501
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Li Z, Song Y, Yang Y, Yang L, Huang X, Han J, Han S. Rhodamine-deoxylactam functionalized poly[styrene-alter-(maleic acid)]s as lysosome activatable probes for intraoperative detection of tumors. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20733h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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502
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Awuah SG, You Y. Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21404k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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503
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Huang R, Yan S, Zheng X, Luo F, Deng M, Fu B, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Zhou X. Development of a pH-activatable fluorescent probe and its application for visualizing cellular pH change. Analyst 2012; 137:4418-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35671f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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504
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Shinoda S, Terada K, Masaki ME, Kataoka Y, Tsukube H. Ytterbium-substituted transferrin and lactoferrin for near-infrared luminescent pH indication. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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505
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Recipe for a new imaging biomarker: carefully combine target, reagent, and technology. Kidney Int 2011; 81:129-31. [PMID: 22205431 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A careful combination of biological targeting moieties (C3 fragments), imaging reagents (a small particle of iron oxide), and appropriate technology (T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging) is the key to the successful development of an imaging agent for glomerulonephritis. This recipe applies to virtually any molecular imaging probe for the kidney and throughout the body. However, each organ and disease requires a unique combination of these three components in order to achieve success.
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506
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Yuan L, Lin W, Cao Z, Wang J, Chen B. Development of FRET-Based Dual-Excitation Ratiometric Fluorescent pH Probes and Their Photocaged Derivatives. Chemistry 2011; 18:1247-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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507
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Markiv A, Beatson R, Burchell J, Durvasula RV, Kang AS. Expression of recombinant multi-coloured fluorescent antibodies in gor -/trxB- E. coli cytoplasm. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:117. [PMID: 22129156 PMCID: PMC3280946 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-fluorophore conjugates are invaluable reagents used in contemporary molecular cell biology for imaging, cell sorting and tracking intracellular events. However they suffer in some cases from batch to batch variation, partial loss of binding and susceptibility to photo-bleaching. In theory, these issues can all be addressed by using recombinant antibody fused directly to genetically encoded fluorescent reporters. However, single-chain fragment variable domains linked by long flexible linkers are themselves prone to disassociation and aggregation, and in some cases with isoelectric points incompatible with use in physiologically relevant milieu. Here we describe a general approach that permits fully functional intracellular production of a range of coloured fluorescent recombinant antibodies with optimally orientated VH/VL interfaces and isoelectric points compatible for use in physiological solutions at pH 7.4 with a binding site to fluorophore stoichiometry of 1:1. RESULTS Here we report the design, assembly, intracellular bacterial production and purification of a panel of novel antibody fluorescent protein fusion constructs. The insertion of monomeric fluorescent protein derived from either Discosoma or Aequorea in-between the variable regions of anti-p185HER2-ECD antibody 4D5-8 resulted in optimal VH/VL interface interactions to create soluble coloured antibodies each with a single binding site, with isoelectric points of 6.5- 6. The fluorescent antibodies used in cell staining studies with SK-BR-3 cells retained the fluorophore properties and antibody specificity functions, whereas the conventional 4D5-8 single chain antibody with a (Gly4Ser)3 linker precipitated at physiological pH 7.4. CONCLUSIONS This modular monomeric recombinant fluorescent antibody platform may be used to create a range of recombinant coloured antibody molecules for quantitative in situ, in vivo and ex vivo imaging, cell sorting and cell trafficking studies. Assembling the single chain antibody with monomeric fluorescent protein linker facilitates optimal variable domain pairing and alters the isoelectric point of the recombinant 4D5-8 protein conferring solubility at physiological pH 7.4. The efficient intracellular expression of these functional molecules opens up the possibility of developing an alternative approach for tagging intracellular targets with fluorescent proteins for a range of molecular cell biology imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Markiv
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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508
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Nepomnyashchii AB, Bröring M, Ahrens J, Bard AJ. Chemical and electrochemical dimerization of BODIPY compounds: electrogenerated chemiluminescent detection of dimer formation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19498-504. [PMID: 22023308 DOI: 10.1021/ja207545t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemistry of several difluoroboradiaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) compounds lacking substituent groups in the meso (8)- and/or 3 (α)-positions was investigated. Chemical and electrochemical dimerization was demonstrated, and the dimerization depended on the character of substitution. The chemical dimerization was achieved by oxidative coupling using FeCl(3) in CH(2)Cl(2) at 0 °C. The electrochemical dimerization proceeded via anodic oxidation to the radical cation and monitored by both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). An available open 3-position was important for the formation of the dimer. The resulting 3,3'-dimer produced a second peak in the CV oxidation and also the appearance of a longer wavelength ECL peak at 656 nm, which is considerably shifted from the parent peak at 532 nm. No dimerization was seen for BODIPY molecules in which only the meso 8-position was unsubstituted, either by chemical or electrochemical means, demonstrating that dimerization occurs at position 3.
