501
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Abstract
We have designed and synthesized two photochromic compounds incorporating fused indoline and benzooxazine fragments. Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that their central [1,3]oxazine ring opens thermally with free energy barriers ranging from 14 to 19 kcal mol(-1). The ring-opened species reverts rapidly to the original isomer and can only be detected after chemical trapping. Specifically, the nucleophilic attack of a hydroxide anion to the indolium cation of the ring-opened species prevents re-isomerization. Laser excitation of both compounds induces the opening of the [1,3]oxazine ring in less than 6 ns with quantum yields up to 0.1. The photoinduced ring opening generates a 4-nitrophenolate chromophore, which absorbs strongly at 440 nm. The photogenerated species reverts to the original form with a lifetime of 22 ns for both compounds. Thus, these transformations can be exploited to interconvert the two isomers of each species with nanosecond switching speeds. Furthermore, thousands of switching cycles can be repeated consecutively without any sign of degradation, even in the presence of molecular oxygen. These processes can be reproduced efficiently in poly(methyl methacrylate) matrixes. Under these conditions, the thermal re-isomerization occurs with biexponential kinetics in submillisecond time scales. In principle, the fast isomerization kinetics and excellent fatigue resistance of both compounds offer the opportunity to modulate rapidly and efficiently a variety of molecular and macroscopic properties. Thus, our molecular design can evolve into the realization of a new family of photochromic compounds and materials with promising photoresponsive character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tomasulo
- Center for Supramolecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Florida, 33146-0431, USA
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502
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Otsuki J, Suwa K, Narutaki K, Sinha C, Yoshikawa I, Araki K. Photochromism of 2-(Phenylazo)imidazoles. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8064-9. [PMID: 16834190 DOI: 10.1021/jp0531917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The isomerization behaviors of 2-(phenylazo)imidazole (Pai-H) and 1-N-methyl-2-(phenylazo)imidazole (Pai-Me) have been investigated. The crystal structure of trans-Pai-Me was determined, revealing that key structures around the azo group are nearly identical among azobenzene, Pai-H, and Pai-Me. Pai-Me undergoes reversible cis/trans photoisomerization, whereas Pai-H responds poorly to irradiation. The quantum yields of trans-to-cis isomerization of Pai-Me on 454 and 355 nm excitation are 0.35 +/- 0.03 and 0.25 +/- 0.03, respectively, in toluene. The wavelength-dependent isomerization quantum yield is well-known for azobenzene, but these values are substantially higher than those of azobenzene. The activation energy of thermal cis-to-trans isomerization of Pai-Me in toluene is 79.0 +/- 3.5 kJ mol(-1), which is lower than that of azobenzene by 15 kJ mol(-1). The thermal cis-to-trans isomerization of Pai-H is even faster. Density functional theory calculations were performed, revealing that the energy gaps between the azo n-orbital and the highest pi-orbital of azoimidazoles are much narrower than that of azobenzene. Finally, a preliminary study suggested that metal ions can modulate the absorption spectrum of Pai-Me without a loss of the gross photochromic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Otsuki
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan. otsuki@ chem.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp
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503
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Barja BC, Chesta C, Atvars TDZ, Aramendía PF. Relaxations in Poly(vinyl alcohol) and in Poly(vinyl acetate) Detected by Fluorescence Emission of 4-Aminophthalimide and Prodan. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16180-7. [PMID: 16853056 DOI: 10.1021/jp050844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) of the medium-sensitive probes 4-aminophthalimide (4-AP) and 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Prodan) were performed at 77 and 298 K in vacuum-sealed thin films of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc). The two probes show similar red-edge effect in steady state emission and a red shift with time in TRES in PVA. In PVAc the red shifts are much smaller and the spectral shift for 4-AP is slower. 4-AP locates in highly polar environments in PVA, where H-bond interaction with the polymer is important. Prodan locates in less polar environments, as evidenced by the position of the emission maximum with respect to reference solvents. Consequently, the observed monoexponential spectral red shift with time of 4-AP in PVA and in PVAc is attributed to relaxation of the interaction of the probe with the hydroxy and acetate moieties, respectively. The more intense interaction of the lighter -OH moiety with the probes explains the greater and faster spectral shift observed in PVA compared to PVAc. The lifetime of this monoexponential spectral shift is independent of temperature in PVA and takes place with a highly negative activation entropy. This fact is attributed to a collective rearrangement of -OH groups to better interact with the excited state. This relaxation nevertheless does not account for the complete accommodation of the excited state. Prodan shows a linear variation of the spectral shift with time that can be explained by microheterogeneity. In PVA, the width at half-maximum of the emission spectra does not change with time for Prodan and it decays with a lifetime similar to the lifetime of the spectral shift in the case of 4-AP. The differences in the behavior of the probes are attributed to their different average location in the polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Barja
