551
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Sampson JH, Schmittling RJ, Archer GE, Congdon KL, Nair SK, Reap EA, Desjardins A, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, Herndon JE, Coan A, McLendon RE, Reardon DA, Vredenburgh JJ, Bigner DD, Mitchell DA. A pilot study of IL-2Rα blockade during lymphopenia depletes regulatory T-cells and correlates with enhanced immunity in patients with glioblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31046. [PMID: 22383993 PMCID: PMC3288003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies in mice have demonstrated that the prophylactic depletion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (T(Regs)) through targeting the high affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2Rα/CD25) can enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy. However, therapeutic approaches are complicated by the inadvertent inhibition of IL-2Rα expressing anti-tumor effector T-cells. OBJECTIVE To determine if changes in the cytokine milieu during lymphopenia may engender differential signaling requirements that would enable unarmed anti-IL-2Rα monoclonal antibody (MAbs) to selectively deplete T(Regs) while permitting vaccine-stimulated immune responses. METHODOLOGY A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study was undertaken to examine the ability of the anti-IL-2Rα MAb daclizumab, given at the time of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) targeted peptide vaccination, to safely and selectively deplete T(Regs) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) treated with lymphodepleting temozolomide (TMZ). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Daclizumab treatment (n = 3) was well-tolerated with no symptoms of autoimmune toxicity and resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of circulating CD4+Foxp3+ TRegs in comparison to saline controls (n = 3)( p = 0.0464). A significant (p<0.0001) inverse correlation between the frequency of TRegs and the level of EGFRvIII specific humoral responses suggests the depletion of TRegs may be linked to increased vaccine-stimulated humoral immunity. These data suggest this approach deserves further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00626015.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Sampson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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552
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Dziurzynski K, Chang SM, Heimberger AB, Kalejta RF, McGregor Dallas SR, Smit M, Soroceanu L, Cobbs CS. Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:246-55. [PMID: 22319219 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and glioma symposium was convened on April 17, 2011 in Washington, DC, and was attended by oncologists and virologists involved in studying the relationship between HCMV and gliomas. The purpose of the meeting was to reach a consensus on the role of HCMV in the pathology of gliomas and to clarify directions for future research. First, the group summarized data that describe how HCMV biology overlaps with the key pathways of cancer. Then, on the basis of published data and ongoing research, a consensus was reached that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that HCMV sequences and viral gene expression exist in most, if not all, malignant gliomas, that HCMV could modulate the malignant phenotype in glioblastomas by interacting with key signaling pathways; and that HCMV could serve as a novel target for a variety of therapeutic strategies. In summary, existing evidence supports an oncomodulatory role for HCMV in malignant gliomas, but future studies need to focus on determining the role of HCMV as a glioma-initiating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Dziurzynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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553
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Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Connolly ES, Sisti MB. Methods of Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:N13-4. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000410933.15958.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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554
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Orentas RJ, Lee DW, Mackall C. Immunotherapy targets in pediatric cancer. Front Oncol 2012; 2:3. [PMID: 22645714 PMCID: PMC3355840 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer has shown increasing success and there is ample evidence to expect that progress gleaned in immune targeting of adult cancers can be translated to pediatric oncology. This manuscript reviews principles that guide selection of targets for immunotherapy of cancer, emphasizing the similarities and distinctions between oncogene-inhibition targets and immune targets. It follows with a detailed review of molecules expressed by pediatric tumors that are already under study as immune targets or are good candidates for future studies of immune targeting. Distinctions are made between cell surface antigens that can be targeted in an MHC independent manner using antibodies, antibody derivatives, or chimeric antigen receptors versus intracellular antigens which must be targeted with MHC restricted T cell therapies. Among the most advanced immune targets for childhood cancer are CD19 and CD22 on hematologic malignancies, GD2 on solid tumors, and NY-ESO-1 expressed by a majority of synovial sarcomas, but several other molecules reviewed here also have properties which suggest that they too could serve as effective targets for immunotherapy of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimas J Orentas
