601
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Barrier repair trumps immunology in the pathogenesis and therapy of atopic dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:e33-e38. [PMID: 19343096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been attributed to primary abnormalities of the immune system [1-4]. Intensive study revealed the key roles played by TH1/TH2 cell dysregulation, IgE production, mast cell hyperactivity, and dendritic cell signaling in the evolution of the chronic, pruritic, inflammatory dermatosis that characterizes AD (op. cit). Hence, current therapy has been largely directed towards ameliorating TH2-mediated inflammation and pruritus (e.g.[5]). In this brief review, we will assess emerging evidence that inflammation in AD results from inherited and acquired insults to the barrier, and describe the features of certain barrier-repair alternatives as therapeutic products for the treatment of AD. A recently-developed approach, based upon lipid replacement with a ceramide-dominant, triple-lipid formulation that corrects the underlying lipid biochemical abnormality, potentially represents a new paradigm for therapy of AD.
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602
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Lane EB, McLean WI. Broken bricks and cracked mortar – epidermal diseases resulting from genetic abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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603
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Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene lead to reduced level of natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2117-9. [PMID: 18305568 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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604
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Sevilla LM, Nachat R, Groot KR, Klement JF, Uitto J, Djian P, Määttä A, Watt FM. Mice deficient in involucrin, envoplakin, and periplakin have a defective epidermal barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 179:1599-612. [PMID: 18166659 PMCID: PMC2373502 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200706187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cornified envelope is assembled from transglutaminase cross-linked proteins and lipids in the outermost epidermal layers and is essential for skin barrier function. Involucrin, envoplakin, and periplakin form the protein scaffold on which the envelope assembles. To examine their combined function, we generated mice deficient in all three genes. The triple knockouts have delayed embryonic barrier formation and postnatal hyperkeratosis (abnormal accumulation of cornified cells) resulting from impaired desquamation. Cornified envelopes form but are ultrastructurally abnormal, with reduced lipid content and decreased mechanical integrity. Expression of proteases is reduced and the protease inhibitor, serpina1b, is highly upregulated, resulting in defective filaggrin processing and delayed degradation of desmoglein 1 and corneodesmosin. There is infiltration of CD4+ T cells and a reduction in resident γδ+ T cells, reminiscent of atopic dermatitis. Thus, combined loss of the cornified envelope proteins not only impairs the epidermal barrier, but also changes the composition of T cell subpopulations in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, England, UK
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605
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Guttormsen J, Koster MI, Stevens JR, Roop DR, Williams T, Winger QA. Disruption of epidermal specific gene expression and delayed skin development in AP-2 gamma mutant mice. Dev Biol 2008; 317:187-95. [PMID: 18353300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Summary Sentence: Conditional ablation of AP-2 gamma results in a delay in skin development and abnormal expression of p63, K14, K1, filaggrin, repetin and secreted Ly6/Plaur domain containing 1, key genes required for epidermal development and differentiation. The development of the epidermis, a stratified squamous epithelium, is dependent on the regulated differentiation of keratinocytes. Differentiation begins with the initiation of stratification, a process tightly controlled through proper gene expression. AP-2 gamma is expressed in skin and previous research suggested a pathway where p63 gene induction results in increased expression of AP-2 gamma, which in turn is responsible for induction of K14. This study uses a conditional gene ablation model to further explore the role of AP-2 gamma in skin development. Mice deficient for AP-2 gamma exhibited delayed expression of p63, K14, and K1, key genes required for development and differentiation of the epidermis. In addition, microarray analysis of E16.5 skin revealed delayed expression of additional late epidermal differentiation genes: filaggrin, repetin and secreted Ly6/Plaur domain containing 1, in mutant mice. The genetic delay in skin development was further confirmed by a functional delay in the formation of an epidermal barrier. These results document an important role for AP-2 gamma in skin development, and reveal the existence of regulatory factors that can compensate for AP-2 gamma in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Guttormsen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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606
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Denecker G, Ovaere P, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. Caspase-14 reveals its secrets. J Cell Biol 2008; 180:451-8. [PMID: 18250198 PMCID: PMC2234247 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200709098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-14 is a unique member of the evolutionarily conserved family of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinases, which are mainly involved in inflammation and apoptosis. However, recent evidence also implicates these proteases in proliferation and differentiation. Although most caspases are ubiquitously expressed, caspase-14 expression is confined mainly to cornifying epithelia, such as the skin. Moreover, caspase-14 activation correlates with cornification, indicating that it plays a role in terminal keratinocyte differentiation. The determination of in vitro conditions for caspase-14 activity paved the way to identifying its substrates. The recent development of caspase-14-deficient mice underscored its importance in the correct degradation of (pro)filaggrin and in the formation of the epidermal barrier that protects against dehydration and UVB radiation. Here, we review the current knowledge on caspase-14 in skin homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertrui Denecker
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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607
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Sehra S, Tuana FMB, Holbreich M, Mousdicas N, Kaplan MH, Travers JB. Clinical correlations of recent developments in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. An Bras Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962008000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a steadily increasing prevalence affecting 10-20 of infants and 1-3 of adults globally. It is often the first clinical manifestation of atopic disease preceding asthma and allergic rhinitis. Probably half of the children with atopic dermatitis develop some other form of atopic disease later in life. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of factors including genetic predisposition due to altered immune or skin barrier function, interactions with the environment such as food and allergen exposures, and infectious triggers of inflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the contribution of different factors in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis and how insights provide new therapeutic potential for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sehra