- INQUIMAE, Department Química Inorganica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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504
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505
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Borisenko V, Woolley GA. Reversibility of conformational switching in light-sensitive peptides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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506
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Asano Y, Murakami A, Kobayashi T, Goldberg A, Guillaumont D, Yabushita S, Irie M, Nakamura S. Theoretical study on the photochromic cycloreversion reactions of dithienylethenes; on the role of the conical intersections. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:12112-20. [PMID: 15382947 DOI: 10.1021/ja035035o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the photochromic cycloreversion reactions is theoretically examined in a model system of dithienylethenes by means of the CASSCF and CASPT2 methods. The structures of its conical intersections (CIs), which are the branching points of the internal conversions, were obtained. The analyses of the minimum energy paths from the Franck-Condon states and the CI points suggest that the cycloreversion reaction occurs during the intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) toward the quasi-equilibrium on the 2A state. The current study of the model system will provide a basic insight for the photochromic molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Asano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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507
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Jeliazkova BG, Minkovska S, Deligeorgiev T. Effect of complexation on the photochromism of 5′-(benzothiazol-2-yl)spiroindolinonaphthooxazines in polar solvents. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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508
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Tomizaki KY, Jie X, Mihara H. A chromism-based assay (CHROBA) technique for in situ detection of protein kinase activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1731-5. [PMID: 15745830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A unique chromism-based assay technique (CHROBA) using photochromic spiropyran-containing peptides has been firstly established for detection of protein kinase A-catalyzed phosphorylation. The alternative method has advantages that avoid isolation and/or immobilization of kinase substrates to remove excess reagents including nonreactive isotope-labeled ATP or fluorescently-labeled anti-phosphoamino acid antibodies from the reaction mixture. Such a novel protocol based on thermocoloration of the spiropyran moiety in the peptide can offer not only an efficient screening method of potent kinase substrates but also a versatile analytical tool for monitoring other post-translational modification activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ya Tomizaki
- Department of Bioengineering and the COE21 Program, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-40, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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509
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Lu YC, Diau EWG, Rau H. Femtosecond Fluorescence Dynamics of Rotation-Restricted Azobenzenophanes: New Evidence on the Mechanism of trans → cis Photoisomerization of Azobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:2090-9. [PMID: 16838979 DOI: 10.1021/jp044934b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast relaxation dynamics of two rotation-restricted (azobenzeno-2S-phane and azobenzeno-4S-phane) and one rotation-free (4,4'-dimethylazobenzene) azobenzene derivatives were investigated using femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion on both S(1)(n,pi) and S(2)(pi,pi) excitations. On S(2) excitation, pulse-limited kinetics with a decay coefficient of approximately 100 fs corresponding to ultrafast S(2) --> S(1) relaxation is found to be common for all molecules under investigation regardless of the molecular structure. This indicates that a direct rotational relaxation on the S(2) surface is unfavorable. On S(1) excitation, we observed biphasic fluorescence decay with a femtosecond component attributed to the decay of the Franck-Condon state prepared by excitation and a picosecond component attributed to the deactivation of the relaxed molecule on the S(1) surface. This picosecond component is slowed by at least a factor of 2 for the rotation-restricted 2S-bridged molecule compared to that of the rotation-free molecule; for the even stronger rotation-restricted azobenzeno-4S-phane, the decrease is by a factor of 10. These differences in deactivation suggest that the relaxed states and probably the trajectories for rotation-free and rotation-restricted molecules are different on the S(1) surface, which should be important for the quantum yield of photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chih Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, and Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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510