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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555
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Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor, thrives in a microenvironment of relative immunosuppression within the relatively immune-privileged central nervous system. Despite treatments with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, prognosis remains poor. The recent success of immunotherapy in the treatment of other cancers has renewed interest in vaccine therapy for the treatment of gliomas. In this article, we outline various immunotherapeutic strategies, review recent clinical trials data, and discuss the future of vaccine therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A. Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
| | - Marc S. Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
- Medical Oncology Immunotherapy Program, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
| | - Camilo E. Fadul
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
- Medical Oncology Immunotherapy Program, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
- Neuro-oncology Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon NH 03756
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556
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Cloughesy T. The impact of recent data on the optimization of standards of care in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Semin Oncol 2011; 38 Suppl 4:S11-20. [PMID: 22078643 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer with a poor long-term prognosis. Treatment regimens for newly diagnosed disease range from surgical resection alone to surgery followed by radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy. Ongoing investigations are focused on optimization of chemotherapy by improving dosing and duration schedules and utilization of biomarkers for patient selection. Our understanding of glioblastoma tumor biology, the role of molecular signaling pathways, cellular repair mechanisms, and angiogenesis has increased greatly over the past few years, leading to the investigation of a variety of targeted therapies. In addition, advances in radiographic assessment have significantly impacted not only improvement in diagnosis, but interpretation of response to therapy. In order to effectively evaluate the clinical utility of new agents, as well as incorporate advances in radiographic assessment, changes to current clinical trial design need to be considered. This article reviews the care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, as well as how recent findings might be incorporated into patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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557
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Abstract
Despite recent advances, there remains an unmet need for more effective treatments for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). While currently available alkylator-based and antiangiogenic agents provide some efficacy, novel antiangiogenic and antiglioma treatments that provide enhanced efficacy with improvements in overall survival, the potential to overcome drug resistance and decreased treatment-related toxicity are still needed. Although VEGF-directed angiogenesis is critical during GBM pathogenesis, alternative proangiogenic and glioma-promoting pathways also play a key role in tumor progression. This article reviews the limitations of current GBM treatment, the importance of angiogenic signaling pathways in GBM pathogenesis and the preliminary results of novel antiangiogenic-targeted treatments being evaluated in GBM. Therapies that inhibit multiple glioma signaling pathways, including angiogenesis, have the possibility for further improving outcome in GBM and may represent the best option for increasing overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Chamberlain
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, 825 Eastlake Ave E, POB 19023, MS G4-940, Seattle, WA 98109-1023, USA.
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558
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Challenges in immunotherapy presented by the glioblastoma multiforme microenvironment. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:732413. [PMID: 22190972 PMCID: PMC3235820 DOI: 10.1155/2011/732413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains grim with a median survival of only 14.6 months. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating many cancers and affords the advantages of cellular-level specificity and the potential to generate durable immune surveillance. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment poses a significant challenge to the development of immunotherapy for GBM, as multiple signaling pathways, cytokines, and cell types are intricately coordinated to generate an immunosuppressive milieu. The development of new immunotherapy approaches frequently uncovers new mechanisms of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss many of the current approaches to immunotherapy and focus on the challenges presented by the tumor microenvironment.
