601
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Lewis PA, Cookson MR. Gene expression in the Parkinson's disease brain. Brain Res Bull 2011; 88:302-12. [PMID: 22173063 PMCID: PMC3387376 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of gene expression has undergone a transformation in the past decade as the benefits of the sequencing of the human genome have made themselves felt. Increasingly, genome wide approaches are being applied to the analysis of gene expression in human disease as a route to understanding the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this review, we will summarise current state of gene expression studies of the brain in Parkinson's disease, and examine how these techniques can be used to gain an insight into aetiology of this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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602
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Surrogate based accurate quantification of endogenous acetylcholine in murine brain by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3927-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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603
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Weintraub D, Dietz N, Duda JE, Wolk DA, Doshi J, Xie SX, Davatzikos C, Clark CM, Siderowf A. Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2011; 135:170-80. [PMID: 22108576 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests overlap in brain regions undergoing neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. To assess the clinical significance of this, we applied a validated Alzheimer's disease-spatial pattern of brain atrophy to patients with Parkinson's disease with a range of cognitive abilities to determine its association with cognitive performance and decline. At baseline, 84 subjects received structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scans and completed the Dementia Rating Scale-2, and new robust and expanded Dementia Rating Scale-2 norms were applied to cognitively classify participants. Fifty-nine non-demented subjects were assessed annually with the Dementia Rating Scale-2 for two additional years. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were quantified using both a region of interest approach and voxel-based morphometry analysis, and a method for quantifying the presence of an Alzheimer's disease spatial pattern of brain atrophy was applied to each scan. In multivariate models, higher Alzheimer's disease pattern of atrophy score was associated with worse global cognitive performance (β = -0.31, P = 0.007), including in non-demented patients (β = -0.28, P = 0.05). In linear mixed model analyses, higher baseline Alzheimer's disease pattern of atrophy score predicted long-term global cognitive decline in non-demented patients [F(1, 110) = 9.72, P = 0.002], remarkably even in those with normal cognition at baseline [F(1, 80) = 4.71, P = 0.03]. In contrast, in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses there was no association between region of interest brain volumes and cognitive performance in patients with Parkinson's disease with normal cognition. These findings support involvement of the hippocampus and parietal-temporal cortex with cognitive impairment and long-term decline in Parkinson's disease. In addition, an Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy may be a preclinical biomarker of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3339, USA.
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604
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease: evaluation and changes of concepts. Mov Disord 2011; 27:8-30. [PMID: 22081500 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders, is no longer considered a complex motor disorder characterized by extrapyramidal symptoms, but a progressive multisystem or-more correctly-multiorgan disease with variegated neurological and nonmotor deficiencies. It is morphologically featured not only by the degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, responsible for the core motor deficits, but by multifocal involvement of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and other organs associated with widespread occurrence of Lewy bodies and dystrophic Lewy neurites. This results from deposition of abnormal α-synuclein (αSyn), the major protein marker of PD, and other synucleinopathies. Recent research has improved both the clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria of PD; it has further provided insights into the development and staging of αSyn and Lewy pathologies and has been useful in understanding the pathogenesis of PD. However, many challenges remain, for example, the role of Lewy bodies and the neurobiology of axons in the course of neurodegeneration, the relation between αSyn, Lewy pathology, and clinical deficits, as well as the interaction between αSyn and other pathologic proteins. Although genetic and experimental models have contributed to exploring the causes, pathomechanisms, and treatment options of PD, there is still a lack of an optimal animal model, and the etiology of this devastating disease is far from being elucidated.
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605
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Cognitive rehabilitation for executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: application and current directions. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2012:512892. [PMID: 22135762 PMCID: PMC3216311 DOI: 10.1155/2012/512892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease contributes to disability, caregiver strain, and diminished quality of life. Cognitive rehabilitation, a behavioral approach to improve cognitive skills, has potential as a treatment option to improve and maintain cognitive skills and increase quality of life for those with Parkinson's disease-related cognitive dysfunction. Four cognitive rehabilitation programs in individuals with PD are identified from the literature. Characteristics of the programs and outcomes are reviewed and critiqued. Current studies on cognitive rehabilitation in PD demonstrate feasibility and acceptability of a cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with PD, but are limited by their small sample size and data regarding generalization of effects over the long term. Because PD involves progressive heterogeneous physical, neurological, and affective difficulties, future cognitive rehabilitation programs should aim for flexibility and individualization, according to each patient's strengths and deficits.
