501
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Abstract
Peptides, peptidomimetics, and peptide derivatives that self-assemble into fibrillar gels have received increasing interest as synthetic extracellular matrices for applications in 3D cell culture and regenerative medicine. Recently, several of these fibrillizing molecules have been functionalized with bioactive components and chemical features such as cell-binding ligands, degradable sequences, drug eluting compounds, and cross-linkable groups, thereby producing gels that can reliably display multiple factors simultaneously. This capacity for incorporating precise levels of many different biological and chemical factors is advantageous given the natural complexity of cell-matrix interactions that many current biomaterial strategies seek to mimic. In this review, recent efforts in the area of fibril-forming peptide materials are described, and advantages of biomaterials containing multiple modular elements are outlined. In addition, a few hurdles and open questions surrounding fibrillar peptide gels are discussed, including issues of the materials' structural heterogeneity, challenges in fully characterizing the diversity of their self-assembled structures, and incomplete knowledge of how the materials are processed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwook P. Jung
- Department of Surgery and Committee on Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45221-0048, USA
| | - Joshua Z. Gasiorowski
- Department of Surgery and Committee on Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joel H. Collier
- Department of Surgery and Committee on Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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502
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Nguyen MK, Lee DS. Oligo(amidoamine)s hydrogels with tunable gel properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3583-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c002169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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503
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504
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Xu Y, Xue P, Xu D, Zhang X, Liu X, Zhou H, Jia J, Yang X, Wang F, Lu R. Multicolor fluorescent switches in gel systems controlled by alkoxyl chain and solvent. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4289-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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505
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Liang G, Ren H, Rao J. A biocompatible condensation reaction for controlled assembly of nanostructures in living cells. Nat Chem 2009; 2:54-60. [PMID: 21124381 PMCID: PMC3196337 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Through controlled synthesis and molecular assembly, biological systems are able to organize molecules into supramolecular structures that carry out sophisticated processes. Although chemists have reported a few examples of supramolecular assembly in water, the controlled covalent synthesis of large molecules and structures in vivo has remained challenging. Here we report a condensation reaction between 1,2-aminothiol and 2-cyanobenzothiazole that occurs in vitro and in living cells under the control of either pH, disulfide reduction or enzymatic cleavage. In vitro, the size and shape of the condensation products, and the nanostructures subsequently assembled, were different in each case and could thus be controlled by tuning the structure of the monomers. Direct imaging of the products obtained in the cells revealed their locations-near the Golgi bodies under enzymatic cleavage control-demonstrating the feasibility of a controlled and localized reaction in living cells. This intracellular condensation process enabled the imaging of the proteolytic activity of furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Liang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA
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506
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Gao Y, Kuang Y, Guo ZF, Guo Z, Krauss IJ, Xu B. Enzyme-instructed molecular self-assembly confers nanofibers and a supramolecular hydrogel of taxol derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13576-7. [PMID: 19731909 DOI: 10.1021/ja904411z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
By covalently connecting taxol with a motif that is prone to self-assemble, we successfully generate the precursor (5a), the hydrogelator (5b), and hydrogel of a taxol derivative without compromising the cytotoxic activity of the taxol. This approach promises a general method to create nanofibers of therapeutic molecules that have a dual role, as both the delivery vehicle and the drug itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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507
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Wang J, Loh KP, Wang Z, Yan Y, Zhong Y, Xu QH, Ho PC. Fluorescent nanogel of arsenic sulfide nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6282-5. [PMID: 19621402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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508
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Palui G, Nanda J, Ray S, Banerjee A. Fabrication of luminescent CdS nanoparticles on short-peptide-based hydrogel nanofibers: tuning of optoelectronic properties. Chemistry 2009; 15:6902-9. [PMID: 19544511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pH-induced self-assembly of three synthetic tripeptides in water medium is used to immobilize luminescent CdS nanoparticles. These peptides form a nanofibrillar network structure upon gelation in aqueous medium at basic pH values (pH 11.0-13.0), and the fabrication of CdS nanoparticles on the gel nanofiber confers the luminescent property to these gels. Atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy clearly reveal the presence of CdS nanoparticles in a well-defined array on the gel nanofibers. This is a convenient way to make organic nanofiber-inorganic nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposite systems. The size of the CdS nanoparticles remains almost same before and after deposition on the gel nanofiber. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement of the CdS nanoparticles upon deposition on the gel nanofibers shows a significant blue shift in the emission spectrum of the nanoparticles, and there is a considerable change in the PL gap energy of the CdS nanoparticles after immobilization on different gel nanofibrils. This finding suggests that the optoelectronic properties of CdS nanoparticles can be tuned upon deposition on gel nanofibers without changing the size of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Palui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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509
