501
|
Low-dose, simple, and fast grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13576-81. [PMID: 20643971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003198107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase sensitive X-ray imaging methods can provide substantially increased contrast over conventional absorption-based imaging and therefore new and otherwise inaccessible information. The use of gratings as optical elements in hard X-ray phase imaging overcomes some of the problems that have impaired the wider use of phase contrast in X-ray radiography and tomography. So far, to separate the phase information from other contributions detected with a grating interferometer, a phase-stepping approach has been considered, which implies the acquisition of multiple radiographic projections. Here we present an innovative, highly sensitive X-ray tomographic phase-contrast imaging approach based on grating interferometry, which extracts the phase-contrast signal without the need of phase stepping. Compared to the existing phase-stepping approach, the main advantages of this new method dubbed "reverse projection" are not only the significantly reduced delivered dose, without the degradation of the image quality, but also the much higher efficiency. The new technique sets the prerequisites for future fast and low-dose phase-contrast imaging methods, fundamental for imaging biological specimens and in vivo studies.
Collapse
|
502
|
Ziegler A, Ogurreck M, Steinke T, Beckmann F, Prohaska S, Ziegler A. Opportunities and challenges for digital morphology. Biol Direct 2010; 5:45. [PMID: 20604956 PMCID: PMC2908069 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-5-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in digital data acquisition, analysis, and storage have revolutionized the work in many biological disciplines such as genomics, molecular phylogenetics, and structural biology, but have not yet found satisfactory acceptance in morphology. Improvements in non-invasive imaging and three-dimensional visualization techniques, however, permit high-throughput analyses also of whole biological specimens, including museum material. These developments pave the way towards a digital era in morphology. Using sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), we provide examples illustrating the power of these techniques. However, remote visualization, the creation of a specialized database, and the implementation of standardized, world-wide accepted data deposition practices prior to publication are essential to cope with the foreseeable exponential increase in digital morphological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Ogurreck
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Institut für Werkstoffforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Thomas Steinke
- Zuse Institute Berlin, Takustrasse 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Beckmann
- GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht, Institut für Werkstoffforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institut für Immungenetik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
503
|
Revol V, Kottler C, Kaufmann R, Straumann U, Urban C. Noise analysis of grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:073709. [PMID: 20687733 DOI: 10.1063/1.3465334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of x-ray radiographic images, meaning the minimal detectable change in the thickness or in the index of refraction of a sample, is directly related to the uncertainty of the measurement method. In the following work, we report on the recent development of quantitative descriptions for the stochastic error of grating-based differential phase contrast imaging (DPCi). Our model includes the noise transfer characteristics of the x-ray detector and the jitter of the phase steps. We find that the noise in DPCi depends strongly on the phase stepping visibility and the sample properties. The results are supported by experimental evidence acquired with our new instrument with a field of view of 50x70 mm(2). Our conclusions provide general guidelines to optimize grating interferometers for specific applications and problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Revol
- Photonics Division, CSEM SA, 8005 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
504
|
Wen HH, Bennett EE, Kopace R, Stein AF, Pai V. Single-shot x-ray differential phase-contrast and diffraction imaging using two-dimensional transmission gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1932-4. [PMID: 20548343 PMCID: PMC3091831 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe an x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging method based on two-dimensional transmission gratings that are directly resolved by an x-ray camera. X-ray refraction and diffraction in the sample lead to variations of the positions and amplitudes of the grating fringes on the camera. These effects can be quantified through spatial harmonic analysis. The use of 2D gratings allows differential phase contrast in several directions to be obtained from a single image. When compared to previous grating-based interferometry methods, this approach obviates the need for multiple exposures and separate measurements for different directions and thereby accelerates imaging speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Wen
- Imaging Physics Section, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
505
|
Stein AF, Ilavsky J, Kopace R, Bennett EE, Wen H. Selective imaging of nano-particle contrast agents by a single-shot x-ray diffraction technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:13271-8. [PMID: 20588456 PMCID: PMC3100656 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.013271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nano-particles have very different x-ray diffraction properties from tissue. They can be clearly visualized against suppressed tissue background in a single-shot x-ray diffraction imaging technique. This technique is able to acquire both diffraction and absorption images from a single grating-modulated projection image through analysis in the spatial frequency domain. We describe the use of two orthogonal transmission gratings to selectively retain diffraction signal from iron oxide particles that are larger than a threshold size, while eliminating the background signal from soft tissue and bone. This approach should help the tracking of functionalized particles in cell labeling and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F. Stein
