601
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Gao MC, Jia XD, Wu QF, Cheng Y, Chen FR, Zhang J. Silencing Prx1 and/or Prx5 sensitizes human esophageal cancer cells to ionizing radiation and increases apoptosis via intracellular ROS accumulation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:528-36. [PMID: 21468086 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether down-regulation of peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) and/or peroxiredoxin 5 (Prx5) sensitizes human esophageal cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR). METHODS Human esophageal carcinoma cell lines Eca-109 and TE-1 were used. Prx mRNA expression profiles in Eca-109 and TE-1 cells were determined using RT-PCR. Two highly expressed isoforms of Prxs, Prx1 and Prx5, were silenced by RNA interference (RNAi). Following IR, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were measured using flow cytometry, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured, and the radiosensitizing effect of RNAi was observed. Tumor xenograft model was also used to examine the radiosensitizing effect of RNAi in vivo. RESULTS Down-regulation of Prx1 and/or Prx5 by RNAi does not alter the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, but made human tumor cells more sensitive to IR-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. When the two isoforms were decreased simultaneously, intracellular ROS and apoptosis significantly increased after IR. CONCLUSION Silencing Prx1 and/or Prx5 by RNAi sensitizes human Eca-109 and TE-1 cells to IR, and the intracellular ROS accumulation may contribute to the radiosensitizing effect of the RNAi.
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602
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Hoshikawa H, Indo K, Mori T, Mori N. Enhancement of the radiation effects by D-allose in head and neck cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:60-6. [PMID: 21439723 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the radiosensitizing potential of D-allose in human head and neck cancer cells. HSC-3 cells were treated with or without D-allose for 6 h and then irradiated (2-6 Gy). The combination of D-allose and radiation was more effective than either agent alone. The radiation enhancement ratios at the 37% survival level were 1.61 and 2.11 for 10 mM and 25 mM D-allose treatment, respectively. The combination of D-allose and radiation also reduced the cell proliferation in 3D culture experiments. Although the mRNA expression of TXNIP was not increased by radiation alone, combined use with D-allose markedly elevated TXNIP expression. The combination of D-allose and radiation significantly induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis compared to that induced by either agent alone. This study shows that D-allose enhances the effect of radiation, suggesting a potential clinical application of combination treatment with D-allose and radiation for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan.
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603
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Labussière M, Pinel S, Vandamme M, Plénat F, Chastagner P. Radiosensitizing Properties of Bortezomib Depend on Therapeutic Schedule. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79:892-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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604
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Mello SS, Fachin AL, Junta CM, Sandrin-Garcia P, Donadi EA, Passos GAS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Delayed effects of exposure to a moderate radiation dose on transcription profiles in human primary fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:117-129. [PMID: 20839223 DOI: 10.1002/em.20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used in a wide variety of medical and nonmedical applications and poses a potential threat to human health. Knowledge of changes in gene expression in irradiated cells may be helpful for the establishment of effective paradigms for radiation protection. IR-induced DNA damage triggers a complex cascade of signal transduction. Recently, genome-wide approaches have allowed the detection of alterations in gene expression across a wide range of radiation doses. However, the delayed or long-term biological effects of mild-doses of IR remain largely unknown. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a moderate dose of gamma-rays (50 cGy) on gene expression 6 days post-irradiation. Gene expression using cDNA microarrays revealed statistically significant changes in the expression of 59 genes (FDR < 0.07), whose functions are related to cell-cycle control, protein trafficking, ubiquitin cycle, Rho-GTPAse pathway, protein phosphatase signalization, oxidoreductase control, and stress response. A set of 464 genes was also selected by a less stringent approach, and we demonstrate that this broader set of genes can efficiently distinguish the irradiated samples from the unirradiated, defining a long-term IR signature in human primary fibroblasts. Our findings support the existence of persistent responses to mild doses of IR detectable by changes in gene expression profiles. These results provide insight into delayed effects observed in human primary cells as well as the role of long-term response in neoplastic transformation. Environ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano S Mello
- Departamento de Genética-Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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605
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Siebzehnrubl FA, Reynolds BA, Vescovi A, Steindler DA, Deleyrolle LP. The origins of glioma: E Pluribus Unum? Glia 2011; 59:1135-47. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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606
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Schartinger VH, Galvan O, Riechelmann H, Dudás J. Differential responses of fibroblasts, non-neoplastic epithelial cells, and oral carcinoma cells to low-level laser therapy. Support Care Cancer 2011; 20:523-9. [PMID: 21340656 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-011-1113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is used in the treatment of chemoradiotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced oropharyngeal mucositis (ORM). In head and neck cancer, tumor cells may lie in the LLLT irradiation field, and LLLT might promote tumor progression. We therefore investigated the effect of LLLT on proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in a human oral carcinoma cell line (SCC-25), non-malignant epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), and fibroblasts in vitro. The cell lines were subjected to LLLT on three consecutive days for 15 min. Cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT assay, cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry and propidium-iodide DNA staining, and apoptosis using an Annexin V-FITC assay. Controls were sham-treated, but not exposed to the laser treatment. LLLT treatment resulted in increased fibroblast proliferation (p < 0.001), whereas decreased cell proliferation was observed after LLLT treatment of BEAS-2B (p = 0.003) and SCC-25 cells (p < 0.001). In SCC-25 cells, an increased percentage of S-phase cells and decreased percentage of G1-phase cells were observed (p < 0.001). Moreover, a proapoptotic effect of LLLT was observed in SCC-25 cells (p = 0.02). LLLT did not exhibit a tumor-promoting effect in this in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hans Schartinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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607
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Chen X, Wong JYC, Wong P, Radany EH. Low-dose valproic acid enhances radiosensitivity of prostate cancer through acetylated p53-dependent modulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:448-61. [PMID: 21303901 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have shown promise as candidate radiosensitizers for many types of cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms of action are not well understood. In this study, we show in prostate cancer cells that valproic acid (VPA) at low concentrations has minimal cytotoxic effects yet can significantly increase radiation-induced apoptosis. VPA seems to stabilize a specific acetyl modification (lysine 120) of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, resulting in an increase in its proapoptotic function at the mitochondrial membrane. These effects of VPA are independent of any action of the p53 protein as a transcription factor in the nucleus, since these effects were also observed in native and engineered prostate cancer cells containing mutant forms of p53 protein having no transcription factor activity. Transcription levels of p53-related or Bcl-2 family member proapoptotic proteins were not affected by VPA exposure. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to nuclear-based pathways previously reported, HDIs may also result in radiosensitization at lower concentrations via a specific p53 acetylation and its mitochondrial-based pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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608
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Tong Q, Zhang W, Jin S, Li S, Chen Z. The relationship between p27(kip1) expression and the change of radiosensitivity of esophageal carcinoma cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:173-6. [PMID: 20923380 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.522721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radioresistance is considered the main reason for therapeutic failure in radiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanisms of radioresistance remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between p27(kip1) expression and the change of radiosensitivity of esophageal carcinoma cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Radioresistant cells were gradually isolated by means of repeated gamma-ray irradiation upon esophageal carcinoma cells. The radiosensitivity of established radioresistant cells and parental cells was measured by standard colony-forming assay. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot method was performed to identify the expression of p27(kip1). RESULTS Colony-forming assay showed that the radioresistant cells had obvious radioresistance. Percentage of the radioresistant cells at G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M phase was significantly decreased, and the percentage of S phase cells was significantly increased compared with the parent cells (p < 0.05). Western blotting revealed that p27(kip1) expression of the radioresistant cells was lower than that of parent cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cell phase change due to the decrease of p27(kip1) expression is one of the mechanisms of radioresistance in esophageal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei Medical University, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China.