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509
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Novakova V, Miletin M, Kopecky K, Zimcik P. Red-Emitting Dyes with Photophysical and Photochemical Properties Controlled by pH. Chemistry 2011; 17:14273-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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510
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Thurber GM, Weissleder R. Quantitating antibody uptake in vivo: conditional dependence on antigen expression levels. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:623-32. [PMID: 20809210 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibodies form an important class of cancer therapeutics, and there is intense interest in using them for imaging applications in diagnosis and monitoring of cancer treatment. Despite the expanding body of knowledge describing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of antibodies in vivo, discrepancies remain over the effect of antigen expression level on tumoral uptake with some reports indicating a relationship between uptake and expression and others showing no correlation. PROCEDURES Using a cell line with high epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression and moderate epidermal growth factor receptor expression, fluorescent antibodies with similar plasma clearance were imaged in vivo. A mathematical model and mouse xenograft experiments were used to describe the effect of antigen expression on uptake of these high-affinity antibodies. RESULTS As predicted by the theoretical model, under subsaturating conditions, uptake of the antibodies in such tumors is similar because localization of both probes is limited by delivery from the vasculature. In a separate experiment, when the tumor is saturated, the uptake becomes dependent on the number of available binding sites. In addition, targeting of small micrometastases is shown to be higher than larger vascularized tumors. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the prediction that high affinity antibody uptake is dependent on antigen expression levels for saturating doses and delivery for subsaturating doses. It is imperative for any probe to understand whether quantitative uptake is a measure of biomarker expression or transport to the region of interest. The data provide support for a predictive theoretical model of antibody uptake, enabling it to be used as a starting point for the design of more efficacious therapies and timely quantitative imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Thurber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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511
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Santra S, Kaittanis C, Santiesteban OJ, Perez JM. Cell-specific, activatable, and theranostic prodrug for dual-targeted cancer imaging and therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16680-8. [PMID: 21910482 PMCID: PMC3198802 DOI: 10.1021/ja207463b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a folate-doxorubicin conjugate with activatable fluorescence and activatable cytotoxicity. In this study we discovered that the cytotoxicity and fluorescence of doxorubicin are quenched (OFF) when covalently linked with folic acid. Most importantly, when the conjugate is designed with a disulfide bond linking the targeting folate unit and the cytotoxic doxorubicin, a targeted activatable prodrug is obtained that becomes activated (ON) within the cell by glutathione-mediated dissociation and nuclear translocation, showing enhanced fluorescence and cellular toxicity. In our novel design, folic acid acted as both a targeting ligand for the folate receptor as well as a quencher for doxorubicin's fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santimukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Charalambos Kaittanis
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Oscar J Santiesteban
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - J Manuel Perez
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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512
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Nioka S, Chen Y. Optical tecnology developments in biomedicine: history, current and future. Transl Med UniSa 2011; 1:51-150. [PMID: 23905030 PMCID: PMC3728850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical optics is a rapidly emerging field for medical imaging and diagnostics. This paper reviews several biomedical optical technologies that have been developed and translated for either clinical or pre-clinical applications. Specifically, we focus on the following technologies: 1) near-infrared spectroscopy and tomography, 2) optical coherence tomography, 3) fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, and 4) optical molecular imaging. There representative biomedical applications are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nioka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA -
| | - Yu Chen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA -
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513
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Kowada T, Kikuta J, Kubo A, Ishii M, Maeda H, Mizukami S, Kikuchi K. In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Bone-Resorbing Osteoclasts. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17772-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2064582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kowada
- Laboratory of Chemical Imaging Techniques, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kubo
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maeda
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Mizukami
- Laboratory of Chemical Imaging Techniques, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Imaging Techniques, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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514
