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Abstract
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) is an aggressive form of endometrial cancer that is likely to present with deep myometrial invasion and lymph vascular involvement. By the time most affected women are diagnosed, the UPSC has spread outside the uterus. Because many reports include patients who are not completely staged, the risk of recurrence in stage I patients has likely been overestimated. Recently, several large series of well-staged patients have demonstrated that survival in stage I patients is similar to that of poorly differentiated endometrioid tumors. Because of the high risk of extrauterine spread, all patients with UPSC should have an extended surgical staging procedure, including lymphadenectomy and omentectomy. Chemotherapy with or without local or regional radiation is probably the most effective adjuvant therapy in both early and advanced disease. Because patients with stage I UPSC are still at significant risk of recurrence, adjuvant therapy is often recommended for all patients. It has been difficult to conduct prospective randomized trials for patients with UPSC because of the rare nature of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wendel Naumann
- Blumenthal Cancer Center, Carolinas Medical Center, 1025 Morehead Medical Drive, Suite 600, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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452
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Fadare O, Zheng W. Insights into endometrial serous carcinogenesis and progression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2009; 2:411-32. [PMID: 19294001 PMCID: PMC2655156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial serous carcinomas (ESC) constitute only approximately 10% of endometrial cancers, but have a substantially higher case-fatality rate than their more common endometrioid counterparts. The precise composite of factors driving endometrial serous carcinogenesis and progression remain largely unknown, but we attempt to review the current state of knowledge in this report. ESC probably do not evolve through a single pathway, and their underlying molecular events probably occur early in their evolution. TP53 gene mutations occur in 22.7 to 96% of cases, and p53 protein overexpression is seen in approximately 76%. By gene expression profiling, p16 is upregulated in ESC significantly above both normal endometrial cells and endometrioid carcinomas, and 92-100% of cases display diffuse expression of the p16 protein by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Together, these findings suggest dysregulation of both the p16(INKA)/Cyclin D-CDK/pRb-E2F and the ARF-MDM2-p53 cell cycle pathways in ESC. By IHC, HER2/neu is overexpressed (2+ or 3+) in approximately 32.1% of ESC, and approximately 54.5% of cases scored as 2+ or 3+ by IHC display c-erbB2 gene amplification as assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Genetic instability, typically manifested as loss of heterozygosity in multiple chromosomes, is a common feature of ESC, and one study found loss of heterozygosity at 1p32-33 in 63% of cases. A subset of ESC display protein expression patterns that are characteristic of high grade endometrial carcinomas, including loss of the metastasis suppressor CD82 (KAI-1) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, the latter manifested as E-cadherin downregulation, P-cadherin upregulation, and expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation-related molecules such as zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and focal adhesion kinase. Preliminary data suggests differential patterns of expression in ESC of some isoforms of claudins, proteases, the tumor invasiveness and progression-associated oncofetal protein insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3), as well as a variety of other molecules. At the morphologic level, evidence that indicates that endometrial glandular dysplasia (EmGD) is the most likely morphologically recognizable precursor lesion to ESC is presented. We advocate use of the term endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC, or its other appellations) only as a morphologic descriptor and never as a diagnostic/pathologic statement of biologic potential. Given its potential for extrauterine extension, we consider the lesions described as EIC, when present in isolation, as examples of localized ESC, and patients should be managed as such. Morphologically normal, p53 immunoreactive endometrial cells (the so-called "p53 signatures"), show a statistically significant association with ESC, display p53 mutations in a significant subset, and form the start of a progression model, outlined herein, from p53 signatures to EmGD to localized ESC to the more conventionally invasive neoplasm. The identification of a morphologically-recognizable precursor holds the promise of early detection of ESC, with the attendant reduction in its overall associated mortality rate. Deciphering the molecular basis for endometrial serous carcinogenesis should uncover potential targets for diagnosis, therapy, and/or disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force BaseSan Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson, Arizona, USA
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson, Arizona, USA
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityChina
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453
