551
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Dushyanthen S, Cossigny DAF, Quan GMY. The osteoblastic and osteoclastic interactions in spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2013; 6:61-80. [PMID: 24665208 PMCID: PMC3941153 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers arising in men and has a high propensity for bone metastasis, particularly to the spine. At this stage, it often causes severe morbidity due to pathological fracture and/or metastatic epidural spinal cord compression which, if untreated, inevitably leads to intractable pain, neurological deficit, and paralysis. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving growth of secondary PC in the bony vertebral column remain largely unknown. Further investigation is warranted in order to identify therapeutic targets in the future. This review summarizes the current understanding of PC bone metastasis in the spine, highlighting interactions between key tumor and bone-derived factors which influence tumor progression, especially the functional roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone microenvironment through their interactions with metastatic PC cells and the critical pathway RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathana Dushyanthen
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Davina A F Cossigny
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald M Y Quan
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
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552
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Liedtke D, Erhard I, Abe K, Furutani-Seiki M, Kondoh H, Schartl M. Xmrk-induced melanoma progression is affected by Sdf1 signals through Cxcr7. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:221-33. [PMID: 24279354 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine signals mediated by Sdf1/Cxcl12 through the chemokine receptor Cxcr4 are thought to play an instructive role in tumor migration and organ-specific metastasis. We have used a small aquarium fish model to contribute to a better understanding of how the course of melanoma development is influenced by Sdf1 signals in vivo. We studied oncogene-induced skin tumor appearance and progression in the transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) melanoma model. Similar to humans, invasive medaka melanomas show increased levels of sdf1, cxcr4, and cxcr7 gene expression. Stable transgenic fish lines overexpressing sdf1 exclusively in pigment cells showed a reduction in melanoma appearance and progression. Remarkably, diminished levels of functional Cxcr7, but not of Cxcr4b, resulted in strongly reduced melanoma invasiveness and a repression of melanoma. Our results thereby indicate that Sdf1 signals via Cxcr7 are able to constrain melanoma growth in vivo and that these signals influence tumor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Liedtke
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Würzburg, Germany
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553
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Abstract
Nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising class of carriers for the co-delivery of multiple drugs. Combination therapies of small-molecule drugs are common in clinical practice, and it is anticipated that packaging into single macromolecular carriers will enable drug release in precisely balanced ratios and rates and in selectively targeted tissues and cells. This vast level of pharmacological control is intriguing, especially from the perspective of tailoring personalized treatments with maximized therapeutic synergy for individual patients. Here, we discuss promising formulations and opportunities to employ advanced screening tools and new animal models of disease that can improve chances for successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Prof. Andrew Smith, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. Phone: (217) 300-5638. Fax: (217) 265-0246.
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554
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Pietrosimone KM, Bhandari S, Lemieux MG, Knecht DA, Lynes MA. In vitro assays of chemotaxis as a window into mechanisms of toxicant-induced immunomodulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 58:Unit 18.17.. [PMID: 24510542 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1817s58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated cell movement can lead to developmental abnormalities, neoplasia, and immune system disorders, and there are a variety of contexts in which xenobiotics (and biologic) effects on this movement are of interest. Many toxins and toxicants have been shown to disrupt controlled cell movement. Identification of compounds that affect cell movement is crucial to drug discovery. Drug components may have unexpected consequences with respect to cell motility, which would exclude these compounds in drug development. Finally, the development of drugs that target chemotactic pathways may be useful in the treatment of tumors, which often reprogram chemotactic pathways to become metastatic. The effects of these agents on cell movement can be measured using several different in vitro chemotactic assays. This review details the procedures of three in vitro measurements of chemotaxis: the Boyden chamber, the under-agarose assay, and the automated, real-time, ECIS/Taxis assay, and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from the results of such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Pietrosimone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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555
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Abstract
During chemotaxis, cells sense extracellular chemical gradients and position Ras GTPase activation and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) production toward chemoattractants. These two major signaling events are visualized by biosensors in a crescent-like zone at the plasma membrane. Here, we show that a Dictyostelium Rho GTPase, RacE, and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GxcT, stabilize the orientation of Ras activation and PIP3 production in response to chemoattractant gradients, and this regulation occurred independently of the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarity. Cells lacking RacE or GxcT fail to persistently direct Ras activation and PIP3 production toward chemoattractants, leading to lateral pseudopod extension and impaired chemotaxis. Constitutively active forms of RacE and human RhoA are located on the portion of the plasma membrane that faces lower concentrations of chemoattractants, opposite of PIP3 production. Mechanisms that control the localization of the constitutively active form of RacE require its effector domain, but not PIP3. Our findings reveal a critical role for Rho GTPases in positioning Ras activation and thereby establishing the accuracy of directional sensing.
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556
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Harrison SMW, Knifley T, Chen M, O'Connor KL. LPA, HGF, and EGF utilize distinct combinations of signaling pathways to promote migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:501. [PMID: 24160245 PMCID: PMC3819718 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various pathways impinge on the actin-myosin pathway to facilitate cell migration and invasion including members of the Rho family of small GTPases and MAPK. However, the signaling components that are considered important for these processes vary substantially within the literature with certain pathways being favored. These distinctions in signaling pathways utilized are often attributed to differences in cell type or physiological conditions; however, these attributes have not been systematically assessed. Methods To address this question, we analyzed the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line in response to various stimuli including lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and determined the involvement of select signaling pathways that impact myosin light chain phosphorylation. Results LPA, a potent stimulator of the Rho-ROCK pathway, surprisingly did not require the Rho-ROCK pathway to stimulate migration but instead utilized Rac and MAPK. In contrast, LPA-stimulated invasion required Rho, Rac, and MAPK. Of these three major pathways, EGF-stimulated MDA-MB-231 migration and invasion required Rho; however, Rac was essential only for invasion and MAPK was dispensable for migration. HGF signaling, interestingly, utilized the same pathways for migration and invasion, requiring Rho but not Rac signaling. Notably, the dependency of HGF-stimulated migration and invasion as well as EGF-stimulated invasion on MAPK was subject to the inhibitors used. As expected, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a convergence point for MAPK and Rho family GTPase signaling, was required for all six conditions. Conclusions These observations suggest that, while multiple signaling pathways contribute to cancer cell motility, not all pathways operate under all conditions. Thus, our study highlights the plasticity of cancer cells to adapt to multiple migratory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathleen L O'Connor
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 741 S, Limestone Street, Lexington 40506-0509, USA.