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Kado S, Yamada K, Murakami T, Kimura K. Photoswitching of Single Association Force between a Pair of Photoionizable Spirobenzopyrans. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3026-30. [PMID: 15740140 DOI: 10.1021/ja0443474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the single intermolecular force of a typical photoionizable molecule, spirobenzopyran, by means of atomic force microscopy, which has proven to be useful in measuring directly single molecular forces. The spirobenzopyran moiety was immobilized covalently on both Au-coated probe tips and substrates by use of a self-assembled monolayer of a hexanethiol derivative incorporating a terminal spirobenzopyran moiety, 1'-(6'-mercaptohexyl)-3',3'-dimethylindolino-6-nitrospiro-(2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline). Force curve measurements were carried out using the spirobenzopyran-modified probe tip and substrate under dark conditions and in situ UV light irradiation. The adhesion force observed in a polar solvent (i.e., ethanol) was increased substantially under in situ UV light irradiation, which caused photoisomerization of the spirobenzopyran moiety bound to both tip and substrate from its electrically neutral spiropyran form to the corresponding zwitterionic merocyanine one. Statistical analyses of the observed force by autocorrelation technique have revealed that the photoionization enhanced by UV light caused a remarkable increase in the single intermolecular force of the photochromic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Kado
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Sakae-dani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
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511
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Gartner CA, Wen B, Wan J, Becker RS, Jones G, Gygi SP, Nelson SD. Photochromic Agents as Tools for Protein Structure Study: Lapachenole Is a Photoaffinity Ligand of Cytochrome P450 3A4. Biochemistry 2005; 44:1846-55. [PMID: 15697210 DOI: 10.1021/bi049231z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 is a drug-metabolizing enzyme of extraordinarily broad substrate specificity. This quality imparts upon the enzyme special importance in understanding its determinants of activity and substrate recognition. Limited successes in P450 3A4 active-site structure studies have been achieved by use of mechanism-based inactivators and photoaffinity ligands. We report here the potential of photochromic agents, compounds with the ability to undergo light-induced, reversible reactions, to be used as effective photoaffinity ligands. Four such compounds of the chromene family were shown by ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy to undergo photoinduced rearrangements to highly conjugated and reactive products in buffered aqueous solution. While some of these intermediates were very long-lived (>12 h, photoactivated lapachenole), others existed for milliseconds in their opened forms (precocene I and 2,2-dimethyl-5,6-benzo-2H-chromene) and were observed by laser flash photolysis. Each of the tricyclic structures studied rapidly underwent Michael addition reactions with the test nucleophile glutathione upon irradiation to form single conjugated products. The smaller precocene I reacted more extensively to form multiple products. These attributes of the chromenes inspired testing of their potential to label cytochrome P450 3A4 in a light-dependent fashion. Access to the protein active site by lapachenole was demonstrated with the molecule's ability to competitively inhibit P450 3A4-mediated oxidative metabolism of midazolam with an IC(50) value of 71 microM. This inhibition became irreversible upon irradiation of the enzyme-ligand complex with ultraviolet light. These results clearly demonstrate that chromenes are effective photoaffinity reagents for the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes and probably other proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gartner
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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512
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Computation of Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(05)80023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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513
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Worth GA, Bearpark MJ, Robb MA. Semiclassical Nonadiabatic Trajectory Computations In Photochemistry: Is The Reaction Path Enough To Understand A Photochemical Reaction Mechanism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(05)80022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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514
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Tomizaki KY, Mihara H. A novel fluorescence sensing system using a photochromism-based assay (P-CHROBA) technique for the detection of target proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b501877n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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515
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Patel DG, Benedict JB, Kopelman RA, Frank NL. Photochromism of a spirooxazine in the single crystalline phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:2208-10. [PMID: 15856098 DOI: 10.1039/b417026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The single crystals of a closed form spirooxazine spiro[azahomoadamantane-isoquinolinoxazine] were found for the first time to undergo photocoloration processes consistent with photochromism in the single crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G Patel
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 3065, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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516