- Imaging Physic Section, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Rael Kopace
- Imaging Physic Section, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric E. Bennett
- Imaging Physic Section, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Imaging Physic Section, Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
506
|
Chen GH, Bevins N, Zambelli J, Qi Z. Small-angle scattering computed tomography (SAS-CT) using a Talbot-Lau interferometerand a rotating anode x-ray tube:theory and experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:12960-70. [PMID: 20588425 PMCID: PMC3746741 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.012960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray differential phase contrast imaging methods, including projection imaging and the corresponding computed tomography (CT), have been implemented using a Talbot interferometer and either a synchrotron beam line or a low brilliance x-ray source generated by a stationary-anode x-ray tube. From small-angle scattering events which occur as an x-ray propagates through a medium, a signal intensity loss can be recorded and analyzed for an understanding of the micro-structures in an image object. This has been demonstrated using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a stationary-anode x-ray tube. In this paper, theoretical principles and an experimental implementation of the corresponding CT imaging method are presented. First, a line integral is derived from analyzing the cross section of the small-angle scattering events. This method is referred to as small-angle scattering computed tomography (SAS-CT). Next, a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a rotating-anode x-ray tube were used to implement SAS-CT. A physical phantom and human breast tissue sample were used to demonstrate the reconstructed SAS-CT image volumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hong Chen
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
507
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hayashi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Chul-Un Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Inceon, 402-751, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
508
|
Jensen TH, Bech M, Bunk O, Donath T, David C, Feidenhans'l R, Pfeiffer F. Directional x-ray dark-field imaging. Phys Med Biol 2010; 55:3317-23. [PMID: 20484780 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/12/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel x-ray imaging approach that yields information about the local texture of structures smaller than the image pixel resolution inside an object. The approach is based on a recently developed x-ray dark-field imaging technique, using scattering from sub-micron structures in the sample. We show that the method can be used to determine the local angle and degree of orientation of bone, and fibers in a leaf. As the method is based on the use of a conventional x-ray tube we believe that it can have a great impact on medical diagnostics and non-destructive testing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben H Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
509
|
Huang Z, Chen Z, Zhang L, Kang K, Ding F, Wang Z, Ma H. Large phase-stepping approach for high-resolution hard X-ray grating-based multiple-information imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:10222-10229. [PMID: 20588876 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution hard X-ray grating-based imaging method with conventional X-ray sources provides attenuation, refraction and scattering information synchronously, and it is regarded as the next-generation X-ray imaging technology for medical and industrial applications. In this letter, a large phase-stepping approach with at least one order of magnitude lower resolution of the movement is presented to equivalently substitute the current high-positioning-resolution phase-stepping approach. Both the theoretical deduction and actual experiment prove that the new approach is available to relax the requirement of high positioning resolution and strict circumstances so as to benefit the future commercial applications of the grating-based multiple-information imaging technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
510
|
Zhang Y, Wen J, Zhu SN, Xiao M. Nonlinear Talbot effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:183901. [PMID: 20482176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.183901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate the nonlinear Talbot effect from nonlinear photonic crystals. The nonlinear Talbot effect results from self-imaging of the generated periodic intensity pattern at the output surface of the crystal. To illustrate the effect, we experimentally observed second-harmonic Talbot self-imaging from 1D and 2D periodically poled LiTaO(3) crystals. Both integer and fractional nonlinear Talbot effects were investigated. The observation not only conceptually extends the conventional Talbot effect, but also opens the door for a variety of new applications in imaging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
511
|
