451
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Wang J, Zhou J, Zhang N, Zhang X, Li Q. A heterocyclic molecule kartogenin induces collagen synthesis of human dermal fibroblasts by activating the smad4/smad5 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:568-74. [PMID: 24928394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Declined production of collagen by fibroblasts is one of the major causes of aging appearance. However, only few of compounds found in cosmetic products are able to directly increase collagen synthesis. A novel small heterocyclic compound called kartogenin (KGN) was found to stimulate collagen synthesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). So, we hypothesized and tested that if KGN could be applied to stimulate the collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. Human dermal fibroblasts in vitro were treated with various concentrations of KGN, with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serving as the negative control. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to examine the expression of collagen and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The production of collagen was also tested in vivo by Masson's trichrome stain and immunohistochemistry in the dermis of mice administrated with KGN. Results showed that without obvious influence on fibroblasts' apoptosis and viability, KGN stimulated type-I collagen synthesis of fibroblasts at the mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner, but KGN did not induce expression of α-skeletal muscle actin (α-sma) or matrix metallopeptidase1 (MMP1), MMP9 in vitro. Smad4/smad5 of the TGF-β signaling pathway was activated by KGN while MAPK signaling pathway remained unchanged. KGN also increased type-I collagen synthesis in the dermis of BALB/C mice. Our results indicated that KGN promoted the type-I collagen synthesis of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in the dermis of mice through activation of the smad4/smad5 pathway. This molecule could be used in wound healing, tissue engineering of fibroblasts, or aesthetic and reconstructive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Depart of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Depart of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Depart of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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452
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Abstract
Biological therapy is a thriving area of research and development, and is well established for chronic forms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, there is no clinically validated biological therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). Chronic forms of OA are increasingly viewed as an inflammatory disease. OA was largely regarded as a “wear and tear disease”. However, the disease is now believed to involve “low grade” inflammation and the growth of blood vessels and nerves from the subchondral bone into articular cartilage. This realization has focused research effort on the development and evaluation of biological therapy that targets proinflammatory mediators, angiogenic factors and cytokines in articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium in chronic forms of OA. This review article provides an overview of emerging biological therapy for OA, and discusses recent molecular targets implicated in angiogenesis and neurogenesis and progress with antibody-based therapy, calcitonin, and kartogenin, the small molecule stimulator of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,
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453
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Abstract
Tendon–bone junctions (TBJs) are frequently injured, especially in athletic settings. Healing of TBJ injuries is slow and is often repaired with scar tissue formation that compromises normal function. This study explored the feasibility of using kartogenin (KGN), a biocompound, to enhance the healing of injured TBJs. We first determined the effects of KGN on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and patellar tendon stem/progenitor cells (PTSCs) in vitro. KGN enhanced cell proliferation in both cell types in a concentration-dependent manner and induced chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, as demonstrated by high expression levels of chondrogenic markers aggrecan, collagen II and Sox-9. Besides, KGN induced the formation of cartilage-like tissues in cell cultures, as observed through the staining of abundant proteoglycans, collagen II and osteocalcin. When injected into intact rat patellar tendons in vivo, KGN induced cartilage-like tissue formation in the injected area. Similarly, when KGN was injected into experimentally injured rat Achilles TBJs, wound healing in the TBJs was enhanced, as evidenced by the formation of extensive cartilage-like tissues. These results suggest that KGN may be used as an effective cell-free clinical therapy to enhance the healing of injured TBJs.
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454
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Jakobsen RB, Østrup E, Zhang X, Mikkelsen TS, Brinchmann JE. Analysis of the effects of five factors relevant to in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells using factorial design and high throughput mRNA-profiling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96615. [PMID: 24816923 PMCID: PMC4015996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro process of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering has been shown to require three-dimensional culture along with the addition of differentiation factors to the culture medium. In general, this leads to a phenotype lacking some of the cardinal features of native articular chondrocytes and their extracellular matrix. The factors used vary, but regularly include members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily and dexamethasone, sometimes in conjunction with fibroblast growth factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor 1, however the use of soluble factors to induce chondrogenesis has largely been studied on a single factor basis. In the present study we combined a factorial quality-by-design experiment with high-throughput mRNA profiling of a customized chondrogenesis related gene set as a tool to study in vitro chondrogenesis of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in alginate. 48 different conditions of transforming growth factor β 1, 2 and 3, bone morphogenetic protein 2, 4 and 6, dexamethasone, insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor 2 and cell seeding density were included in the experiment. The analysis revealed that the best of the tested differentiation cocktails included transforming growth factor β 1 and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone acted in synergy with transforming growth factor β 1 by increasing many chondrogenic markers while directly downregulating expression of the pro-osteogenic gene osteocalcin. However, all factors beneficial to the expression of desirable hyaline cartilage markers also induced undesirable molecules, indicating that perfect chondrogenic differentiation is not achievable with the current differentiation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune B. Jakobsen
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esben Østrup
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tarjei S. Mikkelsen
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Brinchmann
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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455
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ADAMTS-12: a multifaced metalloproteinase in arthritis and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:649718. [PMID: 24876675 PMCID: PMC4020202 DOI: 10.1155/2014/649718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS-12 is a member of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases, which were known to play important roles in various biological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structural organization of ADAMTS-12; concentrate on the emerging role of ADAMTS-12 in several pathophysiological conditions, including intervertebral disc degeneration, tumorigenesis and angioinhibitory effects, pediatric stroke, gonad differentiation, trophoblast invasion, and genetic linkage to schizophrenia and asthma, with special focus on its role in arthritis and inflammation; and end with the perspective research of ADAMTS-12 and its potential as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target in various kinds of diseases and conditions.