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557
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Vanharanta S, Massagué J. Origins of metastatic traits. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:410-21. [PMID: 24135279 PMCID: PMC3998120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How cancer cells acquire the competence to colonize distant organs remains a central question in cancer biology. Tumors can release large numbers of cancer cells into the circulation, but only a small proportion of these cells survive on infiltrating distant organs and even fewer form clinically meaningful metastases. During the past decade, many predictive gene signatures and specific mediators of metastasis have been identified, yet how cancer cells acquire these traits has remained obscure. Recent experimental work and high-resolution sequencing of human tissues have started to reveal the molecular and tumor evolutionary principles that underlie the emergence of metastatic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Correspondence:
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558
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Roca-Cusachs P, Sunyer R, Trepat X. Mechanical guidance of cell migration: lessons from chemotaxis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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559
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Ferranti F, D’Anselmi F, Caruso M, Lei V, Dinicola S, Pasqualato A, Cucina A, Palombo A, Ricci G, Catizone A, Bizzarri M. TCam-2 seminoma cells exposed to egg-derived microenvironment modify their shape, adhesive pattern and migratory behaviour: a molecular and morphometric analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76192. [PMID: 24098438 PMCID: PMC3788130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminoma is one of the most common Testicular Germ Cell Tumours that originates during embryonic development due to an alteration of the local niche that in turn results in a delayed or blocked differentiation of Primordial Germ Cells. The block of differentiation is actually a common way to develop cancer disease as postulated by the "embryonic rest theory of cancer". In agreement with this theory different studies have demonstrated that embryonic cues display the capacity of reprogramming aggressive cancer cells towards a less aggressive phenotype. Herein we investigate the ability of a culture medium added with 10% egg albumen (EW, Egg White) to modulate seminoma cell phenotype and behaviour, by ensuring a proper set of morphogenetic signals. We chose to use the TCam-2 seminoma cell line that has been established as the only available cell line, obtained from a primary testicular seminoma. EW is able to: 1) modify TCam-2 cell spreading rate and cell-substrate adhesion without affecting proliferation and survival indexes; 2) modulate TCam-2 actin distribution pattern increasing cortical localization of actin filaments; 3) increase TCam-2 cell-cell junction capability; 4) decrease both chemo-sensitive and collective TCam-2 migratory behaviour. According to these observations morphometric fractal analysis revealed the ability of EW to increase Circularity and Solidity parameters and, consequently, to decrease Fractal dimension. Prompted by these observations we hypothesize that EW treatment could rescue, at least in part, the neoplastic-metastatic behaviour of seminoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferranti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics - Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio D’Anselmi
- Department of Surgery “PietroValdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Caruso
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics - Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Dinicola
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Pasqualato
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Section of Physiology and Physiopathology, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cucina
- Department of Surgery “PietroValdoni”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palombo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics - Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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560
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Chen SF, Nieh S, Jao SW, Wu MZ, Liu CL, Chang YC, Lin YS. The paracrine effect of cancer-associated fibroblast-induced interleukin-33 regulates the invasiveness of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 2013; 231:180-9. [PMID: 23775566 DOI: 10.1002/path.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The prognosis of HNSCC is usually poor because of its propensity for extensive invasion, local recurrence and frequent regional lymph node metastasis, even at initial diagnosis. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major type of tumour-surrounding stromal cell, generate mediators through which they interact with tumours and contribute to cancer progression. The orchestration between CAFs and cancer cells is complex. Despite recent studies demonstrating the paracrine effect of stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment on initiation and progression of cancer cells, the major mediator related to CAFs and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. In the present study, we used organotypic culture to investigate CAFs that promote aggressive behaviour of HNSCC cells. Using microarray analysis, we detected abundant expression of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in CAFs and identified IL-33 as a critical mediator in CAF-induced invasiveness. Counteracting IL-33 activity diminished the aggressive phenotype of cancer cells induced by CAFs. Administration of IL-33 promoted cancer cell migration and invasion through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation and increased IL-33 gene expression in cancer cells. In 40 patients with HNSCC, IL-33 expression in CAFs correlated with IL-33 expression in cancer cells. Most cases with a low invasion pattern grading score (IPGS) showed low or no expression of IL-33, whereas most HNSCC cases with high IPGS displayed over-expression of IL-33 in CAFs and cancer cells. High IL-33 expression associated with poor prognosis in terms of nodal metastasis-free survival. These results indicate that CAFs promote cancer invasiveness via paracrine and autocrine effects on microenvironmental IL-33 signalling, and suggest that IL-33 is a potential prognostic biomarker that could be considered in therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Feng Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Defence Medical Centre and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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561
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang R, Zhang N, Chen R. Interactome analysis reveals that C1QBP (complement component 1, q subcomponent binding protein) is associated with cancer cell chemotaxis and metastasis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3199-209. [PMID: 23924515 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement component 1, q subcomponent binding protein (C1QBP/p32/HABP1) is a ubiquitously expressed and multicompartmental cellular protein involved in various biological processes. In order to further understand its biological functions, we conducted proteomics analysis of its interactome in this study. An improved sample preparation and mass spectrometric identification strategy was developed combining high-speed centrifugation, formaldehyde labeling, and two-dimensional reverse-phase liquid chromatography. Using this approach, we identified 187 interacting proteins and constructed a highly connected interacting network for C1QBP. Moreover, we explored the interaction between C1QBP and protein kinase C ζ, a key regulator of cell polarity and migration. The results indicated that C1QBP regulated the activity of protein kinase C ζ and modulated EGF-induced cancer cell chemotaxis. In addition, C1QBP was required for breast cancer metastasis in a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model. Furthermore, C1QBP was observed to be overexpressed in breast cancer tissues, and its expression level was closely linked with distant metastasis and TNM stages. In summary, C1QBP was identified as a novel regulator of cancer metastasis that may serve as a therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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562
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Eisinger-Mathason TSK, Zhang M, Qiu Q, Skuli N, Nakazawa MS, Karakasheva T, Mucaj V, Shay JES, Stangenberg L, Sadri N, Puré E, Yoon SS, Kirsch DG, Simon MC. Hypoxia-dependent modification of collagen networks promotes sarcoma metastasis. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1190-205. [PMID: 23906982 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intratumoral hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) correlate with metastasis and poor survival in patients with sarcoma. We show here that hypoxia controls sarcoma metastasis through a novel mechanism wherein HIF-1α enhances expression of the intracellular enzyme procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2). We show that loss of HIF-1α or PLOD2 expression disrupts collagen modification, cell migration, and pulmonary metastasis (but not primary tumor growth) in allograft and autochthonous LSL-Kras(G12D/+); Trp53(fl/fl) murine sarcoma models. Furthermore, ectopic PLOD2 expression restores migration and metastatic potential in HIF-1α-deficient tumors, and analysis of human sarcomas reveals elevated HIF1A and PLOD2 expression in metastatic primary lesions. Pharmacologic inhibition of PLOD enzymatic activity suppresses metastases. Collectively, these data indicate that HIF-1α controls sarcoma metastasis through PLOD2-dependent collagen modification and organization in primary tumors. We conclude that PLOD2 is a novel therapeutic target in sarcomas and successful inhibition of this enzyme may reduce tumor cell dissemination. SIGNIFICANCE Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a commonly diagnosed and particularly aggressive sarcoma subtype in adults, which frequently and fatally metastasizes to the lung. Here, we show the potential use of a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic UPS, specifi cally the collagen-modifying enzyme PLOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Karin Eisinger-Mathason