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609
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Chu PM, Chiou SH, Su TL, Lee YJ, Chen LH, Chen YW, Yen SH, Chen MT, Chen MH, Shih YH, Tu PH, Ma HI. Enhancement of radiosensitivity in human glioblastoma cells by the DNA N-mustard alkylating agent BO-1051 through augmented and sustained DNA damage response. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:7. [PMID: 21244709 PMCID: PMC3033832 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 1-{4-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl}-3-[2-methyl-5-(4-methylacridin-9-ylamino)phenyl]urea (BO-1051) is an N-mustard DNA alkylating agent reported to exhibit antitumor activity. Here we further investigate the effects of this compound on radiation responses of human gliomas, which are notorious for the high resistance to radiotherapy. Methods The clonogenic assay was used to determine the IC50 and radiosensitivity of human glioma cell lines (U87MG, U251MG and GBM-3) following BO-1051. DNA histogram and propidium iodide-Annexin V staining were used to determine the cell cycle distribution and the apoptosis, respectively. DNA damage and repair state were determined by γ-H2AX foci, and mitotic catastrophe was measure using nuclear fragmentation. Xenograft tumors were measured with a caliper, and the survival rate was determined using Kaplan-Meier method. Results BO-1051 inhibited growth of human gliomas in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Using the dosage at IC50, BO-1051 significantly enhanced radiosensitivity to different extents [The sensitizer enhancement ratio was between 1.24 and 1.50 at 10% of survival fraction]. The radiosensitive G2/M population was raised by BO-1051, whereas apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe were not affected. γ-H2AX foci was greatly increased and sustained by combined BO-1051 and γ-rays, suggested that DNA damage or repair capacity was impaired during treatment. In vivo studies further demonstrated that BO-1051 enhanced the radiotherapeutic effects on GBM-3-beared xenograft tumors, by which the sensitizer enhancement ratio was 1.97. The survival rate of treated mice was also increased accordingly. Conclusions These results indicate that BO-1051 can effectively enhance glioma cell radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. It suggests that BO-1051 is a potent radiosensitizer for treating human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ming Chu
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center & Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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610
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Zhang HP, Takayama K, Su B, Jiao XD, Li R, Wang JJ. Effect of sunitinib combined with ionizing radiation on endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 52:1-8. [PMID: 21187670 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of present study were to evaluate the efficacy of combining sunitinib with ionizing radiation (IR) on endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to IR with or without sunitinib pretreatment. Apoptosis assay and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. Clonogenic survival assay at 3 Gy dose with or without sunitinib was performed. The activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal pathway was detected by Western immunoblot. Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model was built to examine the effect of combination therapy on endothelial cells in vivo. Microvasculature changes were detected by immunohistochemistry using anti-CD31 antibody. Our results showed combination therapy of sunitinib and IR significantly increased apoptosis of endothelial cells and inhibited colony formation compared to sunitinib or radiotherapy alone. It also resulted in cell cycle redistribution (decreasing cells in S phase and increasing cells in G2/M phase). The activity of PI3K/Akt signal pathway was inhibited, which could be the potential mechanisms that account for the enhanced radiation response induced by sunitinib. In vivo analysis showed that combination therapy significantly decreased microvasculature formation. The results demonstrated that combination therapy of sunitinib and IR has the potential to increase the cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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611
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Enderling H, Chaplain MAJ, Hahnfeldt P. Quantitative modeling of tumor dynamics and radiotherapy. Acta Biotheor 2010; 58:341-53. [PMID: 20658170 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-010-9111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, necessitating research on many different levels; at the subcellular level to identify genes, proteins and signaling pathways associated with the disease; at the cellular level to identify, for example, cell-cell adhesion and communication mechanisms; at the tissue level to investigate disruption of homeostasis and interaction with the tissue of origin or settlement of metastasis; and finally at the systems level to explore its global impact, e.g. through the mechanism of cachexia. Mathematical models have been proposed to identify key mechanisms that underlie dynamics and events at every scale of interest, and increasing effort is now being paid to multi-scale models that bridge the different scales. With more biological data becoming available and with increased interdisciplinary efforts, theoretical models are rendering suitable tools to predict the origin and course of the disease. The ultimate aims of cancer models, however, are to enlighten our concept of the carcinogenesis process and to assist in the designing of treatment protocols that can reduce mortality and improve patient quality of life. Conventional treatment of cancer is surgery combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy for localized tumors or systemic treatment of advanced cancers, respectively. Although radiation is widely used as treatment, most scheduling is based on empirical knowledge and less on the predictions of sophisticated growth dynamical models of treatment response. Part of the failure to translate modeling research to the clinic may stem from language barriers, exacerbated by often esoteric model renderings with inaccessible parameterization. Here we discuss some ideas for combining tractable dynamical tumor growth models with radiation response models using biologically accessible parameters to provide a more intuitive and exploitable framework for understanding the complexity of radiotherapy treatment and failure.
