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Tari AR, Norevik CS, Scrimgeour NR, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Storm-Mathisen J, Bergersen LH, Wrann CD, Selbæk G, Kivipelto M, Moreira JBN, Wisløff U. Are the neuroprotective effects of exercise training systemically mediated? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 62:94-101. [PMID: 30802460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date there is no cure available for dementia, and the field calls for novel therapeutic targets. A rapidly growing body of literature suggests that regular endurance training and high cardiorespiratory fitness attenuate cognitive impairment and reduce dementia risk. Such benefits have recently been linked to systemic neurotrophic factors induced by exercise. These circulating biomolecules may cross the blood-brain barrier and potentially protect against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Identifying exercise-induced systemic neurotrophic factors with beneficial effects on the brain may lead to novel molecular targets for maintaining cognitive function and preventing neurodegeneration. Here we review the recent literature on potential systemic mediators of neuroprotection induced by exercise. We focus on the body of translational research in the field, integrating knowledge from the molecular level, animal models, clinical and epidemiological studies. Taken together, the current literature provides initial evidence that exercise-induced, blood-borne biomolecules, such as BDNF and FNDC5/irisin, may be powerful agents mediating the benefits of exercise on cognitive function and may form the basis for new therapeutic strategies to better prevent and treat dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe R Tari
- The Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Cecilie S Norevik
- The Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathan R Scrimgeour
- The Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | | | | | - Christiane D Wrann
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Centre for Age-related Functional Decline and Disease, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Age and Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - José Bianco N Moreira
- The Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- The Cardiac Exercise Research Group at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
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503
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Bettio L, Thacker JS, Hutton C, Christie BR. Modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:295-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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504
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Lin H, Yuan Y, Tian S, Han J, Huang R, Guo D, Wang J, An K, Wang S. In Addition to Poor Glycemic Control, a High Level of Irisin in the Plasma Portends Early Cognitive Deficits Clinically in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:634. [PMID: 31572306 PMCID: PMC6753617 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Irisin plays an important role in the metabolism and homeostasis of energy balance, which is involved in cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the role of irisin in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We recruited 133 Chinese patients with T2DM, and divided them according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. Demographic data were collected and the level of irisin in the plasma was determined. In addition, the results of neuropsychological testing were examined. The concentration of irisin in the plasma was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Results: A total of 59 patients were diagnosed with MCI and 74 patients were included as healthy-cognition controls. The level of irisin in the plasma (p = 0.043) and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (p = 0.032) in diabetic patients with MCI were higher than those observed in the healthy controls. A higher level of irisin in the plasma was associated with impaired overall cognition, specifically executive function. Linear regression analysis suggested that irisin (p = 0.017) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p = 0.036) were independent factors of diabetic MCI. Conclusions: The level of irisin in the plasma correlated with cognitive impairment in T2DM patients, particularly with executive function. These results further suggest that, in addition to poor glycemic control, a high level of irisin in the plasma portends early cognitive deficits clinically in Chinese patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaohua Wang
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