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Hoogendoorn S, Blom AEM, Willems LI, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. Synthesis of pH-activatable red fluorescent BODIPY dyes with distinct functionalities. Org Lett 2011; 13:5656-9. [PMID: 21942639 DOI: 10.1021/ol202379w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of tunable pH-dependent BODIPY dyes were synthesized and further functionalized in a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with various aldehydes. In this fashion, monofunctional dyes containing an alkyne, azide, or carboxylic acid (masked as its methyl ester) as ligation sites as well as asymmetrical bifunctional dyes were obtained, without compromising their pH-dependency. In addition, fluorescence excitation and emission maxima for these dyes were shown to be significantly red-shifted in comparison to their tetramethyl precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9052, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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515
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Alcala MA, Shade CM, Uh H, Kwan SY, Bischof M, Thompson ZP, Gogick KA, Meier AR, Strein TG, Bartlett DL, Modzelewski RA, Lee YJ, Petoud S, Brown CK. Preferential accumulation within tumors and in vivo imaging by functionalized luminescent dendrimer lanthanide complexes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9343-52. [PMID: 21925728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have created a dendrimer complex suitable for preferential accumulation within liver tumors and luminescence imaging by substituting thirty-two naphthalimide fluorophores on the surface of the dendrimer and incorporating eight europium cations within the branches. We demonstrate the utility and performance of this luminescent dendrimer complex to detect hepatic tumors generated via direct subcapsular implantation or via splenic injections of colorectal cancer cells (CC531) into WAG/RijHsd rats. Luminescence imaging of the tumors after injection of the dendrimer complex via hepatic arterial infusion revealed that the dendrimer complex can preferentially accumulate within liver tumors. Further investigation indicated that dendrimer luminescence in hepatic tumors persisted in vivo. Due to the incorporation of lanthanide cations, this luminescence agent presents a strong resistance against photobleaching. These studies show the dendrimer complex has great potential to serve as an innovative accumulation and imaging agent for the detection of metastatic tumors in our rat hepatic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alcala
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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516
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Gresser R, Hartmann H, Wrackmeyer M, Leo K, Riede M. Synthesis of thiophene-substituted aza-BODIPYs and their optical and electrochemical properties. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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517
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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518
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Boens N, Qin W, Baruah M, De Borggraeve WM, Filarowski A, Smisdom N, Ameloot M, Crovetto L, Talavera EM, Alvarez-Pez JM. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of a Visible-Light-Excitable, Ratiometric, Fluorescent Near-Neutral pH Indicator Based on BODIPY. Chemistry 2011; 17:10924-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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519
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Hirao H, Morokuma K. [Recent progress in the theoretical studies of structure, function, and reaction of biological molecules]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1151-61. [PMID: 21804318 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Essential biomolecular functions often involve electron-related events such as chemical reactions and photoluminescence phenomena. Theoretical description of such electronic processes requires the use of quantum mechanics (QM), but the number of atoms that can be handled with QM is usually smaller than the number of atoms present in a single protein. A reasonable strategy is therefore to give priority to a few tens or hundreds of atoms in the system and deal with them quantum mechanically. Lower-priority atoms influence the event occurring in the higher-priority area; therefore, their effect should also be taken into account. Under these circumstances, a reasonable approach is to apply two or more different theoretical methods to differently prioritized subsystems. QM can be combined, for example, with less accurate yet much less demanding molecular mechanics (MM). Our own N-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics (ONIOM) method allows for such hybrid calculations, and our group has been applying it to a wide range of biology-related problems. In this paper, we briefly explain the theoretical background and the procedure for the theoretical investigation of biological systems. Subsequently, we provide an overview of some of our recent studies of metalloenzymes and photobiology-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirao
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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520
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Elahi SF, Wang TD. Future and advances in endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:471-81. [PMID: 21751414 PMCID: PMC3517128 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The future of endoscopy will be dictated by rapid technological advances in the development of light sources, optical fibers, and miniature scanners that will allow for images to be collected in multiple spectral regimes, with greater tissue penetration, and in three dimensions. These engineering breakthroughs will be integrated with novel molecular probes that are highly specific for unique proteins to target diseased tissues. Applications include early cancer detection by imaging molecular changes that occur before gross morphological abnormalities, personalized medicine by visualizing molecular targets specific to individual patients, and image guided therapy by localizing tumor margins and monitoring for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib F. Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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521