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559
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Guillaudeau A, Durand K, Rabinovitch-Chable H, Pommepuy I, Mesturoux L, Robert S, Chaunavel A, Moreau JJ, Labrousse F. Adult diffuse gliomas produce mRNA transcripts encoding EGFR isoforms lacking a tyrosine kinase domain. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1142-52. [PMID: 22159595 PMCID: PMC3680776 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene encodes four alternatively spliced mRNA, variants 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, encoding the whole isoform a (EGFR) and truncated isoforms b, c and d, all of which lack the receptor’s intracellular domain. In addition, a mutant EGFRvIII differs from isoform a in a truncated extracellular domain. The expression pattern of these isoforms is unknown in adult diffuse gliomas. Thus, we investigated in 47 cases: i) EGFR protein expression by immunohistochemistry using an extracellular domain-recognizing antibody (Ext-Ab) and an intracellular domain specific one (Int-Ab), ii) mRNA expression of EGFRv1, -v2, -v3, -v4 and -vIII by RT-PCR and iii) EGFR amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The relation of these data with histological criteria and patient outcome was studied. The immunostaining was stronger with the Ext-Ab than with the Int-Ab. EGFRv1, -v2, -v3 and -v4 mRNA expression were highly correlated. They were expressed in all tumors, with highest levels in glioblastomas. EGFRv1 strong levels and the presence of vIII mRNAs were more closely associated with Int-Ab staining. EGFR gene amplification concerned only glioblastomas and was associated with the presence of EGFRvIII and high levels of EGFRv2, -v3 and -v4 transcripts. A pejorative outcome was associated with: histology (glioblastomas), EGFR amplification, strong Int-Ab labeling and high levels of variant mRNAs. Our results indicated that the full-length EGFR and mutant EGFRvIII are not the sole EGFR isoform expressed in diffuse gliomas. This could explain discordant immunohistochemical results reported in the literature and may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Guillaudeau
- Department of Pathology, Dupuytren University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, F-87042 Limoges, France
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560
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561
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Preclinical evaluation of dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:107-15. [PMID: 22116303 PMCID: PMC3251846 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We examine the potential value of a series of clinically relevant PI3K-mTOR inhibitors alone, or in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors, in a model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, human keratinocyte and HNSCC xenograft models were treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and new generation PI3K and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors either alone or in combination. Cell and tumour tissue viability and proliferation were then determined in vitro and in vivo. Results: Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase, AKT and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors caused marked in vitro enhancement of cytotoxicity induced by HDACIs in HNSCC cancer cells. This effect correlates with AKT inhibition and is attenuated by expression of constitutively active AKT. Histone deacetylase inhibitor and phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase inhibitors (PI3KIs) inhibited tumour growth in xenograft models of HNSCC. Importantly, we observed intratumoural HDAC inhibition and PI3K inhibition as assessed by histone H3 acetylation status and phospho-AKT staining, respectively. However, we saw no evidence of improved efficacy with an HDACI/PI3KI combination. Interpretation: That PI3K and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors possess antitumour effect against HNSCC in vivo.
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562
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Abstract
After several decades of research, recent successful phase III controlled clinical trials have renewed enthusiasm for vaccine treatment of cancer. This perspective on the report by Berta and colleagues in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 994) discusses the potential prevention of oral cancer through vaccine strategies and, in the broader context, ideal characteristics of tumor antigens as candidates for vaccines for both treating and preventing cancer, potential primary and secondary prevention settings for vaccines, desirable types of immune effectors induced by vaccines, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry W Kwak
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 429, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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563
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Heimberger AB. The therapeutic potential of inhibitors of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 for central nervous system malignancies. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:163. [PMID: 22140648 PMCID: PMC3228387 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.89886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-grade primary and metastatic central nervous system (CNS) tumors are common, deadly, and refractory to conventional therapy and continue to be therapeutically challenging. A key nodal transcriptional factor, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), drives the fundamental components of tumor malignancy and metastases in the CNS by enhancing proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression. The introduction of STAT3 inhibitors in clinical trials for this patient population is imminent. Methods: STAT3 inhibitors have been extensively tested in a variety of preclinical murine models. Results: The STAT3 inhibitor, WP1066, has displayed marked efficacy with minimal toxicity against malignancy in murine models, including established intracerebral tumors. The mechanism of this in vivo efficacy of the STAT3 blockade agents is a combination of direct tumor cytotoxicity and immune cytotoxic clearance. Conclusions: Given their direct antitumor cytotoxic effects, STAT3 inhibitors may exert therapeutic activity in the monotherapy setting but may also have compelling use as immunotherapeutic modulators or as a salvage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 442, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston TX 77030-4009, USA
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564
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Identification of an exon 4-deletion variant of epidermal growth factor receptor with increased metastasis-promoting capacity. Neoplasia 2011; 13:461-71. [PMID: 21532887 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alternations have been observed in human tumors. Here we present a novel EGFR variant with aberrant splicing of exon 4 (named as de4 EGFR). Variant-specific polymerase chain reaction showed that de4 EGFR was expressed in some glioma (4/40), prostate cancer (3/11), and ovarian cancer (3/9) tissues but not in tissues adjacent to tumors or normal tissues. de4 EGFR displayed an enhanced transformation and a higher metastasis-promoting capacity in comparison to wild-type EGFR. With minimal EGF-binding activity, de4 EGFR underwent ligand-independent autophosphorylation and self-dimerization. Moreover, in serum-starved condition, de4 EGFR expression in U87 MG cells significantly upregulated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT phosphorylation and expression of JUN and Src. Importantly, E-cadherin expression was barely detectable in the U87 MG cells expressing de4 EGFR and restored expression of E-cadherin in these cells inhibited their metastatic behaviors. Taken together, we identified a novel EGFR variant with increased metastasis-promoting activity that may become a promising new target for cancer therapy.