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Chen Q, Zhang D, Zhang G, Zhu D. New cholesterol-based gelators with maleimide unit and the relevant Michael adducts: chemoresponsive organogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11436-11441. [PMID: 19507817 DOI: 10.1021/la9016257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Compound 1 containing cholesteryl and maleimide units can gel a few organic solvents such as cyclohexane. It is interesting to note that the gel-sol transition can be triggered by addition of trace amounts of thiol and triethylamine. In this regard, we successfully demonstrate the proof of principle for designing chemoresponsive gels by incorporating the reactive groups into the gelators. Additionally, the Michael adducts 2 and 3 were prepared. Compounds 2 and 3 can also gel several organic solvents. The results also show that slight molecular structural variation has a large effect on the gelation ability of the compound. These organogels were characterized with SEM, AFM, CD, and XRD. Interestingly, gelation-induced CD spectra were observed for gels of 1, 2, and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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510
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Xue P, Lu R, Yang X, Zhao L, Xu D, Liu Y, Zhang H, Nomoto H, Takafuji M, Ihara H. Self-Assembly of a Chiral Lipid Gelator Controlled by Solvent and Speed of Gelation. Chemistry 2009; 15:9824-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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511
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Controlling stiffness in nanostructured hydrogels produced by enzymatic dephosphorylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:660-4. [PMID: 19614571 DOI: 10.1042/bst0370660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report on enzyme-initiated self-assembly of Fmoc (fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-tyrosine hydrogels by enzymatic dephosphorylation under physiological conditions and provide evidence for the ability to control the modulus. Upon enzyme action, a self-assembling network of interconnecting fibres is formed, observed by cryo-SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). The concentration of alkaline phosphatase added to the Fmoc-tyrosine phosphate ester precursor solution had a direct effect on the gelation time, mechanical properties and molecular arrangements as determined through oscillatory rheology, fluorescence spectroscopy and CD spectroscopy. This highly tuneable cost-effective gel system may have applications in three-dimensional cell culture.
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512
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Ke D, Zhan C, Li X, Wang X, Zeng Y, Yao J. Ultrasound-induced modulations of tetrapeptide hierarchical 1-D self-assembly and underlying molecular structures via sonocrystallization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 337:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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513
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Chen J, McNeil AJ. Analyte-triggered gelation: initiating self-assembly via oxidation-induced planarization. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:16496-7. [PMID: 19049448 DOI: 10.1021/ja807651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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514
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Xu B. Gels as functional nanomaterials for biology and medicine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8375-8377. [PMID: 19453130 DOI: 10.1021/la900987r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This perspective focuses on the potential uses of gels as materials in biological and medical applications. It describes how molecular self-assembly can confer well-defined secondary structures (e.g., nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanospheres) in a liquid that initiates functions within biological systems. Some prospects for future development and the challenges for achieving them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
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515
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Wang G, Cheuk S, Yang H, Goyal N, Reddy PVN, Hopkinson B. Synthesis and characterization of monosaccharide-derived carbamates as low-molecular-weight gelators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8696-8705. [PMID: 19449815 DOI: 10.1021/la804337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-based low-molecular-weight gelators are an interesting new class of compounds that are important in supramolecular chemistry and for the preparation of advanced materials. Previously, we synthesized a series of ester and carbamate derivatives of 4,6-O-benzylidene methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and found that monosubstituted alkynyl esters with five to seven carbons and monosubstituted carbamates with saturated five- and seven-carbon chains are good gelators. To understand the structural requirement for the gelation of the carbamate derivatives (O-linked carbamates), a diverse series of analogs, including alkynyl, aryl, and alkyl halide derivatives, were prepared and analyzed. We found that for gelation the O-linked carbamate derivatives have different structural preferences than the ester derivatives. To exhibit gellation, the ester analogs favor alkyl-containing terminal acetylene groups and the carbamoyl derivatives prefer saturated hydrocarbons. Both the esters and the carbamates showed good gelation properties when they were functionalized with aryl side chains. We also synthesized and screened a new series of carbamates (N-linked carbamates) in which the nitrogen atom of the carbamate group is directly attached to the sugar ring. The N-linked carbamates are good gelators for aqueous DMSO and ethanol solutions, and two of the compounds are also able to form gels in pure water. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize several representative gels. In general, long, narrow, uniform fibrous networks were observed for effective gelators. The structure-gelation correlation obtained here can be used in the design of new sugar-based low-molecular-weight gelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
