501
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Raiswell R, Benning LG, Tranter M, Tulaczyk S. Bioavailable iron in the Southern Ocean: the significance of the iceberg conveyor belt. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2008; 9:7. [PMID: 18513396 PMCID: PMC2440735 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Productivity in the Southern Oceans is iron-limited, and the supply of iron dissolved from aeolian dust is believed to be the main source from outside the marine reservoir. Glacial sediment sources of iron have rarely been considered, as the iron has been assumed to be inert and non-bioavailable. This study demonstrates the presence of potentially bioavailable Fe as ferrihydrite and goethite in nanoparticulate clusters, in sediments collected from icebergs in the Southern Ocean and glaciers on the Antarctic landmass. Nanoparticles in ice can be transported by icebergs away from coastal regions in the Southern Ocean, enabling melting to release bioavailable Fe to the open ocean. The abundance of nanoparticulate iron has been measured by an ascorbate extraction. This data indicates that the fluxes of bioavailable iron supplied to the Southern Ocean from aeolian dust (0.01-0.13 Tg yr(-1)) and icebergs (0.06-0.12 Tg yr(-1)) are comparable. Increases in iceberg production thus have the capacity to increase productivity and this newly identified negative feedback may help to mitigate fossil fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Raiswell
- Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Liane G Benning
- Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martyn Tranter
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Slawek Tulaczyk
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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502
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Kröpelin S, Verschuren D, Lézine AM, Eggermont H, Cocquyt C, Francus P, Cazet JP, Fagot M, Rumes B, Russell JM, Darius F, Conley DJ, Schuster M, von Suchodoletz H, Engstrom DR. Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years. Science 2008; 320:765-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kröpelin
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - D. Verschuren
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - A.-M. Lézine
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - H. Eggermont
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - C. Cocquyt
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - P. Francus
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - J.-P. Cazet
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - M. Fagot
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - B. Rumes
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - J. M. Russell
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - F. Darius
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - D. J. Conley
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - M. Schuster
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - H. von Suchodoletz
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - D. R. Engstrom
- Africa Research Unit, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Jennerstraße 8, D-50823 Köln, Germany
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ UMR 1572, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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503
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
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504
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McGowan HA, Clark A. A vertical profile of PM10 dust concentrations measured during a regional dust event identified by MODIS Terra, western Queensland, Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jf000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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505
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Cwiertny DM, Baltrusaitis J, Hunter GJ, Laskin A, Scherer MM, Grassian VH. Characterization and acid-mobilization study of iron-containing mineral dust source materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemistry; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratories; Richland Washington USA
| | - Michelle M. Scherer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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506
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Winckler G, Anderson RF, Fleisher MQ, McGee D, Mahowald N. Covariant glacial-interglacial dust fluxes in the equatorial Pacific and Antarctica. Science 2008; 320:93-6. [PMID: 18309048 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Dust plays a critical role in Earth's climate system and serves as a natural source of iron and other micronutrients to remote regions of the ocean. We have generated records of dust deposition over the past 500,000 years at three sites spanning the breadth of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Equatorial Pacific dust fluxes are highly correlated with global ice volume and with dust fluxes to Antarctica, which suggests that dust generation in interhemispheric source regions exhibited a common response to climate change over late-Pleistocene glacial cycles. Our results provide quantitative constraints on the variability of aeolian iron supply to the equatorial Pacific Ocean and, more generally, on the potential contribution of dust to past climate change and to related changes in biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Winckler
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY10964, USA.