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565
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Clinical trials in neuro-oncology: one step forward, two steps back? Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24:597-8. [PMID: 21986679 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32834c091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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566
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Shi L, Chen J, Wang YY, Sun G, Liu JN, Zhang JX, Yan W, Qian CF, Liu N, Fu Z, You YP, Zeng Y. Gossypin induces G2/M arrest in human malignant glioma U251 cells by the activation of Chk1/Cdc25C pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:289-96. [PMID: 21984341 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gossypin is a flavone that was originally isolated from Hibiscus vitifolius and has traditionally been used for the treatment of diabetes, jaundice, and inflammation. Recently, gossypin was found to have potent anticancer properties; however, its effect on human gliomas still remain unknown. To investigate the potential anticancer effects of gossypin on malignant gliomas and analyze the associated molecular mechanisms, we treated human glioma U251 cells with gossypin. Our study showed that the treatment of U251 cells with gossypin inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and was observed to be minimally toxic to normal human astrocytes. Gossypin's effect on cell cycle distribution was observed, and we found that it induced G2/M-phase arrest in U251 cells. An analysis of cell-cycle regulatory proteins indicated that the arresting effect of gossypin on the cell cycle at G2/M phase was involved in the phosphorylation of cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C) tyrosine phosphatase via the activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1). These findings indicate that gossypin is a potential treatment of gliomas because of gossypin's potential to regulate the proliferation of U251 cells via the cell-cycle regulatory proteins Chk1 and Cdc25C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, People's Republic of China.
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567
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Okada H, Pollack IF. Do we need novel radiologic response criteria for brain tumor immunotherapy? Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:619-22. [PMID: 21539483 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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568
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Wheeler CJ, Black KL. Vaccines for glioblastoma and high-grade glioma. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:875-86. [PMID: 21692706 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination by administering tumor antigen plus cell-free or cellular adjuvant has garnered hope for more effective, less toxic therapy for patients with malignant brain tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. To determine if this approach demonstrates ample clinical promise, all published reports of vaccination for glioma were evaluated. These reports suggest vaccination is associated with low toxicity and favorable clinical outcomes. The possibility of selection bias is evident in many published vaccine trials, but several of the more recent ones appropriately attempt to account for bias. Effective induction of antitumor immunity is consistently observed, and, in the latest trials, correlates with significant clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wheeler
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 North George Burns Road, Davis 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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569
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Hadziahmetovic M, Shirai K, Chakravarti A. Recent advancements in multimodality treatment of gliomas. Future Oncol 2011; 7:1169-83. [PMID: 21992729 PMCID: PMC4284295 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for the vast majority of malignant adult brain tumors. Even though tremendous effort has been made to optimize treatment of patients with high-grade glioma, the prognosis remains poor, especially for patients with glioblastoma. The dismal prognosis conferred by these tumors is in part caused by the tendency to diffusely infiltrate into neighboring brain tissue, but also by the inherent resistance of these tumors to both chemotherapy and radiation. This article reviews the recent advancements in multimodality treatment of patients with gliomas, both in the primary and recurrent setting, with an emphasis on the emerging targeted therapies. Moreover, the external beam radiotherapy options, including intensity modulated radiotherapy and particle (proton and carbon ion) radiotherapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersiha Hadziahmetovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Richard L Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Shirai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Richard L Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center & Richard L Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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570
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Preusser M, de Ribaupierre S, Wöhrer A, Erridge SC, Hegi M, Weller M, Stupp R. Current concepts and management of glioblastoma. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:9-21. [PMID: 21786296 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Its often rapid clinical course, with many medical and psychosocial challenges, requires a multidisciplinary management. Modern multimodality treatment and care improve patients' life expectancy and quality of life. This review covers major aspects of care of glioblastoma patients with a focus on the management of common symptoms and complications. We aim to provide a guide for clinicians confronted with glioblastoma patients in their everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Nervous System Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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571
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Abstract
The field of radiation oncology has evolved, especially in the past 20 years. Advances in technology, particularly in computing power, software, and imaging, have fueled contributions to cancer care. It is currently fashionable to say that many of these advances have only served to increase costs of care without clear evidence of benefit, and certainly, efforts to evaluate the value of radiation oncology treatments are needed. However, it is undeniable that the future of radiation oncology depends on discovering such advances and to demonstrate that these increase the therapeutic index of treatment. Across the global radiation oncology community, investigations are proceeding in which innovative means are being used to achieve this goal. We review some of these novel methods to improve the therapeutic index of radiation therapy.