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Liu K, Wang MW, Lin WY, Phung DL, Girgis MD, Wu AM, Tomlinson JS, Shen CKF. Molecular Imaging Probe Development using Microfluidics. Curr Org Synth 2011; 8:473-487. [PMID: 22977436 DOI: 10.2174/157017911796117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we review the latest advancement of microfluidics in molecular imaging probe development. Due to increasing needs for medical imaging, high demand for many types of molecular imaging probes will have to be met by exploiting novel chemistry/radiochemistry and engineering technologies to improve the production and development of suitable probes. The microfluidic-based probe synthesis is currently attracting a great deal of interest because of their potential to deliver many advantages over conventional systems. Numerous chemical reactions have been successfully performed in micro-reactors and the results convincingly demonstrate with great benefits to aid synthetic procedures, such as purer products, higher yields, shorter reaction times compared to the corresponding batch/macroscale reactions, and more benign reaction conditions. Several 'proof-of-principle' examples of molecular imaging probe syntheses using microfluidics, along with basics of device architecture and operation, and their potential limitations are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430073, China
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522
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Abstract
The future of endoscopy will be dictated by rapid technological advances in the development of light sources, optical fibers, and miniature scanners that will allow for images to be collected in multiple spectral regimes, with greater tissue penetration, and in three dimensions. These engineering breakthroughs will be integrated with novel molecular probes that are highly specific for unique proteins to target diseased tissues. Applications include early cancer detection by imaging molecular changes that occur before gross morphological abnormalities, personalized medicine by visualizing molecular targets specific to individual patients, and image guided therapy by localizing tumor margins and monitoring for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib F Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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523
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Shimizu Y, Temma T, Sano K, Ono M, Saji H. Development of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase-specific activatable fluorescent probe for malignant tumor detection. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1897-903. [PMID: 21718387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a protease that activates pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP13, which are related to tumor malignancy. Therefore, probes that specifically image MT1-MMP would be useful for malignant tumor diagnosis. In the present study, we prepared rhodamine X-conjugated anti-MT1- MMP antibody (anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX) as an activatable fluorescent probe and evaluated its usefulness for MT1-MMP-specific imaging. Anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX was obtained in a quenched form with approximately three ROX molecules per mAb. Its fluorescence intensity increased approximately 14-fold in the presence of detergent, which is suitable for activatable systems. C6 glioma cells and MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells were used as MT1-MMP-positive and MT1-MMP-negative models, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of C6 cells treated with anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX, but not ROX-conjugated isotype control antibody (NC Ab-ROX), increased with time and was significantly higher than that of MCF-7 cells at 6 h (P < 0.001). The fluorescence intensity of cells treated with anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX was also suppressed by pre-treatment with a MT1-MMP endocytosis inhibitor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the probes were intravenously administered to C6 and MCF-7 xenografted mice. The tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratio of the anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX group was 15.1 ± 3.2 at 48 h and was significantly higher than that of the NC Ab-ROX group (T/M ratio = 4.6 ± 3.0, P < 0.05) in C6 xenografted mice, while the T/M ratio of the anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX and NC Ab-ROX groups was not different in MCF-7 xenografted mice. These findings suggest that anti-MT1-MMP mAb-ROX is a promising probe for specifically detecting MT1-MMP-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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524
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Abstract
This critical review covers the advances made using the 4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) scaffold as a fluorophore in the design, synthesis and application of fluorescent indicators for pH, metal ions, anions, biomolecules, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, redox potential, chemical reactions and various physical phenomena. The sections of the review describing the criteria for rational design of fluorescent indicators and the mathematical expressions for analyzing spectrophotometric and fluorometric titrations are applicable to all fluorescent probes (206 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Boens
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f - bus 02404, 3001 Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium.