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507
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Abundances and distributions of the dominant nifH phylotypes in the Northern Atlantic Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008. [PMID: 18245263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01720‐07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of marine diazotrophs is important in order to assess their role in the oceanic nitrogen cycle. Environmental DNA samples from four cruises to the North Atlantic Ocean, covering a sampling area of 0 degrees N to 42 degrees N and 67 degrees W to 13 degrees W, were analyzed for the presence and amount of seven nifH phylotypes using real-time quantitative PCR and TaqMan probes. The cyanobacterial phylotypes dominated in abundance (94% of all nifH copies detected) and were the most widely distributed. The filamentous cyanobacterial type, which included both Trichodesmium and Katagnymene, was the most abundant (51%), followed by group A, an uncultured unicellular cyanobacterium (33%), and gamma A, an uncultured gammaproteobacterium (6%). Group B, unicellular cyanobacterium Crocosphaera, and group C Cyanothece-like phylotypes were not often detected (6.9% and 2.3%, respectively), but where present, could reach high concentrations. Gamma P, another uncultured gammaproteobacterium, was seldom detected (0.5%). Water temperature appeared to influence the distribution of many nifH phylotypes. Very high (up to 1 x 10(6) copies liter(-1)) nifH concentrations of group A were detected in the eastern basin (25 to 17 degrees N, 27 to 30 degrees W), where the temperature ranged from 20 to 23 degrees C. The highest concentrations of filamentous phylotypes were measured between 25 and 30 degrees C. The uncultured cluster III phylotype was uncommon (0.4%) and was associated with mean water temperatures of 18 degrees C. Diazotroph abundance was highest in regions where modeled average dust deposition was between 1 and 2 g/m(2)/year.
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508
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Abundances and distributions of the dominant nifH phylotypes in the Northern Atlantic Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1922-31. [PMID: 18245263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01720-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of marine diazotrophs is important in order to assess their role in the oceanic nitrogen cycle. Environmental DNA samples from four cruises to the North Atlantic Ocean, covering a sampling area of 0 degrees N to 42 degrees N and 67 degrees W to 13 degrees W, were analyzed for the presence and amount of seven nifH phylotypes using real-time quantitative PCR and TaqMan probes. The cyanobacterial phylotypes dominated in abundance (94% of all nifH copies detected) and were the most widely distributed. The filamentous cyanobacterial type, which included both Trichodesmium and Katagnymene, was the most abundant (51%), followed by group A, an uncultured unicellular cyanobacterium (33%), and gamma A, an uncultured gammaproteobacterium (6%). Group B, unicellular cyanobacterium Crocosphaera, and group C Cyanothece-like phylotypes were not often detected (6.9% and 2.3%, respectively), but where present, could reach high concentrations. Gamma P, another uncultured gammaproteobacterium, was seldom detected (0.5%). Water temperature appeared to influence the distribution of many nifH phylotypes. Very high (up to 1 x 10(6) copies liter(-1)) nifH concentrations of group A were detected in the eastern basin (25 to 17 degrees N, 27 to 30 degrees W), where the temperature ranged from 20 to 23 degrees C. The highest concentrations of filamentous phylotypes were measured between 25 and 30 degrees C. The uncultured cluster III phylotype was uncommon (0.4%) and was associated with mean water temperatures of 18 degrees C. Diazotroph abundance was highest in regions where modeled average dust deposition was between 1 and 2 g/m(2)/year.
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509
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Abstract
Cassar et al. (Reports, 24 August 2007, p. 1067) proposed that aerosol-iron input enhances Southern Ocean export production. Their conclusion critically depends upon aerosol-iron modeling simulations not validated with iron-deposition data and dust dissolution rates based on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric chemical conditions (low pH). This diminishes the relevance of their findings and demonstrates that applying such models to this region is premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Boyd
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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510
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Kok JF, Renno NO. Electrostatics in wind-blown sand. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:014501. [PMID: 18232774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.014501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wind-blown sand, or "saltation," is an important geological process, and the primary source of atmospheric mineral dust aerosols. Significant discrepancies exist between classical saltation theory and measurements. We show here that these discrepancies can be resolved by the inclusion of sand electrification in a physically based saltation model. Indeed, we find that electric forces enhance the concentration of saltating particles and cause them to travel closer to the surface, in agreement with measurements. Our results thus indicate that sand electrification plays an important role in saltation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper F Kok
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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511
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Prather KA, Hatch CD, Grassian VH. Analysis of atmospheric aerosols. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:485-514. [PMID: 20636087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols represent an important component of the Earth's atmosphere. Because aerosols are composed of solid and liquid particles of varying chemical complexity, size, and phase, large challenges exist in understanding how they impact climate, health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere. Only through the integration of field, laboratory, and modeling analysis can we begin to unravel the roles atmospheric aerosols play in these global processes. In this article, we provide a brief review of the current state of the science in the analysis of atmospheric aerosols and some important challenges that need to be overcome before they can become fully integrated. It is clear that only when these areas are effectively bridged can we fully understand the impact that atmospheric aerosols have on our environment and the Earth's system at the level of scientific certainty necessary to design and implement sound environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 92093-0314, USA.