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612
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Ma HI, Chiou SH, Hueng DY, Tai LK, Huang PI, Kao CL, Chen YW, Sytwu HK. Celecoxib and radioresistant glioblastoma-derived CD133+ cells: improvement in radiotherapeutic effects. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2010; 114:651-62. [PMID: 21054139 DOI: 10.3171/2009.11.jns091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor, has a poor prognosis, even with aggressive resection and chemoradiotherapy. Recent studies indicate that CD133(+) cells play a key role in radioresistance and recurrence of glioblastoma. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is over-expressed in a variety of tumors, including CD133(+) glioblastomas. The COX-2-derived prostaglandins promote neovascularization during tumor development, and conventional radiotherapy increases the proportion of CD133(+) cells rather than eradicating them. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in enhancing the therapeutic effects of radiation on CD133(+) glioblastomas. METHODS Cells positive for CD133 were isolated from glioblastoma specimens and characterized by flow cytometry, then treated with celecoxib and/or ionizing radiation (IR). Clonogenic assay, cell irradiation, cell cycle analysis, Western blot, and xenotransplantation were used to assess the effects of celecoxib alone, IR alone, and IR with celecoxib on CD133(+) and CD133(-) glioblastoma cells. Three separate xenotransplantation experiments were carried out using 310 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: 1) an initial tumorigenicity evaluation in which 3 different quantities of untreated CD133(-) cells or untreated or pretreated CD133(+) cells (5 treatment conditions) from 7 different tumors were injected into the striatum of 2 mice (210 mice total); 2) a tumor growth study (50 mice); and 3) a survival study (50 mice). For these last 2 studies the same 5 categories of cells were used as in the tumorigenicity (untreated CD133(-) cells, untreated or pretreated CD133(+) cells, with pretreatment consisting of celecoxib alone, IR alone, or IR and celecoxib), but only 1 cell source (Case 2) and quantity (5 × 10(4) cells) were used. RESULTS High levels of COX-2 protein were detected in the CD133(+) but not the CD133(-) glioblastoma cells. The authors further demonstrated that 30 μM celecoxib was able to effectively enhance the IR effect in inhibiting colony formation and increasing IR-mediated apoptosis in celecoxib-treated CD133(+) glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, reduction in radioresistance was correlated with the induction of G2/M arrest, which was partially mediated through the increase in the level of phosphorylated-cdc2. In vivo xenotransplant analysis further confirmed that CD133(+)-associated tumorigenicity was significantly suppressed by celecoxib treatment. Importantly, pretreatment of CD133(+) glioblastoma cells with a combination of celecoxib and IR before injection into the striatum of SCID mice resulted in a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth and a statistically significant increase in the mean survival rate of the mice. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib combined with radiation plays a critical role in the suppression of growth of CD133(+) glioblastoma stemlike cells. Celecoxib is therefore a radiosensitizing drug for clinical application in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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613
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Zhou FX, Xiong J, Luo ZG, Dai J, Yu HJ, Liao ZK, Lei H, Xie CH, Zhou YF. cDNA Expression Analysis of a Human Radiosensitive-Radioresistant Cell Line Model Identifies Telomere Function as a Hallmark of Radioresistance. Radiat Res 2010; 174:550-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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614
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Ruan L, Wang GL, Yi H, Chen Y, Tang CE, Zhang PF, Li MY, Li C, Peng F, Li JL, Chen ZC, Xiao ZQ. Raf kinase inhibitor protein correlates with sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma to radiotherapy. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:975-81. [PMID: 20564197 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a metastasis suppressor whose expression is reduced in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and is absent in NPC metastases. To investigate the effect of RKIP on radiosensitivity of NPC, high metastatic 5-8F with low RKIP expression and non-metastatic 6-10B with high RKIP expression were stably transfected with plasmids that expressed sense and antisense RKIP cDNA. Overexpression of RKIP sensitized 5-8F cells to radiation-induced cell death, G(2)-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In contrast, downexpression of RKIP in 6-10B cells protected cells from radiation-induced cell death, G(2)-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, RKIP expression altered the radiosensitivity of NPC cells through MEK and ERK phosphorylation changes of Raf-1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. We further investigated the RKIP expression in NPC patients and its association with patients' survival after radiotherapy. Downexpression of RKIP was significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and radioresistance. Furthermore, survival curves showed that patients with RKIP downexpression had a poor prognosis and induced relapse. Multivariate analysis confirmed that RKIP expression was an independent prognostic indicator. The data suggested that RKIP was a potential biomarker for the radiosensitivity and prognosis of NPC, and its dysregulation might play an important role in the radioresistance of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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615
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Celecoxib enhances radiosensitivity in medulloblastoma-derived CD133-positive cells. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26:1605-12. [PMID: 20526717 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB). CD133, a transmembrane glycoprotein, has been suggested as a marker for cancer stem cells in brain tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in enhancing the effects of ionizing radiotherapy (IR) on medulloblastoma-derived CD133-positive cells (MB-CD133(+)). MATERIALS AND METHODS MB-CD133(+) were isolated from two medulloblastoma cell lines (Daoy and UW228). Then, they were treated with celecoxib in different concentrations, and cell viability was assessed. The assays of cell survival, soft agar, radiosensitivity, colony formation, and apoptotic activity in MB-CD133(+) treated with celecoxib alone, radiation alone, or celecoxib combined with radiation were further evaluated. RESULTS MB-CD133(+) showed the self-renew ability to form sphere bodies in vitro and regenerate tumors in vivo. The levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein in MB-CD133(+) were significantly higher than those in MB-CD133(-). The treatment of 30 μM celecoxib could effectively inhibit the abilities of cell proliferation and colony formation and increase IR-induced apoptosis in treated MB-CD133(+). Furthermore, in vivo study demonstrated that celecoxib significantly enhanced radiosensitivity in MB-CD133(+)-transplanted grafts. Notably, xenotransplantation analysis demonstrated that the treatment of celecoxib could further suppress the expressions of angiogenic and stemness-related genes in treated MB-CD133(+) grafts of SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib presents the potential of radiosensitizing effect in MB-derived cancer stem cells. Therefore, it should be warranted in future trials to enhance the radiotherapeutic effects in MB patients.
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616
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Li YR, Cao W, Guo J, Miao S, Ding GR, Li KC, Wang J, Guo GZ. Comparative investigations on the protective effects of rhodioside, ciwujianoside-B and astragaloside IV on radiation injuries of the hematopoietic system in mice. Phytother Res 2010; 25:644-53. [PMID: 21031634 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of three glycosides (rhodioside, ciwujianoside-B and astragaloside IV) on the hematopoietic system in the mice exposed to γ-rays, and to examine the possible mechanisms involved. Mice were pretreated with the glycosides (40 mg/kg, i.g.) daily for 7 days prior to radiation. The survival of mice pretreated with three glycosides after total body irradiation (6.0 Gy) was examined. Peripheral blood leucocytes and endogenous spleen colony counts, colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage assay, analysis of DNA content and apoptosis rate determination were performed to evaluate the effects of the three glycosides on hematogenesis. The fragmentation of double-stranded DNA in lymphocytes was detected by the comet assay. The changes in cell cycle were analysed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were measured by western blot and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results showed that pretreatment with all of the glycosides improved survival time and increased the number of leucocytes, spleen colonies and granulocyte-macrophage colonies in mice exposed to 6.0 Gy γ-radiation. Rhodioside showed more protective efficacy than both ciwujianoside-B and astragaloside IV. All three glycosides significantly increased the proliferation abilities of bone marrow cells, and decreased the ratio of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase. Further analysis showed that these three glycosides were able to decrease DNA damage and the increment in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio induced by radiation. In summary, the three glycosides showed radioprotective effects on the hematopoietic system in mice, which was associated with changes in the cell cycle, a reduction in DNA damage, and down-regulation of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in bone marrow cells exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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617