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; 2Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; 3The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Departments of 4Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and 5Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 7Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and 8Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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563
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Abstract
In the past decade, novel materials, probes and tools have enabled fundamental and applied cancer researchers to take a fresh look at the complex problem of tumour invasion and metastasis. These new tools, which include imaging modalities, controlled but complex in vitro culture conditions, and the ability to model and predict complex processes in vivo, represent an integration of traditional with novel engineering approaches; and their potential effect on quantitatively understanding tumour progression and invasion looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H Zaman
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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564
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Rapp C, Snow S, Laufer T, McClendon CL. The role of tyrosine sulfation in the dimerization of the CXCR4:SDF-1 complex. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1025-36. [PMID: 23740770 PMCID: PMC3832039 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors is a recognized mode of regulation of receptor activities, with alternate oligomeric states resulting in different signaling functions. The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that is post-translationally modified by tyrosine sulfation at three sites on its N-terminus (Y7, Y12, Y21), leading to enhanced affinity for its ligand, stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1, also called CXCL12). The complex has been implicated in cancer metastasis and is a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Using molecular dynamics simulation of NMR-derived structures of the CXCR4 N-terminus in complex with SDF-1, and calculations of electrostatic binding energies for these complexes, we address the role of tyrosine sulfation in this complex. Our results show that sulfation stabilizes the dimeric state of the CXCR4:SDF-1 complex through hydrogen bonding across the dimer interface, conformational changes in residues at the dimer interface, and an enhancement in electrostatic binding energies associated with dimerization. These findings suggest a mechanism through which post-translational modifications such as tyrosine sulfation might regulate downstream function through modulation of the oligomeric state of the modified system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Rapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA.
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565
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Das S, Sarrou E, Podgrabinska S, Cassella M, Mungamuri SK, Feirt N, Gordon R, Nagi CS, Wang Y, Entenberg D, Condeelis J, Skobe M. Tumor cell entry into the lymph node is controlled by CCL1 chemokine expressed by lymph node lymphatic sinuses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1509-28. [PMID: 23878309 PMCID: PMC3727324 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are thought to contribute to metastasis primarily by serving as a transportation system. It is widely believed that tumor cells enter lymph nodes passively by the flow of lymph. We demonstrate that lymph node lymphatic sinuses control tumor cell entry into the lymph node, which requires active tumor cell migration. In human and mouse tissues, CCL1 protein is detected in lymph node lymphatic sinuses but not in the peripheral lymphatics. CCR8, the receptor for CCL1, is strongly expressed by human malignant melanoma. Tumor cell migration to lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in vitro is inhibited by blocking CCR8 or CCL1, and recombinant CCL1 promotes migration of CCR8(+) tumor cells. The proinflammatory mediators TNF, IL-1β, and LPS increase CCL1 production by LECs and tumor cell migration to LECs. In a mouse model, blocking CCR8 with the soluble antagonist or knockdown with shRNA significantly decreased lymph node metastasis. Notably, inhibition of CCR8 led to the arrest of tumor cells in the collecting lymphatic vessels at the junction with the lymph node subcapsular sinus. These data identify a novel function for CCL1-CCR8 in metastasis and lymph node LECs as a critical checkpoint for the entry of metastases into the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Das
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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566
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Roshani R, McCarthy F, Hagemann T. Inflammatory cytokines in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:157-63. [PMID: 23879960 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal types of cancer with poor prognosis. Despite extensive efforts, the current treatment methods have limited success. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are required. The pancreatic tumor microenvironment is rich in growth factors and inflammatory cytokines that support tumor growth, and it is highly immunosuppressive. Up-regulation of cytokine pathways has been shown to modulate PDAC progression and immune evasion; therefore targeting cytokines may have therapeutic benefits. In this review we provide an overview of current understanding of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic cancer and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Roshani
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Fiona McCarthy
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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567
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Kim BJ, Hannanta-anan P, Chau M, Kim YS, Swartz MA, Wu M. Cooperative roles of SDF-1α and EGF gradients on tumor cell migration revealed by a robust 3D microfluidic model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68422. [PMID: 23869217 PMCID: PMC3711811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-mediated directed tumor cell migration within a three dimensional (3D) matrix, or chemoinvasion, is an important early step in cancer metastasis. Despite its clinical importance, it is largely unknown how cytokine and growth factor gradients within the tumor microenvironment regulate chemoinvasion. We studied tumor cell chemoinvasion in well-defined and stable chemical gradients using a robust 3D microfluidic model. We used CXCL12 (also known as SDF-1α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), two well-known extracellular signaling molecules that co-exist in the tumor microenvironment (e.g. lymph nodes or intravasation sites), and a malignant breast tumor cell line, MDA-MB-231, embedded in type I collagen. When subjected to SDF-1α gradients alone, MDA-MB-231 cells migrated up the gradient, and the measured chemosensitivity (defined as the average cell velocity along the direction of the gradient) followed the ligand - receptor (SDF-1α - CXCR4) binding kinetics. On the other hand, when subjected to EGF gradients alone, tumor cells increased their overall motility, but without statistically significant chemotactic (directed) migration, in contrast to previous reports using 2D chemotaxis assays. Interestingly, we found that the chemoinvasive behavior to SDF-1α gradients was abrogated or even reversed in the presence of uniform concentrations of EGF; however, the presence of SDF-1α and EGF together modulated tumor cell motility cooperatively. These findings demonstrate the capabilities of our microfluidic model in re-creating complex microenvironments for cells, and the importance of cooperative roles of multiple cytokine and growth factor gradients in regulating cell migration in 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beum Jun Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Pimkhuan Hannanta-anan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Chau
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoon Soo Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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568
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Rösel D, Brábek J, Veselý P, Fernandes M. Drugs for solid cancer: the productivity crisis prompts a rethink. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:767-77. [PMID: 23836990 PMCID: PMC3699349 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s45177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in cancer-drug discovery, the delivery of novel, safe, and sustainably effective products to the clinic has stalled. Using Src as a model, we examine key steps in drug development. The preclinical evidence on the relationship between Src and solid cancer is in sharp contrast with the modest anticancer effect noted in conventional clinical trials. Here, we consider Src inhibitors as an example of a promising drug class directed to invasion and metastasis and identify roadblocks in translation. We question the assumption that a drug-induced tumor shrinkage in preclinical and clinical studies predicts a successful outcome. Our analysis indicates that the key areas requiring attention are related, and include preclinical models (in vitro and mouse models), meaningful clinical trial end points, and an appreciation of the role of metastasis in morbidity and mortality. Current regulations do not reflect the natural history of the disease, and may be unrelated to the key complications: local invasion, metastasis, and the development of resistance. Alignment of preclinical and clinical studies and regulations based on mechanistic trial end points and platforms may help in overcoming these roadblocks. Viewed kaleidoscopically, most elements necessary and sufficient for a novel translational paradigm are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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569