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525
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Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7127-38. [PMID: 21724249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional agents for simultaneous tumor targeting and near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is expected to have significant impact on future personalized oncology owing to the very low tissue autofluorescence and high tissue penetration depth in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIR molecular imaging relies greatly on the development of stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Organic dyes have shown promising clinical implications as non-targeting agents for optical imaging in which indocyanine green has long been implemented in clinical use. Recently, significant progress has been made on the development of unique NIR dyes with tumor targeting properties. Current ongoing design strategies have overcome some of the limitations of conventional NIR organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. This potential is further realized with the use of these NIR dyes or NIR dye-encapsulated nanoparticles by conjugation with tumor specific ligands (such as small molecules, peptides, proteins and antibodies) for tumor targeted imaging. Very recently, natively multifunctional NIR dyes that can preferentially accumulate in tumor cells without the need of chemical conjugation to tumor targeting ligands have been developed and these dyes have shown unique optical and pharmaceutical properties for biomedical imaging with superior signal-to-background contrast index. The main focus of this article is to provide a concise overview of newly developed NIR dyes and their potential applications in cancer targeting and imaging. The development of future multifunctional agents by combining targeting, imaging and even therapeutic routes will also be discussed. We believe these newly developed multifunctional NIR dyes will broaden current concept of tumor targeted imaging and hold promise to make an important contribution to the diagnosis and therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Luo
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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526
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Koide Y, Urano Y, Hanaoka K, Terai T, Nagano T. Evolution of group 14 rhodamines as platforms for near-infrared fluorescence probes utilizing photoinduced electron transfer. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:600-8. [PMID: 21375253 DOI: 10.1021/cb1002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and emission wavelengths of group 14 pyronines and rhodamines, which contain silicon, germanium, or tin at the 10 position of the xanthene chromophore, showed large bathochromic shifts compared to the original rhodamines, owing to stabilization of the LUMO energy levels by σ*-π* conjugation between group 14 atom-C (methyl) σ* orbitals and a π* orbital of the fluorophore. These group 14 pyronines and rhodamines retain the advantages of the original rhodamines, including high quantum efficiency in aqueous media (Φ(fl) = 0.3-0.45), tolerance to photobleaching, and high water solubility. Group 14 rhodamines have higher values of reduction potential than other NIR light-emitting original rhodamines, and therefore, we speculated their NIR fluorescence could be controlled through the photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) mechanism. Indeed, we found that the fluorescence quantum yield (Φ(fl)) of Si-rhodamine (SiR) and Ge-rhodamine (GeR) could be made nearly equal to zero, and the threshold level for fluorescence on/off switching lies at around 1.3-1.5 V for the SiRs. This is about 0.1 V lower than in the case of TokyoGreens, in which the fluorophore is well established to be effective for PeT-based probes. That is to say, the fluorescence of SiR and GeR can be drastically activated by more than 100-fold through a PeT strategy. To confirm the validity of this strategy for developing NIR fluorescence probes, we employed this approach to design two kinds of novel fluorescence probes emitting in the far-red to NIR region, i.e., a series of pH-sensors for use in acidic environments and a Zn(2+) sensor. We synthesized these probes and confirmed that they work well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Koide
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Takuya Terai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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527
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Montcuquet AS, Hervé L, Navarro F, Dinten JM, Mars JI. In vivo fluorescence spectra unmixing and autofluorescence removal by sparse nonnegative matrix factorization. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:2554-65. [PMID: 21672672 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2159382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging locates fluorescent markers that specifically bind to targets; like tumors, markers are injected to a patient, optimally excited with near-infrared light, and located thanks to backward-emitted fluorescence analysis. To investigate thick and diffusive media, as the fluorescence signal decreases exponentially with the light travel distance, the autofluorescence of biological tissues comes to be a limiting factor. To remove autofluorescence and isolate specific fluorescence, a spectroscopic approach, based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), is explored. To improve results on spatially sparse markers detection, we suggest a new constrained NMF algorithm that takes sparsity constraints into account. A comparative study between both algorithms is proposed on simulated and in vivo data.