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456
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Iwamoto M, Ohta Y, Larmour C, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Toward regeneration of articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:192-202. [PMID: 24078496 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is classified as permanent hyaline cartilage and has significant differences in structure, extracelluar matrix components, gene expression profile, and mechanical property from transient hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal growth plate. In the process of synovial joint development, articular cartilage originates from the interzone, developing at the edge of the cartilaginous anlagen, and establishes zonal structure over time and supports smooth movement of the synovial joint through life. The cascade actions of key regulators, such as Wnts, GDF5, Erg, and PTHLH, coordinate sequential steps of articular cartilage formation. Articular chondrocytes are restrictedly controlled not to differentiate into a hypertrophic stage by autocrine and paracrine factors and extracellular matrix microenvironment, but retain potential to undergo hypertrophy. The basal calcified zone of articular cartilage is connected with subchondral bone, but not invaded by blood vessels nor replaced by bone, which is highly contrasted with the growth plate. Articular cartilage has limited regenerative capacity, but likely possesses and potentially uses intrinsic stem cell source in the superficial layer, Ranvier's groove, the intra-articular tissues such as synovium and fat pad, and marrow below the subchondral bone. Considering the biological views on articular cartilage, several important points are raised for regeneration of articular cartilage. We should evaluate the nature of regenerated cartilage as permanent hyaline cartilage and not just hyaline cartilage. We should study how a hypertrophic phenotype of transplanted cells can be lastingly suppressed in regenerating tissue. Furthermore, we should develop the methods and reagents to activate recruitment of intrinsic stem/progenitor cells into the damaged site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perleman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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457
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Abstract
Small molecules that modulate stem cell fate and function offer significant opportunities that will allow the full realization of the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Rational design and screening for small molecules have identified useful compounds to probe fundamental mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming and have facilitated the development of cell-based therapies and therapeutic drugs targeting endogenous stem and progenitor cells for repair and regeneration. Here, we will discuss recent scientific and therapeutic progress, as well as new perspectives and future challenges for using chemical approaches in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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458
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Roubille C, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. New and emerging treatments for osteoarthritis management: will the dream come true with personalized medicine? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 14:2059-77. [PMID: 24044485 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.825606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is a dynamic process involving the main tissues of the joint for which a global approach should be considered. No disease-modifying OA drug (DMOAD) has yet been approved. New therapeutic strategies are needed that would be cost effective by reducing the need for pharmacological interventions and surgical management while targeting specific pathways leading to OA. The treatment landscape of OA is about to change based on new agents having shown some structural effects and emerging therapies with DMOAD effects. AREAS COVERED In this review based on a Medline (via PubMed) search, promising new and emerging therapies with a potential structural effect (DMOAD) will be discussed including growth factors, platelet-rich plasma, autologous stem cells, bone remodeling modulators, cytokine inhibition, gene therapy, and RNA interference. EXPERT OPINION DMOAD development should focus on targeting some phenotypes of OA patients evidenced with sensitive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, as a single treatment will unlikely be appropriate for all OA patients. This will allow the development of DMOADs based on personalized medicine. An exciting new era in DMOAD development is within reach, provided future clinical trials are sufficiently powered, systematically designed, use the appropriate evaluation tools, and target the appropriate categories of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Roubille
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Osteoarthritis Research Unit , 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec , Canada
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459
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Taylor SEB, Smeriglio P, Dhulipala L, Rath M, Bhutani N. A global increase in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels marks osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:90-100. [PMID: 24449578 DOI: 10.1002/art.38200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the newly discovered epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and its regulators in altered gene expression in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Cartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and from control patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Global levels of 5hmC and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) were investigated using immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and cellular staining. Gene expression changes were monitored by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Levels of locus-specific 5hmC and 5mC at CpG sites in the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, ADAMTS-5, and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT-1) promoters were quantified using a glucosylation and enzyme digestion-based method followed by quantitative PCR analysis. Global and locus-specific 5hmC levels and gene expression changes were monitored in normal chondrocytes stimulated with inflammatory cytokines to identify the effect of joint inflammation. RESULTS A global 5-6-fold increase in 5hmC concomitant with a loss of TET1 was observed in human OA chondrocytes compared to normal chondrocytes. Enrichment of 5hmC was observed in promoters of enzymes critical to OA pathology, MMP-1 and MMP-3. Short-term treatment of normal chondrocytes with inflammatory cytokines induced a rapid decrease in TET1 expression but no global or locus-specific 5hmC enrichment. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of an epigenetic imbalance of the 5hmC homeostasis in OA leading to TET1 down-regulation and 5hmC accumulation. Our experiments identify 5hmC and its regulators as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OA.
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460
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Vaegler M, DaSilva L, Benz K, Amend B, Mollenhauer J, Aicher W, Stenzl A, Sievert KD. Zellbasierte Therapie der Belastungsinkontinenz. Urologe A 2014; 53:354-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-013-3353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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461
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Zhao Y, Liu B, Liu CJ. Establishment of a surgically-induced model in mice to investigate the protective role of progranulin in osteoarthritis. J Vis Exp 2014:e50924. [PMID: 24638128 DOI: 10.3791/50924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) model is an important tool for studying the pathophysiological roles of numerous arthritis associated molecules in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) in vivo. However, the detailed, especially the visualized protocol for establishing this complicated model in mice, is not available. Herein we took advantage of wildtype and progranulin (PGRN)-/- mice as examples to introduce a protocol for inducing DMM model in mice, and compared the onset of OA following establishment of this surgically induced model. The operations performed on mice were either sham operation, which just opened joint capsule, or DMM operation, which cut the menisco-tibial ligament and caused destabilization of medial meniscus. Osteoarthritis severity was evaluated using histological assay (e.g. Safranin O staining), expressions of OA-associated genes, degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix molecules, and osteophyte formation. DMM operation successfully induced OA initiation and progression in both wildtype and PGRN-/- mice, and loss of PGNR growth factor led to a more severe OA phenotype in this surgically induced model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases
| | - Chuan-ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center;
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462
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Aicher WK, Hart ML, Stallkamp J, Klünder M, Ederer M, Sawodny O, Vaegler M, Amend B, Sievert KD, Stenzl A. Towards a Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regeneration of the Sphincter Muscle. J Clin Med 2014; 3:197-215. [PMID: 26237258 PMCID: PMC4449674 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence is a significant social, medical, and economic problem. It is caused, at least in part, by degeneration of the sphincter muscle controlling the tightness of the urinary bladder. This muscular degeneration is characterized by a loss of muscle cells and a surplus of a fibrous connective tissue. In Western countries approximately 15% of all females and 10% of males are affected. The incidence is significantly higher among senior citizens, and more than 25% of the elderly suffer from incontinence. When other therapies, such as physical exercise, pharmacological intervention, or electrophysiological stimulation of the sphincter fail to improve the patient’s conditions, a cell-based therapy may improve the function of the sphincter muscle. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on stem cells suitable for therapy of urinary incontinence: mesenchymal stromal cells, urine-derived stem cells, and muscle-derived satellite cells. In addition, we report on ways to improve techniques for surgical navigation, injection of cells in the sphincter muscle, sensors for evaluation of post-treatment therapeutic outcome, and perspectives derived from recent pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm K Aicher
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Hart
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Jan Stallkamp
- FRAUNHOFER Institute, Klinikum Mannhein, Mannheim 68167, Germany.
| | - Mario Klünder
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Michael Ederer
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Oliver Sawodny
- Department for Systems Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Martin Vaegler
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Bastian Amend
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Karl D Sievert
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- KFO273, Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, Tuebingen 72076, Germany.