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Fader AN, Nagel C, Axtell AE, Zanotti KM, Kelley JL, Moore KN, Secord AA, Walsh CS, Huh WK, Gehrig PA, Gibbons H, Rose PG, Havrilesky LJ, Tuller E, Drake RD, Bottsford-Miller J, O'Malley DM. Stage II uterine papillary serous carcinoma: Carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy improves recurrence and survival outcomes. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 112:558-62. [PMID: 19118888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine recurrence patterns and survival outcomes of stage II uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) patients treated by various modalities with an emphasis on carboplatin/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy (CT)+/-radiotherapy (RT). METHODS A retrospective, multi-institution study of women with stage II UPSC diagnosed from 1992 to 2006 was performed. All patients underwent comprehensive surgical staging. Treatment included observation (OBS), RT (vaginal brachytherapy, whole pelvic and/or whole abdominal therapy), or >or=3 cycles carboplatin/paclitaxel alone or with RT. Recurrence and survival outcomes were determined. RESULTS We identified 55 subjects: 10 treated with OBS, 26 with RT alone and 19 with CT+/-RT. After a median follow-up of 33 mos (range, 10-119), 20 recurrences (36%) were observed. There was an overall difference in recurrence based upon treatment (p=.013). Specifically, all CT+/-RT treated patients had a lower risk of recurrence (11%) compared to patients treated by RT alone (50%) or OBS (50%). No patients treated with both CT+RT (n=12) experienced a recurrence. Treatment with CT was also associated with a decreased risk of recurrence on multivariate analysis (p=.015). Most recurrences were extra-pelvic (70%), occurred within 2 years (85%) and were not salvageable (84%). Five-year progression-free survival was 86% in chemotherapy-treated patients versus 41% in those not receiving chemotherapy (p=.010); overall survival was 88% in chemotherapy-treated patients versus 64% in those not receiving chemotherapy (p=.115). CONCLUSIONS Stage II UPSC patients have a significant risk for unsalvageable, extra-pelvic recurrence. However, treatment with platinum/taxane therapy+/-RT appears to reduce this risk and is associated with improved progression free survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nickles Fader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk A-81, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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454
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Mendivil A, Schuler KM, Gehrig PA. Non-Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Corpus: A Review of Selected Histological Subtypes. Cancer Control 2009; 16:46-52. [DOI: 10.1177/107327480901600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the etiology, presentation, evaluation, and management of selected non-endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas of the uterine corpus is needed to define optimal treatment regimens. Methods The pathology and treatment of selected non-endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas of the uterus are reviewed and summarized. Results The most common non-endometrioid histology is papillary serous (10%), followed by clear cell (2% to 4%), mucinous (0.6% to 5%), and squamous cell (0.1% to 0.5%). Some non-endometrioid endometrial carcinomas behave more aggressively than the endometrioid cancers such that even women with clinical stage I disease often have extrauterine metastasis at the time of surgical evaluation. Therefore, when technically and medically feasible, comprehensive surgical staging is helpful for women with non-endometrioid endometrial cancer histology. Comprehensive surgical staging includes hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, and cytological evaluation of the abdominal cavity. While whole abdominal radiotherapy has a limited role in early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) and clear cell carcinoma (CC), there may be a role for postoperative chemotherapy and volume-directed radiotherapy in both early-stage UPSC and CC. In the setting of optimally debulked advanced-stage disease, a combination of radiation and chemotherapy may be indicated. In the setting of recurrent disease or in women with residual disease after surgery, a platinum-based regimen or enrollment in a clinical trial is recommended. Conclusions UPSC and CC are managed similarly since sufficient data to separate treatment recommendations are lacking. Because both histologies are associated with a high rate of recurrence, adjuvant therapy is recommended even in women with early-stage disease. The remaining cell types should be treated similar to endometrioid or other low-grade histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mendivil
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kevin M. Schuler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paola A. Gehrig
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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455
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The utility of preoperative endometrial sampling for the detection of uterine sarcomas. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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456
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Norimatsu Y, Miyamoto M, Kobayashi TK, Moriya T, Shimizu K, Yanoh K, Tsukayama C, Miyake Y, Ohno E. Diagnostic utility of phosphatase and tensin homolog, β-catenin, and p53 for endometrial carcinoma by thin-layer endometrial preparations. Cancer 2008; 114:155-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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457
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics, and prognosis of women diagnosed with uterine papillary serous carcinoma, with a focus on clinical management. RECENT FINDINGS Pathologic evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding is preferred for patients who fit the profile of a high-risk endometrial cancer such as uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Women diagnosed with endometrial cancer who fit this profile and all women with uterine papillary serous carcinoma should undergo comprehensive surgical staging and aggressive cytoreduction of extrauterine disease. Adjuvant therapy remains controversial. Several recent investigations reported on the potential benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy, with many recommending additional loco-regional radiation. SUMMARY Despite the lack of randomized trials on uterine papillary serous carcinoma, several recent reports have provided insight into the diagnosis, surgical management, and adjuvant treatment of this high-risk endometrial cancer.