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528
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Ying LQ, Branchaud BP. Selective labeling and monitoring pH changes of lysosomes in living cells with fluorogenic pH sensors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3546-9. [PMID: 21576021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
New BODIPY-based pH probes have been designed with excitation and emission wavelengths suitable for fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. These pH probes are cell-permeable, selectively label lysosomes, and can be used for noninvasive monitoring of lysosomal pH changes during physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Qiang Ying
- Life Technologies, 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, OR 97402, USA.
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529
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Taki M, Asahi F, Hirayama T, Yamamoto Y. Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Probe for Polyhistidine Tag Using Macrocyclic Nickel(II) Complex and Fluorescein Conjugate. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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530
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Zhou K, Wang Y, Huang X, Luby-Phelps K, Sumer BD, Gao J. Tunable, Ultrasensitive pH-Responsive Nanoparticles Targeting Specific Endocytic Organelles in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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531
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Zhou K, Wang Y, Huang X, Luby-Phelps K, Sumer BD, Gao J. Tunable, ultrasensitive pH-responsive nanoparticles targeting specific endocytic organelles in living cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6109-14. [PMID: 21495146 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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532
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Kim E, Koh M, Lim BJ, Park SB. Emission Wavelength Prediction of a Full-Color-Tunable Fluorescent Core Skeleton, 9-Aryl-1,2-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indolizin-3-one. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6642-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Kim
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Byung Joon Lim
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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533
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Lee H, Akers W, Bhushan K, Bloch S, Sudlow G, Tang R, Achilefu S. Near-infrared pH-activatable fluorescent probes for imaging primary and metastatic breast tumors. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:777-84. [PMID: 21388195 DOI: 10.1021/bc100584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly tumor selective near-infrared (NIR) pH-activatable probe was developed by conjugating pH-sensitive cyanine dye to a cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptide targeting α(v)β(3) integrin (ABIR), a protein that is highly overexpressed in endothelial cells during tumor angiogenesis. The NIR pH-sensitive dye used to construct the probe exhibits high spectral sensitivity with pH changes. It has negligible fluorescence above pH 6 but becomes highly fluorescent below pH 5, with a pK(a) of 4.7. This probe is ideal for imaging acidic cell organelles such as tumor lysosomes or late endosomes. Cell microscopy data demonstrate that binding of the cRGD probe to ABIR facilitated the endocytosis-mediated lysosomal accumulation and subsequent fluorescence enhancement of the NIR pH-activatable dye in tumor cells (MDA-MB-435 and 4T1/luc). A similar fluorescence enhancement mechanism was observed in vivo, where the tumors were evident within 4 h post injection. Moreover, lung metastases were also visualized in an orthotopic tumor mouse model using this probe, which was further confirmed by histologic analysis. These results demonstrate the potential of using the new integrin-targeted pH-sensitive probe for the detection of primary and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Lee
- Department of Radiology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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534
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Yano S, Hirohara S, Obata M, Hagiya Y, Ogura SI, Ikeda A, Kataoka H, Tanaka M, Joh T. Current states and future views in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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535
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Quantitative and specific molecular imaging of cancer with labeled engineered monoclonal antibody fragments. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:345-58. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high target specificity of antibodies and related constructs makes them excellent scaffolds for molecular-imaging probes. Quantitative data on biodistribution and pharmacokinetics can be acquired by radiolabeling these agents. Such studies demonstrate prolonged circulation times and resulting nonspecific accumulation with high background signal using antibody-based agents. Antibody fragments demonstrate more rapid clearance, but lower tumor uptake. Optical labeling of antibodies provides a basis for developing activatable probes that can image antigens with very high specificity, potentially allowing for the simultaneous visualization of multiple targets. While radioimmunoimaging provides valuable whole-body, quantitative information, activatable optical antibody-based agents could generate real-time diagnostic and prognostic information about near-surface lesions at high-spatial and temporal resolution without requiring ionizing radiation.