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512
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Sullivan RC, Prather KA. Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:8062-8069. [PMID: 18186338 DOI: 10.1021/es071134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mixing state of oxalic acid was measured in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia by direct shipboard measurements using an ATOFMS single-particle mass spectrometer. Oxalic and malonic acids were found to be predominantly internally mixed with mineral dust and aged sea salt particles. A persistent diurnal cycle of oxalic acid in mineral dust occurred for over 25 days in marine, polluted marine, and dust storm air masses. The preferential enrichment of diacids in mineral dust over carbonaceous particles and their diurnal behavior indicate a photochemical source of the diacids. Oxalate was only detected simultaneously with elevated aged dust particle counts. This suggests that the diurnal production of diacids most likely results from episodic atmospheric processing of the polluted dust aerosol. We propose a mechanism to explain these observations in which the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds is followed by partitioning of the diacids and precursors to the alkaline Asian dust, with subsequent heterogeneous and aqueous oxidation. Our data indicate that the particulate diacids were produced over just a few hours close to the source; no significant production or destruction appears to have occurred during long-range transport to the ship. No evidence of extensive cloud processing of the sampled aerosol was found. This mixing state of diacids has important implications for the solubility and cloud nucleation properties of the dominant fraction of water-soluble organics and the bioavailability of iron in dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, USA
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513
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Smith PN, Cobb GP, Godard-Codding C, Hoff D, McMurry ST, Rainwater TR, Reynolds KD. Contaminant exposure in terrestrial vertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:41-64. [PMID: 17706848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we review mechanisms and factors influencing contaminant exposure among terrestrial vertebrate wildlife. There exists a complex mixture of biotic and abiotic factors that dictate potential for contaminant exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial vertebrates. Chemical fate and transport in the environment determine contaminant bioaccessibility. Species-specific natural history characteristics and behavioral traits then play significant roles in the likelihood that exposure pathways, from source to receptor, are complete. Detailed knowledge of natural history traits of receptors considered in conjunction with the knowledge of contaminant behavior and distribution on a site are critical when assessing and quantifying exposure. We review limitations in our understanding of elements of exposure and the unique aspects of exposure associated with terrestrial and semi-terrestrial taxa. We provide insight on taxa-specific traits that contribute, or limit exposure to, transport phenomenon that influence exposure throughout terrestrial systems, novel contaminants, bioavailability, exposure data analysis, and uncertainty associated with exposure in wildlife risk assessments. Lastly, we identify areas related to exposure among terrestrial and semi-terrestrial organisms that warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Smith
- The Institute of Environmental & Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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514
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Wuebbles DJ, Lei H, Lin J. Intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia and its consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:65-84. [PMID: 17714840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia is a crucial issue for air quality concerns in countries downwind of the significant emissions and concentrations of pollutants occurring in this important region of the world. Since the lifetimes of some important pollutants are long enough to be transported over long distance in the troposphere, regional control strategies for air pollution in downwind countries might be ineffective without considering the effects of long-range transport of pollutants from Asia. Field campaigns provide strong evidence for the intercontinental transport of Asian pollutants. They, together with ground-based observations and model simulations, show that the air quality over parts of North America is being affected by the pollutants transported from Asia. This paper examines the current understanding of the intercontinental transport of gases and aerosols from Asia and resulting effects on air quality, and on the regional and global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Wuebbles
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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515
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Nishioka J, Ono T, Saito H, Nakatsuka T, Takeda S, Yoshimura T, Suzuki K, Kuma K, Nakabayashi S, Tsumune D, Mitsudera H, Johnson WK, Tsuda A. Iron supply to the western subarctic Pacific: Importance of iron export from the Sea of Okhotsk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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516
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Bhattacharjee PS, Prasad AK, Kafatos M, Singh RP. Influence of a dust storm on carbon monoxide and water vapor over the Indo-Gangetic Plains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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517