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Zhao J, Micheau JC, Vargas C, Schiene-Fischer C. cis/trans Photoisomerization of Secondary Thiopeptide Bonds. Chemistry 2004; 10:6093-101. [PMID: 15515071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The reversible cis/trans photoisomerization of secondary thiopeptide bonds has been systematically studied with UV-visible absorption, capillary electrophoresis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and circular dichroism methods. It was found that the concentration of the cis conformers could be increased from less than 1 % in the thermal equilibrated solution to up to 20 % in the photostationary state. The rotational barriers of the thiopeptide bond and the pH dependence of the isomerization rates were also studied. The quantum yields of the trans-->cis and the cis-->trans processes were determined from photokinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Zhao
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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517
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Berthet J, Micheau JC, Metelitsa A, Vermeersch G, Delbaere S. Multistep Thermal Relaxation of Photoisomers in Polyphotochromic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046864e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Berthet
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 8009, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 8009, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Anatoli Metelitsa
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 8009, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Gaston Vermeersch
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 8009, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Delbaere
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR CNRS 8009, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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518
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Murakami M, Miyasaka H, Okada T, Kobatake S, Irie M. Dynamics and Mechanisms of the Multiphoton Gated Photochromic Reaction of Diarylethene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:14764-72. [PMID: 15535701 DOI: 10.1021/ja049177+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cycloreversion (ring-opening) process of one of the photochromic diarylethene derivatives, bis(2-methyl-5-phenylthiophen-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene, was investigated by means of picosecond and femtosecond laser photolysis methods. The drastic enhancement of the reaction yield was observed only by the picosecond laser exposure. The excitation intensity effect of the reaction profiles revealed that the successive multiphoton absorption process leading to higher excited states opened the efficient cycloreversion process with a reaction yield of (50 +/- 10)%, while the one-photon absorption directly pumped to a higher excited state did not lead to the efficient cycloreversion reaction. These results indicate that not the energy of the excitation but the character of the electronic state takes an important role in the enhancement of the cycloreversion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Murakami
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Research Center of Materials Science at Extreme Conditions, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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519
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Sheng Y, Leszczynski J, Garcia AA, Rosario R, Gust D, Springer J. Comprehensive Theoretical Study of the Conversion Reactions of Spiropyrans: Substituent and Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0488867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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520
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Chang KJ, An YJ, Uh H, Jeong KS. Reversible Control of Assembly and Disassembly of Interlocked Supermolecules. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6556-63. [PMID: 15387577 DOI: 10.1021/jo0490548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of interlocked supramolecular complexes that display stimulus-responsive assembly and disassembly have been described. One is a pseudorotaxane driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions between rings 2a and 2b and rods 1a and 1b. The rods contain a binding site for the ring as well as a stimulus-responsive diazo group, both of which are conformationally constrained in parallel by connecting them to a rigid xanthene skeleton. The trans isomer of 1a bearing a rigid binding site cannot form the pseudorotaxanes with the rings 2a and 2b because the neighboring diazophenyl group sterically shields the binding site. However, when trans-1a was converted to the corresponding cis-1a by UV light, the pseudorotaxanes are immediately formed with association constants of 70 +/- 10 M(-1) and (1.1 +/- 0.1) x 10(3) M(-1) for 2a and 2b, respectively, in CDCl3 at 24 +/- 1 degrees C. The pseudorotaxanes are completely disassembled into their molecular component when heated at 80-85 degrees C for 20 min. The assembly and disassembly processes can be reversibly cycled by repeating irradiation and heating alternatively. In the case of the rod 1b that possesses a flexible binding site, both cis and trans isomers can form the corresponding pseudorotaxanes with association constants of (2.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(2) M(-1) for 2a and trans-1b and of (7.4 +/- 0.5) x 10(2) M(-1) for 2a and cis-1b in CDCl3 at 24 +/- 1 degrees C. In this system, therefore, external stimuli can modulate the relative distribution of the pseudorotaxane and its components. Finally, the work was extended to the construction of a kinetically more stable molecular machine based on a rotaxane-like complex 10.11 between a metallocycle 11 and a dumbbell 10. In this system, the complex and its components showed separate sets of the signals, not the averaged, in 1H NMR spectroscopy as expected by the increased kinetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Chang
- Center for Bioactive Molecular Hybrids and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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521