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Polacheck WJ, Li R, Uzel SGM, Kamm RD. Microfluidic platforms for mechanobiology. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2252-67. [PMID: 23649165 PMCID: PMC3714214 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction has been a topic of considerable interest since early studies demonstrated a link between mechanical force and biological response. Until recently, studies of fundamental phenomena were based either on in vivo experiments with limited control or direct access, or on large-scale in vitro studies lacking many of the potentially important physiological factors. With the advent of microfluidics, many of the previous limitations of in vitro testing were eliminated or reduced through greater control or combined functionalities. At the same time, imaging capabilities were tremendously enhanced. In this review, we discuss how microfluidics has transformed the study of mechanotransduction. This is done in the context of the various cell types that exhibit force-induced responses and the new biological insights that have been elucidated. We also discuss new microfluidic studies that could produce even more realistic models of in vivo conditions by combining multiple stimuli or creating a more realistic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Polacheck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastien G. M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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570
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Interaction between p68 RNA helicase and Ca2+-calmodulin promotes cell migration and metastasis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1354. [PMID: 23322042 PMCID: PMC3552336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
p68 RNA helicase is a prototypical RNA helicase. Here we present evidence to show that, by interacting with Ca-calmodulin (CaM), p68 plays a role in cancer metastasis and cell migration. A peptide fragment that spans the IQ motif of p68 strongly inhibits cancer metastasis in two different animal models. The peptide interrupts p68 and CaM interaction and inhibits cell migration. Our results demonstrate that the p68-CaM interaction is essential for the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia in migrating cells. p68 interacts with microtubules in the presence of CaM. Our experiments show that interaction with microtubules stimulates p68 ATPase activity. Further, microtubule gliding assays demonstrate that p68, in the presence of CaM, can function as a microtubule motor. This motor activity may allow p68 to transport CaM to the leading edge of migrating cells.
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571
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Bravo-Cordero JJ, Magalhaes MAO, Eddy RJ, Hodgson L, Condeelis J. Functions of cofilin in cell locomotion and invasion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:405-15. [PMID: 23778968 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a consensus has emerged that cofilin severing activity can generate free actin filament ends that are accessible for F-actin polymerization and depolymerization without changing the rate of G-actin association and dissociation at either filament end. The structural basis of actin filament severing by cofilin is now better understood. These results have been integrated with recently discovered mechanisms for cofilin activation in migrating cells, which led to new models for cofilin function that provide insights into how cofilin regulation determines the temporal and spatial control of cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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572
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Yang D, Wei F, Tewary P, Howard OMZ, Oppenheim JJ. Alarmin-induced cell migration. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1412-8. [PMID: 23619968 PMCID: PMC6331004 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous, constitutively available, damage-associated molecular patterns that upon release can mobilize and activate various leukocytes for the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses. For our immune system to function appropriately, it relies on navigating various leukocytes to distinct places at the right time. The direction of cell migration is determined by chemotactic factors that include classical chemoattractants, chemokines, certain growth factors, and alarmins. This viewpoint provides an overview of alarmin-induced cell migration. Alarmins are capable of inducing the migration of diverse types of leukocytes and nonleukocytes either directly by triggering specific receptors or indirectly by inducing production of chemokines through the activation of various leukocytes via pattern recognition receptors. The receptors used by alarmins to directly induce cell migration can either be Gαi protein-coupled receptors or receptors such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products; however, the intracellular signaling events responsible for the direct chemotactic activities of alarmins are, to date, only partially elucidated. Given that alarmins act in concert with chemokines to regulate the recruitment and trafficking of leukocytes, these damage-associated molecular patterns are potentially involved in diverse biological processes as discussed in this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Basic Research Program, Scientific Application and International Corporation–Frederick, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Poonam Tewary
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - O. M. Zack Howard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joost J. Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratories for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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573
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Wang MX, Li YJ, Lai PY, Chan CK. Model on cell movement, growth, differentiation and de-differentiation: reaction-diffusion equation and wave propagation. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2013; 36:65. [PMID: 23807466 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2013-13065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We construct a model for cell proliferation with differentiation into different cell types, allowing backward de-differentiation and cell movement. With different cell types labeled by state variables, the model can be formulated in terms of the associated transition probabilities between various states. The cell population densities can be described by coupled reaction-diffusion partial differential equations, allowing steady wavefront propagation solutions. The wavefront profile is calculated analytically for the simple pure growth case (2-states), and analytic expressions for the steady wavefront propagating speeds and population growth rates are obtained for the simpler cases of 2-, 3- and 4-states systems. These analytic results are verified by direct numerical solutions of the reaction-diffusion PDEs. Furthermore, in the absence of de-differentiation, it is found that, as the mobility and/or self-proliferation rate of the down-lineage descendant cells become sufficiently large, the propagation dynamics can switch from a steady propagating wavefront to the interesting situation of propagation of a faster wavefront with a slower waveback. For the case of a non-vanishing de-differentiation probability, the cell growth rate and wavefront propagation speed are both enhanced, and the wavefront speeds can be obtained analytically and confirmed by numerical solution of the reaction-diffusion equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Xiang Wang
- Department of Physics, Graduate Institute of Biophysics, and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, 320, ROC
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574
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Malet-Engra G, Viaud J, Ysebaert L, Farcé M, Lafouresse F, Laurent G, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Scita G, Dupré L. CIP4 controls CCL19-driven cell steering and chemotaxis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3412-24. [PMID: 23644527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumor dissemination relies on the reprogramming of molecular pathways controlling chemotaxis. Whether the motility of nonsolid tumors such as leukemia depends on the deregulated expression of molecules decoding chemotactic signals remains an open question. We identify here the membrane remodeling F-BAR adapter protein Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4) as a key regulator of chemotaxis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CIP4 is expressed at abnormally high levels in CLL cells, where it is required for CCL19-induced chemotaxis. Upon CCL19 stimulation of CLL cells, CIP4 associates with GTP-bound Cdc42 and is recruited to the rear of the lamellipodium and along microspikes radiating through the lamellipodium. Consistent with its cellular distribution, CIP4 removal impairs both the assembly of the polarized lamellipodium and directional migration along a diffusible CCL19 gradient. Furthermore, CIP4 depletion results in decreased activation of WASP, but increased activation of PAK1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Notably, p38 MAPK inhibition results in impaired lamellipodium assembly and loss of directional migration. This suggests that CIP4 modulates both the WASP and p38 MAPK pathways to promote lamellipodium assembly and chemotaxis. Overall, our study reveals a critical role of CIP4 in mediating chemotaxis of CLL cells by controlling the dynamics of microspike-containing protrusions and cell steering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Malet-Engra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