Abendroth J, McCormick MS, Edwards TE, Staker B, Loewen R, Gifford M, Rifkin J, Mayer C, Guo W, Zhang Y, Myler P, Kelley A, Analau E, Hewitt SN, Napuli AJ, Kuhn P, Ruth RD, Stewart LJ. X-ray structure determination of the glycine cleavage system protein H of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using an inverse Compton synchrotron X-ray source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:91-100. [PMID: 20364333 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-010-9087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural genomics discovery projects require ready access to both X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy which support the collection of experimental data needed to solve large numbers of novel protein structures. The most productive X-ray crystal structure determination laboratories make extensive use of tunable synchrotron X-ray light to solve novel structures by anomalous diffraction methods. This requires that frozen cryo-protected crystals be shipped to large multi acre synchrotron facilities for data collection. In this paper we report on the development and use of the first laboratory-scale synchrotron light source capable of performing many of the state-of-the-art synchrotron applications in X-ray science. This Compact Light Source is a first-in-class device that uses inverse Compton scattering to generate X-rays of sufficient flux, tunable wavelength and beam size to allow high-resolution X-ray diffraction data collection from protein crystals. We report on benchmarking tests of X-ray diffraction data collection with hen egg white lysozyme, and the successful high-resolution X-ray structure determination of the Glycine cleavage system protein H from Mycobacterium tuberculosis using diffraction data collected with the Compact Light Source X-ray beam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Abendroth
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
512
|
Wang Z, Zhu P, Huang W, Yuan Q, Liu X, Zhang K, Hong Y, Zhang H, Ge X, Gao K, Wu Z. Analysis of polychromaticity effects in X-ray Talbot interferometer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2137-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
513
|
Wang Z, Zhu P, Huang W, Yuan Q, Liu X, Zhang K, Hong Y, Zhang H, Ge X, Gao K, Wu Z. Quantitative coherence analysis with an X-ray Talbot–Lau interferometer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2091-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
514
|
Advanced contrast modalities for X-ray radiology: Phase-contrast and dark-field imaging using a grating interferometer. Z Med Phys 2010; 20:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
515
|
Varying collimation for dark-field extraction. Int J Biomed Imaging 2010; 2009:847537. [PMID: 20182549 PMCID: PMC2825654 DOI: 10.1155/2009/847537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although x-ray imaging is widely used in biomedical applications, biological soft tissues have small density changes, leading to low contrast resolution for attenuation-based x-ray imaging. Over the past years, x-ray small-angle scattering was studied as a new contrast mechanism to enhance subtle structural variation within the soft tissue. In this paper, we present a detection method to extract this type of x-ray scattering data, which are also referred to as dark-field signals. The key idea is to acquire an x-ray projection multiple times with varying collimation before an x-ray detector array. The projection data acquired with a collimator of a sufficiently high collimation aspect ratio contain mainly the primary beam with little scattering, while the data acquired with an appropriately reduced collimation aspect ratio include both the primary beam and small-angle scattering signals. Then, analysis of these corresponding datasets will produce desirable dark-field signals; for example, via digitally subtraction. In the numerical experiments, the feasibility of our dark-field detection technology is demonstrated in Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the acquired dark field signals can clearly reveal the structural information of tissues in terms of Rayleigh scattering characteristics.
Collapse
|
516
|
Yashiro W, Takeda Y, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Momose A. Hard-X-ray phase-difference microscopy using a fresnel zone plate and a transmission grating. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:180801. [PMID: 19905794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.180801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel hard x-ray phase imaging microscopy that simply uses an objective and a transmission grating is described. The microscope generated an image that exhibited twin features of a sample with an opposite phase contrast having a separation of a specific distance. Furthermore, the twin features were processed to generate an image mapping the x-ray phase shift through a simple algorithm. The presence of the grating did not degrade the spatial resolution of the microscope. The sensitivity of our microscope to light elements was about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the absorption contrast microscope that was attained by simply removing the grating. Our method is attractive for easily appending a quantitative phase-sensitive mode to normal x-ray microscopies, and it has potentially broad applications in biology and material sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Yashiro
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
517
|
Snigirev A, Snigireva I, Kohn V, Yunkin V, Kuznetsov S, Grigoriev MB, Roth T, Vaughan G, Detlefs C. X-ray nanointerferometer based on si refractive bilenses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:064801. [PMID: 19792573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel type of x-ray interferometer employing a bilens system consisting of two parallel compound refractive lenses, each of which creates a diffraction limited beam under coherent illumination. By closely overlapping such coherent beams, an interference field with a fringe spacing ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers is produced. In an experiment performed with 12 keV x rays, submicron fringes were observed by scanning and moiré imaging of the test grid. The far field interference pattern was used to characterize the x-ray coherence. Our technique opens up new opportunities for studying natural and man-made nanoscale materials.