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Chang CW, Lu YC, Wang TT, Diau EWG. Photoisomerization Dynamics of Azobenzene in Solution with S1 Excitation: A Femtosecond Fluorescence Anisotropy Study. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10109-18. [PMID: 15303887 DOI: 10.1021/ja049215p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of anisotropy of femtosecond fluorescence after direct excitation of the S1(n,pi*) state of azobenzene in hexane and ethylene glycol solutions have been carried out to address the controversy about inversion and rotation in the mechanism of photoisomerization. The observed anisotropies in hexane decay to a nonzero asymptotic level with a relaxation period the same as that for slow decay of the corresponding biexponential transient; this effect is attributed to involvement of the out-of-plane CNNC-torsional motion on approach to a twisted conical intersection along the "rotation channel" that depolarizes the original in-plane transition moment. In contrast, when the rotational channel becomes substantially hindered in ethylene glycol, the anisotropies show no discernible decay feature, but the corresponding transients show prominent decays attributed to involvement of in-plane symmetric motions; the latter approach a planar-sloped conical intersection along a "concerted inversion channel" for efficient internal conversion through vibronic coupling. The proposed mechanism is consistent with theoretical calculations and rationalizes both results on quantum yields and ultrafast observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30050
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522
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De Waele V, Beutter M, Schmidhammer U, Riedle E, Daub J. Switching dynamics of the photochromic 1,1-dicyano-2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,8a-dihydroazulene probed by sub-30 fs spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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523
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Buntinx G, Foley S, Lefumeux C, Lokshin V, Poizat O, Samat A. Evidence for a photophysical deactivation pathway competing with the photochromic transformation in a cyano-substituted spironaphthoxazine. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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524
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stolow
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6 Canada.
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525
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Minkin VI. Photo-, Thermo-, Solvato-, and Electrochromic Spiroheterocyclic Compounds. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2751-76. [PMID: 15137806 DOI: 10.1021/cr020088u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Minkin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Rostov State University, 194/2 Stachka Avenue, 344090 Rostov on Don, Russian Federation.
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526
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Minkovska S, Jeliazkova B, Borisova E, Avramov L, Deligeorgiev T. Substituent and solvent effect on the photochromic properties of a series of spiroindolinonaphthooxazines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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527
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazzak Douhal
- Departamento de Química Física, Sección de Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, S.N. 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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528
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Nishihara H. Multi-Mode Molecular Switching Properties and Functions of Azo-Conjugated Metal Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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529
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Kopelman RA, Snyder SM, Frank NL. Tunable photochromism of spirooxazines via metal coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 125:13684-5. [PMID: 14599206 DOI: 10.1021/ja036306y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Through the incorporation of a phenanthroline ligand into the oxazine moiety of photochromic spirooxazines, a series of photochromic spirooxazine-phenanthroline metal complexes have been synthesized, resulting in tunable and significantly increased photoresponsivities. Such systems are of interest for the investigation of multifunctional photochromic materials. These novel metal complexes retain their photochromic activity in the complexed state, leading to ligand binding in both the spirooxazine and the photomerocyanine forms during the photoconversion. A significant stabilization of the photomerocyanine form results from metal complexation, as indicated by the shift in thermal equilibrium values (KT = 0.06) upon metal complexation (KT = 0.6-1.2). Photoconversion occurs with first-order kinetics, suggesting the absence of an intermediate state. A third photostationary state is observed in these systems induced by visible irradiation of the thermal equilibrium state, leading to a three-state system. This new class of compounds provides the opportunity to investigate the synergy between changes in electronic structure associated with photoisomerization, and metal-centered functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni A Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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530
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Wei-Guang Diau E. A New Trans-to-Cis Photoisomerization Mechanism of Azobenzene on the S1(n,π*) Surface. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wei-Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30050, Republic of China