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Shen ZX, Cao JJ, Arimoto R, Zhang RJ, Jie DM, Liu SX, Zhu CS. Chemical composition and source characterization of spring aerosol over Horqin sand land in northeastern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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518
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Muhs DR, Budahn J, Reheis M, Beann J, Skipp G, Fisher E. Airborne dust transport to the eastern Pacific Ocean off southern California: Evidence from San Clemente Island. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gary Skipp
- U.S. Geological Survey Denver Colorado USA
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519
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Menut L, Forêt G, Bergametti G. Sensitivity of mineral dust concentrations to the model size distribution accuracy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Menut
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace; Ecole Polytechnique; Palaiseau France
| | - Gilles Forêt
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques; Universités Paris7-Paris 12-CNRS; Créteil France
| | - Gilles Bergametti
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques; Universités Paris7-Paris 12-CNRS; Créteil France
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520
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Patra PK, Kumar MD, Mahowald N, Sarma VVSS. Atmospheric deposition and surface stratification as controls of contrasting chlorophyll abundance in the North Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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521
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Blain S, Quéguiner B, Armand L, Belviso S, Bombled B, Bopp L, Bowie A, Brunet C, Brussaard C, Carlotti F, Christaki U, Corbière A, Durand I, Ebersbach F, Fuda JL, Garcia N, Gerringa L, Griffiths B, Guigue C, Guillerm C, Jacquet S, Jeandel C, Laan P, Lefèvre D, Lo Monaco C, Malits A, Mosseri J, Obernosterer I, Park YH, Picheral M, Pondaven P, Remenyi T, Sandroni V, Sarthou G, Savoye N, Scouarnec L, Souhaut M, Thuiller D, Timmermans K, Trull T, Uitz J, van Beek P, Veldhuis M, Vincent D, Viollier E, Vong L, Wagener T. Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean. Nature 2007; 446:1070-4. [PMID: 17460670 DOI: 10.1038/nature05700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The availability of iron limits primary productivity and the associated uptake of carbon over large areas of the ocean. Iron thus plays an important role in the carbon cycle, and changes in its supply to the surface ocean may have had a significant effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over glacial-interglacial cycles. To date, the role of iron in carbon cycling has largely been assessed using short-term iron-addition experiments. It is difficult, however, to reliably assess the magnitude of carbon export to the ocean interior using such methods, and the short observational periods preclude extrapolation of the results to longer timescales. Here we report observations of a phytoplankton bloom induced by natural iron fertilization--an approach that offers the opportunity to overcome some of the limitations of short-term experiments. We found that a large phytoplankton bloom over the Kerguelen plateau in the Southern Ocean was sustained by the supply of iron and major nutrients to surface waters from iron-rich deep water below. The efficiency of fertilization, defined as the ratio of the carbon export to the amount of iron supplied, was at least ten times higher than previous estimates from short-term blooms induced by iron-addition experiments. This result sheds new light on the effect of long-term fertilization by iron and macronutrients on carbon sequestration, suggesting that changes in iron supply from below--as invoked in some palaeoclimatic and future climate change scenarios--may have a more significant effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Blain
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Biogéochimie, Centre Océanologique de Marseille, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, campus de Luminy, case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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522
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Patra PK, Moore JK, Mahowald N, Uematsu M, Doney SC, Nakazawa T. Exploring the sensitivity of interannual basin-scale air-sea CO2fluxes to variability in atmospheric dust deposition using ocean carbon cycle models and atmospheric CO2inversions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jg000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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523
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Variations in dust event frequency over the past century reflected by ice-core and lacustrine records in north China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-007-0037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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524
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Wiggert JD, Murtugudde RG. The sensitivity of the southwest monsoon phytoplankton bloom to variations in aeolian iron deposition over the Arabian Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jc003514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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525
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Williams J, Gros V, Atlas E, Maciejczyk K, Batsaikhan A, Schöler HF, Forster C, Quack B, Yassaa N, Sander R, Van Dingenen R. Possible evidence for a connection between methyl iodide emissions and Saharan dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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526
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Avila A, Alarcón M, Castillo S, Escudero M, García Orellana J, Masqué P, Querol X. Variation of soluble and insoluble calcium in red rains related to dust sources and transport patterns from North Africa to northeastern Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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527