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Lynam-Lennon N, Reynolds JV, Pidgeon GP, Lysaght J, Marignol L, Maher SG. Alterations in DNA repair efficiency are involved in the radioresistance of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Radiat Res 2010; 174:703-11. [PMID: 21128793 DOI: 10.1667/rr2295.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To study radioresistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma, we generated an isogenic cell line model by exposing OE33 esophageal adenocarcinoma cells to clinically relevant fractionated doses of radiation (cumulative dose 50 Gy). A clonogenic assay confirmed enhanced survival of the radioresistant OE33 subline (OE33 R). To our knowledge, we are the first to generate an isogenic model of radioresistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma. This model system was characterized in terms of growth, cell cycle distribution and checkpoint operation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, and DNA damage. While similar properties were found for both the parental OE33 (OE33 P) cells and radioresistant OE33 R cells, OE33 R cells demonstrated greater repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Our results suggest that the radioresistance of OE33 R cells is due at least in part to increased DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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618
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Brown KR, Rzucidlo E. Acute and chronic radiation injury. J Vasc Surg 2010; 53:15S-21S. [PMID: 20843630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although all areas of the body are susceptible to radiation injury, different tissues have varying tolerances for radiation exposure. The goal of this summary is to introduce basic concepts of radiation biology and discuss the effects of radiation on various tissues. METHODS Reference texts and literature were reviewed to summarize key points in radiation biology and the direct and indirect cell damage caused by radiation. RESULTS The most prevalent factor for injury is long exposure time, which can be an issue in lengthy peripheral vascular or aortic interventions. Several key maneuvers can help decrease exposure for both the patient and the physician. CONCLUSION Radiation induces tissue injury at the cellular level. The use of good fluoroscopic technique is imperative for physician and patient protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie R Brown
- Division of Vascular Surgery at The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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619
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Rahn DA, Ray DK, Schlesinger DJ, Steiner L, Sheehan JP, O'Quigley JM, Rich T. Gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastasis of nonsmall cell lung cancer: Is there a difference in outcome between morning and afternoon treatment? Cancer 2010; 117:414-20. [PMID: 20830691 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Rahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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620
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Mallick S, Agarwal J, Kannan S, Pawar S, Kane S, Teni T. PCNA and anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 proteins predict disease-free survival in oral cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:688-93. [PMID: 20729132 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
At our laboratory, we recently observed cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) to be altered in oral tumours/cell lines. The present study aimed to evaluate the above proteins for predicting response and outcome in oral cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy. Pre-treatment oral cancer biopsy samples from 39 patients were examined for Mcl-1 and PCNA proteins using immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinico-pathological variables using disease-free survival (DFS) as the primary endpoint. We observed high expression of Mcl-1 in older versus younger patients (p=0.013) and in tobacco chewers+/-alcohol versus smokers+/-alcohol (p=0.037); and PCNA in node-positive versus node-negative tumours (p=0.037). On univariate analysis, high PCNA (p=0.007), Mcl-1 (p=0.050), node positivity (p=0.040) and co-expression of PCNA and Mcl-1 (p=0.008), had a significant impact on DFS. On multivariate analysis, low PCNA/Mcl-1 (p=0.006) co-expressing tumours were associated with improved DFS. Thus our study suggests that in patients undergoing primary radiotherapy, PCNA could be of potential predictive value to identify patients with risk of nodal metastases and in combination with Mcl-1 may have potential prognostic value to differentiate patients with poor DFS. These markers may be used for future trial patients requiring radiotherapy for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Mallick
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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621
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Enhancement of p53-mutant human colorectal cancer cells radiosensitivity by flavonoid fisetin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:1527-35. [PMID: 20637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate whether fisetin is a potential radiosensitizer for human colorectal cancer cells, which are relatively resistant to radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cell survival was examined by clonogenic survival assay, and DNA fragmentation was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. The effects of treatments on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to ascertain the protein levels of gamma-H2AX, phospho-Chk2, active caspase-3, PARP cleavage, phospho-p38, phospho-AKT, and phospho-ERK1/2. RESULTS Fisetin pretreatment enhanced the radiosensitivity of p53-mutant HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells but not human keratocyte HaCaT cells; it also prolonged radiation-induced G(2)/M arrest, enhanced radiation-induced cell growth arrest in HT-29 cells, and suppressed radiation-induced phospho-H2AX (Ser-139) and phospho-Chk2 (Thr-68) in p53-mutant HT-29 cells. Pretreatment with fisetin enhanced radiation-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Fisetin pretreatment augmented radiation-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is involved in caspase-mediated apoptosis, and SB202190 significantly reduced apoptosis and radiosensitivity in fisetin-pretreated HT-29 cells. By contrast, both phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK1/2, which are involved in cell proliferation and antiapoptotic pathways, were suppressed after irradiation combined with fisetin pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence that fisetin exerts a radiosensitizing effect in p53-mutant HT-29 cells. Fisetin could potentially be developed as a novel radiosensitizer against radioresistant human cancer cells.
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622
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Zha L, Qiao T, Yuan S, Lei L. Enhancement of radiosensitivity by CpG-oligodeoxyribonucleotide-7909 in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 25:165-70. [PMID: 20423229 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxyribonucleotides (CpG-ODNs), which induce signaling through the toll-like receptor 9, are currently under investigation as immunity stimulators against cancer. It has recently been suggested that CpG-ODNs may also enhance sensitivity to traditional therapies including chemotherapy in certain cancer-cell lines. The purpose of this study was to define the activity of CpG-ODN7909 in increasing radiosensitivity of the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro. First, a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on cell viability was observed after A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of CpG-ODN7909 (5, 10, 30, and 60 microg/mL). Second, decreased cell clonogenic survival, enhanced cell apoptotic index, accumulated percentage of cells in the G2/M phase, and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha secretion were found after combined treatments with 10 microg/mL of CpG-ODN7909 and radiation compared to either treatment alone (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the toll-like receptor 9 mRNA was found to express in A549. The results suggest that CpG-ODN7909 can increase the radiosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells, which may be associated with reduced cell clonogenic survival, enhanced apoptosis, prolonged cell-cycle arrest in G2/M, and stimulation of TNF-alpha secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zha
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Medical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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623
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Wu LF, Li GP, Su JD, Pu ZJ, Feng JL, Ye YQ, Wei BL. Involvement of NF-kappaB activation in the apoptosis induced by extracellular adenosine in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 88:705-14. [PMID: 20651843 DOI: 10.1139/o10-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine can exhibit cytotoxic activity in vivo and in vitro, though its mechanisms are still uncertain. In this study, we investigated the adenosine-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway and the role of NF-kappaB in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of adenosine for 12-48 h, and the effect of adenosine on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of adenosine alone or in combination with an NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), was also evaluated by MTT assay and the mode of cell death was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining. Cell cycle progress was performed by flow cytometry with PI staining. The protein expressions of Bcl-2, p53, NF-kappaB subunit p65, and caspase-3 were assayed by Western blot. Caspase-3 activity was measured by spectrophotomteric assay. The results showed that adenosine significantly reduced the viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with IC 50 (24 and 48 h) of 2.52 and 1.89 mmol x L(-1), respectively. The apoptotic index (percentage of sub-G1 phase) of HepG2 cells in adenosine treatment alone for 12 and 24 h or in combination with PDTC were 8.30%, 22.32% and 20.18%, 30.89%, respectively. All of them were higher than that in the control group (0.81%, p < 0.01). The characteristic changes of cell apoptosis (chromatin condensation and sub-G1 peak) were observed under fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. We also found that the apoptotic process triggered by adenosine was involved in G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest, enhanced the activity of caspase-3, upregulated p53 and NF-kappaB p65 expression, and downregulated Bcl-2 expression. Inhibition of NF-kappaB by PDTC decreased NF-kappaB p65 expression, enhanced cell apoptosis ratio, and increased caspase-3 activity. NF-kappaB may play an anti-apoptosis role in adenosine-induced HepG2 cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Fei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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624