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572
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La Rocca RV, Rezazadeh A. Carmustine-impregnated wafers and their impact in the management of high-grade glioma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1325-1332. [PMID: 21548723 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.580737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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573
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Chiocca EA, Aguilar LK, Bell SD, Kaur B, Hardcastle J, Cavaliere R, McGregor J, Lo S, Ray-Chaudhuri A, Chakravarti A, Grecula J, Newton H, Harris KS, Grossman RG, Trask TW, Baskin DS, Monterroso C, Manzanera AG, Aguilar-Cordova E, New PZ. Phase IB study of gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy adjuvant to up-front surgery and intensive timing radiation for malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3611-9. [PMID: 21844505 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite aggressive therapies, median survival for malignant gliomas is less than 15 months. Patients with unmethylated O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) fare worse, presumably because of temozolomide resistance. AdV-tk, an adenoviral vector containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, plus prodrug synergizes with surgery and chemoradiotherapy, kills tumor cells, has not shown MGMT dependency, and elicits an antitumor vaccine effect. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma received AdV-tk at 3 × 10(10), 1 × 10(11), or 3 × 10(11) vector particles (vp) via tumor bed injection at time of surgery followed by 14 days of valacyclovir. Radiation was initiated within 9 days after AdV-tk injection to overlap with AdV-tk activity. Temozolomide was administered after completing valacyclovir treatment. RESULTS Accrual began December 2005 and was completed in 13 months. Thirteen patients were enrolled and 12 completed therapy, three at dose levels 1 and 2 and six at dose level 3. There were no dose-limiting or significant added toxicities. One patient withdrew before completing prodrug because of an unrelated surgical complication. Survival at 2 years was 33% and at 3 years was 25%. Patient-reported quality of life assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) was stable or improved after treatment. A significant CD3(+) T-cell infiltrate was found in four of four tumors analyzed after treatment. Three patients with MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma multiforme survived 6.5, 8.7, and 46.4 months. CONCLUSION AdV-tk plus valacyclovir can be safely delivered with surgery and accelerated radiation in newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. Temozolomide did not prevent immune responses. Although not powered for efficacy, the survival and MGMT independence trends are encouraging. A phase II trial is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Antonio Chiocca
- James Cancer Hospital/Ohio State University Medical Center, N-1017 Doan Hall, 410 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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574
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Klausz K, Berger S, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Derer S, Lohse S, Dechant M, van de Winkel JGJ, Peipp M, Parren PWHI, Valerius T. Complement-mediated tumor-specific cell lysis by antibody combinations targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its variant III (EGFRvIII). Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1761-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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575
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Mehta AI, Persson O, Herndon JE, Archer GE, McLendon R, Heimberger AB, Mitchell DA, Bigner DD, Sampson JH. Reply to M.S. Lesniak. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit I. Mehta
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - James E. Herndon
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Gary E. Archer
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Roger McLendon
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Duane A. Mitchell
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - John H. Sampson
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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576
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Sampson
- 1Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program,
- 2Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery,
- 5Health Sector Management Program, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kevin A. Schulman
- 3Duke Clinical Research Institute, and
- 4Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, and
- 5Health Sector Management Program, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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577
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Reardon DA, Neyns B, Weller M, Tonn JC, Nabors LB, Stupp R. Cilengitide: an RGD pentapeptide ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin inhibitor in development for glioblastoma and other malignancies. Future Oncol 2011; 7:339-54. [PMID: 21417900 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilengitide, a cyclicized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-containing pentapeptide, potently blocks ανβ3 and ανβ5 integrin activation. Integrins are upregulated in many malignancies and mediate a wide variety of tumor-stroma interactions. Cilengitide and other integrin-targeting therapeutics have preclinical activity against many cancer subtypes including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadliest CNS tumor. Cilengitide is active against orthotopic GBM xenografts and can augment radiotherapy and chemotherapy in these models. In Phase I and II GBM trials, cilengitide and the combination of cilengitide with standard temozolomide and radiation demonstrate consistent antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile. Cilengitide is currently under evaluation in a pivotal, randomized Phase III study (Cilengitide in Combination With Temozolomide and Radiotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial [CENTRIC]) for newly diagnosed GBM. In addition, randomized controlled Phase II studies with cilengitide are ongoing for non-small-cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cilengitide is the first integrin inhibitor in clinical Phase III development for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reardon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, 047 Baker House, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3624, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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578