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463
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Jung H, Park JS, Yeom J, Selvapalam N, Park KM, Oh K, Yang JA, Park KH, Hahn SK, Kim K. 3D tissue engineered supramolecular hydrogels for controlled chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:707-14. [PMID: 24605794 DOI: 10.1021/bm401123m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wide investigation of hydrogels as an artificial extracellular matrix, there are few scaffold systems for the facile spatiotemporal control of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here, we report 3D tissue engineered supramolecular hydrogels prepared with highly water-soluble monofunctionalized cucurbit[6]uril-hyaluronic acid (CB[6]-HA), diaminohexane conjugated HA (DAH-HA), and drug conjugated CB[6] (drug-CB[6]) for the controlled chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The mechanical property of supramolecular HA hydrogels was modulated by changing the cross-linking density for the spatial control of hMSCs. In addition, the differentiation of hMSCs was temporally controlled by changing the release profiles of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and/or dexamethasone (Dexa) from the hydrolyzable Dexa-CB[6]. The effective chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs encapsulated in the monoCB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogel with TGF-β3 and Dexa-CB[6] was confirmed by biochemical glycosaminoglycan content analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Taken together, we could confirm the feasibility of cytocompatible monoCB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogels as a platform scaffold with controlled drug delivery for cartilage regeneration and other various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuntae Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ∥Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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464
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Han YL, Wang S, Zhang X, Li Y, Huang G, Qi H, Pingguan-Murphy B, Li Y, Lu TJ, Xu F. Engineering physical microenvironment for stem cell based regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:763-73. [PMID: 24508818 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has rapidly evolved over the past decade owing to its potential applications to improve human health. Targeted differentiations of stem cells promise to regenerate a variety of tissues and/or organs despite significant challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated the vital role of the physical microenvironment in regulating stem cell fate and improving differentiation efficiency. In this review, we summarize the main physical cues that are crucial for controlling stem cell differentiation. Recent advances in the technologies for the construction of physical microenvironment and their implications in controlling stem cell fate are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hao Qi
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China; Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
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465
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Tan KY, Lin H, Ramstedt M, Watt FM, Huck WTS, Gautrot JE. Decoupling geometrical and chemical cues directing epidermal stem cell fate on polymer brush-based cell micro-patterns. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:899-910. [PMID: 23572192 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intricacy of the different parameters involved in cell adhesion to biomaterials and fate decision (e.g. proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis) makes the decoupling of the respective effects of surface properties, extra-cellular matrix protein adsorption and ultimately cell behaviour difficult. This work presents a micro-patterned polymer brush platform to control the adsorption of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins to well defined micron-size areas and consequently control cell adhesion, spreading and shape independently of other chemical and physical surface properties. Protein patterns can be readily generated with brushes presenting a range of hydrophilicity and surface charge density. The surface properties of the selected brushes are fully characterised using a combination of FTIR, XPS, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, water contact goniometry, dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements. Interactions of proteins relevant to cell patterning and culture with these brushes are studied by surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ellipsometry and immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Finally this platform is used in an assay investigating the relative contributions of matrix geometry and surface chemistry on epidermal stem cell differentiation. It is found that moderate hydrophobicity does not impact stem cell commitment, whereas strongly negative surface potential increases the incidence of differentiation. This correlates with a marked decrease in the formation of focal adhesions (but not cell spreading).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khooi Y Tan
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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466
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Längle D, Halver J, Rathmer B, Willems E, Schade D. Small molecules targeting in vivo tissue regeneration. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:57-71. [PMID: 24372447 DOI: 10.1021/cb4008277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has boomed in recent years thanks to milestone discoveries in stem cell biology and tissue engineering, which has been driving paradigm shifts in the pharmacotherapy of degenerative and ischemic diseases. Small molecule-mediated replenishment of lost and/or dysfunctional tissue in vivo, however, is still in its infancy due to a limited understanding of mechanisms that control such endogenous processes of tissue homeostasis or regeneration. Here, we discuss current progress using small molecules targeting in vivo aspects of regeneration, including adult stem cells, stem cell niches, and mechanisms of homing, mobilization, and engraftment as well as somatic cell proliferation. Many of these compounds derived from both knowledge-based design and screening campaigns, illustrating the feasibility of translating in vitro discovery to in vivo regeneration. These early examples of drug-mediated in vivo regeneration provide a glimpse of the future directions of in vivo regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd Rathmer
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erik Willems
- Muscle
Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis Schade
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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467
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Sun YP, Zheng YH, Liu WJ, Zheng YL, Zhang ZG. Synovium fragment-derived cells exhibit characteristics similar to those of dissociated multipotent cells in synovial fluid of the temporomandibular joint. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101896. [PMID: 25003199 PMCID: PMC4087006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found in the synovial fluid (SFMSCs) of the tempromandibular joint (TMJ) remain poorly understood. During TMJ arthrocentesis, we discovered that synovial fluid collected from some patients with TMJ disorders contained not only SFMSCs but also synovium fragments (SFs). In this study, we attempted to characterize both the SFMSCs and SF-derived cells (SFCs) in order to further understand the role of MSCs in the synovial fluid of the TMJ. The SFs were membranous and translucent and consisted of several cell layers, indicating that their origin was only from the intima. SFCs were obtained by digestion of the SFs and subsequently expanded in vitro. SFMSCs were enriched by centrifugation of the synovial fluid and expanded in vitro. SFCs and SFMSCs displayed a similar fibroblast-like, spindle-shaped morphology, and we observed that some SFMSCs grew out of small tissue masses in culture. Flow cytometric analysis showed that both groups of cells expressed similar surface markers, including CD90, CD44, CD105, and CD73. However, both were negative for Stro-1, CD146, CD45, CD34, CD11b, CD19, and HLA-DR. Immunofluorescent staining showed that both SFs and SFMSCs expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Both SFCs and SFMSCs could be induced to differentiate down osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages in vitro. Together, our results indicate that the intima is the most likely tissue origin of SFMSCs in the TMJ. Moreover, the SFs are composed of only intima and thus offer an improved source of synovium-derived MSCs compared to synovium specimens obtained by surgery, which contain both intima and subintima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-peng Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-hua Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-jing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-liang Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-guang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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468