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Gliozzi AS, Guiot C, Chignola R, Delsanto PP. Oscillations in growth of multicellular tumour spheroids: a revisited quantitative analysis. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:344-53. [PMID: 20590659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multicellular tumour spheroids (MTS) provide an important tool for study of the microscopic properties of solid tumours and their responses to therapy. Thus, observation of large-scale volume oscillations in MTS, reported several years ago by two independent groups (1,2), in our opinion represent a remarkable discovery, particularly if this could promote careful investigation of the possible occurrence of volume oscillations of tumours 'in vivo'. MATERIALS AND METHODS Because of high background noise, quantitative analysis of properties of observed oscillations has not been possible in previous studies. Such an analysis can be now performed, thanks to a recently proposed approach, based on formalism of phenomenological universalities (PUN). RESULTS Results have provided unambiguous confirmation of the existence of MTS volume oscillations, and quantitative evaluation of their properties, for two tumour cell lines. Proof is based not only on quality of fitting of the experimental datasets, but also on determination of well-defined values of frequency and amplitude of the oscillations for each line investigated, which would not be consistent with random fluctuation. CONCLUSIONS Biological mechanisms, which can be directly responsible for observed oscillations, are proposed, which relates also to recent work on related topics. Further investigations, both at experimental and at modelling levels, are also suggested. Finally, from a methodological point of view, results obtained represent further confirmation of applicability and usefulness of the PUN approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gliozzi
- Department of Physics, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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625
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Knockdown of Rad51 expression induces radiation- and chemo-sensitivity in osteosarcoma cells. Med Oncol 2010; 28:1481-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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626
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Buchanan IM, Scott T, Tandle AT, Burgan WE, Burgess TL, Tofilon PJ, Camphausen K. Radiosensitization of glioma cells by modulation of Met signalling with the hepatocyte growth factor neutralizing antibody, AMG102. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 15:1999-2006. [PMID: 20629992 PMCID: PMC2976812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met signalling pathway is up-regulated in many cancers, with downstream mediators playing a role in DNA double strand break repair. Previous studies have shown increased radiosensitization of tumours through modulation of Met signalling by genetic methods. We investigated the effects of the anti-HGF monoclonal antibody, AMG102, on the response to ionizing radiation in a model of glioblastoma multiforme in vitro and in vivo. Radiosensitivity was evaluated in vitro in the U-87 MG human glioma cell line. Met activation was measured by Western blot, and the effect on survival following radiation was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Mechanism of cell death was evaluated by apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe assays. DNA damage was quantitated by γH2AX foci and neutral comet assay. Growth kinetics of subcutaneous tumours was used to assess the effects of AMG102 on in vivo tumour radiosensitivity. AMG102 inhibited Met activation after irradiation. An enhancement of radiation cell killing was shown with no toxicity using drug alone. Retention of γH2AX foci at 6 and 24 hrs following the drug/radiation combination indicated an inhibition of DNA repair following radiation, and comet assay confirmed DNA damage persisting over the same duration. At 48 and 72 hrs following radiation, a significant increase of cells undergoing mitotic catastrophe was seen in the drug/radiation treated cells. Growth of subcutaneous tumours was slowed in combination treated mice, with an effect that was greater than additive for each modality individually. Modulation of Met signalling with AMG102 may prove a novel radiation sensitizing strategy. Our data indicate that DNA repair processes downstream of Met are impaired leading to increased cell death through mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Buchanan
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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627
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Arya AK, El-Fert A, Devling T, Eccles RM, Aslam MA, Rubbi CP, Vlatković N, Fenwick J, Lloyd BH, Sibson DR, Jones TM, Boyd MT. Nutlin-3, the small-molecule inhibitor of MDM2, promotes senescence and radiosensitises laryngeal carcinoma cells harbouring wild-type p53. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:186-95. [PMID: 20588277 PMCID: PMC2906734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of treatment for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Although the cure rates for early (T1) vocal cord tumours are high, RT proves ineffective in up to a third of T3 carcinomas. Moreover, RT is associated with debilitating early- and late-treatment-related toxicity, thus finding means to de-escalate therapy, while retaining/augmenting therapeutic effectiveness, is highly desirable. p53 is a key mediator of radiation responses; we therefore investigated whether Nutlin-3, a small-molecule inhibitor of MDM2 (mouse double minute 2; an essential negative regulator of p53), might radiosensitise LSCC cells. METHODS We performed clonogenic assays to measure radiosensitivity in a panel of LSCC cell lines (for which we determined p53 mutational status) in the presence and absence of Nutlin-3. RESULTS LSCC cells harbouring wild-type p53 were significantly radiosensitised by Nutlin-3 (P<0.0001; log-rank scale), and displayed increased cell cycle arrest and significantly increased senescence (P<0.001) in the absence of increased apoptosis; thus, our data suggest that senescence may mediate this increased radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION This is the first study showing Nutlin-3 as an effective radiosensitiser in LSCC cells that retain wild-type p53. The clinical application of Nutlin-3 might improve local recurrence rates or allow treatment de-escalation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Arya
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, 5th Floor. UCD Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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628
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Basse B, Joseph WR, Marshall ES, Baguley BC. Analysis of radiation-induced changes to human melanoma cultures using a mathematical model. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:139-46. [PMID: 20447059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumour cells respond to ionizing radiation by cycle arrest, cell death or repair and possible regrowth. We have developed a dynamic mathematical model of the cell cycle to incorporate transition probabilities for entry into DNA replication and mitosis. In this study, we used the model to analyse effects of radiation on cultures of five human melanoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell lines were irradiated (9 Gy) prior to further culture and harvesting at multiple points up to 96 h later. Cells were fixed, stained with propidium iodide and analysed for G(1)-, S- and G(2)/M-phase cells by flow cytometry. Data for all time points were fitted to a mathematical model. To provide unique solutions, cultures were grown in the presence and absence of the mitotic poison paclitaxel, added to prevent cell division. RESULTS The model demonstrated that irradiation at 9 Gy induced G(2)-phase arrest in all lines for at least 96 h. Two cell lines with wild-type p53 status additionally exhibited G(1)-phase arrest with recovery over 15 h, as well as evidence of cell loss. Resumption of cycling of surviving cells, as indicated by increases in G(1)/S and G(2)/M-phase transitions, was broadly comparable with results of clonogenic assays. CONCLUSIONS The results, combined with existing data from clonogenic survival assays, support the hypothesis that a dominant effect of radiation in these melanoma lines is the induction of long-term cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Basse
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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629
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Balboa E, Duran G, Lamas MJ, Gomez-Caamaño A, Celeiro-Muñoz C, Lopez R, Carracedo A, Barros F. Pharmacogenetic analysis in neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer: high incidence of somatic mutations and their relation with response. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:747-61. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The identification of predictive markers of response to chemoradiotherapy treatment remains a promising approach for patient management in order to obtain the best response with minor side effects. Initially, we investigated whether the analysis of several markers previously studied and others not yet evaluated could predict response to 5-fluorouracil- and capecitabine-based neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods & materials: We studied germline and tumoral samples of 65 stage II/III rectal patients. A panel of pharmacogenetic markers was genotyped in paired peripheral blood samples and rectal cancer tumors. Results: Our results seem to confirm the previously described association of thymidylate synthase and the prediction of chemoradiotherapy response in rectal cancer. However, it failed to confirm the clinical utility proposed for XRCC1, ERCC1, ERCC2, MTHFR and EGFR polymorphisms in blood/germline samples. Subsequently, with the aim of improving prediction of individual response and assessing the role of studied polymorphisms in response to treatment, we determined if changes in tumor response to these markers could predict clinical outcome. We found a high degree of changes between germline and tumor samples, mainly somatic mutations without microsatellite instability, and a minor frequency of loss-of-heterozygosity events. In tumoral samples, XRCC1 appeared to be significantly associated (p = 0.006) with downstaging of the tumor (odds ratio: 7.93; 95% CI: 1.03–60.83), but the increasing of TYMS low-expression alleles contradict the previous results observed in germline samples. Conclusion: The detection of somatic mutations in rectal cancer tumors led us to re-evaluate the utility of the tests performed in blood samples for these polymorphisms in rectal cancer. Furthermore, studies aimed at assessing the influence of pharmacogenetic markers in treatment response performed in blood samples should take into account the particular pattern of hypermutability present in each tumor type. We hypothesize that different patterns of hypermutability present in each tumor type would be related to the different results in association studies related to response to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balboa