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606
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Population-based case–control study of cognitive function in early Parkinson's disease (NEDICES). J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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607
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A review of dual-task walking deficits in people with Parkinson's disease: motor and cognitive contributions, mechanisms, and clinical implications. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2012:918719. [PMID: 22135764 PMCID: PMC3205740 DOI: 10.1155/2012/918719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gait impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) are exacerbated under dual-task conditions requiring the simultaneous performance of cognitive or motor tasks. Dual-task walking deficits impact functional mobility, which often requires walking while performing concurrent tasks such as talking or carrying an object. The consequences of gait impairments in PD are significant and include increased disability, increased fall risk, and reduced quality of life. However, effective therapeutic interventions for dual-task walking deficits are limited. The goals of this narrative review are to describe dual-task walking deficits in people with PD, to discuss motor and cognitive factors that may contribute to these deficits, to review potential mechanisms underlying dual-task deficits, and to discuss the effect of therapeutic interventions on dual-task walking deficits in persons with PD.
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608
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Abstract
Prospective studies conducted during the last decade have shown that the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop dementia. In addition, using a variety of definitions and methods, more recent research suggests that approximately a quarter of PD patients without dementia have mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Furthermore, several studies have shown that approximately 20% have MCI even at time of diagnosis of PD. The typical cognitive deficits include visuospatial, attentional, and executive deficits, but memory deficits have also been shown. The etiology of PD-MCI is not known, but it is likely that mechanisms known to contribute to dementia in PD (ie, limbic and cortical Lewy bodies, amyloid plaques, and cholinergic deficits) play a role, in addition to dysfunction of dopaminergic frontostriatal circuits. PD-MCI predicts a shorter time to dementia, and preliminary evidence suggests that this is particularly true for posterior cognitive deficits. There are currently no systematic clinical trials in PD-MCI.
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609
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Heterogenous mechanisms of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:381-2. [PMID: 21960008 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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610
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Bousquet M, Calon F, Cicchetti F. Impact of ω-3 fatty acids in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:453-63. [PMID: 21414422 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Current epidemiological, preclinical and clinical data suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may constitute therapeutic strategy for several disorders of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor symptoms but which also includes several other pathological features such as autonomic system failures, mood disorders, and cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological options for the disease are limited to symptom management and their long-term use leads to important side effects. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the effects of n-3 PUFAs in PD both from an epidemiological perspective as well as in light of data gathered on various pathological features of the disease. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on the dopaminergic system, α-synucleinopathy, their possible mechanisms of action as well as their therapeutic potential for PD patients are also reviewed. n-3 PUFAs are inexpensive, readily transferable to the clinical setting and their use could represent a neuroprotective strategy or a disease-modifying option to delay the appearance of symptoms. It could also be beneficial as a symptomatologic treatment or serve as an add-on therapy to current pharmacological approaches. Review of the current literature as well as the undertaking of future clinical trials will shed light on these possibilities.
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611
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High-mobility group box-1 impairs memory in mice through both toll-like receptor 4 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:143-8. [PMID: 21884699 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein with cytokine-type functions upon its extracellular release. HMGB1 activates inflammatory pathways by stimulating multiple receptors, chiefly toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE). TLR4 and RAGE activation has been implicated in memory impairments, although the endogenous ligand subserving these effects is unknown. We examined whether HMGB1 induced memory deficits using novel object recognition test, and which of the two receptor pathways was involved in these effects. Non-spatial long-term memory was examined in wild type, TLR4 knockout, and RAGE knockout mice. Recombinant HMGB1 (10μg, intracerebroventricularly, i.c.v.) disrupted memory encoding equipotently in wild type, TLR4 knockout and RAGE knockout animals, but affected neither memory consolidation, nor retrieval. Neither TLR4 knockout nor RAGE knockout mice per se, exhibited memory deficits. Blockade of TLR4 in RAGE knockout mice using Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide (LPS-Rs; 20 μg, i.c.v.) prevented the detrimental effect of HMGB1 on memory. These data show that elevated brain levels of HMGB1 induce memory abnormalities which may be mediated by either TLR4, or RAGE. This mechanism may contribute to memory deficits under various neurological and psychiatric conditions associated with the increased HMGB1 levels, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and stroke.