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536
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Myochin T, Kiyose K, Hanaoka K, Kojima H, Terai T, Nagano T. Rational Design of Ratiometric Near-Infrared Fluorescent pH Probes with Various pKa Values, Based on Aminocyanine. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3401-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1063058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Myochin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kiyose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
- Chemical Biology Research Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Terai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sanbancho-blg, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
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537
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Activatable aptamer probe for contrast-enhanced in vivo cancer imaging based on cell membrane protein-triggered conformation alteration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3900-5. [PMID: 21368158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016197108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers have emerged as promising molecular probes for in vivo cancer imaging, but the reported "always-on" aptamer probes remain problematic because of high background and limited contrast. To address this problem, we designed an activatable aptamer probe (AAP) targeting membrane proteins of living cancer cells and achieved contrast-enhanced cancer visualization inside mice. The AAP displayed a quenched fluorescence in its free state and underwent a conformational alteration upon binding to target cancer cells with an activated fluorescence. As proof of concept, in vitro analysis and in vivo imaging of CCRF-CEM cancer cells were performed by using the specific aptamer, sgc8, as a demonstration. It was confirmed that the AAP could be specifically activated by target cancer cells with a dramatic fluorescence enhancement and exhibit improved sensitivity for CCRF-CEM cell analysis with the cell number of 118 detected in 200 μl binding buffer. In vivo studies demonstrated that activated fluorescence signals were obviously achieved in the CCRF-CEM tumor sites in mice. Compared to always-on aptamer probes, the AAP could substantially minimize the background signal originating from nontarget tissues, thus resulting in significantly enhanced image contrast and shortened diagnosis time to 15 min. Furthermore, because of the specific affinity of sgc8 to target cancer cells, the AAP also showed desirable specificity in differentiating CCRF-CEM tumors from Ramos tumors and nontumor areas. The design concept can be widely adapted to other cancer cell-specific aptamer probes for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer.
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538
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL. Target-cancer-cell-specific activatable fluorescence imaging probes: rational design and in vivo applications. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:83-90. [PMID: 21062101 DOI: 10.1021/ar1000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional imaging methods, such as angiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radionuclide imaging, rely on contrast agents (iodine, gadolinium, and radioisotopes, for example) that are "always on." Although these indicators have proven clinically useful, their sensitivity is lacking because of inadequate target-to-background signal ratio. A unique aspect of optical imaging is that fluorescence probes can be designed to be activatable, that is, only "turned on" under certain conditions. These probes are engineered to emit signal only after binding a target tissue; this design greatly increases sensitivity and specificity in the detection of disease. Current research focuses on two basic types of activatable fluorescence probes. The first developed were conventional enzymatically activatable probes. These fluorescent molecules exist in the quenched state until activated by enzymatic cleavage, which occurs mostly outside of the cells. However, more recently, researchers have begun designing target-cell-specific activatable probes. These fluorophores exist in the quenched state until activated within targeted cells by endolysosomal processing, which results when the probe binds specific receptors on the cell surface and is subsequently internalized. In this Account, we present a review of the rational design and in vivo applications of target-cell-specific activatable probes. In engineering these probes, researchers have asserted control over a variety of factors, including photochemistry, pharmacological profile, and biological properties. Their progress has recently allowed the rational design and synthesis of target-cell-specific activatable fluorescence imaging probes, which can be conjugated to a wide variety of targeting molecules. Several different photochemical mechanisms have been utilized, each of which offers a unique capability for probe design. These include self-quenching, homo- and hetero-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), H-dimer formation, and photon-induced electron transfer (PeT). In addition, the repertoire is further expanded by the option for reversibility or irreversibility of the signal emitted through these mechanisms. Given the wide range of photochemical mechanisms and properties, target-cell-specific activatable probes have considerable flexibility and can be adapted to specific diagnostic needs. A multitude of cell surface molecules, such as overexpressed growth factor receptors, are directly related to carcinogenesis and thus provide numerous targets highly specific for cancer. This discussion of the chemical, pharmacological, and biological basis of target-cell-specific activatable imaging probes, and methods for successfully designing them, underscores the systematic, rational basis for further developing in vivo cancer imaging.