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Goretti Duran
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Lamas
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Caamaño
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catuxa Celeiro-Muñoz
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Lopez
- Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Barros
- Grupo Medicina Xenomica–CIBERER, Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Fundación Publica Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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630
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You ZY, Zhao Y, Liu F, Zhang YD, Wang JJ. The radiosensitization effects of Endostar on human lung squamous cancer cells H-520. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:17. [PMID: 20492730 PMCID: PMC2880957 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study mainly aimed to investigate the direct effects of Endostar (ES) on the proliferation and radiosensitivity of human lung squamous cancer cell line H-520. Results ES significantly inhibited H-520 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. According to the colony-forming assays, ES could increase the H-520 cell radiosensitivity. ES induced cell apoptosis, the apoptosis rate increased with the raise of ES concentration. Irradiation induced significantly higher apoptosis rate in ES-treated H-520 cells than non-treated H-520 cells. ES induced cell cycle distribution and G0/G1 arrest in H-520 cells, whereas irradiation induced G2/M arrest. The phospho-p38-MAPK and p-Akt protein levels were decreased in H-520 cells after ES treatment. Furthermore, activated caspase protein level increased and Bcl-2 protein levels decreased after treatment with ES and irradiation. Conclusion ES significantly enhanced the sensitivity of H-520 cells to irradiation by inhibition of cellular proliferation, promotion of cell apoptosis and redistribution of cell cycle, possibly via deactivation of Akt pathway. The present study supports the possibility to use the combination of ES and ionizing irradiation to treat patients with lung squamous cell cancer in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Y You
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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631
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Depression of MAD2 inhibits apoptosis and increases proliferation and multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells by regulating the activation of phosphorylated survivin. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:225-32. [PMID: 20440596 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic arrest-deficient 2 (MAD2) is one of the essential mitotic spindle checkpoint regulators, and it can protect cells from aberrant chromosome segregation. The Mad2 gene is very rarely mutated in many kinds of human cancer, but aberrantly reduced expression of MAD2 has been correlated with defective mitotic checkpoints in several human cancers. We have previously found that the MAD2 expression level is also shown to be associated with the multidrug resistance of tumour cells. In this study, we constructed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) eukaryotic expression vector of MAD2 and downregulated MAD2 expression in the gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 by transfection of MAD2-siRNA. SGC7901 cells stably transfected with the MAD2-siRNA exhibited significantly increased expression of phosphorylated survivin protein and enhanced drug resistance. Furthermore, MAD2-siRNA suppressed the proliferation of SGC7901 cells and inhibited tumour formation in athymic nude mice. This study clearly reveals that downregulation of MAD2 could regulate the cell cycle, increase proliferation, and improve the drug resistance of gastric cancer cells by regulating the activation of phosphorylated survivin. It also suggests both that MAD2 might play an important role in the development of human gastric cancer and that silencing the MAD2 gene may help to deal with the multidrug resistance of gastric cancer cells.
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632
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Intrinsic radiosensitivity correlated with radiation-induced ROS and cell cycle regulation. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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633
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Effect of radiation treatment on newly established human breast cancer cell lines MACL-1 and MGSO-3. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:189-97. [PMID: 20422346 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of new cell lines is an important tool to understand the biological processes involved in cancer treatments. In the present study, we used two newly established epithelial human breast cancer cell lines from primary sites MACL-1 and MGSO-3 and compared their susceptibility to the treatment with ionizing radiation (IR) with the commercial cell line MDA-MB-231. In the doses used (10 or 20 Gy), IR induced a reduction in cell viability and cell death, measured as DNA fragmentation, at 48 and 72 h after treatment. In addition, 48 h after treatment with IR, we observed an enhancement in the percentage of apoptotic cells. The broad-range caspases inhibitor zVAD-FMK inhibited cytotoxicity induced by IR. After 24 h, treatment with IR activated caspase-9 in MACL-1 and MDA-MB-231 but not in MGSO-3 cells. Thirty hours after treatment with IR (20 Gy), we observed an activation of caspases 8 and 3. These results suggest the involvement of caspases in the cell death induced by IR in two newly established cell lines. These cells may be useful in studies of breast cancer in defining basic mechanisms in molecular and cellular radiobiology and may contribute to the rational design of future models of cancer therapies.
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634
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Pajonk F, Vlashi E, McBride WH. Radiation resistance of cancer stem cells: the 4 R's of radiobiology revisited. Stem Cells 2010; 28:639-48. [PMID: 20135685 PMCID: PMC2940232 DOI: 10.1002/stem.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that many solid cancers are organized hierarchically and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It seems reasonable to suggest that a cancer cure can be achieved only if this population is eliminated. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that CSCs are inherently resistant to radiation, and perhaps other cancer therapies. In general, success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment is determined by the 4 R's of radiobiology: repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. We relate recent findings on CSCs to these four phenomena and discuss possible consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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635
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Chiu SJ, Hsaio CH, Tseng HH, Su YH, Shih WL, Lee JW, Chuah JQY. Rosiglitazone enhances the radiosensitivity of p53-mutant HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:774-9. [PMID: 20227390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Combined-modality treatment has improved the outcome in cases of various solid tumors, and radiosensitizers are used to enhance the radiotherapeutic efficiency. Rosiglitazone, a synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes, has been shown to reduce tumor growth and metastasis in human cancer cells, and may have the potential to be used as a radiosensitizer in radiotherapy for human colorectal cancer cells. In this study, rosiglitazone treatment significantly reduced the cell viability of p53-wild type HCT116 cells but not p53-mutant HT-29 cells. Interestingly, rosiglitazone pretreatment enhanced radiosensitivity in p53-mutant HT-29 cells but not HCT116 cells, and prolonged radiation-induced G(2)/M arrest and enhanced radiation-induced cell growth inhibition in HT-29 cells. Pretreatment with rosiglitazone also suppressed radiation-induced H2AX phosphorylation in response to DNA damage and AKT activation for cell survival; on the contrary, rosiglitazone pretreatment enhanced radiation-induced caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation and PARP cleavage in HT-29 cells. In addition, pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, attenuated the levels of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage in radiation-exposed cancer cells in combination with rosiglitazone pretreatment. Our results provide proof for the first time that rosiglitazone suppresses radiation-induced survival signals and DNA damage response, and enhances the radiation-induced apoptosis signaling cascade. These findings can assist in the development of rosiglitazone as a novel radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Chiu
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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636
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Ionizing radiation (IR) can produce deleterious effects in living tissues, leading to significant morbidity and a potentially fatal illness affecting various organs dose-dependently. As people may be exposed to IR during cancer radiotherapy or as a result of a radiological/nuclear incident or act of terrorism, the danger of irradiation represents a serious public health problem. At present, however, this problem remains largely impervious to medical management. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop safe and effective radiation countermeasure (RC) agents to prevent, mitigate or treat the harmful consequences of IR exposure. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Recent advances in the search for RC agents as reflected by the relevant patent literature of the past five years along with peer-reviewed publications are surveyed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A total of 43 patents, describing approximately 38 chemically diverse compounds with RC potential are analyzed. These include antioxidants capable of scavenging IR-induced free radicals, modulators of cell death signaling or cell cycle progression, cytokines or growth factors promoting tissue repair and inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Several of these RC candidates appear promising, including at least two that are undergoing evaluation for fast-track clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Dumont