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Wang FW, Zhao F, Qian XY, Yu ZZ, Zhao J, Su L, Zhang Y, Zhang SL, Zhao BX, Miao JY. Identification of a small molecule preventing BMSC senescence in vitro by improving intracellular homeostasis via ANXA7 and Hmbox1. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABO was discovered to be a novel anti-aging chemical in cultured BMSCs by improving intracellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Wu Wang
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Yang Qian
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Yu
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Le Su
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital
- Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Li Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ying Miao
- Institute of Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
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469
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Fuhrer R, Hofmann S, Hild N, Vetsch JR, Herrmann IK, Grass RN, Stark WJ. Pressureless mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation is dose and frequency dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81362. [PMID: 24278427 PMCID: PMC3836961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement is a key characteristic of higher organisms. During mammalian embryogenesis fetal movements have been found critical to normal tissue development. On the single cell level, however, our current understanding of stem cell differentiation concentrates on inducing factors through cytokine mediated biochemical signaling. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrogenesis were investigated as representative examples. We show that pressureless, soft mechanical stimulation precipitated by the cyclic deformation of soft, magnetic hydrogel scaffolds with an external magnetic field, can induce chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells without any additional chondrogenesis transcription factors (TGF-β1 and dexamethasone). A systematic study on the role of movement frequency revealed a classical dose-response relationship for human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation towards cartilage using mere mechanical stimulation. This effect could even be synergistically amplified when exogenous chondrogenic factors and movement were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fuhrer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora Hild
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Inge K. Herrmann
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert N. Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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470
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Fierabracci A, Del Fattore A, Luciano R, Muraca M, Teti A, Muraca M. Recent advances in mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: the role of microvesicles. Cell Transplant 2013; 24:133-49. [PMID: 24268069 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x675728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are the most widely used cell phenotype for therapeutic applications, the main reasons being their well-established abilities to promote regeneration of injured tissues and to modulate immune responses. Efficacy was reported in the treatment of several animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and, in clinical settings, for the management of disorders such as GVHD, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of mesenchymal stem cells are believed to be largely mediated by paracrine signals, and several secreted molecules have been identified as contributors to the net biological effect. Recently, it has been recognized that bioactive molecules can be shuttled from cell to cell packed in microvesicles, tiny portions of cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane. Coding and noncoding RNAs are also carried in such microvesicles, transferring relevant biological activity to target cells. Several reports indicate that the regenerative effect of mesenchymal stem cells can be reproduced by microvesicles isolated from their culture medium. More recent evidence suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells are also at least partially mediated by secreted microvesicles. These findings allow better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell interaction and may have interesting implications for the development of novel therapeutic tools in place of the parent cells.
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471
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Mohanraj B, Hou C, Meloni GR, Cosgrove BD, Dodge GR, Mauck RL. A high throughput mechanical screening device for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomech 2013; 47:2130-6. [PMID: 24275442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage enables efficient and near-frictionless load transmission, but suffers from poor inherent healing capacity. As such, cartilage tissue engineering strategies have focused on mimicking both compositional and mechanical properties of native tissue in order to provide effective repair materials for the treatment of damaged or degenerated joint surfaces. However, given the large number design parameters available (e.g. cell sources, scaffold designs, and growth factors), it is difficult to conduct combinatorial experiments of engineered cartilage. This is particularly exacerbated when mechanical properties are a primary outcome, given the long time required for testing of individual samples. High throughput screening is utilized widely in the pharmaceutical industry to rapidly and cost-effectively assess the effects of thousands of compounds for therapeutic discovery. Here we adapted this approach to develop a high throughput mechanical screening (HTMS) system capable of measuring the mechanical properties of up to 48 materials simultaneously. The HTMS device was validated by testing various biomaterials and engineered cartilage constructs and by comparing the HTMS results to those derived from conventional single sample compression tests. Further evaluation showed that the HTMS system was capable of distinguishing and identifying 'hits', or factors that influence the degree of tissue maturation. Future iterations of this device will focus on reducing data variability, increasing force sensitivity and range, as well as scaling-up to even larger (96-well) formats. This HTMS device provides a novel tool for cartilage tissue engineering, freeing experimental design from the limitations of mechanical testing throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Chieh Hou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Gregory R Meloni
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Brian D Cosgrove
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - George R Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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472
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Choi E, Choi E, Hwang KC. MicroRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate. World J Stem Cells 2013; 5:172-187. [PMID: 24179605 PMCID: PMC3812521 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v5.i4.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence in stem cell biology has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell fate specification, including stem cell self-renewal, lineage-specific differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming. These functions are tightly regulated by specific gene expression patterns that involve miRNAs and transcription factors. To maintain stem cell pluripotency, specific miRNAs suppress transcription factors that promote differentiation, whereas to initiate differentiation, lineage-specific miRNAs are upregulated via the inhibition of transcription factors that promote self-renewal. Small molecules can be used in a similar manner as natural miRNAs, and a number of natural and synthetic small molecules have been isolated and developed to regulate stem cell fate. Using miRNAs as novel regulators of stem cell fate will provide insight into stem cell biology and aid in understanding the molecular mechanisms and crosstalk between miRNAs and stem cells. Ultimately, advances in the regulation of stem cell fate will contribute to the development of effective medical therapies for tissue repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the current insights into stem cell fate determination by miRNAs with a focus on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming. Small molecules that control stem cell fate are also highlighted.