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516
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Duan P, Liu M. Design and self-assembly of L-glutamate-based aromatic dendrons as ambidextrous gelators of water and organic solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8706-8713. [PMID: 20050047 DOI: 10.1021/la8043335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of L-glutamate-based dendrons containing aromatic cores ranging from phenyl to naphthyl to anthryl were synthesized, and their self-assembly in organic solvents as well as in water was investigated. It was found that all of these dendrons formed organogels with hexane and simultaneously formed the hydrogels with water, thus exhibiting ambidextrous properties. Nanofiber structures are essentially formed in organogels and hydrogels, and some nanostrips are formed in some of the hydrogels. During gel formation, both hydrogen bonds between the amide groups and the pi-pi stacking between the aromatic rings played a predominant role in forming the ID nanostructures. Both the hydrogels and the organogels containing naphthyl and anthryl groups showed fluorescence emission. In comparison with the corresponding compounds in solution, the naphthyl-containing dendrons showed a strong enhancement of fluorescence in the gel. In the case of anthryl-containing dendrons, fluorescence enhancement was observed for the derivative with anthryl substituted at the 9 position, whereas a decrease was observed for the gels of the 2-substituted derivative. Although the chirality of L-glutamate could not be transferred to the aromatic chromophores in solution, it was transferred to the chromophores in gels as a result of the self-assembly and strong pi-pi interaction of the gelators. On the basis of the properties of the organogels and hydrogels, a thermally driven chiroptical switch was proposed. That is, the chirality disappeared when the gel was heated to solution, whereas it returned when cooled to a gel. The process can be repeated many times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, Institute of Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, PR China
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517
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Wang J, Loh K, Wang Z, Yan Y, Zhong Y, Xu QH, Ho P. Fluorescent Nanogel of Arsenic Sulfide Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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518
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Todd SJ, Scurr DJ, Gough JE, Alexander MR, Ulijn RV. Enzyme-activated RGD ligands on functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) monolayers: surface analysis and cellular response. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7533-9. [PMID: 19405478 DOI: 10.1021/la900376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, stepwise synthesis, and surface analysis of enzyme-responsive surfaces that present cell adhesive RGD sequences on-demand, that is, by enzymatic hydrolysis of inactive RGD containing precursors that carry cleavable steric blocking groups. These surfaces, incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) monolayers coupled via epoxy silanes to glass, are functionalized via stepwise solid phase synthesis, presenting a versatile and straightforward approach to preparation of peptide surfaces. Successive amino acid coupling and deprotection steps using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry are verified using surface analysis with time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Exposure of surfaces to elastase results in activation of cell binding ligands as demonstrated using osteoblast cells. These surfaces may have applications in spatiotemporally controlled attachment of cells as relevant for three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds and cell-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Todd
- School of Materials, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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519
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Masuda M, Sumitomo K, Minamikawa H, Kameta N, Yamaguchi Y, Shimizu T. Gel–Flocculation Transition of a Supramolecular Hydrogel Induced by Depletion Effect of Polymers. CHEM LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2009.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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520
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Ge J, Lu D, Wang J, Liu Z. Lipase Nanogel Catalyzed Transesterification in Anhydrous Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1612-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900205r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
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521
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Qiu Z, Yu H, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Spiropyran-linked dipeptide forms supramolecular hydrogel with dual responses to light and to ligand-receptor interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3342-4. [PMID: 19503864 DOI: 10.1039/b822840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integration of photo-sensitive spiropyran with dipeptide d-Ala-d-Ala in one small molecule resulted in a hydrogelator which can form supramolecular hydrogel with responses not only to light but to ligand-receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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522
