cells via a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2550-5. [PMID: 18268354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708350105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms used by regulatory T cells (Treg) to inhibit the effector phase of adaptive immune responses are still elusive. In the present work, we investigated the possibility that Treg may interfere with a basic biological function of T helper cells (T(H)): polarization of secretory machinery for dedicated help delivery. To address this question, we visualized by confocal microscopy different parameters of activation in T(H) and Treg cells interacting simultaneously with individual antigen-presenting cells (APC). Our results show that, although productive TCR engagement in T(H)/APC conjugates was unaffected by the presence of adjacent Treg, the reorientation of T(H) secretory machinery toward APC was strongly inhibited. Blocking TGF-beta completely reverted Treg induced inhibition of T(H) polarization. Our results identify a previously undescribed mechanism by which Treg inhibit effector T cells. TGF-beta produced by adjacent Treg interferes with polarization of T(H) secretory machinery toward APC, thus affecting a crucial step of T(H)-mediated amplification of the immune response.
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494
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Mellor AL, Munn DH. Creating immune privilege: active local suppression that benefits friends, but protects foes. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:74-80. [PMID: 18064049 DOI: 10.1038/nri2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural regulatory mechanisms prevent inappropriate immune activation to self and innocuous foreign antigens. Here, we adapt the notion of immune privilege, which was originally applied to transplanted tissues, to consider how antigenic tumour cells and chronic pathogens might exploit natural regulatory mechanisms to become non-immunogenic. This conceptual approach reveals new mechanistic perspectives that may help to explain the paradoxical persistence of tumours and chronic pathogens, and suggests new opportunities to improve immunotherapy to treat these chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mellor
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia USA.
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495
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Interplay between oxidative stress and immunity in the progression of alcohol-mediated liver injury. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:63-71. [PMID: 18222109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is recognized increasingly as having an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which alcohol maintains hepatic inflammation are still characterized incompletely. Several studies have demonstrated that ethanol-induced oxidative stress promotes immune responses in ALD by stimulating both humoral and cellular reactions against liver proteins adducted to hydroxyethyl free radicals and several lipid peroxidation products. Moreover, ALD patients have autoantibodies targeting cytochrome P4502E1 and oxidized phospholipids. In both chronic alcohol-fed rats and heavy drinkers, the elevation of IgG against lipid peroxidation-derived antigens is associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and the severity of liver inflammation. On this basis, we propose that allo- and autoimmune reactions associated with oxidative stress might contribute to fueling hepatic inflammation in ALD.
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496
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Klatte T, Ittenson A, Röhl FW, Ecke M, Allhoff EP, Böhm M. Pretreatment with interferon-alpha2a modulates perioperative immunodysfunction in patients with renal cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 31:28-34. [PMID: 18268396 DOI: 10.1159/000112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complex perioperative immunodysfunction occurs in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing surgery. Here, we report on the effect of preoperative treatment with interferon-alpha2a (IFN-alpha2a). MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 patients with a renal tumour received preoperative IFN-alpha2a for 6 days beginning 1 week before nephrectomy, 30 did not. Parameters of cellular and humoral immunity were measured in venous blood at various intervals using flow cytometry and ELISA. Endpoints included effects on immune parameters, toxicity, and survival. RESULTS Toxicity was grade 1 in 52%, 2 in 30%, and 3 in 4%. During IFN-alpha2a administration, leukocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, B-cell marker CD19, activation markers, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dropped significantly, but no difference was observed in T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell markers, and IL-10. Postoperatively, T-cell and activation markers decreased in both groups, but CD4, CD28, IL-6, IL-10, and HLA-DR alterations were significantly less accentuated in patients who had been treated with IFN-alpha2a. After a median follow-up of 23 months, survival did not differ between the groups (p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Perioperative immunodysfunction can be modulated by preoperative administration of IFN- alpha2a. IFN-alpha2a decreased the level of VEGF and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells implicating a potential combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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497
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Protective immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases: lessons from the 1918 influenza pandemic. Nat Immunol 2008; 8:1188-93. [PMID: 17952044 PMCID: PMC7097533 DOI: 10.1038/ni1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed nearly 50 million people worldwide and was characterized by an atypical W-shaped mortality curve, where adults between the ages of 30–60 years fared better than younger adults aged 18–30 years. In this review, we will discuss why this influenza virus strain was so virulent and how immunological memory to the 1918 virus may have shaped the W mortality curve. We will end on the topic of the 'honeymoon' period of infectious diseases—the clinically documented period between the ages of 4–13 years during which children demonstrate less morbidity and/or mortality to infectious diseases, in general, compared with young adults.
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498
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disorder in which loss of tolerance to nucleic acid antigens and other crossreactive antigens is associated with the development of pathogenic autoantibodies that damage target organs, including the skin, joints, brain and kidney. New drugs based on modulation of the immune system are currently being developed for the treatment of SLE. Many of these new therapies do not globally suppress the immune system but target specific activation pathways relevant to SLE pathogenesis. Immune modulation in SLE is complicated by differences in the immune defects between patients and at different disease stages. Since both deficiency and hyperactivity of the immune system can give rise to SLE, the ultimate goal for SLE therapy is to restore homeostasis without affecting protective immune responses to pathogens. Here we review recent immunological advances that have enhanced our understanding of SLE pathogenesis and discuss how they may lead to the development of new treatment regimens.
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499
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Abstract
The regulatory T (Treg) cell transcriptional program is formed of distinct genetic networks that respond to different activators. In this issue of Immunity, Hill et al. (2007) provide insights into the interactions among the different networks and the overall role of Foxp3 in shaping the Treg cell transcriptosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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500
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Bayry J, Flower DR, Tough DF, Kaveri SV. From 'perfect mix' to 'potion magique'-- regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines as adjuvant targets. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:C1; author reply C2. [PMID: 18087776 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1681-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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