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539
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Baxter LL, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. Networks and pathways in pigmentation, health, and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:359-371. [PMID: 20161540 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies of the biology of the pigment-producing cell (melanocyte) have resulted in a wealth of knowledge regarding the genetics and developmental mechanisms governing skin and hair pigmentation. The ease of identification of altered pigment phenotypes, particularly in mouse coat color mutants, facilitated early use of the pigmentary system in mammalian genetics and development. In addition to the large collection of developmental genetics data, melanocytes are of interest because their malignancy results in melanoma, a highly aggressive and frequently fatal cancer that is increasing in Caucasian populations worldwide. The genetic programs regulating melanocyte development, function, and malignancy are highly complex and only partially understood. Current research in melanocyte development and pigmentation is revealing new genes important in these processes and additional functions for previously known individual components. A detailed understanding of all the components involved in melanocyte development and function, including interactions with neighboring cells and response to environmental stimuli, will be necessary to fully comprehend this complex system. The inherent characteristics of pigmentation biology as well as the resources available to researchers in the pigment cell community make melanocytes an ideal cell type for analysis using systems biology approaches. In this review, the study of melanocyte development and pigmentation is considered as a candidate for systems biology-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacie K Loftus
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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540
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Hoogendoorn S, Habets KL, Passemard S, Kuiper J, van der Marel GA, Florea BI, Overkleeft HS. Targeted pH-dependent fluorescent activity-based cathepsin probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9363-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12947c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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541
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Wan X, Liu S. Fluorescent water-soluble responsive polymers site-specifically labeled with FRET dyes possessing pH- and thermo-modulated multicolor fluorescence emissions as dual ratiometric probes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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542
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Hu J, Zhang X, Wang D, Hu X, Liu T, Zhang G, Liu S. Ultrasensitive ratiometric fluorescent pH and temperature probes constructed from dye-labeled thermoresponsive double hydrophilic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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543
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Wu S, Li Z, Han J, Han S. Dual colored mesoporous silica nanoparticles with pH activable rhodamine-lactam for ratiometric sensing of lysosomal acidity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11276-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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544
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Li Z, Wu S, Han J, Han S. Imaging of intracellular acidic compartments with a sensitive rhodamine based fluorogenic pH sensor. Analyst 2011; 136:3698-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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545
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Licha K, Resch-Genger U. Probes for optical imaging: new developments. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2011; 8:e87-94. [PMID: 24990267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of fluorescent probes beyond approved indocyanine green (ICG) - itself increasingly spreading into new imaging applications like lymphatic mapping, arthritis imaging and tumor surgery - exploit various photophysical and biochemical mechanisms to monitor molecular events with higher specificity and accuracy. Emphasizing nanoparticulate formulations, targeted conjugates, activatable probes, probes with a sensor function and multimodality probes, this review discusses advantages and limitations of each type of probe, thereby critically assessing the desired translation into the clinic.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Licha
- mivenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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546
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Napp J, Mathejczyk JE, Alves F. Optical imaging in vivo with a focus on paediatric disease: technical progress, current preclinical and clinical applications and future perspectives. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:161-75. [PMID: 21221568 PMCID: PMC3032188 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-010-1907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the occurrence and location of molecular events as well as to track target-specific probes such as antibodies or peptides, drugs or even cells non-invasively over time, optical imaging (OI) technologies are increasingly applied. Although OI strongly contributes to the advances made in preclinical research, it is so far, with the exception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), only very sparingly applied in clinical settings. Nevertheless, as OI technologies evolve and improve continuously and represent relatively inexpensive and harmful methods, their implementation as clinical tools for the assessment of children disease is increasing. This review focuses on the current preclinical and clinical applications as well as on the future potential of OI in the clinical routine. Herein, we summarize the development of different fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging techniques for microscopic and macroscopic visualization of microstructures and biological processes. In addition, we discuss advantages and limitations of optical probes with distinct mechanisms of target-detection as well as of different bioluminescent reporter systems. Particular attention has been given to the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes enabling observation of molecular events in deeper tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia E. Mathejczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany ,Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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547
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Wang L, Li C. pH responsive fluorescence nanoprobe imaging of tumors by sensing the acidic microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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548
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Vedachalam S, Choi BH, Pasunooti KK, Ching KM, Lee K, Yoon HS, Liu XW. Glycosylated porphyrin derivatives and their photodynamic activity in cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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549
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Razgulin A, Ma N, Rao J. Strategies for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity: an overview and recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4186-216. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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550
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Komatsu T, Oushiki D, Takeda A, Miyamura M, Ueno T, Terai T, Hanaoka K, Urano Y, Mineno T, Nagano T. Rational design of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photobleaching-resistant fluorophores applicable to a protein dynamics study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10055-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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