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Engelstaedter S, Washington R. Atmospheric controls on the annual cycle of North African dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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528
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Boyd PW, Jickells T, Law CS, Blain S, Boyle EA, Buesseler KO, Coale KH, Cullen JJ, de Baar HJW, Follows M, Harvey M, Lancelot C, Levasseur M, Owens NPJ, Pollard R, Rivkin RB, Sarmiento J, Schoemann V, Smetacek V, Takeda S, Tsuda A, Turner S, Watson AJ. Mesoscale Iron Enrichment Experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and Future Directions. Science 2007; 315:612-7. [PMID: 17272712 DOI: 10.1126/science.1131669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1980s, our understanding of nutrient limitation of oceanic primary production has radically changed. Mesoscale iron addition experiments (FeAXs) have unequivocally shown that iron supply limits production in one-third of the world ocean, where surface macronutrient concentrations are perennially high. The findings of these 12 FeAXs also reveal that iron supply exerts controls on the dynamics of plankton blooms, which in turn affect the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur and ultimately influence the Earth climate system. However, extrapolation of the key results of FeAXs to regional and seasonal scales in some cases is limited because of differing modes of iron supply in FeAXs and in the modern and paleo-oceans. New research directions include quantification of the coupling of oceanic iron and carbon biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Boyd
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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529
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530
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Baltrusaitis J, Cwiertny DM, Grassian VH. Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on hematite and goethite particle surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5542-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b709167b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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531
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Walsh JJ, Jolliff JK, Darrow BP, Lenes JM, Milroy SP, Remsen A, Dieterle DA, Carder KL, Chen FR, Vargo GA, Weisberg RH, Fanning KA, Muller-Karger FE, Shinn E, Steidinger KA, Heil CA, Tomas CR, Prospero JS, Lee TN, Kirkpatrick GJ, Whitledge TE, Stockwell DA, Villareal TA, Jochens AE, Bontempi PS. Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 2006; 111:1-46. [PMID: 20411040 PMCID: PMC2856968 DOI: 10.1029/2004jc002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[1] Independent data from the Gulf of Mexico are used to develop and test the hypothesis that the same sequence of physical and ecological events each year allows the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to become dominant. A phosphorus-rich nutrient supply initiates phytoplankton succession, once deposition events of Saharan iron-rich dust allow Trichodesmium blooms to utilize ubiquitous dissolved nitrogen gas within otherwise nitrogen-poor sea water. They and the co-occurring K. brevis are positioned within the bottom Ekman layers, as a consequence of their similar diel vertical migration patterns on the middle shelf. Upon onshore upwelling of these near-bottom seed populations to CDOM-rich surface waters of coastal regions, light-inhibition of the small red tide of ~1 ug chl l(-1) of ichthytoxic K. brevis is alleviated. Thence, dead fish serve as a supplementary nutrient source, yielding large, self-shaded red tides of ~10 ug chl l(-1). The source of phosphorus is mainly of fossil origin off west Florida, where past nutrient additions from the eutrophied Lake Okeechobee had minimal impact. In contrast, the P-sources are of mainly anthropogenic origin off Texas, since both the nutrient loadings of Mississippi River and the spatial extent of the downstream red tides have increased over the last 100 years. During the past century and particularly within the last decade, previously cryptic Karenia spp. have caused toxic red tides in similar coastal habitats of other western boundary currents off Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, downstream of the Gobi, Simpson, Great Western, and Kalahari Deserts, in a global response to both desertification and eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Walsh
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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532
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Zhang X, Zhuang G, Chen J, Wang Y, Wang X, An Z, Zhang P. Heterogeneous Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Typical Mineral Particles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:12588-96. [PMID: 16800588 DOI: 10.1021/jp0617773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, MgO, FeOOH, Fe2O3, MnO2, and SiO2, as well as authentic aerosol sample, was investigated by using a White Cell coupled with in situ-FTIR and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Simultaneous observations of reactants and products were performed to obtain full information on the mechanism and kinetics of the reactions. SO2 was irreversibly adsorbed to form surface sulfite (SO3(2-)), bisulfite (HSO3(-)), and sulfate (SO4(2-)). The reactivity order of these particles is the following: FeOOH >Al2O3 > mixture > MgO > Fe2O3 > SiO2. Field-collected aerosol showed significant activity for the oxidation of SO2. The uptake coefficient of SO2 on Al2O3 with different acidity varied in the order of basic Al2O3 > neutral Al2O3 > acidic Al2O3. The surface-active oxygen and hydroxyl might be the key factors for the conversion of SO2 to SO4(2-). The faster reaction rate could be achieved with greater surface area on particles with the same mass. On the basis of the same surface area Fe2O3 could be most reactive in the reaction with SO2 compared with all other particles. The apparent rate constants were determined to be 1.35 x 10(-2) and 9.4 x 10(-3) for uptake on Al2O3 and MgO, respectively, which are the same as the results of other scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Zhang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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533