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612
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Nobili F, Morbelli S, Arnaldi D, Ferrara M, Campus C, Brugnolo A, Mazzei D, Mehrdad N, Sambuceti G, Rodriguez G. Radionuclide brain imaging correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:31-5. [PMID: 21762928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A subtle cognitive impairment can be detected early in the course of Parkinson's disease (PD). Executive, memory and visuospatial functions are specifically affected, but the underlying pathophysiological basis is not well elucidated yet and may be heterogeneous. The recent identification of a PD-related cognitive metabolic pattern (PDCP), including hypometabolism in associative frontal, parietal and posterior limbic structures, has integrated the classical notion of a striato-frontal syndrome at the basis of cognitive dys-function. Recent evidence suggests that whilst executive dys-function is seen in virtually all PD patients, visuospatial and memory impairment may share a higher risk for the subsequent development of dementia. By means of perfusion SPECT and [18F]FDG-PET, cortical dys-function may be highlighted since the early stages, it is more evident in PD patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and reaches the maximum in PD dementia (PDD). Posterior temporo-parieto-occipital dys-function in associative and limbic cortex, closely resembling that found in Alzheimer's disease patients, is found in PDD, with a more severe occipital hypometabolism and a relatively milder hypometabolism in medial temporal lobe structures. Furthermore, deficit of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) can be found by means of [11C]MP4A-PET already in early stage of PD, especially in posterior regions, then becoming more severe in PDD and in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Administration of AchE inhibitors to PDD patients increased brain metabolism in bilateral frontal and left parietal regions, and left posterior cingulate. Finally, the recent availability of radiopharmaceuticals able to disclose amyloid brain deposition has allowed to demonstrate amyloid load in a part of patients with PDD, possibly due to diffuse rather than neuritic plaques. Brain PET and SPECT have strongly contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in PD and may serve as probes to monitor the effects of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurophysiology, Dept. of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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613
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Brain perfusion correlates of cognitive and nigrostriatal functions in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:2209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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614
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Domellöf ME, Elgh E, Forsgren L. The relation between cognition and motor dysfunction in drug-naive newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26:2183-9. [PMID: 21661051 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported cognitive decline to be common in the early phase of Parkinson's disease. Imaging data connect working memory and executive functioning to the dopamine system. It has also been suggested that bradykinesia is the clinical manifestation most closely related to the nigrostriatal lesion. Exploring the relationship between motor dysfunction and cognition can help us find shared or overlapping systems serving different functions. This relationship has been sparsely investigated in population-based studies of untreated Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between motor signs and cognitive performance in the early stages of Parkinson's disease before the intake of dopaminergic medication. Patients were identified in a population-based study of incident cases with idiopathic parkinsonism. Patients with the postural instability and gait disturbances phenotype were compared with patients with the tremor-dominant phenotype on demographics and cognitive measures. Associations between cognitive and motor scores were investigated, with age, education, and sex controlled for. Bradykinesia was associated with working memory and mental flexibility, whereas axial signs were associated with episodic memory and visuospatial functioning. No significant differences in the neuropsychological variables were found between the postural instability and gait disturbances phenotype and the tremor phenotype. Our results indicate a shared system for slow movement and inflexible thinking that may be controlled by a dopaminergic network different from dopaminergic networks involved in tremor and/or rigidity. The association between axial signs and memory and visuospatial function may point to overlapping systems or pathologies related to these abilities.
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615
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Premotor cognitive status in a cohort of incident Parkinson disease patients (NEDICES). J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:211-5. [PMID: 21621225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of symptoms may precede the classical motor features of Parkinson disease (PD). However, it is not known whether cognitive dysfunction precedes the motor phase of PD. We examined whether patients with incident PD had had global cognitive function disturbances three years prior to diagnosis when compared with matched controls in a cohort of community-dwelling subjects. METHODS All participants were age 65 years or older (median 76 years) and were enrolled in the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain (NEDICES) study in central Spain. We identified all participants with incident PD (N=23), diagnosed in the follow-up examination (1997-1998), who had performed an expanded 37-item version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (37-MMSE) at the baseline evaluation (1994-1995). These 23 were 1:4 matched to 92 controls. RESULTS Baseline 37-MMSE scores were 27.9±4.9 (28) in PD patients and 28.7±6.5 (31) in controls (p=0.212). There were no patient-control differences in orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, memory recall, language, or visuospatial copying. In analyses that adjusted for several possible confounding factors, there were no case-control differences. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based sample, patients with incident PD did not have evidence of significant global cognitive function disturbances three years prior to their diagnosis when compared with matched controls. Our data suggest that global cognitive dysfunction does not precede the diagnosis of PD.