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458
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Ueda SM, Kapp DS, Cheung MK, Shin JY, Osann K, Husain A, Teng NN, Berek JS, Chan JK. Trends in demographic and clinical characteristics in women diagnosed with corpus cancer and their potential impact on the increasing number of deaths. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198:218.e1-6. [PMID: 18226630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine factors responsible for the increasing number of deaths from corpus cancer over three time periods. STUDY DESIGN Data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database from 1988-2001. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Of 48,510 women with corpus cancer, there was an increase in the proportion of patients dying from advanced cancers (52.1% to 56.0% to 68.8%; P < .001), grade 3 disease (47.5% to 53.3% to 60.6%; P < .001), serous tumors (14.3% to 18.4% to 16.6%; P < .001), and sarcomas (19.1% to 20.4% to 27.2%; P < .001) over time. On multivariate analysis, older age, African American race, lack of primary staging procedures, advanced-stage, high-grade, and non-endometrioid histology were independent prognostic factors for worse survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the increase in mortality in women with corpus cancer over the last 14 years may be related to an increased rate of advanced-stage cancers and high-risk histologies.
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459
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Yamamoto S, Tsuda H, Aida S, Shimazaki H, Tamai S, Matsubara O. Immunohistochemical detection of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β in ovarian and endometrial clear-cell adenocarcinomas and nonneoplastic endometrium. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1074-1080. [PMID: 17442376 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have noted specific expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1beta in ovarian clear-cell adenocarcinoma (CCA). In this study, we aimed to determine whether HNF-1beta can be a specific marker of CCA in both the ovary and the endometrium and to assess the pathological significance of HNF-1beta expression in CCAs. We examined HNF-1beta expression immunohistochemically in 186 ovarian carcinomas, including 40 CCAs; 33 endometrial carcinomas, including 5 CCAs; 22 endometria at different stages of the menstrual cycle (5 in the proliferative, 12 in the secretory, and 5 in the menstrual phases); and 7 gestational endometria. The incidence of HNF-1beta immunoreactivity differed significantly between CCAs and other histology in both the ovary (100% in the former versus 2% in the latter) and the endometrium (100% in the former versus 0% in the latter) (P < .0001 each). In nonneoplastic endometrium, 25% or more immunoreactive cells were confined to the mid-to-late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and gestational endometrium. HNF-1beta would be an excellent marker for distinguishing CCAs from other lesions in both the ovary and the endometrium. HNF-1beta expression seems to be associated with physiopathological cytoplasmic glycogen accumulation in these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Aida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shimazaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Seiichi Tamai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsubara
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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460
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Soslow RA, Bissonnette JP, Wilton A, Ferguson SE, Alektiar KM, Duska LR, Oliva E. Clinicopathologic Analysis of 187 High-grade Endometrial Carcinomas of Different Histologic Subtypes: Similar Outcomes Belie Distinctive Biologic Differences. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:979-87. [PMID: 17592263 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31802ee494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and histopathologic features of 187 high-grade endometrial cancers [FIGO grade 3 endometrioid (EC-3), serous (SC), and clear cell (CC)] were studied to determine whether clinicopathologic differences between these various histologic subtypes existed. The study group consisted of 89 EC-3s, 61 SCs, and 37 CCs. Treatment regimens were individualized. SCs and CCs were significantly more likely than EC-3s to occur in patients older than 65 years (P=0.03), and SCs tended to occur more frequently in patients of African descent than EC-3s and CCs (P=0.07), although this was not statistically significant. EC-3s had the highest rate of associated endometrial hyperplasia (P=0.05). SCs were most likely to have high-stage disease at presentation (>or=stage IIB; P=0.01), with peritoneal dissemination at diagnosis being much more common compared with EC-3s and CCs (P=0.004). Median follow-up was 39 months, and median overall survival was 47 months. Five-year survivals were 45% (EC-3), 36% (SC), and 50% (CC)-differences that were not statistically significant. In contrast, the impact of stage on survival was significant (P<0.001). Among all other factors evaluated, only age greater than 65 years was a negative predictor (risk ratio, 2.23; P<0.001), whereas a family history of cancer reduced the risk of death when controlling for stage (risk ratio, 0.54; P=0.005). When controlling for stage, race, reproductive history, personal history of cancer, histologic subtype, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion, presence of an endometrial polyp, presence of hyperplasia, or staging adequacy did not affect prognosis. High-grade endometrial cancers of different histologic subtypes treated in an individualized manner are associated with similar clinical outcomes, but differences in age at presentation, race distribution, association with hyperplasia, stage, and sites of tumor dissemination support the idea that these represent distinct disease entities as defined by traditional histopathologic classification of endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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461