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531
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Gentili PL, Costantino U, Vivani R, Latterini L, Nocchetti M, Aloisi GG. Preparation and characterization of zirconium phosphonate–azobenzene intercalation compounds. A structural, photophysical and photochemical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b313828c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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532
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Sheng Y, Leszczynski J. Theoretical Study of the Substituent and Solvent Effects on the Molecular Structures, Absorption and Emission Spectra of Open-Form Spiropyrans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effects of substituents and solvents on the molecular structures, excitation energies and emission energies of a series of donor-acceptor substituted spiropyrans were investigated using the density functional methods. Different donor-acceptor pairs lead to alternations of the molecular structures. A relationship between the strengths of donor-acceptor pairs and the structural parameter BLA (bond length alternation) was examined and discussed. The impact on geometrical parameters induced by the solvents is more significant than that caused by the substituents, as indicated by the larger BLA changes. The substituent and solvent effects on the UV absorption and emission spectra of open-form spiropyrans were studied by the TD-DFT method. The absorption maxima of open-form spiropyrans are expected to red shift, and the emission are expected to blue shift as the strengths of donor-acceptor pairs and the polarities of solvents increase. A simple model was adopted to mimic the substituent and solvent effects, in the framework of AM1, employing Sparkles to create an external electric field on the open-form spiropyran, in order to induce a systematical polarization of the molecular equilibrium geometry and the electronic configuration.
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533
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Such G, Evans RA, Yee LH, Davis TP. Factors Influencing Photochromism of Spiro-Compounds Within Polymeric Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-120025978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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534
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Boggio-Pasqua M, Ravaglia M, Bearpark MJ, Garavelli M, Robb MA. Can Diarylethene Photochromism Be Explained by a Reaction Path Alone? A CASSCF Study with Model MMVB Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Department of Chemistry, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K., and Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Ravaglia
- Department of Chemistry, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K., and Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael J. Bearpark
- Department of Chemistry, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K., and Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Department of Chemistry, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K., and Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael A. Robb
- Department of Chemistry, King's College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, U.K., and Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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535
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Quantum-controlled color: chirp- and polarization-sensitive two-photon photochromism of spiropyrans in the solid phase. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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536
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Hur Y, Lee M, Jin SH, Gal YS, Kim JH, Kim SH, Koh K. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopic comparison of spiroxazine monolayer and polymeric thin film. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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537
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Yutaka T, Mori I, Kurihara M, Tamai N, Nishihara H. Photochemical Behavior of Azobenzene-Conjugated CoII, CoIII, and FeII Bis(terpyridine) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6306-13. [PMID: 14514306 DOI: 10.1021/ic0260466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-conjugated mononuclear and dinuclear terpyridyl complexes of Co(II), Co(III), and Fe(II) were synthesized, and their photoisomerization behavior was investigated. Co(II) and Co(III) complexes, [tpyCo(tpy-AB)]X(n) and [(Cotpy)(2)(tpy-AB-tpy)]X(n) (tpy-AB = C(15)N(3)H(10)-C(6)H(4)-N=NC(6)H(5), tpy-AB-tpy = C(15)N(3)H(10)-C(6)H(4)-N=NC(6)H(4)-C(15)N(3)H(10), X = PF(6) or BPh(4)), exhibit trans-to-cis photoisomerization by irradiation at 366 nm, and this behavior is dependent on solvents and counterions. For the Co(II) complexes, BPh(4) salts undergo cis-to-trans isomerization in propylene carbonate by both photoirradiation with visible light (435 nm) and heat, indicating that reversible trans-cis isomerization has occurred. [Co(tpy-AB)(2)](BPh(4))(2) shows a two-step trans-to-cis isomerization process. The trans-cis isomerization behavior of Co(III) complexes was observed only in the solvents with a low donor number such as 1,2-dichloroethane. Fe(II) complexes, [tpyFe(tpy-AB)]X(n) (X = PF(6) or BPh(4)), exhibit slight trans-to-cis photoisomerization due to the energy transfer from the azobenzene moiety to Fe(tpy)(2) moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomona Yutaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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538