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Kitagishi H, Kakikura Y, Yamaguchi H, Oohora K, Harada A, Hayashi T. Self-assembly of one- and two-dimensional hemoprotein systems by polymerization through heme-heme pocket interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1271-4. [PMID: 19053119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular protein polymers: When a heme moiety was introduced to the surface of an apo-cytochrome b(562)(H63C) mutant, supramolecular polymers formed through noncovalent heme-heme pocket interactions. The incorporation of a heme triad as a pivot molecule in the protein polymer further led to a two-dimensional protein network structure, which was visualized by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (see picture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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523
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Wang Q, Li L, Xu B. Bioinspired Supramolecular Confinement of Luminol and Heme Proteins to Enhance the Chemiluminescent Quantum Yield. Chemistry 2009; 15:3168-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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524
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Wang J, Wang Z, Gao J, Wang L, Yang Z, Kong D, Yang Z. Incorporation of supramolecular hydrogels into agarose hydrogels—a potential drug delivery carrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b913158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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525
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Jiang T, Liu R, Huang X, Feng H, Teo W, Xing B. Colorimetric screening of bacterial enzyme activity and inhibition based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1972-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b818853j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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526
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Xie Z, Zhang A, Ye L, Wang X, Feng ZG. Shear-assisted hydrogels based on self-assembly of cyclic dipeptide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b912020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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527
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528
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Self-assembled prodrugs: An enzymatically triggered drug-delivery platform. Biomaterials 2009; 30:383-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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529
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Cheuk S, Stevens ED, Wang G. Synthesis and structural analysis of a series of D-glucose derivatives as low molecular weight gelators. Carbohydr Res 2008; 344:417-25. [PMID: 19154993 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight gelators are an interesting new type of compounds that are important in supramolecular chemistry and advanced materials. Previously, we had synthesized several acyl derivatives of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and found that a number of terminal acetylene-containing esters are good gelators. To understand the structure requirement of the acyl chains, we synthesized a series of analogs containing different functional groups including aryl, alkenyl, and halogen derivatives. X-ray crystal structures of a monoester and a diester derivative were also obtained to help understand the relationship between structure and gelation. For good gelation properties, the carboxyl derivatives should possess alkyl groups containing a terminal acetylene group and aryl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Cheuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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530
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Kitagishi H, Kakikura Y, Yamaguchi H, Oohora K, Harada A, Hayashi T. Self-Assembly of One- and Two-Dimensional Hemoprotein Systems by Polymerization through Heme-Heme Pocket Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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531
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In situ gel forming stereocomplex composed of four-arm PEG-PDLA and PEG-PLLA block copolymers. Macromol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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532
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Wang Q, Yang Z, Ma M, Chang CK, Xu B. High catalytic activities of artificial peroxidases based on supramolecular hydrogels that contain heme models. Chemistry 2008; 14:5073-8. [PMID: 18399529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200702010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Composed of a supramolecular hydrogel and a heme model compound, a new type of artificial peroxidase shows high catalytic activity in organic media. The activity of this new type of artificial enzyme is significantly higher than that of the heme model compounds alone. Changes in the distal substituents above the coordinated-metal centers of the model compounds directly modulate catalytic activity. This supramolecular-hydrogel-based artificial enzyme is most active in toluene, reaching about 90% of the nascent activity of horseradish peroxidase. Moreover, this study confirms that the incorporation of the heme models into the nanofibers of gelators accounts for most of the enhancement of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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533
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Li Y, Liu M. Fabrication of chiral silver nanoparticles and chiral nanoparticulate film via organogel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5571-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b812567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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