Collapse
|
518
|
Design and implementation of a compact low-dose diffraction enhanced medical imaging system. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:911-7. [PMID: 19375952 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) is a new x-ray imaging modality that differs from conventional radiography in its use of three physical mechanisms to generate contrast. DEI is able to generate contrast from x-ray absorption, refraction, and ultra-small-angle scatter rejection (extinction) to produce high-contrast images with a much lower radiation dose compared to conventional radiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prototype DEI system was constructed using a 1-kW tungsten x-ray tube and a single silicon monochromator and analyzer crystal. The monochromator crystal was aligned to reflect the combined Kalpha1 (59.32 keV) and Kalpha2 (57.98 keV) characteristic emission lines of tungsten using a tube voltage of 160 kV. System performance and demonstration of contrast were evaluated using a nylon monofilament refraction phantom, full-thickness breast specimens, a human thumb, and a live mouse. RESULTS Images acquired using this system successfully demonstrated all three DEI contrast mechanisms. Flux measurements acquired using this 1-kW prototype system demonstrated that this design can be scaled to use a more powerful 60-kW x-ray tube to generate similar images with an image time of approximately 30 seconds. This single-crystal pair design can be further modified to allow for an array of crystals to reduce clinical image times to <3 seconds. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the design, construction, and performance of a new DEI system using a commercially available tungsten anode x-ray tube and includes the first high-quality low-dose diffraction-enhanced images of full-thickness human tissue specimens.
Collapse
|
519
|
Muren LP, Petersen JB, Hansen J, Hafslund R. Medical physics in the Nordic countries: the past, the present and the future. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:165-8. [PMID: 19031283 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802558946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
520
|
Wen H, Bennett EE, Hegedus MM, Rapacchi S. Fourier X-ray scattering radiography yields bone structural information. Radiology 2009; 251:910-8. [PMID: 19403849 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2521081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize certain aspects of the microscopic structures of cortical and trabecular bone by using Fourier x-ray scattering imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protocols approved by the National Institutes of Health Animal Care and Use Committee were used to examine ex vivo the hind limb of a rat and the toe of a pig. The Fourier x-ray scattering imaging technique involves the use of a grid mask to modulate the cone beam and Fourier spectral filters to isolate the harmonic images. The technique yields attenuation, scattering, and phase-contrast (PC) images from a single exposure. In the rat tibia cortical bone, the scattering signals from two orthogonal grid orientations were compared by using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. In the pig toe, the heterogeneity of scattering and PC signals was compared between trabecular and compact bone regions of uniform attenuation by using F tests. RESULTS In cortical bone, the scattering signal was significantly higher (P < 10(-15)) when the grid was parallel to the periosteal surface. Trabecular bone, as compared with cortical bone, appeared highly heterogeneous on the scattering (P < 10(-34)) and PC (P < 10(-27)) images. CONCLUSION The ordered alignment of the mineralized collagen fibrils in compact bone was reflected in the anisotropic scattering signal in this bone. In trabecular bone, the porosity of the mineralized matrix accounted for the granular pattern seen on the scattering and PC images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wen
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
521
|
Guehrs E, Günther CM, Könnecke R, Pfau B, Eisebitt S. Holographic soft X-ray omni-microscopy of biological specimens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:6710-6720. [PMID: 19365499 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mask-based digital soft X-ray Fourier transform holography using coherent synchrotron radiation is applied to image diatoms and freeze-dried 3T3 fibroblast cells. At soft X-ray wavelengths between 4 nm and 8 nm we achieve spatial resolutions down to 450 nm over a 33.5 microm field of view. As holography records amplitude and phase of the scattered wavefield, images with different contrast mechanisms can be generated a posteriori by numerical processing of the holographic data ("omni-microscopy"). We present Zernike phase contrast, Schlieren phase contrast, differential interference and gradient contrast images based on amplitude and phase information. We discuss the potential of this approach for destructive single-shot imaging beyond dose limitations of biological samples at coherent femtosecond-pulsed X-ray sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Guehrs
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
522
|