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Huang GS, Gebb JS, Einstein MH, Shahabi S, Novetsky AP, Goldberg GL. Accuracy of preoperative endometrial sampling for the detection of high-grade endometrial tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:243.e1-5. [PMID: 17346538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of preoperative endometrial sampling to accurately diagnose high-grade endometrial tumors. STUDY DESIGN Three hundred sixty endometrial cancer patients had preoperative endometrial sampling and hysterectomy specimens that underwent pathologic review at a single institution from 1995 to 2005. The sensitivity of Pipelle and curettage to diagnose high-grade endometrial tumors (grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, serous carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, clear cell carcinoma) was determined. Agreement between preoperative and hysterectomy diagnoses was measured by the Kappa statistic. RESULTS Sensitivity of Pipelle and curettage was 93.8% and 97% in patients with low-grade cancer and 99.2% and 100% in patients with high-grade cancer. Good agreement was observed between the preoperative and the hysterectomy histologic diagnoses (Kappa = 0.69), and between the preoperative and hysterectomy tumor grade (Kappa=0.78). CONCLUSION Preoperative endometrial sampling with Pipelle or curettage is sensitive and accurate for the diagnosis of high-grade endometrial tumors, including tumors with nonendometrioid histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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462
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the usefulness of chemotherapy in high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer and the best chemotherapy regimen. RECENT FINDINGS External radiation therapy has been successfully used to prevent local recurrence; however, it does not improve the overall survival and it increases the incidence of late toxicity. A recent randomized study revealed that adjuvant platinum-based combination chemotherapy might be a suitable alternative to radiotherapy for high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer. The optimal regimen is still in question because combinations of doxorubicin-cisplatin and paclitaxel-doxorubicin-cisplatin cause significant toxicity. The combination of paclitaxel-carboplatin may be better than doxorubicin-cisplatin with regard to toxicities. SUMMARY Radiation treatment following surgery has been the standard adjuvant therapy for endometrial cancer for a long time. Radiotherapy decreases the local recurrence rates; however, a significant impact on the overall survival has not been demonstrated. The usefulness of adjuvant chemotherapy has been demonstrated by only a little evidence. Nonetheless, we are encouraged by a recent randomized study. In light of the excellent outcomes associated with early-stage endometrial cancer, it is important to conduct another large randomized trial based on standardization of high-risk criteria to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kodama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan.
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463
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Diefenbach CSM, Shah Z, Iasonos A, Barakat RR, Levine DA, Aghajanian C, Sabbatini P, Hensley ML, Konner J, Tew W, Spriggs D, Fleisher M, Thaler H, Dupont J. Preoperative serum YKL-40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 104:435-42. [PMID: 17023034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE YKL-40 is a secreted glycoprotein of the chitinase family that has been previously described as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for a number of cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer. In this study, we examined the frequency of serum elevation as well as the diagnostic and prognostic significance of this serum marker in endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative serum levels of YKL-40 and CA125 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for all endometrial cancer patient samples (34) available in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Gynecology Service Tissue Bank between the years 1987 and 2002, and compared to a cohort of normal individuals. A YKL-40 value of 61 ng/mL has previously been determined to represent the upper limit of normal. YKL-40 values were correlated with clinical characteristics, including patient age, tumor grade, histology, clinical stage, and clinical outcome (progression-free survival [PFS] and overall survival [OS]). RESULTS YKL-40 was elevated (>61 ng/mL) in 26 (76%) of 34 endometrial cancer patients compared with elevations of CA125 in 21 (62%) of 34 patients (P=0.09). Twenty-eight (82%) of all 34 patients had elevations of either CA125 or YKL-40 or both; 16 (89%) of 18 advanced-stage endometrial cancer patients had elevation of at least one of these two markers. Median preoperative YKL-40 value was 137 ng/mL (range, 22-1738 ng/mL) for endometrial cancer patients compared with 28 ng/mL (range, 15-72 ng/mL) for normal healthy subjects (P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant association of YKL-40 with patient age, tumor grade, histology, or stage. Elevation of YKL-40 (>80 ng/mL) was correlated with poor clinical outcome in univariate analysis, but was not demonstrated in multivariate analysis. At 5 years' follow-up, the PFS rate was 80% for patients with YKL-40<80 ng/mL compared with 43% for patients with YKL-40>80 ng/mL (P=0.004). The 5-year OS rate for patients with YKL-40<80 ng/mL was 79% compared with 48% for patients with YKL-40>80 ng/mL (P=0.047). CONCLUSION Preoperative serum YKL-40 is frequently elevated and may represent a novel marker for the detection of endometrial cancer and the identification of high-risk subsets of patients with worse clinical outcome. Further investigation of this promising endometrial cancer marker in larger studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S M Diefenbach
- Gynecologic Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Howard 903, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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