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473
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Mahmoudi M, Bonakdar S, Shokrgozar MA, Aghaverdi H, Hartmann R, Pick A, Witte G, Parak WJ. Cell-imprinted substrates direct the fate of stem cells. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8379-8384. [PMID: 24059979 DOI: 10.1021/nn403844q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Smart nanoenvironments were obtained by cell-imprinted substrates based on mature and dedifferentiated chondrocytes as templates. Rabbit adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) seeded on these cell-imprinted substrates were driven to adopt the specific shape (as determined in terms of cell morphology) and molecular characteristics (as determined in terms of gene expression) of the cell types which had been used as template for the cell-imprinting. This method might pave the way for a reliable, efficient, and cheap way of controlling stem cell differentiation. Data also suggest that besides residual cellular fragments, which are presented on the template surface, the imprinted topography of the templates plays a role in the differentiation of the stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran 13164, Iran
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474
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Joiner DM, Less KD, Van Wieren EM, Hess D, Williams BO. Heterozygosity for an inactivating mutation in low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 6 (Lrp6) increases osteoarthritis severity in mice after ligament and meniscus injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1576-85. [PMID: 23756208 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an integral and complex role in cartilage development and maintenance. β-catenin signaling has been linked to osteoarthritis (OA), but the role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling during OA remains unexplored. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein-related receptors 5 and 6) result in skeletal abnormalities, which tend to be more severe in Lrp6 mutant mice. We examined OA development, chondrocyte and osteoblast behavior, and β-catenin signaling after ligament and meniscus damage in mice with global heterozygous deletion of Lrp6. DESIGN Ligament and meniscus damage was surgically induced in Lrp6(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, and evidence of joint disease was assessed by Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and catabolic enzyme activity were measured. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had lower nuclear β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage. After surgery, osteophytes and reduced articular cartilage were apparent in WT mice, but more severe in Lrp6(+/-) animals. Impairments to trabecular bone geometry occurred for WT and Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery. Relative to WT mice, Lrp6(+/-) mice had reduced trabecular BMD and thickness, and Cyclin D1 and Lrp6 gene expression after surgery. There was an increase in apoptotic cells and serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) for Lrp6(+/-) mice after surgery, but no differences in cell proliferation occurred. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Lrp6 leads to less β-catenin signaling within articular cartilage and to increased degenerative joint disease after ligament and meniscus injury. Modulation of Lrp6 function could attenuate joint disease after damage to ligaments and the meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Joiner
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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475
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Razinia Z, Baldassarre M, Cantelli G, Calderwood DA. ASB2α, an E3 ubiquitin ligase specificity subunit, regulates cell spreading and triggers proteasomal degradation of filamins by targeting the filamin calponin homology 1 domain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32093-105. [PMID: 24052262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.496604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamins are actin-binding and cross-linking proteins that organize the actin cytoskeleton and anchor transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and scaffold signaling pathways. During hematopoietic cell differentiation, transient expression of ASB2α, the specificity subunit of an E3-ubiquitin ligase complex, triggers acute proteasomal degradation of filamins. This led to the proposal that ASB2α regulates hematopoietic cell differentiation by modulating cell adhesion, spreading, and actin remodeling through targeted degradation of filamins. Here, we show that the calponin homology domain 1 (CH1), within the filamin A (FLNa) actin-binding domain, is the minimal fragment sufficient for ASB2α-mediated degradation. Combining an in-depth flow cytometry analysis with mutagenesis of lysine residues within CH1, we find that arginine substitution at each of a cluster of three lysines (Lys-42, Lys-43, and Lys-135) renders FLNa resistant to ASB2α-mediated degradation without altering ASB2α binding. These lysines lie within previously predicted actin-binding sites, and the ASB2α-resistant filamin mutant is defective in targeting to F-actin-rich structures in cells. However, by swapping CH1 with that of α-actinin1, which is resistant to ASB2α-mediated degradation, we generated an ASB2α-resistant chimeric FLNa with normal subcellular localization. Notably, this chimera fully rescues the impaired cell spreading induced by ASB2α expression. Our data therefore reveal ubiquitin acceptor sites in FLNa and establish that ASB2α-mediated effects on cell spreading are due to loss of filamins.
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476
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Saito T, Yano F, Mori D, Ohba S, Hojo H, Otsu M, Eto K, Nakauchi H, Tanaka S, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H. Generation of Col2a1-EGFP iPS cells for monitoring chondrogenic differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74137. [PMID: 24066106 PMCID: PMC3774617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are a promising cell source for cartilage regenerative medicine; however, the methods for chondrocyte induction from iPSC are currently developing and not yet sufficient for clinical application. Here, we report the establishment of a fluorescent indicator system for monitoring chondrogenic differentiation from iPSC to simplify screening for effective factors that induce chondrocytes from iPSC. We generated iPSC from embryonic fibroblasts of Col2a1-EGFP transgenic mice by retroviral transduction of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Among the 30 clones of Col2a1-EGFP iPSC we established, two clones showed high expression levels of embryonic stem cell (ESC) marker genes, similar to control ESC. A teratoma formation assay showed that the two clones were pluripotent and differentiated into cell types from all three germ layers. The fluorescent signal was observed during chondrogenic differentiation of the two clones concomitant with the increase in chondrocyte marker expression. In conclusion, Col2a1-EGFP iPSC are useful for monitoring chondrogenic differentiation and will contribute to research in cartilage regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Saito
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsu
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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477
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Ruan MZC, Erez A, Guse K, Dawson B, Bertin T, Chen Y, Jiang MM, Yustein J, Gannon F, Lee BHL. Proteoglycan 4 expression protects against the development of osteoarthritis. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:176ra34. [PMID: 23486780 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative condition that afflicts more than 70% of the population between 55 and 77 years of age. Although its prevalence is rising globally with aging of the population, current therapy is limited to symptomatic relief and, in severe cases, joint replacement surgery. We report that intra-articular expression of proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) in mice protects against development of OA. Long-term Prg4 expression under the type II collagen promoter (Col2a1) does not adversely affect skeletal development but protects from developing signs of age-related OA. The protective effect is also shown in a model of posttraumatic OA created by cruciate ligament transection. Moreover, intra-articular injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing Prg4 protected against the development of posttraumatic OA when administered either before or after injury. Gene expression profiling of mouse articular cartilage and in vitro cell studies show that Prg4 expression inhibits the transcriptional programs that promote cartilage catabolism and hypertrophy through the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 3α. Analyses of available human OA data sets are consistent with the predictions of this model. Hence, our data provide insight into the mechanisms for OA development and offer a potential chondroprotective approach to its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry Z C Ruan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS 227, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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478