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575
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Chen SF, Lin YS, Jao SW, Chang YC, Liu CL, Lin YJ, Nieh S. Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma in Malignant Pleural Effusion Enriches Cancer Stem Cell Properties during Metastatic Cascade. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54659. [PMID: 23658677 PMCID: PMC3641054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis occurs in a series of discrete steps involving invasion, angiogenesis, lymphovascular space permeation, and establishment of secondary tumors. Malignant pleural effusion (MPE), a type of tumor metastasis, is usually a poor prognostic sign for patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma, although its underlying mechanism has received less attention than other types of metastases have. The objective of the current study was to confirm whether cancer stem cells (CSCs) in MPE contribute to the "metastatic cascade" through the epithelial - mesenchymal transition (EMT), anoikis, and adaptation in the microenvironment. METHODS Pulmonary tissue and corresponding cell blocks of MPE samples from 20 patients with primary adenocarcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with CSC-representative markers (CD133, Nanog, and OCT-4) and EMT-associated markers (E-cadherin and vimentin). Correlations between these variables and clinico-pathological parameters were analyzed. Primary cultures from eight cases of MPE were investigated to characterize the CSC properties, including marker expression, sphere formation, and differentiation. RESULTS Expressions of CSC-representative markers for 20 cases of MPE cell blocks were quite diverse and variable ranging from 15% to 90%. Stronger expression of CSC-representative markers and alteration of EMT-associated markers were found at the invasive fronts and in MPEs compared with the expression in primary pulmonary tumor tissues. The expression of OCT-4 in MPEs significantly related to distant metastasis and stage, as well as inversely correlated with patient survival. Primary cultures confirmed the CSC properties in MPE. Five of eight cases of MPE yielded adequate cell clusters, which also showed variable expressions of CSC markers in addition to sphere formation and the ability for differentiation and metastasis. CONCLUSION This pilot study offers a better understanding of the metastatic cascade. Establishing a model of MPE will provide further insight into the role of CSCs in metastasis and may explain the high therapeutic failure rates for patients with MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Feng Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaoh-Shiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Jao
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin Nieh
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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576
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Chang H, Kim BJ, Kim YS, Suarez SS, Wu M. Different migration patterns of sea urchin and mouse sperm revealed by a microfluidic chemotaxis device. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60587. [PMID: 23613731 PMCID: PMC3628882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis refers to a process whereby cells move up or down a chemical gradient. Sperm chemotaxis is known to be a strategy exploited by marine invertebrates such as sea urchins to reach eggs efficiently in moving water. Less is understood about how or whether chemotaxis is used by mammalian sperm to reach eggs, where fertilization takes place within the confinement of a reproductive tract. In this report, we quantitatively assessed sea urchin and mouse sperm chemotaxis using a recently developed microfluidic model and high-speed imaging. Results demonstrated that sea urchin Arbacia punctulata sperm were chemotactic toward the peptide resact with high chemotactic sensitivity, with an average velocity Vx up the chemical gradient as high as 20% of its average speed (238 μm/s), while mouse sperm displayed no statistically significant chemotactic behavior in progesterone gradients, which had been proposed to guide mammalian sperm toward eggs. This work demonstrates the validity of a microfluidic model for quantitative sperm chemotaxis studies, and reveals a biological insight that chemotaxis up a progesterone gradient may not be a universal strategy for mammalian sperm to reach eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Beum Jun Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoon Soo Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Suarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSS); (MW)
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSS); (MW)
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577
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Ciarletta P. Buckling instability in growing tumor spheroids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:158102. [PMID: 25167314 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A growing tumor is subjected to intrinsic physical forces, arising from the cellular turnover in a spatially constrained environment. This work demonstrates that such residual solid stresses can provoke a buckling instability in heterogeneous tumor spheroids. The growth rate ratio between the outer shell of proliferative cells and the inner necrotic core is the control parameter of this instability. The buckled morphology is found to depend both on the elastic and the geometric properties of the tumor components, suggesting a key role of residual stresses for promoting tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ciarletta
- CNRS and Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, UMR 7190, Université Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu case 162, 75005 Paris, France and MOX-Politecnico di Milano and Fondazione CEN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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578
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Ngalim SH, Magenau A, Zhu Y, Tønnesen L, Fairjones Z, Gooding JJ, Böcking T, Gaus K. Creating adhesive and soluble gradients for imaging cell migration with fluorescence microscopy. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23609313 DOI: 10.3791/50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, The University of New South Wales
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579
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Karlsson T, Bolshakova A, Magalhães MAO, Loitto VM, Magnusson KE. Fluxes of water through aquaporin 9 weaken membrane-cytoskeleton anchorage and promote formation of membrane protrusions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59901. [PMID: 23573219 PMCID: PMC3616121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All modes of cell migration require rapid rearrangements of cell shape, allowing the cell to navigate within narrow spaces in an extracellular matrix. Thus, a highly flexible membrane and a dynamic cytoskeleton are crucial for rapid cell migration. Cytoskeleton dynamics and tension also play instrumental roles in the formation of different specialized cell membrane protrusions, viz. lamellipodia, filopodia, and membrane blebs. The flux of water through membrane-anchored water channels, known as aquaporins (AQPs) has recently been implicated in the regulation of cell motility, and here we provide novel evidence for the role of AQP9 in the development of various forms of membrane protrusion. Using multiple imaging techniques and cellular models we show that: (i) AQP9 induced and accumulated in filopodia, (ii) AQP9-associated filopodial extensions preceded actin polymerization, which was in turn crucial for their stability and dynamics, and (iii) minute, local reductions in osmolarity immediately initiated small dynamic bleb-like protrusions, the size of which correlated with the reduction in osmotic pressure. Based on this, we present a model for AQP9-induced membrane protrusion, where the interplay of water fluxes through AQP9 and actin dynamics regulate the cellular protrusive and motile activity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thommie Karlsson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Bolshakova
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Vesa M. Loitto
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Karl-Eric Magnusson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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580
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Delarue M, Montel F, Caen O, Elgeti J, Siaugue JM, Vignjevic D, Prost J, Joanny JF, Cappello G. Mechanical control of cell flow in multicellular spheroids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:138103. [PMID: 23581378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.138103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell motion is observed in a wide range of biological processes. In tumors, physiological gradients of nutrients, growth factors, or even oxygen give rise to gradients of proliferation. We show using fluorescently labeled particles that these gradients drive a velocity field resulting in a cellular flow in multicellular spheroids. Under mechanical stress, the cellular flow is drastically reduced. We describe the results with a hydrodynamic model that considers only convection of the particles by the cellular flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Delarue