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Schlesinger WH. Global change ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2006; 21:348-51. [PMID: 16769436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecology has expanded from its traditional focus on organisms to include studies of the Earth as an integrated ecosystem. Aided by satellite technologies and computer models of the climate of the Earth, global change ecology now records basic parameters of our planet, including its net primary productivity, biogeochemical cycling and effects of humans on it. As I discuss here, this new perspective shows us what must be done to transform human behaviors to enable the persistence of life on Earth under human stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Schlesinger
- The Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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534
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Gangoiti G, Alonso L, Navazo M, García JA, Millán MM. North African soil dust and European pollution transport to America during the warm season: Hidden links shown by a passive tracer simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gotzon Gangoiti
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao; Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea; Bilbao Spain
| | - Lucio Alonso
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao; Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea; Bilbao Spain
| | - Marino Navazo
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao; Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea; Bilbao Spain
| | - José Antonio García
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao; Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea; Bilbao Spain
| | - Millán M. Millán
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo; Parque Tecnológico; Paterna, Valencia Spain
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535
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Baltrusaitis J, Jensen JH, Grassian VH. FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Isotope Labeling and Quantum Chemical Calculations to Investigate Adsorbed Bicarbonate Formation Following Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Surface Hydroxyl Groups on Fe2O3 and Al2O3. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:12005-16. [PMID: 16800509 DOI: 10.1021/jp057437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy combined with isotope labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations is used to investigate the adsorption of carbon dioxide on hydroxylated metal oxide surfaces. In particular, transmission FTIR spectra following CO2 adsorption on hydroxylated nanoparticulate Fe2O3, alpha-Al2O3, and gamma-Al2O3 particles at 296 K are reported. As expected, reaction of CO2 with these surfaces results in the formation of adsorbed bicarbonate and carbonate. In this study, the vibrational spectrum of the bicarbonate product is analyzed in detail through the use of isotope labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations. The experimental and calculated vibrational frequencies of adsorbed HC16O3-, DC16O3-, HC18O3-, HC16O18O2-, and HC18O16O2- indicate that bicarbonate bonds to the surface in a bridged structure. There is some evidence from the mixed isotope experiments that following initial nucleophilic attack of OH, the formation of the final bicarbonate structure involves a proton transfer. On the basis of energetic considerations, the proton transfer mechanism most likely occurs through an intermolecular process involving either coadsorbed hydroxyl groups and/or carbonate.
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536
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Karakaş G, Nowald N, Blaas M, Marchesiello P, Frickenhaus S, Schlitzer R. High-resolution modeling of sediment erosion and particle transport across the northwest African shelf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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537
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Bonnet S, Guieu C. Atmospheric forcing on the annual iron cycle in the western Mediterranean Sea: A 1-year survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jc003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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538
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Foret G, Bergametti G, Dulac F, Menut L. An optimized particle size bin scheme for modeling mineral dust aerosol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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539
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Deguillaume L, Leriche M, Desboeufs K, Mailhot G, George C, Chaumerliac N. Transition metals in atmospheric liquid phases: sources, reactivity, and sensitive parameters. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3388-431. [PMID: 16159157 DOI: 10.1021/cr040649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Deguillaume
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Blaise Pascal, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France.
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540
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Sun Y, An Z. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in mass accumulation rates of eolian deposits on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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