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Lesniak MS. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the devil is in the details. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3105; author reply 3105-6. [PMID: 21709193 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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579
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580
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Chamberlain MC. How Fine a Slice: Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma With an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant III Peptide Vaccine. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e517-8; author reply e519-20. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc C. Chamberlain
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
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581
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Mineharu Y, King GD, Muhammad AKMG, Bannykh S, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Engineering the brain tumor microenvironment enhances the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination: implications for clinical trial design. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4705-18. [PMID: 21632862 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly primary brain tumor. Clinical trials for GBM using dendritic cell (DC) vaccination resulted in antitumor immune responses. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that combining in situ (intratumoral) Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK-mediated gene therapy with DC vaccination would increase therapeutic efficacy and antitumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first assessed the immunogenicity of tumor lysates generated by Ad-TK (+GCV), temozolomide (TMZ), or freeze/thawing cycles (FTC) in a syngeneic brain tumor model. We also assessed phenotypic markers, cytokine release, and phagocytosis of bone marrow-derived DCs generated by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) + IL-6 or by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL) 4. Inhibition of tumor progression and production of anti-GBM antibodies was assessed following vaccination with (i) tumor cell lysates, (ii) DCs generated with either Flt3L/IL-6 or GM-CSF/IL-4 loaded with either Ad-TK/GCV-, TMZ-, or FTC-generated tumor lysates, or (iii) DCs in combination with in situ Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK gene therapy. RESULTS DCs loaded with tumor cell lysates generated with either Ad-TK/GCV or TMZ led to increased levels of phagocytosis, therapeutic efficacy, and humoral immune response. In situ immunogene therapy in combination with DC vaccination led to brain tumor regression and long-term survival in about 90% of animals, a significant increase when compared with either therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that modifying the tumor microenvironment using intratumoral Ad-Flt3L/Ad-TK-mediated gene therapy potentiates therapeutic efficacy and antitumor immunity induced by DC vaccination. These data support novel phase I clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of this combined approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mineharu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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582
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Nicholas MK, Lukas RV, Chmura S, Yamini B, Lesniak M, Pytel P. Molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Semin Oncol 2011; 38:243-53. [PMID: 21421114 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has been recognized as a clinical and pathologic entity for more than a century. Throughout its history, its cells of origin have been in question. Its behavior is aggressive and despite decades of effort, median survival is just beginning to improve. Surgical techniques and radiotherapy schemas continue to be refined, but the most recent progress has been achieved through improved medical therapies. These are the result of both pharmacological advances and a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of GBM. Due to a combination of its complex phenotype and organ-specific clinical manifestations, efforts to refine GBM treatment with targeted therapies largely have been frustrated. In this review, we discuss recent attempts to exploit new molecular insights, consider the reasons for slow progress in developing better treatments, and examine future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelly Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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583
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584
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Combined Flt3L/TK gene therapy induces immunological surveillance which mediates an immune response against a surrogate brain tumor neoantigen. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1793-801. [PMID: 21505426 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a median survival of 14.6 months postdiagnosis. The infiltrative nature of GBM prevents complete resection and residual brain tumor cells give rise to recurrent GBM, a hallmark of this disease. Recurrent GBMs are known to harbor numerous mutations/gene rearrangements when compared to the primary tumor, which leads to the potential expression of novel proteins that could serve as tumor neoantigens. We have developed a combined immune-based gene therapeutic approach for GBM using adenoviral (Ads) mediated gene delivery of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-thymidine kinase (TK) into the tumor mass to induce tumor cells' death combined with an adenovirus expressing fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) to recruit dendritic cells (DCs) into the tumor microenvironment. This leads to the induction of specific anti-brain tumor immunity and immunological memory. In a model of GBM recurrence, we demonstrate that Flt3L/TK mediated immunological memory is capable of recognizing brain tumor neoantigens absent from the original treated tumor. These data demonstrate that the Flt3L/TK gene therapeutic approach can induce systemic immunological memory capable of recognizing a brain tumor neoantigen in a model of recurrent GBM.