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Jagodzinski M, Liu C, Guenther D, Burssens A, Petri M, Abedian R, Willbold E, Krettek C, Haasper C, Witte F. Bone marrow-derived cell concentrates have limited effects on osteochondral reconstructions in the mini pig. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:215-26. [PMID: 23815398 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of seeding a chondrogenic and osteogenic scaffold with a bone marrow-derived cell concentrate (BMCC) and reports the histological and mechanical properties 3 months after implantation in the miniature pig. Twenty defects (7×10 mm) were created in the femoral condyles of 10 miniature pigs. The defects were left empty (E), filled with the grafted cylinder upside down (U) or with a combined scaffold (S) containing a spongious bone cylinder (Tutobone®) covered with a collagen membrane (Chondrogide®). In a fourth group, the same scaffolds were implanted but seeded with a stem cell concentrate (S+ BMCC). The animals were stained with calcein green after 2 weeks and xylenol orange after 4 weeks. After 3 months, the animals were sacrificed, and a mechanical analysis (Young's modulus), macroscopic, and histologic (ICRS Score) examination of the specimens was conducted. Young's modulus in the periphery was significantly lower for group E (67.5±15.3 kPa) compared with untreated controls (171.7±21.6 kPa, p<0.04). Bone defects were smaller in group S (10%±8%) compared with E (27%±7%; p<0.05). There was a trend toward smaller bony defects on comparing groups E and S+ BMCC (11%±8%; p=0.07). More red fluorescence was detected in group S+ BMCC (2.3%±1.1%) compared with groups E (0.4%±0.2%) and U (0.5%±0.2%, p<0.03). ICRS scores were higher for groups S (25.3±3.8) and S+ BMCC (26.2±5.2, p<0.01). In this animal model of osteochondral defects, stem cell concentrates enhance new bone apposition but fail to improve mechanical properties or histological appearance of cartilage regenerates in critical-sized defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jagodzinski
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School (MHH) , Hannover, Germany
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479
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Xiao JQ, Shi XL, Ma HC, Tan JJ, Xu Q, Ding YT. Administration of IL-1Ra chitosan nanoparticles enhances the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in acute liver failure. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:370-9. [PMID: 23916885 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the synergistic effect of IL-1Ra administration and stem cell transplantation in swine suffering from acute liver failure (ALF), to elucidate the mechanism of IL-1Ra activity and to demonstrate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation as a potential treatment for ALF. METHODS Thirty-five Chinese experimental mini-swine were divided into five groups randomly. Group A (n = 7) is the control group and all swine were injected with saline via portal veins. Group B (n = 7) received IL-1Ra via ear veins 6 h before receiving saline. Group C (n = 7) received MSC transplantation and all swine were injected with 8 × 10⁷ MSCs via portal veins. Group D (n = 7) swine were treated with a combination of IL-1Ra and MSC transplantation E (n = 7) also received a combined treatment of both IL-1Ra and bone marrow (BM-MSC) transplantation, except that the IL-1Ra was in the form of chitosan nanoparticles. Liver function, level of cytokines and liver pathological changes were measured in the following 4 weeks. RESULTS IL-1Ra chitosan nanoparticles exhibited controlled-release ability in PBS. Swine in Group E showed a significant improvement in inflammation environment, liver function and hepatocyte proliferation. Levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Group E were elevated compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS IL-1Ra chitosan nanoparticles showed significant liver targeting ability and controlled-release characteristics. Combined therapy with IL-1Ra chitosan nanoparticles and MCS transplantation exhibits great synergistic effects through paracrine function and suppression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-qiang Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent chronic condition with a striking impact on quality of life, represents an enormous societal burden that increases greatly as populations age. Yet no approved pharmacological intervention, biologic therapy or procedure prevents the progressive destruction of the OA joint. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-multipotent precursors of connective tissue cells that can be isolated from many adult tissues, including those of the diarthrodial joint-have emerged as a potential therapy. Endogenous MSCs contribute to maintenance of healthy tissues by acting as reservoirs of repair cells or as immunomodulatory sentinels to reduce inflammation. The onset of degenerative changes in the joint is associated with aberrant activity or depletion of these cell reservoirs, leading to loss of chondrogenic potential and preponderance of a fibrogenic phenotype. Local delivery of ex vivo cultures of MSCs has produced promising outcomes in preclinical models of joint disease. Mechanistically, paracrine signalling by MSCs might be more important than differentiation in stimulating repair responses; thus, paracrine factors must be assessed as measures of MSC therapeutic potency, to replace traditional assays based on cell-surface markers and differentiation. Several early-stage clinical trials, initiated or underway in 2013, are testing the delivery of MSCs as an intra-articular injection into the knee, but optimal dose and vehicle are yet to be established.
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481
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Lairson LL, Lyssiotis CA, Zhu S, Schultz PG. Small molecule-based approaches to adult stem cell therapies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 53:107-25. [PMID: 23294307 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of stem cell-based strategies for the treatment of a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal diseases. To date, such regenerative approaches have focused largely on the development of cell transplantation therapies using cells derived from pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Although there have been exciting preliminary reports describing the efficacy of ESC-derived replacement therapies, approaches involving ex vivo manipulated ESCs are hindered by issues of mutation, immune rejection, and ethical controversy. An alternative approach involves direct in vivo modulation or ex vivo expansion of endogenous adult stem cell populations using drug-like small molecules. Here we describe chemical approaches to the regulation of somatic stem cell biology that are yielding new biological insights and that may ultimately lead to innovative new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke L Lairson
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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482
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Fisher MB, Mauck RL. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: recent innovations and the transition to translation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:1-13. [PMID: 23253031 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has exploded in the last decade. In this Year (or so) in Review, we highlight some of the high impact advances within the field over the past several years. Using the past as our guide and starting with an objective premise, we attempt so to identify recent "hot topics" and transformative publications within the field. Through this process, several key themes emerged: (1) tissue engineering: grafts and materials, (2) regenerative medicine: scaffolds and factors that control endogenous tissue formation, (3) clinical trials, and (4) novel cell sources: induced pluripotent stem cells. Within these focus areas, we summarize the highly impactful articles that emerged from our objective analysis and review additional recent publications to augment and expand upon these key themes. Finally, we discuss where the TERM field may be headed and how to monitor such a broad-based and ever-expanding community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Fisher
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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483
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Roelofs A, Rocke J, De Bari C. Cell-based approaches to joint surface repair: a research perspective. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:892-900. [PMID: 23598176 PMCID: PMC3694304 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Repair of lesions of the articular cartilage lining the joints remains a major clinical challenge. Surgical interventions include osteochondral autograft transfer and microfracture. They can provide some relief of symptoms to patients, but generally fail to durably repair the cartilage. Autologous chondrocyte implantation has thus far shown the most promise for the durable repair of cartilage, with long-term follow-up studies indicating improved structural and functional outcomes. However, disadvantages of this technique include the need for additional surgery, availability of sufficient chondrocytes for implantation, and maintenance of their phenotype during culture-expansion. Mesenchymal stem cells offer an attractive alternative cell-source for cartilage repair, due to their ease of isolation and amenability to ex vivo expansion while retaining stem cell properties. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells to promote articular cartilage repair, but have also highlighted several key challenges. Most notably, the quality and durability of the repair tissue, its resistance to endochondral ossification, and its effective integration with the surrounding host tissue. In addition, challenges exist related to the heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell preparations and their quality-control, as well as optimising the delivery method. Finally, as our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying articular cartilage repair increases, promising studies are emerging employing bioactive scaffolds or therapeutics that elicit an effective tissue repair response through activation and mobilisation of endogenous stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Roelofs
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - J.P.J. Rocke
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - C. De Bari
- Arthritis Research UK Tissue Engineering Centre, UK,Regenerative Medicine Group, Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C. De Bari, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. Tel: 44-1224-437477.