- Physicochimie Curie (Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR168, UPMC), Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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581
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Lee J, Choi I, Yeo WS. Preparation of gradient surfaces by using a simple chemical reaction and investigation of cell adhesion on a two-component gradient. Chemistry 2013; 19:5609-16. [PMID: 23463672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a simple method for the generation of multicomponent gradient surfaces on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold in a precise and predictable manner, by harnessing a chemical reaction on the monolayer, and their applications. A quinone derivative on a monolayer was converted to an amine through spontaneous intramolecular cyclization following first-order reaction kinetics. An amine gradient on the surface on a scale of centimeters was realized by modulating the exposure time of the quinone-presenting monolayer to the chemical reagent. The resulting amine was used as a chemical handle to attach various molecules to the monolayer with formation of multicomponent gradient surfaces. The effectiveness of this strategy was verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), MS imaging, and contact-angle measurements. As a practical application, cell adhesion was investigated on RGD/PHSRN peptide/peptide gradient surfaces. Peptide PHSRN was found to synergistically enhance cell adhesion at the position where these two ligands are presented in equal amounts, while these peptide ligands were competitively involved in cell adhesion at other positions. This strategy of generating a gradient may be further expandable to the development of functional gradient surfaces of various molecules and materials, such as DNA, proteins, growth factors, and nanoparticles, and could therefore be useful in many fields of research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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582
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Haro A, Yano T, Kohno M, Yoshida T, Koga T, Okamoto T, Takenoyama M, Maehara Y. Expression of Brachyury gene is a significant prognostic factor for primary lung carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S509-16. [PMID: 23456319 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-2914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of Brachyury expression and its relationship to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary lung carcinoma is unclear. METHODS Expression of Brachyury mRNA was investigated in 104 surgically resected primary lung carcinoma tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of Brachyury transcription factor, Slug, E-cadherin, IL-8, N-cadherin, and Ki67 was performed in 67 of 104 cases, and their expression was correlated to prognoses and clinicopathological factors. RESULTS Brachyury mRNA expression in primary lung carcinoma tissues was a significant predictor of poor prognosis for 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates and was significantly correlated to vascular invasion, lymphatic permeation, histological grade, pathologic T stage, and pathologic N stage (P < 0.05). Brachyury mRNA expression was significantly inversely correlated to E-cadherin expression (P = 0.0252) and positively correlated to IL-8 protein (P = 0.0241) and to Slug protein (P = 0.0243) in adenocarcinoma tissues. CONCLUSIONS A positive association between Brachyury and Slug and IL-8, and a negative association with E-cadherin may lead to invasiveness and metastasis in primary lung carcinoma. Brachyury mRNA expression is a significant predictor of poor prognosis in primary lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Haro
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan,
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583
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Hernandez-Gea V, Toffanin S, Friedman SL, Llovet JM. Role of the microenvironment in the pathogenesis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:512-27. [PMID: 23313965 PMCID: PMC3578068 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor and the third greatest cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Despite the significant improvement in management of HCC over the past 30 years, there are no effective chemoprevention strategies, and only one systemic therapy has been approved for patients with advanced tumors. This drug, sorafenib, acts on tumor cells and the stroma. HCC develops from chronically damaged tissue that contains large amounts of inflammation and fibrosis, which also promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Increasing our understanding of how stromal components interact with cancer cells and the signaling pathways involved could help identify new therapeutic and chemopreventive targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Toffanin
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, IRCSS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program (Divisions of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Josep M. Llovet
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program (Divisions of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Liver Unit and Pathology Department. Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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584
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Selective regulation of p38β protein and signaling by integrin-linked kinase mediates bladder cancer cell migration. Oncogene 2013; 33:690-701. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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585
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Chen R, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang F, Shieh CHP, Yang D, Zhang N. Quantitative Study of the Interactome of PKCζ Involved in the EGF-induced Tumor Cell Chemotaxis. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1478-86. [PMID: 23402259 DOI: 10.1021/pr3011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Chen
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory
of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- EncodeGenomics Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory
of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory
of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - De Yang
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Research Center of
Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory
of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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586
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Jeon JS, Zervantonakis IK, Chung S, Kamm RD, Charest JL. In vitro model of tumor cell extravasation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56910. [PMID: 23437268 PMCID: PMC3577697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells that disseminate from the primary tumor and survive the vascular system can eventually extravasate across the endothelium to metastasize at a secondary site. In this study, we developed a microfluidic system to mimic tumor cell extravasation where cancer cells can transmigrate across an endothelial monolayer into a hydrogel that models the extracellular space. The experimental protocol is optimized to ensure the formation of an intact endothelium prior to the introduction of tumor cells and also to observe tumor cell extravasation by having a suitable tumor seeding density. Extravasation is observed for 38.8% of the tumor cells in contact with the endothelium within 1 day after their introduction. Permeability of the EC monolayer as measured by the diffusion of fluorescently-labeled dextran across the monolayer increased 3.8 fold 24 hours after introducing tumor cells, suggesting that the presence of tumor cells increases endothelial permeability. The percent of tumor cells extravasated remained nearly constant from1 to 3 days after tumor seeding, indicating extravasation in our system generally occurs within the first 24 hours of tumor cell contact with the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie S. Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ioannis K. Zervantonakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDK); (JLC)
| | - Joseph L. Charest
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDK); (JLC)
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587
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Ursini-Siegel J. Can pharmacological receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors sensitize poor outcome breast tumors to immune-based therapies? Front Oncol 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 23408142 PMCID: PMC3570790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) drive breast cancer progression, particularly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and basal tumors, the two worst prognosis subtypes. Tumor cells recruit host stromal components, including immune cells, which strongly influence disease progression. This has been studied in human breast cancer and translated to murine models of breast cancer. Stromal immune components including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells, destroy cancer cells through a process termed immune surveillance. Unfortunately, clinically detectable tumors escape these immune protective effects through their ability to limit the infiltration, activation, and/or survival of CTLs in breast tumors. The immunosuppressed state of established tumors limits the success rate of immune-based therapies, and possibly other therapeutic modalities that depend on host immunity. Published studies demonstrate that RTKs facilitate breast cancer progression, in part, by establishing immune suppression. This raises the intriguing possibility that pharmacological RTK inhibitors may be exploited to sensitize breast cancer patients to immune-based therapies.