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer Paul Strauss, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie EA-3430, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
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637
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Bosco N, Swee LK, Bénard A, Ceredig R, Rolink A. Auto-reconstitution of the T-cell compartment by radioresistant hematopoietic cells following lethal irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:222-232.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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638
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Qing Y, Yang XQ, Zhong ZY, Lei X, Xie JY, Li MX, Xiang DB, Li ZP, Yang ZZ, Wang G, Wang D. Microarray analysis of DNA damage repair gene expression profiles in cervical cancer cells radioresistant to 252Cf neutron and X-rays. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:71. [PMID: 20184742 PMCID: PMC2838822 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to obtain stable radioresistant sub-lines from the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa by prolonged exposure to 252Cf neutron and X-rays. Radioresistance mechanisms were investigated in the resulting cells using microarray analysis of DNA damage repair genes. Methods HeLa cells were treated with fractionated 252Cf neutron and X-rays, with a cumulative dose of 75 Gy each, over 8 months, yielding the sub-lines HeLaNR and HeLaXR. Radioresistant characteristics were detected by clone formation assay, ultrastructural observations, cell doubling time, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis assay. Gene expression patterns of the radioresistant sub-lines were studied through microarray analysis and verified by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results The radioresistant sub-lines HeLaNR and HeLaXR were more radioresisitant to 252Cf neutron and X-rays than parental HeLa cells by detecting their radioresistant characteristics, respectively. Compared to HeLa cells, the expression of 24 genes was significantly altered by at least 2-fold in HeLaNR cells. Of these, 19 genes were up-regulated and 5 down-regulated. In HeLaXR cells, 41 genes were significantly altered by at least 2-fold; 38 genes were up-regulated and 3 down-regulated. Conclusions Chronic exposure of cells to ionizing radiation induces adaptive responses that enhance tolerance of ionizing radiation and allow investigations of cellular radioresistance mechanisms. The insights gained into the molecular mechanisms activated by these "radioresistance" genes will lead to new therapeutic targets for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qing
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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639
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Kim KK, Lange TS, Singh RK, Brard L. Lipophilic aroylhydrazone chelator HNTMB and its multiple effects on ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:72. [PMID: 20184758 PMCID: PMC2836302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal chelators have gained much attention as potential anti-cancer agents. However, the effects of chelators are often linked solely to their capacity to bind iron while the potential complexation of other trace metals has not been fully investigated. In present study, we evaluated the effects of various lipophilic aroylhydrazone chelators (AHC), including novel compound HNTMB, on various ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-3, NUTU-19). METHODS Cell viability was analyzed via MTS cytotoxicity assays and NCI60 cancer cell growth screens. Apoptotic events were monitored via Western Blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy and TUNEL assay. FACS analysis was carried out to study Cell Cycle regulation and detection of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) RESULTS: HNTMB displayed high cytotoxicity (IC50 200-400 nM) compared to previously developed AHC (oVtBBH, HNtBBH, StBBH/206, HNTh2H/315, HNI/311; IC50 0.8-6 microM) or cancer drug Deferoxamine, a hexadentate iron-chelator (IC50 12-25 microM). In a NCI60 cancer cell line screen HNTMB exhibited growth inhibitory effects with remarkable differences in specificity depending on the cell line studied (GI50 10 nM-2.4 microM). In SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells HNTMB treatment led to chromatin fragmentation and activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis with specific down-regulation of Bcl-2. HNTMB caused delayed cell cycle progression of SKOV-3 through G2/M phase arrest. HNTMB can chelate iron and copper of different oxidation states. Complexation with copper lead to high cytotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while treatment with iron complexes of the drug caused neither cytotoxicity nor increased ROS levels. CONCLUSIONS The present report suggests that both, non-complexed HNTMB as a chelator of intracellular trace-metals as well as a cytotoxic HNTMB/copper complex may be developed as potential therapeutic drugs in the treatment of ovarian and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Kwang Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Thilo S Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Laurent Brard
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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640
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De Mulder K, Kuales G, Pfister D, Egger B, Seppi T, Eichberger P, Borgonie G, Ladurner P. Potential of Macrostomum lignano to recover from gamma-ray irradiation. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 339:527-42. [PMID: 20127258 PMCID: PMC2831187 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are the only proliferating cells in flatworms and can be eliminated by irradiation with no damage to differentiated cells. We investigated the effect of fractionated irradiation schemes on Macrostomum lignano, namely, on survival, gene expression, morphology and regeneration. Proliferating cells were almost undetectable during the first week post-treatment. Cell proliferation and gene expression were restored within 1 month in a dose-dependent manner following exposure to up to 150 Gy irradiation. During recovery, stem cells did not cross the midline but were restricted within lateral compartments. An accumulated dose of 210 Gy resulted in a lethal phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that M. lignano represents a suitable model system for elucidating the effect of irradiation on the stem cell system in flatworms and for improving our understanding of the recovery potential of severely damaged stem-cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien De Mulder
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Present Address: Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Kuales
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Pfister
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Seppi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University Hospital, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Eichberger
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University Hospital, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaetan Borgonie
- Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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641
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Chen X, Wong P, Radany E, Wong JYC. HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid, induces p53-dependent radiosensitization of colon cancer cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 24:689-99. [PMID: 20025549 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC inhibitors) have been shown to enhance radiation response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low, minimally cytotoxic concentrations of the HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), on radiation response of colorectal cancer cells. Cell lines LS174T and an isogenic pair of HCT116, which differed only for the presence of wild-type p53, were exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) alone, VPA alone, or the combination. Clonogenic survival, gamma-H2AX induction, apoptosis, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial levels of p53 and Bcl-2 family proteins were assessed. In vivo studies monitored tumor growth suppression after therapy in mice bearing HCT116/p53(+/+) and HCT116/p53(-/-) tumor xenografts. VPA led to radiosensitization, which was dependent on p53 status. A decrease in clonogenic survival, an increase in apoptosis, and an increase in levels of gamma-H2AX were observed after VPA+IR, compared to IR alone, in wild-type p53 cells (LS174T and HCT116/p53(+/+)), as opposed to p53 null cells (HCT116/p53(-/-)). Exposure to VPA resulted in enhancement of IR-induced mitochondrial localizations of Bax and Bcl-xL, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release only in wild-type p53 cell lines. VPA also enhanced tumor growth suppression after IR only in wild-type p53 xenografts. These data suggest that VPA may have an important role in enhancing radiotherapy response in colorectal cancer, particularly in tumors with the wild-type p53 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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642
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Liu F, Wang JJ, You ZY, Zhang YD, Zhao Y. Radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells is enhanced by EGFR inhibitor C225. Urol Oncol 2010; 28:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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643