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Schultz T, Quenneville J, Levine B, Toniolo A, Martínez TJ, Lochbrunner S, Schmitt M, Shaffer JP, Zgierski MZ, Stolow A. Mechanism and dynamics of azobenzene photoisomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:8098-9. [PMID: 12837068 DOI: 10.1021/ja021363x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The excited-state dynamics of trans-azobenzene were investigated by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics. Two near-degenerate pipi* excited states, S2 and S3,4, were identified in a region hitherto associated with only one excited state. These results help to explain contradictory reports about the photoisomerization mechanism and the wavelength dependence of the quantum yield. A new model for the isomerization mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schultz
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 0R6
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539
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Dugave C, Demange L. Cis-trans isomerization of organic molecules and biomolecules: implications and applications. Chem Rev 2003; 103:2475-532. [PMID: 12848578 DOI: 10.1021/cr0104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dugave
- CEA/Saclay, Département d'Ingénierie et d'Etudes des Protéines (DIEP), Bâtiment 152, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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540
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Akai N, Kudoh S, Nakata M. Experimental and theoretical study of a new C10N8 compound. Reversible photoisomerization between 2,3,6,7-tetracyano-1,4,5,8-tetraazanapthalene and 4,5,9,10-tetracyano-1,3,6,8-tetraazacyclodeca-1,2,4,6,7,9-hexaene in low-temperature rare-gas matrices. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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541
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Shim S, Joo T, Bae SC, Kim KS, Kim E. Ring Opening Dynamics of a Photochromic Diarylethene Derivative in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027837w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon 305-600, Korea
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542
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Satzger H, Spörlein S, Root C, Wachtveitl J, Zinth W, Gilch P. Fluorescence spectra of trans- and cis-azobenzene – emission from the Franck–Condon state. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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543
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Nihei M, Kurihara M, Mizutani J, Nishihara H. Synthesis of azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes and their photo- and proton-responsive isomerization reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2964-73. [PMID: 12617664 DOI: 10.1021/ja028080p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic method of azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes was developed, and new complexes with various central metals and substituent groups were synthesized. Molecular structures of the azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) with diphenylphosphinoethane as a co-ligand were determined by X-ray crystallography. While the energy of the reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization is considerably lower than that of azobenzene, the thermal stability of the cis form is much higher than that of the organic azobenzene derivatives showing similar low-energy trans-to-cis photoisomerization. A novel proton response of the azo group occurs, and the combination of photoisomerization and protonation leads to a novel proton-catalyzed cis-to-trans isomerization, the rate of which correlates with the redox potential of the metalladithiolene moiety. The study including other azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes has indicated that the protonation is a common feature for the azo-conjugated metalladithiolenes, but trans-to-cis photoisomerization is strongly dependent on the electronic structure of the trans form or a steric effect in the cis form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nihei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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544
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Rini M, Holm AK, Nibbering ETJ, Fidder H. Ultrafast UV-mid-IR investigation of the ring opening reaction of a photochromic spiropyran. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3028-34. [PMID: 12617669 DOI: 10.1021/ja028262j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a femtosecond UV-mid-IR pump-probe study of the photochemical ring-opening reaction of the spiropyran 1',3',3',-trimethylspiro-[-2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline] (also known as BIPS) in tetrachloroethene, using 70 fs UV excitation pulses and probing with 100 fs mid-IR pulses. The time evolution of the transient IR absorption spectrum was monitored over the first 100 ps after UV excitation. We conclude that the merocyanine product is formed with a 28 ps time constant, contrasting with a 0.9 ps time constant obtained in previous investigations where the rise of absorption bands at visible wavelengths were associated with product formation. We deduce from the observed strong recovery of the spiropyran IR absorption bleaches that, in tetrachloroethene, the main decay channel for the S(1) excited state of the spiropyran BIPS, is internal conversion to the spiropyran S(0) state with a quantum yield of > or = 0.9. This puts an upper limit of 0.1 to the quantum yield of the photochemical ring-opening reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rini
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max Born Strasse 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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545