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585
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Fadul CE, Fisher JL, Gui J, Hampton TH, Côté AL, Ernstoff MS. Immune modulation effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:393-400. [PMID: 21339188 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy after surgery is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemotherapy can affect the immune system with implications on subsequent immune therapy. Therefore, we examined the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 25 patients with GBM prior to and 4 weeks after treatment with RT-TMZ using multicolor flow cytometry, as well as in vitro CD4(+) regulatory T cell (T(reg)) suppressor and dendritic cell maturation assays. RT-TMZ induced significant lymphopenia, with a decrease in total CD4(+) T cells, but did not significantly change monocyte counts. The proportion of functional T(reg) cells increased after treatment, whereas their absolute numbers remained stable. There was also a measurable decrease in the proportion of CD8(+)CD56(+) and absolute number of CD3(-)CD56(+) effector cells. Posttherapy monocytes retained the ability to mature into dendritic cells. Treatment with RT-TMZ is associated with changes in regulatory and effector peripheral blood mononuclear cells that tilt the balance towards an immune suppressive state. This shift can affect the outcome of immune therapy following RT-TMZ treatment and should be considered in the design of future combination therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Neuro-oncology Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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586
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Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Connolly ES, Sisti MB. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Vaccination for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:N20-1. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000393595.61439.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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587
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588
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Wykosky J, Fenton T, Furnari F, Cavenee WK. Therapeutic targeting of epidermal growth factor receptor in human cancer: successes and limitations. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2011; 30:5-12. [PMID: 21192840 PMCID: PMC3359794 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most commonly altered genes in human cancer by way of over-expression, amplification, and mutation. Targeted inhibition of EGFR activity suppresses signal transduction pathways which control tumor cell growth, proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies are among the most common EGFR-targeting agents and have been used clinically for treating various malignancies. This review discusses the successes and challenges of targeting EGFR in human cancer. The genetic alterations of EGFR tend to occur more often in some solid tumors than others, as do the mechanisms of resistance to targeted inhibition. The clinical and basic science experiences with these agents thus far have important implications for the future of therapeutic targeting of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA;
| | - Tim Fenton
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA;
| | - Frank Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA.
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0660, USA.
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589
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Heimberger AB, Sampson JH. Immunotherapy coming of age: what will it take to make it standard of care for glioblastoma? Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:3-13. [PMID: 21149252 PMCID: PMC3018912 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent approval by the FDA of an immunotherapy for prostate cancer and another positive immunotherapy trial in melanoma, immunotherapy may finally be coming of age. So what will it take for it to become part of the standard treatment for glioblastoma? To put this question into perspective, we summarize critical background information in neuro-immunology, address immunotherapy clinical trial design, and discuss a number of extrinsic factors that will impact the development of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 442, FC7.3021, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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590
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Lowenstein PR. Cancer vaccines in glioma: how to balance the challenges of small trials, efficiency, and potential adverse events. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4670-3. [PMID: 20921460 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.32.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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