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616
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Liepelt-Scarfone I, Graeber S, Feseker A, Baysal G, Godau J, Gaenslen A, Maetzler W, Berg D. Influence of different cut-off values on the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:540843. [PMID: 21687757 PMCID: PMC3109363 DOI: 10.4061/2011/540843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Comparable to Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) is associated with an increased risk for dementia. However different definitions of PD-MCI may have varying predictive accuracy for dementia. In a cohort of 101 nondemented Parkinson patients who underwent neuropsychological testing, the frequency of PD-MCI subjects and PD-MCI subtypes (i.e., amnestic/nonamnestic) was determined by use of varying healthy population-based cut-off values. We also investigated the association between defined PD-MCI groups and ADL scales. Varying cut-off values for the definition of PD-MCI were found to affect frequency of PD-MCI subjects (9.9%–92.1%) and, maybe more important, lead to a “shift” of proportion of detected PD-MCI subtypes especially within the amnestic single-domain subtype. Models using a strict cut-off value were significantly associated with lower ADL scores. Thus, the use of defined cut-off values for the definition of PD-MCI is highly relevant for comparison purposes. Strict cut-off values may have a higher predictive value for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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617
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Jellinger KA. Synuclein deposition and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:107-11. [PMID: 21570091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by motor and non-motor (NM) symptoms. The causes of NM symptoms in PD, many of which antedating motor dysfunction, are multifocal and unlikely explained by single lesions. They include olfactory, autonomic, sensory, skin, sleep, visual, neuropsychiatric, and other manifestations. Most NM features in PD are related to α-synuclein pathology which, in addition to the dopaminergic striatonigral system, involves non-nigral brainstem nuclei, sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric and pelvic plexuses, cardiac systems, submandibular gland, adrenal medulla, skin, retina, and other visceral organs. This suggests a topographical and chronological spread of lesions, particularly in the prodromal stages of the disease, which, however, awaits further confirmation. A few animal models are available that recapitulate NM symptoms in human PD, but their validity is under discussion. More studies are warranted to refine the exact correlations between presymptomatic and late-developing NM features of PD and α-synuclein pathology as a basis for more effective preventive and therapeutic options of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, A-1070 Vienna, Austria.
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618
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Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Parkinson’s disease: diagnostic relevance of elevated levels of soluble α-synuclein oligomers in cerebrospinal fluid. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Tokuda T, Qureshi MM, Ardah MT et al.: Detection of elevated levels of α-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 75, 1766–1772 (2010). This study measured the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total and oligomeric α-synuclein (the principal component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neuritis and is characteristic of Lewy body dementias, including Parkinson’s disease [PD]). The authors used quantitative ELISA assays to detect these two types of α-synuclein in PD and control groups, as well as α-synuclein oligomers in PD, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and control subjects. All patients fulfilled the well-established clinical criteria for AD, PD and PSP. The PD group had highly elevated α-synuclein oligomers in relation to those detected in the control group (p < 0.0001; sensitivity 75% and specificity 87.5%; area under the curve of 0.859). Greater sensitivity and specificity (89.3 and 90.6%, respectively), with an area under the curve of 0.948, was obtained when the CSF oligomers:total α-synuclein ratio was used. The CSF α-synuclein oligomers and ratio measures were not influenced by age, disease duration and/or clinical symptomatology, including dementia and motor disability in the PD subjects. Interestingly, subjects with mild and early PD had significantly higher α-synuclein oligomer levels and ratios compared with control subjects. In the accompanying cross-sectional study, the CSF α-synuclein oligomer measures were significantly elevated in PD in comparison with AD (p < 0.001), PSP (p < 0.05) and control subjects (p < 0.05). The increased levels of CSF α-synuclein oligomers, even in patients with mild and early PD, suggest their potential use in diagnosing even presymptomatic PD. However, further work is now needed to establish whether these α-synuclein measures can differentiate PD from other α-synucleinopathies (e.g., dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation), as well as neurological diseases characterized by Parkinsonism but not α-synuclein aggregates (so-called ‘non-α-synucleinopathies’, including a number of taupathies characterized by Parkinsonism [e.g., PSP, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 or dementia pugilistica]).
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619
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Dalrymple-Alford JC, Livingston L, MacAskill MR, Graham C, Melzer TR, Porter RJ, Watts R, Anderson TJ. Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26:629-36. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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620
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Rodriguez JS, Zürcher NR, Bartlett TQ, Nathanielsz PW, Nijland MJ. CANTAB delayed matching to sample task performance in juvenile baboons. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196:258-63. [PMID: 21276821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the administration of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery system's delayed matching to sample (DMTS) task to juvenile baboons. Nine subjects (female=5, male=4) were trained with delay intervals ranging from 0 to 80s. Trial unique stimuli were utilized in combination with matching to sample, in contrast to non-matching to sample, to more accurately assess components of medial temporal lobe (hippocampal formation) mediated working memory. These parameters force subjects to rely on recognition for matching stimuli and overcome their innate tendency to choose novel stimuli (non-matching), thus increasing task difficulty. Testing with delays intervals of 0-2, 4, 8, and 16s revealed decreased percent correct responding as delay intervals increased. An effect of 1 vs. 3 distractor stimuli on accuracy was also noted. Increasing the number of distractors resulted in decreased observing response latencies. The increase in choice response latency seen with increasing delay interval was independent of number of distractor stimuli presented. There were no sex differences in task performance. Our laboratory is focused on understanding the functional consequences of suboptimal conditions during pregnancy and early postnatal life in offspring. The ability of juvenile baboons to perform the DMTS task demonstrates the utility of this non-human primate model in examining pre- and post-natal conditions that impact the development of working memory. Evaluation of causes and consequences of impaired working memory in a variety of human diseases will be assisted by the use of this task in nonhuman primate models of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S Rodriguez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 79229,USA.
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