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588
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Mak M, Reinhart-King CA, Erickson D. Elucidating mechanical transition effects of invading cancer cells with a subnucleus-scaled microfluidic serial dimensional modulation device. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:340-8. [PMID: 23212313 PMCID: PMC3750734 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical boundaries that define and regulate biological processes, such as cell-cell junctions and dense extracellular matrix networks, exist throughout the physiological landscape. During metastasis, cancer cells are able to invade across these barriers and spread to distant tissues. While transgressing boundaries is a necessary step for distal colonies to form, little is known about interface effects on cell behavior during invasion. Here we introduce a device and metric to assess cell transition effects across mechanical barriers. Using MDA-MB-231 cells, a highly metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cell line, our results demonstrate that dimensional modulation in confined spaces with mechanical barriers smaller than the cell nucleus can induce distinct invasion phases and elongated morphological states. Further investigations on the impact of microtubule stabilization and drug resistance reveal that taxol-treated cells have reduced ability in invading across tight spaces and lose their super-diffusive migratory state and taxol-resistant cells exhibit asymmetric cell division at barrier interfaces. These results illustrate that subnucleus-scaled confinement modulation can play a distinctive role in inducing behavioral responses in invading cells and can help reveal the mechanical elements of non-proteolytic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mak
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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589
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Limame R, de Beeck KO, Van Laere S, Croes L, De Wilde A, Dirix L, Van Camp G, Peeters M, De Wever O, Lardon F, Pauwels P. Expression profiling of migrated and invaded breast cancer cells predicts early metastatic relapse and reveals Krüppel-like factor 9 as a potential suppressor of invasive growth in breast cancer. Oncoscience 2013; 1:69-81. [PMID: 25593984 PMCID: PMC4295756 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility and invasion initiate metastasis. However, only a subpopulation of cancer cells within a tumor will ultimately become invasive. Due to this stochastic and transient nature, in an experimental setting, migrating and invading cells need to be isolated from the general population in order to study the gene expression profiles linked to these processes. This report describes microarray analysis on RNA derived from migrated or invaded subpopulations of triple negative breast cancer cells in a Transwell set-up, at two different time points during motility and invasion, pre-determined as “early” and “late” in real-time kinetic assessments. Invasion- and migration-related gene expression signatures were generated through comparison with non-invasive cells, remaining at the upper side of the Transwell membranes. Late-phase signatures of both invasion and migration indicated poor prognosis in a series of breast cancer data sets. Furthermore, evaluation of the genes constituting the prognostic invasion-related gene signature revealed Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) as a putative suppressor of invasive growth in breast cancer. Next to loss in invasive vs non-invasive cell lines, KLF9 also showed significantly lower expression levels in the “early” invasive cell population, in several public expression data sets and in clinical breast cancer samples when compared to normal tissue. Overexpression of EGFP-KLF9 fusion protein significantly altered morphology and blocked invasion and growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. In addition, KLF9 expression correlated inversely with mitotic activity in clinical samples, indicating anti-proliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Limame
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit (TCRU), GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium ; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Croes
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Annemieke De Wilde
- Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Luc Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit (TCRU), GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium ; Laboratory of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
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590
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Muinonen-Martin AJ, Knecht DA, Veltman DM, Thomason PA, Kalna G, Insall RH. Measuring chemotaxis using direct visualization microscope chambers. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1046:307-21. [PMID: 23868596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-538-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct visualization chambers are considered the gold standard for measuring and analyzing chemotactic responses, because they allow detailed analysis of cellular behavior during the process of chemotaxis. We have previously described the Insall chamber, an improved chamber for measuring cancer cell chemotaxis. Here, we describe in detail how this system can be used to perform two key assays for both fast- and slow-moving mammalian and nonmammalian cell types. This allows for the detailed analysis of chemotactic responses in linear gradients at the levels of both overall cell behavior and subcellular dynamics.
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591
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Zimmermann M, Box C, Eccles SA. Two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional in vitro tumor migration and invasion assays. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 986:227-52. [PMID: 23436416 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-311-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Motility and invasion are key hallmarks that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, enabling cells to cross tissue boundaries, disseminate in blood and lymph and establish metastases at distant sites. Similar properties are also utilized by activated endothelial cells during tumor-induced angiogenesis. It is now appreciated that these processes might provide a rich source of novel molecular targets with the potential for inhibitors to restrain both metastasis and neoangiogenesis. Such therapeutic strategies require assays that can rapidly and quantitatively measure cell movement and the ability to traverse physiological barriers. The need for high-throughput, however, must be balanced by assay designs that accommodate, as far as possible, the complexity of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. This chapter aims to give an overview of some commonly used migration and invasion assays to aid in the selection of a balanced portfolio of techniques for the rapid and accurate evaluation of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zimmermann
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, McElwain Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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592
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McNiven MA. Breaking away: matrix remodeling from the leading edge. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:16-21. [PMID: 22999190 PMCID: PMC3905740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells, and the supporting stroma, degrade confining matrix during migration. Significant attention has been focused on understanding the biology of several dynamic and distinct, but remarkably related, cell structures that include lamellipodia, focal adhesions (FAs), filopodia, podosomes, and invadopodia. How these invasive organelles assemble and function is a topic of intense study. Most exciting has been the recent progress made by combining advanced microscope technologies with a wide variety of different 3D matrices, tissue explants, or even living model organisms. From these approaches, it has become increasingly evident that the conventional definitions of these invasive structures may be less clear than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Graduate School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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593
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Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC) aids in diagnosis of disease, prognosis, disease recurrence, and therapeutic response. The molecular aspects of metastasis are reviewed including its relevance in the identification and characterization of putative markers that may be useful in the detection thereof. Also discussed are methods for CTC enrichment using molecular strategies. The clinical application of CTC in the metastatic disease process is also summarized.