Iwata K. X-ray shearing interferometer and generalized grating imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:886-892. [PMID: 19209199 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
X-ray shearing interferometers with three gratings are analyzed on the basis of generalized grating imaging theory. The result of this analysis is applied to an already proposed interferometer. The contrast of the imaging fringes in the interferometer is calculated quantitatively. It is also applied to explain the spatial resolution of the image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Iwata
- Technology Research Institute of Osaka Prefecture, 2-7-1. Ayumino, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1157, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
523
|
Pfeiffer F, David C, Bunk O, Donath T, Bech M, Le Duc G, Bravin A, Cloetens P. Region-of-interest tomography for grating-based X-ray differential phase-contrast imaging. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:168101. [PMID: 18999715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report numerical and experimental results demonstrating accurate region-of-interest computed tomography (CT) reconstruction based on differential phase-contrast projection (DPC) images. The approach removes the constraint of covering the entire sample within the field of view of the image detector. Particularly for biomedical applications, the presented DPC-CT region-of-interest approach will allow for the visualization of previously inaccessible details deep inside an entire animal or organ. We envisage that this development will also be of interest for potential future clinical applications, because grating-based DPC-CT can be implemented with standard x-ray tube sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Pfeiffer
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
524
|
Strobl M, Grünzweig C, Hilger A, Manke I, Kardjilov N, David C, Pfeiffer F. Neutron dark-field tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:123902. [PMID: 18851372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report how a grating interferometer yields neutron dark-field scatter images for tomographic investigations. The image contrast is based on ultrasmall-angle scattering. It provides otherwise inaccessible spatially resolved information about the distribution of micrometer and submicrometer sized structural formations. Three complementary sets of tomographic data corresponding to attenuation, differential phase, and small-angle scattering can be obtained from one measurement. The method is compatible with conventional imaging and provides significantly higher efficiency than existing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Strobl
- University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
525
|
Wu X, Liu H. Phase-space evolution of x-ray coherence in phase-sensitive imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:E44-52. [PMID: 18670541 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.000e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
X-ray coherence evolution in the imaging process plays a key role for x-ray phase-sensitive imaging. In this work we present a phase-space formulation for the phase-sensitive imaging. The theory is reformulated in terms of the cross-spectral density and associated Wigner distribution. The phase-space formulation enables an explicit and quantitative account of partial coherence effects on phase-sensitive imaging. The presented formulas for x-ray spectral density at the detector can be used for performing accurate phase retrieval and optimizing the phase-contrast visibility. The concept of phase-space shearing length derived from this phase-space formulation clarifies the spatial coherence requirement for phase-sensitive imaging with incoherent sources. The theory has been applied to x-ray Talbot interferometric imaging as well. The peak coherence condition derived reveals new insights into three-grating-based Talbot-interferometric imaging and gratings-based x-ray dark-field imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizeng Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
526
|
Grünzweig C, David C, Bunk O, Dierolf M, Frei G, Kühne G, Kohlbrecher J, Schäfer R, Lejcek P, Rønnow HMR, Pfeiffer F. Neutron decoherence imaging for visualizing bulk magnetic domain structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:025504. [PMID: 18764196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.025504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Here we introduce a novel neutron imaging method, which is based on the effect that the spatial coherence of the neutron wave front can be changed through small-angle scattering of neutrons at magnetic domain walls in the specimen. We show that the technique can be used to visualize internal bulk magnetic domain structures that are difficult to access by other techniques. The method is transferable to a wide variety of specimens, extendable to three dimensions, and well suited for investigating materials under the influence of external parameters, as, e.g., external magnetic field, temperature, or pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Grünzweig
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|