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Miyasaka H, Murakami M, Okada T, Nagata Y, Itaya A, Kobatake S, Irie M. Picosecond and femtosecond laser photolysis studies of a photochromic diarylethene derivative: multiphoton gated reaction. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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546
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Raymo FM, Alvarado RJ, Giordani S, Cejas MA. Memory effects based on intermolecular photoinduced proton transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:2361-4. [PMID: 12590566 DOI: 10.1021/ja027977j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a strategy to communicate a chemical signal between two independent molecular components. One of them is a photoactive merocyanine that switches to a spiropyran, releasing a proton, when stimulated with visible light. The other is a 4,4'-pyridylpyridinium monocation that captures the released proton, producing an electroactive 4,4'-bipyridinium dication. Under the irradiation conditions employed, the photoinduced transformation requires ca. 15 min to reach a photostationary state. In the dark, the ensemble of communicating molecules reequilibrates to the original state in ca. 5 days. These processes can be monitored following the photoinduced enhancement and thermal decay, respectively, of the current for the monolectronic reduction of the 4,4'-bipyridinium dication. The pronounced difference in time scale for the current enhancement and decay steps can be exploited to implement a memory element with a bit retention time of 11 h. A bit of information can be written optically in the chemical system and it can be read electrically and nondestructively. The memory can be reset, extending its permanence in the dark beyond the bit retention time. A binary logic analysis of the signal transduction operated by the communicating molecules reveals the characteristic behavior of sequential logic operators, which are the basic components of digital memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françisco M Raymo
- Center for Supramolecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, USA.
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547
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Holland NB, Hugel T, Neuert G, Cattani-Scholz A, Renner C, Oesterhelt D, Moroder L, Seitz M, Gaub HE. Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Azobenzene Polymers: Switching Elasticity of Single Photochromic Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021139s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan B. Holland
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gregor Neuert
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna Cattani-Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Renner
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter Oesterhelt
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luis Moroder
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus Seitz
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hermann E. Gaub
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik & Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18 a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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548
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Kuciauskas D, Porsch MJ, Pakalnis S, Lott KM, Wright ME. Ultrafast Degenerate Four Wave Mixing Studies of Third-Order Nonlinearities in Conjugated Organic Polymers Containing Azo Groups and Alkynyl Linkages in the Polymer Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026908o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius Kuciauskas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006 and Chemistry & Materials Division, NAWCWD, Code 4T4220D, China Lake, California 93555
| | - Michael J. Porsch
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006 and Chemistry & Materials Division, NAWCWD, Code 4T4220D, China Lake, California 93555
| | - Saulius Pakalnis
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006 and Chemistry & Materials Division, NAWCWD, Code 4T4220D, China Lake, California 93555
| | - Kimberly M. Lott
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006 and Chemistry & Materials Division, NAWCWD, Code 4T4220D, China Lake, California 93555
| | - Michael E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006 and Chemistry & Materials Division, NAWCWD, Code 4T4220D, China Lake, California 93555
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549
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Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is emerging as a useful technique for investigating excited state dynamics in isolated polyatomic molecules. The sensitivity of photoelectron spectroscopy to both electronic configurations and vibrational dynamics makes it well suited to the study of ultrafast nonadiabatic processes. We review the conceptual interpretation of wavepacket dynamics experiments, emphasizing the role of the final state. We discuss the advantages of the molecular ionization continuum as the final state in polyatomic wavepacket experiments and show how the electronic structure of the continuum can be used to disentangle electronic from vibrational dynamics. We illustrate these methods with examples from diatomic wavepacket dynamics, internal conversion in polyenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, excited state intramolecular proton transfer, and azobenzene photoiosomerization dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stolow
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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550
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Wang J, Zhang L, Niu Y, Liang Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Lin W. Photo-induced birefringence phenomenon of a double azo polymer. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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