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594
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Termén S, Tan EJ, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor β. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:801-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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595
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Vasaturo A, Caserta S, Russo I, Preziosi V, Ciacci C, Guido S. A novel chemotaxis assay in 3-D collagen gels by time-lapse microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52251. [PMID: 23284956 PMCID: PMC3526591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The directional cell response to chemical gradients, referred to as chemotaxis, plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes including development, immune response and tumor cell invasion. Despite such implications, chemotaxis remains a challenging process to study under physiologically-relevant conditions in-vitro, mainly due to difficulties in generating a well characterized and sustained gradient in substrata mimicking the in-vivo environment while allowing dynamic cell imaging. Here, we describe a novel chemotaxis assay in 3D collagen gels, based on a reusable direct-viewing chamber in which a chemoattractant gradient is generated by diffusion through a porous membrane. The diffusion process has been analysed by monitoring the concentration of FITC-labelled dextran through epifluorescence microscopy and by comparing experimental data with theoretical and numerical predictions based on Fick's law. Cell migration towards chemoattractant gradients has been followed by time-lapse microscopy and quantified by cell tracking based on image analysis techniques. The results are expressed in terms of chemotactic index (I) and average cell velocity. The assay has been tested by comparing the migration of human neutrophils in isotropic conditions and in the presence of an Interleukin-8 (IL-8) gradient. In the absence of IL-8 stimulation, 80% of the cells showed a velocity ranging from 0 to 1 µm/min. However, in the presence of an IL-8 gradient, 60% of the cells showed an increase in velocity reaching values between 2 and 7 µm/min. Furthermore, after IL-8 addition, I increased from 0 to 0.25 and 0.25 to 0.5, respectively, for the two donors examined. These data indicate a pronounced directional migration of neutrophils towards the IL-8 gradient in 3D collagen matrix. The chemotaxis assay described here can be adapted to other cell types and may serve as a physiologically relevant method to study the directed locomotion of cells in a 3D environment in response to different chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vasaturo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE – Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Gastrointestinal Unit Baronissi, School of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Preziosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Gastrointestinal Unit Baronissi, School of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE – Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
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596
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Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:631-45. [PMID: 23000794 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell movements are essential for animal development and homeostasis but also contribute to disease. Moving cells typically extend protrusions towards a chemoattractant, adhere to the substrate, contract and detach at the rear. It is less clear how cells that migrate in interconnected groups in vivo coordinate their behaviour and navigate through natural environments. The border cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary have emerged as an excellent model for the study of collective cell movement, aided by innovative genetic, live imaging, and photomanipulation techniques. Here we provide an overview of the molecular choreography of border cells and its more general implications.
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597
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Abstract
Gastrulation, the process that puts the three major germlayers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm in their correct topological position in the developing embryo, is characterised by extensive highly organised collective cell migration of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. We discuss current knowledge and insights in the mechanisms controlling these cell behaviours during gastrulation in the chick embryo. We discuss several ideas that have been proposed to explain the observed large scale vortex movements of epithelial cells in the epiblast during formation of the primitive streak. We review current insights in the control and execution of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) underlying the formation of the hypoblast and the ingression of the mesendoderm cells through the streak. We discuss the mechanisms by which the mesendoderm cells move, the nature and dynamics of the signals that guide these movements, as well as the interplay between signalling and movement that result in tissue patterning and morphogenesis. We argue that instructive cell-cell signaling and directed chemotactic movement responses to these signals are instrumental in the execution of all phases of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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598
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Mukai A, Yamamoto-Hino M, Komada M, Okano H, Goto S. Balanced ubiquitination determines cellular responsiveness to extracellular stimuli. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4007-16. [PMID: 22825661 PMCID: PMC11115028 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Signal strength evoked by ligand stimulation is crucial for cellular responses such as fate decision, cell survival/death, secretion, and migration. For example, morphogens are secreted signaling molecules that form concentration gradients within tissues and induce distinct cell fates in a signal strength-dependent manner. In addition to extracellular ligand abundance, the sensitivity of signal-receiving cells to ligands also influences signal strength. Cell sensitivity to ligands is controlled at various levels: receptor presentation at the cell surface, positive/negative regulation of signal transduction, and target gene activation/repression. While the regulation of signal transduction and gene transcription is well studied, receptor presentation is still not fully understood. Recently, it was reported that cellular sensitivity to the Wingless (Wg)/Wnt morphogen is regulated by balanced ubiquitination and deubiquitination of its receptor Frizzled (Fz). In this review, we review how ubiquitination regulates receptor presentation at the cell surface for the detection of extracellular signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mukai
- Research Group of Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, Mitsubishi-Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511 Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto-Hino
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
- Research Group of Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, Mitsubishi-Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511 Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
- Research Group of Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, Mitsubishi-Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511 Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
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599
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Dovas A, Patsialou A, Harney AS, Condeelis J, Cox D. Imaging interactions between macrophages and tumour cells that are involved in metastasis in vivo and in vitro. J Microsc 2012. [PMID: 23198984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2012.03667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages participate in several protumour functions including tumour growth and angiogenesis, and facilitate almost every step of the metastatic cascade. Interfering with macrophage functions may therefore provide an important strategy in the clinical management of cancer and metastatic disease. Our understanding of macrophage functions has been greatly expanded by direct observations of macrophage-carcinoma cell interactions using light microscopy. Imaging approaches include intravital microscopy of tumours in mouse models of cancer and visualization of macrophage-carcinoma cell interactions in in vitro assays; whether atop 2D substrates, embedded in 3D matrices or in more complex assemblies of multiple cell types that mimic specific topologies of the tumour microenvironment. Such imaging and reconstitution approaches have provided us with a wealth of information on the motile behaviour and physical associations between macrophages and carcinoma cells and the role of the tumour microenvironment in influencing the movement of these cells. Finally, high-resolution imaging techniques have permitted researchers to correlate motility patterns with specific gene signatures and biochemical pathways in cells, pointing to potential targets for intervention. Here, we review experimental approaches employed in the study of macrophage interactions with carcinoma cells with an emphasis on imaging invasive and metastatic cell motility in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dovas
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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600
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Abstract
Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, the most abundant sources being the leafy herb parsley and dried flowers of chamomile. Present in dietary sources as a glycoside, it is cleaved in the gastrointestinal lumen to be absorbed and distributed as apigenin itself. For this reason, the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to higher concentrations of apigenin than tissues at other locations. This would also be true for epithelial cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. We consider the evidence for actions of apigenin that might hinder the ability of gastrointestinal cancers to progress and spread. Apigenin has been shown to inhibit cell growth, sensitize cancer cells to elimination by apoptosis, and hinder the development of blood vessels to serve the growing tumor. It also has actions that alter the relationship of the cancer cells with their microenvironment. Apigenin is able to reduce cancer cell glucose uptake, inhibit remodeling of the extracellular matrix, inhibit cell adhesion molecules that participate in cancer progression, and oppose chemokine signaling pathways that direct the course of metastasis into other locations. As such, apigenin may provide some additional benefit beyond existing drugs in slowing the emergence of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie C Lefort
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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