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484
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The Necessity of a Systematic Approach for the Use of MSCs in the Clinical Setting. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:892340. [PMID: 23864866 PMCID: PMC3705875 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy in regenerative disease. Among different cell types, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have been wildly studied in vitro, in vivo in animal models and even used in clinical trials. However, while clinical applications continue to increase markedly, the understanding of their physiological properties and interactions raises many questions and drives the necessity of more caution and supervised strategy in their use.
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485
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Shi X, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Li L, Wu H. Gradient-regulated hydrogel for interface tissue engineering: steering simultaneous osteo/chondrogenesis of stem cells on a chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23193109 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Injury to articular cartilage, especially the defects induced by degenerative diseases has presented insurmountable challenges. Elaborating a replacement of articular cartilage using biomimic tissue-engineering strategies provides a promising remedy. However, none of the previous osteo/chondrogenic methodologies can not only simultaneously induce osteo/chondrogenesis of stem cells in one scaffolding niche, but also generate a biomimic interface between the formed osteogenic and chondrogenic zones. We report here an innovative method using biomicrofluidic techniques to simultaneously steer distinct specialized differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes and osteoblasts in one hydrogel slab. Importantly, a gradient that mimics the interface of bone-to-cartilage was generated in the middle of the hydrogel slab. We compared this format with the conventional method for osteochondrogenesis; this format using the gradient-generating microfluidic device indicated outstanding superiorities in stem cell culture and differentiation. Our findings will have a major impact on the design of versatile biomicrofluidic devices for interfacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Shi
- WPI‐Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- WPI‐Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics & Beijing Key, Laboratory of Cryo‐Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- WPI‐Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980‐8578, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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486
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regenerative medicine offers the exciting potential of developing alternatives to total joint replacement for treating osteoarthritis. In this article, we highlight recent work that addresses key challenges of stem cell-based therapies for osteoarthritis and provide examples of innovative ways in which stem cells can aid in the treatment of osteoarthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has been made in understanding the challenges to successful stem cell therapy, such as the effects of age or disease on stem cell properties, altered stem cell function due to an inflammatory joint environment and phenotypic instability in vivo. Novel scaffold designs have been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and have also improved the integration of newly formed tissue within the joint. Emerging strategies such as injecting stem cells directly into the joint, manipulating endogenous stem cells to enhance regenerative capacity and utilizing stem cells for drug discovery have expanded the potential uses of stem cells in treating osteoarthritis. SUMMARY Several recent studies have greatly advanced the development and preclinical evaluation of potential stem cell-based treatments for osteoarthritis through novel approaches focused on cell therapy, tissue engineering and drug discovery.
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487
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Xu T, Zhang M, Laurent T, Xie M, Ding S. Concise review: chemical approaches for modulating lineage-specific stem cells and progenitors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:355-61. [PMID: 23580542 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation and manipulation of lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells in vitro and/or in vivo are critical for the development of stem cell-based clinical therapeutics. Lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells have many advantageous qualities, including being able to efficiently engraft and differentiate into desirable cell types in vivo after transplantation, and they are much less tumorigenic than pluripotent cells. Generation of lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells can be achieved by directed differentiation from pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion from easily obtained somatic cells. Small molecules can be very helpful in these processes since they offer several important benefits. For example, the risk of tumorigenesis is greatly reduced when small molecules are used to replace integrated transcription factors, which are widely used in cell fate conversion. Furthermore, small molecules are relatively easy to apply, optimize, and manufacture, and they can more readily be developed into conventional pharmaceuticals. Alternatively, small molecules can be used to expand or selectively control the differentiation of lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells for desirable therapeutics purposes in vitro or in vivo. Here we summarize recent progress in the use of small molecules for the expansion and generation of desirable lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells in vitro and for selectively controlling cell fate of lineage-restricted stem and progenitor cells in vivo, thereby facilitating stem cell-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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488
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Fernández-Tajes J, Soto-Hermida A, Vázquez-Mosquera ME, Cortés-Pereira E, Mosquera A, Fernández-Moreno M, Oreiro N, Fernández-López C, Fernández JL, Rego-Pérez I, Blanco FJ. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of articular chondrocytes reveals a cluster of osteoarthritic patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:668-77. [PMID: 23505229 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in DNA methylation patterns have been found to correlate with several diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to identify, for the first time, the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of human articular chondrocytes from OA cartilage and healthy control cartilage samples. METHODS DNA methylation profiling was performed using Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 in 25 patients with OA and 20 healthy controls. Subsequent validation was performed by genome-wide expression analysis using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.1 ST array in an independent cohort of 24 patients with OA. Finally, the most consistent genes in both assays were amplified by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR in a validation cohort of 48 patients using microfluidic real-time quantitative PCR. Appropriate bioinformatics analyses were carried out using R bioconductor software packages and qBase plus software from Biogazelle. RESULTS We found 91 differentially methylated (DM) probes, which permitted us to separate patients with OA from healthy controls. Among the patients with OA, we detected 1357 DM probes that identified a tight cluster of seven patients who were different from the rest. This cluster was also identified by genome-wide expression in which 450 genes were differentially expressed. Further validation of the most consistent genes in an independent cohort of patients with OA permitted us to identify this cluster, which was characterised by increased inflammatory processes. CONCLUSIONS We were able to identify a tight subgroup of patients with OA, characterised by an increased inflammatory response that could be regulated by epigenetics. The identification and isolation of this subgroup may be critical for the development of effective treatment and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-Tajes
- Rheumatology Division, INIBIC-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), , Coruña, Spain
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489
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490
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Pulsatelli L, Addimanda O, Brusi V, Pavloska B, Meliconi R. New findings in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: therapeutic implications. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013; 4:23-43. [PMID: 23342245 DOI: 10.1177/2040622312462734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the new perspectives which can provide insight into the crucial pathways that drive cartilage-bone physiopathology. In particular, we discuss the critical signaling and effector molecules that can activate cellular and molecular processes in both cartilage and bone cells and which may be relevant in cross talk among joint compartments: growth factors (bone morphogenetic proteins and transforming growth factor), hypoxia-related factors, cell-matrix interactions [discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) and syndecan 4], signaling molecules [WNT, Hedgehog (Hh)]. With the continuous progression of our knowledge on the molecular pathways involved in cartilage and bone changes in osteoarthritis (OA), an increasing number of potentially effective candidates for OA therapy are already under scrutiny in clinical trials to ascertain their possible safe use in an attempt to identify molecules active in slowing or halting OA progression and reducing joint pain. We then review the principal molecules currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Pulsatelli