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Naidu MD, Mason JM, Pica RV, Fung H, Peña LA. Radiation resistance in glioma cells determined by DNA damage repair activity of Ape1/Ref-1. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:393-404. [PMID: 20679741 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since radiation therapy remains a primary treatment modality for gliomas, the radioresistance of glioma cells and targets to modify their radiation tolerance are of significant interest. Human apurinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1, Ref-1, APEX, HAP1, AP endo) is a multifunctional protein involved in base excision repair of DNA and a redox-dependent transcriptional co-activator. This study investigated whether there is a direct relationship between Ape1 and radioresistance in glioma cells, employing the human U87 and U251 cell lines. U87 is intrinsically more radioresistant than U251, which is partly attributable to more cycling U251 cells found in G2/M, the most radiosensitive cell stage, while more U87 cells are found in S and G1, the more radioresistant cell stages. But observed radioresistance is also related to Ape1 activity. U87 has higher levels of Ape1 than does U251, as assessed by Western blot and enzyme activity assays (approximately 1.5-2 fold higher in cycling cells, and approximately 10 fold higher at G2/M). A direct relationship was seen in cells transfected with CMV-Ape1 constructs; there was a dose-dependent relationship between increasing Ape1 overexpression and increasing radioresistance. Conversely, knock down by siRNA or by pharmacological down regulation of Ape1 resulted in decreased radioresistance. The inhibitors lucanthone and CRT004876 were employed, the former a thioxanthene previously under clinical evaluation as a radiosensitizer for brain tumors and the latter a more specific Ape1 inhibitor. These data suggest that Ape1 may be a useful target for modifying radiation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta D Naidu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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644
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Strojan P, Ferlito A, Wu CF, Rinaldo A. Intraarterial chemotherapy: a valid option in the treatment of verrucous carcinoma? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 267:835-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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645
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Yeung AH, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Tihan T, Cheung SW, Parsa AT. Radiobiology of vestibular schwannomas: mechanisms of radioresistance and potential targets for therapeutic sensitization. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 27:E2. [PMID: 19951055 DOI: 10.3171/2009.9.focus09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors arising from the Schwann cells of cranial nerve VIII. Historically the prevailing therapy for patients with VS has been microsurgical resection. More recently, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy have gained acceptance as effective alternatives. Although the side effect profile and rates of tumor control appear to be favorable for SRS, there is a subset of radioresistant tumors that continue to progress despite properly administered radiation treatment. In this review, the authors summarize what is known about the mechanism of radioresistance in VS at the clinical and molecular level. An improved understanding of the radiobiological behavior of VS may help guide appropriate patient selection for SRS and potentially aid in the design of novel therapies to treat radioresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Yeung
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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646
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Braun K, Ehemann V, Wiessler M, Pipkorn R, Didinger B, Mueller G, Waldeck W. High-resolution flow cytometry: a suitable tool for monitoring aneuploid prostate cancer cells after TMZ and TMZ-BioShuttle treatment. Int J Med Sci 2009; 6:338-47. [PMID: 19946604 PMCID: PMC2781174 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
If metastatic prostate cancer gets resistant to antiandrogen therapy, there are few treatment options, because prostate cancer is not very sensitive to cytostatic agents. Temozolomide (TMZ) as an orally applicable chemotherapeutic substance has been proven to be effective and well tolerated with occasional moderate toxicity especially for brain tumors and an application to prostate cancer cells seemed to be promising. Unfortunately, TMZ was inefficient in the treatment of symptomatic progressive hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). The reasons could be a low sensitivity against TMZ the short plasma half-life of TMZ, non-adapted application regimens and additionally, the aneuploid DNA content of prostate cancer cells suggesting different sensitivity against therapeutical interventions e.g. radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Considerations to improve this unsatisfying situation resulted in the realization of higher local TMZ concentrations, sufficient to kill cells regardless of intrinsic cellular sensitivity and cell DNA-index. Therefore, we reformulated the TMZ by ligation to a peptide-based carrier system called TMZ-BioShuttle for intervention. The modular-composed carrier consists of a transmembrane transporter (CPP), connected to a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) cleavably-bound, which in turn was coupled with TMZ. The NLS-sequence allows an active delivery of the TMZ into the cell nucleus after transmembrane passage of the TMZ-BioShuttle and intra-cytoplasm enzymatic cleavage and separation from the CPP. This TMZ-BioShuttle could contribute to improve therapeutic options exemplified by the hormone refractory prostate cancer. The next step was to syllogize a qualified method monitoring cell toxic effects in a high sensitivity under consideration of the ploidy status. The high-resolution flow cytometric analysis showed to be an appropriate system for a better detection and distinction of several cell populations dependent on their different DNA-indices as well as changes in proliferation of cell populations after chemotherapeutical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Braun
- German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of Medical Physics in Radiooncology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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647
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Ishikawa M, Ogihara Y, Miura M. Visualization of radiation-induced cell cycle-associated events in tumor cells expressing the fusion protein of Azami Green and the destruction box of human Geminin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:426-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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648
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Krasny L, Shimony N, Tzukert K, Gorodetsky R, Lecht S, Nettelbeck DM, Haviv YS. An in-vitro tumour microenvironment model using adhesion to type I collagen reveals Akt-dependent radiation resistance in renal cancer cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:373-80. [PMID: 19828461 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered resistant to ionizing radiation. Recently, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been shown to play a role in both drug resistance and radiation resistance (RR). While fibronectin has been extensively investigated in the context of RR, the role of type I collagen [col(I)], a principal constituent of the ECM in tumour metastases, in RR of RCC is unknown. METHODS RCC cell adhesion to matrix was studied via pre-coating a variety of ECM glycoproteins onto plates. Cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated with flow cytometry using annexin V and propidium iodide stains, respectively. Activation of cellular survival signalling was analysed with western blots, and specific molecular inhibitors were correspondingly employed to block signalling. Hypoxia (<1%) was induced via N(2)/CO(2) gas flow in a specialized chamber. RESULTS While adherence to col(I) enhanced RCC cell proliferation in general, col(I) and fibronectin, but not fibrinogen, could confer specific anti-apoptotic RR to RCC cells. The radioprotective effect of col(I) was maintained during both hypoxia/reoxygenation and normoxia conditions. In contrast to intact col(I), micronized col(I), lacking the natural fibrillar structure, was not radioprotective. The effect of col(I) in RCC cells is mediated via attenuation of apoptosis rather than cell cycle redistribution, involving the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway but not the MAP kinase pathway. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to col(I) appears to be a relevant environmental cue enhancing RR in RCC cells, Akt dependently. Our results support inhibition of the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway as a radiosensitizing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Krasny
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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649
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Datkhile KD, Dongre TK, Mukhopadhyaya R, Nath BB. Gamma radiation tolerance of a tropical species of midge,Chironomus ramosusChaudhuri (Diptera: Chironomidae). Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:495-503. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902883786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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650
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Fokas E, Kraft G, An H, Engenhart-Cabillic R. Ion beam radiobiology and cancer: time to update ourselves. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:216-29. [PMID: 19682551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-energy protons and carbon ions exhibit an inverse dose profile allowing for increased energy deposition with penetration depth. Additionally, heavier ions like carbon beams have the advantage of a markedly increased biological effectiveness characterized by enhanced ionization density in the individual tracks of the heavy particles, where DNA damage becomes clustered and therefore more difficult to repair, but is restricted to the end of their range. These superior biophysical and biological profiles of particle beams over conventional radiotherapy permit more precise dose localization and make them highly attractive for treating anatomically complex and radioresistant malignant tumors but without increasing the severe side effects in the normal tissue. More than half a century since Wilson proposed their use in cancer therapy, the effects of particle beams have been extensively investigated and the biological complexity of particle beam irradiation begins to unfold itself. The goal of this review is to provide an as comprehensive and up-to-date summary as possible of the different radiobiological aspects of particle beams for effective application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Medical Faculty of Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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