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration/RAMSES, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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491
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Liu S, Shao Y, Lin Q, Liu H, Zhang D. 7,8-Dihydroxy coumarin promotes chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:82-96. [PMID: 23569133 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin on the chondrogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). METHODS ADMSCs were cultured using a micromass suspension method and incubated with different concentrations of 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for 3 weeks: group A (negative control, no drug treatment); group B (positive control, 10 ng/ml TGF-β1); groups C, D and E (incubated with 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin, respectively); groups F, G and H (incubated with 25, 50 and 100 µg/ml 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin, respectively, plus 10 ng/ml TGF-β1). Markers of chondrogenic differentiation were measured using histology, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS When used alone, 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin only weakly induced the chondrogenic differentiation of ADMSCs. 7,8-Dihydroxy coumarin used in combination with TGF-β1 strongly induced chondrogenic differentiation of ADMSCs. For some of the markers of chondrogenic differentiation, the extent of the induction was 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS 7,8-Dihydroxy coumarin appears to work synergistically with TGF-β1 to strongly induce chondrogenic differentiation of rat-derived ADMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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492
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Muhammad H, Schminke B, Miosge N. Current concepts in stem cell therapy for articular cartilage repair. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:541-8. [PMID: 23320740 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyaline articular cartilage is the connective tissue responsible for frictionless joint movement. Its degeneration ultimately results in complete loss of joint function in the late stages of osteoarthritis. Intrinsic repair is compromised, and cartilage tissue regeneration is difficult. However, new options are available to repair cartilage tissue by applying ESCs, MSCs and CPCs. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors shed light on the different concepts currently under investigation for cartilage repair. EXPERT OPINION So far, there is no way to derive a chondrogenic lineage from stem cells that forms functional hyaline cartilage tissue in vivo. One alternative might be to enhance the chondrogenic potential of repair cells, which are already present in diseased cartilage tissue. CPCs found in diseased cartilage tissue in situ are biologically driven toward the osteochondrogenic lineage and can be directed toward chondrogenesis at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Muhammad
- Georg August University, Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Goettingen, Germany
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493
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Li G, Han N, Li Z, Lu Q. Identification of transcription regulatory relationships in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:609-15. [PMID: 23296645 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-012-2143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognized as the most crippling or disabling type of arthritis, and osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis. These diseases severely reduce the quality of life, and cause high socioeconomic burdens. However, the molecular mechanisms of RA and OA development remain elusive despite intensive research efforts. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential transcription regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and differentially co-expressed genes (DCGs) in RA and OA, respectively. We downloaded the gene expression profiles of RA and OA from the Gene Expression Omnibus and analyzed the gene expression using computational methods. We identified a set of 4,076 DCGs in pairwise comparisons between RA and OA patients, RA and normal donors (NDs), or OA and ND. After regulatory network construction and regulatory impact factor analysis, we found that EGR1, NFE2L1, and NFYA were crucial TFs in the regulatory network of RA and NFYA, CBFB, CREB1, YY1 and PATZ1 were crucial TFs in the regulatory network of OA. These TFs could regulate the DCGs expression to involve RA and OA by promoting or inhibiting their expression. Altogether, our work may extend our understanding of disease mechanisms and may lead to an improved diagnosis. However, further experiments are still needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Li
- Department of Traumatology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Number 150 Jimo Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200120, China
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494
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495
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Frenette PS, Pinho S, Lucas D, Scheiermann C. Mesenchymal stem cell: keystone of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and a stepping-stone for regenerative medicine. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:285-316. [PMID: 23298209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are self-renewing precursor cells that can differentiate into bone, fat, cartilage, and stromal cells of the bone marrow. Recent studies suggest that MSCs themselves are critical for forming a niche that maintains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The ease by which human MSC-like and stromal progenitor cells can be isolated from the bone marrow and other tissues has led to the rapid development of clinical investigations exploring their anti-inflammatory properties, tissue preservation capabilities, and regenerative potential. However, the identity of genuine MSCs and their specific contributions to these various beneficial effects have remained enigmatic. In this article, we examine the definition of MSCs and discuss the importance of rigorously characterizing their stem cell activity. We review their role and that of other putative niche constituents in the regulation of bone marrow HSCs. Additionally, how MSCs and their stromal progeny alter immune function is discussed, as well as potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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496
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Park J, Koh M, Park SB. From noncovalent to covalent bonds: a paradigm shift in target protein identification. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:544-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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497
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Irie T, Oda K, Shiino A, Kubo M, Morikawa S, Urushiyama N, Aonuma S, Kimura T, Inubushi T, Oohashi T, Komatsu N. Design, synthesis, and preliminary ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of cationic magnetic resonance contrast agent for rabbit articular cartilage imaging. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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498
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499
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Wan Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: fat on and blast off by FGF21. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:546-9. [PMID: 23270727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are multipotent marrow stromal cells with the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types required for tissue regeneration including osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Thus, they hold tremendous potential as powerful therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of degenerative disorders including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The differentiation of BMMSCs into competing lineages such as osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes is regulated by various environmental cues and intrinsic signaling pathways. Here I highlight recent advances in the understanding of BMMSC function and regulation, including the interaction between BMMSCs with the hematopoietic/immune system, and the identification of novel modulators of BMMSC differentiation such as the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). These new findings will further elucidate the dynamic regulation of BMMSCs in the pathophysiological control of skeletal homeostasis, and facilitate the clinical applications of BMMSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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500
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Osteoarthritis year 2012 in review: biology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1447-50. [PMID: 22897882 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent findings in pathobiology of osteoarthritis (OA). The progress in this field will be illustrated based on three questions; 1. What factors maintain or alter the articular chondrocyte phenotype? 2. What is the role of inflammation in OA? 3. Is there a role for aging-related genes in OA? Recent findings make it more and more obvious that OA is not a single tissue disease, but that development and progression of OA is the resulted of an integrated complex of local and systemic factors that contribute to the pathobiology of this widespread disease.
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