- Center for Pediatric Research, United States of America
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608
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Schmuth M, Gruber R, Elias PM, Williams ML. Ichthyosis update: towards a function-driven model of pathogenesis of the disorders of cornification and the role of corneocyte proteins in these disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:231-56. [PMID: 18159904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, VAMC Metabolism 111F, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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609
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Rogers AJ, Celedón JC, Lasky-Su JA, Weiss ST, Raby BA. Filaggrin mutations confer susceptibility to atopic dermatitis but not to asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 120:1332-7. [PMID: 18073125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been strongly associated with atopic dermatitis and allergic phenotypes in multiple populations. The role of these mutations in the development of asthma is less clear, particularly in patients who do not have coincident atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether FLG mutations are associated with asthma or asthma-related intermediate phenotypes. METHODS We genotyped 2 loss-of-function FLG mutations (R501X and 2282del4) in white children (age 5-12 years) with mild to moderate asthma in the Childhood Asthma Management Program. We assessed the relationship of these mutations to asthma and allergy-related phenotypes in children with and without atopic dermatitis using both population-based and family-based tests of association. RESULTS Nearly 1/3 (185/646) of the participating children had atopic dermatitis. Although strong associations were observed between FLG mutations and atopic dermatitis (odds ratio, 2.4; P = 7.6 x 10(-5)) and between the mutations and total serum IgE level (P = .009 in the atopic dermatitis cohort), no association was noted with either asthma or asthma-related phenotypes, including FEV(1), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity, and methacholine PC(20) (P > .1 for all tests). CONCLUSION Although FLG loss-of-function mutations are consistently associated with atopic dermatitis and other allergic phenotypes, these mutations do not appear to influence either susceptibility to asthma or asthma severity phenotypes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Filaggrin mutations that predispose to atopic dermatitis do not modulate the asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Rogers
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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610
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Specific filaggrin mutations cause ichthyosis vulgaris and are significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in Japan. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1436-41. [PMID: 18200065 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) have been identified as the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and shown to be major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis (AD). However, these studies have been mainly carried out in European populations. In early 2007, we identified two Oriental-specific FLG mutations in four Japanese families with IV and reported that filaggrin mutations were also significant predisposing factors for AD in Japan. However, the frequency of FLG mutations observed in our Japanese AD cohort (5.6%), was much lower than that seen in Europeans (up to 48%). Here, we studied a further seven Japanese families with IV and identified two additional nonsense mutations in FLG, S2889X, and S3296X. We found that more than 20% of patients in our Japanese AD case series carry FLG mutations, and there is significant statistical association between the four mutations and AD (chi(2) P=8.4 x 10(-6); heterozygote odds ratio 7.57, 95% CI 2.84-23.03). These data emphasize that skin-barrier impairment due to reduced filaggrin expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD and sheds further light on the genetic architecture of atopy in Japan.
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611
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Zhang J, Paré PD, Sandford AJ. Recent advances in asthma genetics. Respir Res 2008; 9:4. [PMID: 18197984 PMCID: PMC2244620 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 100 genes that have been reported to be associated with asthma or related phenotypes. In 2006–2007 alone there were 53 novel candidate gene associations reported in the literature. Replication of genetic associations and demonstration of a functional mechanism for the associated variants are needed to confirm an asthma susceptibility gene. For most of the candidate genes there is little functional information. In a previous review by Hoffjan et al. published in 2003, functional information was reported for 40 polymorphisms and here we list another 22 genes which have such data. Some important genes such as filaggrin, interleukin-13, interleukin-17 and the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 which not only were replicated by independent association studies but also have functional data are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St, Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B,C,, V6Z 1Y6,
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612
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Chang YC, Wu WM, Chen CH, Hu CF, Hsu LA. Association between P478S polymorphism of the filaggrin gene and risk of psoriasis in a Chinese population in Taiwan. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:133-7. [PMID: 18193244 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte terminal differentiation is one of the important characteristics of psoriatic lesions. Filaggrin (FLG) is a key protein that facilitates the terminal differentiation of the epidermis. Thus, FLG genetic variants may modify the risk of psoriasis. In total, 314 patients with psoriasis and 611 control subjects were analyzed for the presence of FLG R501X, 2282del4 mutations, and P478S (rs11584340, C/T base change) polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analysis revealed that both the R501X and 2282del4 mutations were not present in a subset of 200 patients (64%) with psoriasis. In contrast, a marginally significant difference (P = 0.020) was found in the distribution of rs11584340 genotype frequencies between psoriatic patients and controls. The frequency of the TT genotype in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than in controls (37.9% vs. 29.1%, respectively, P = 0.007). The T allele frequency of patients (60.5%) was also significantly higher than that of controls (53.9%) (P = 0.007). After adjusting for age and gender, carriers of the TT genotype were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.08-1.96) times more likely than non-carriers to have psoriasis (P = 0.013). In conclusion, our results suggest that FLG P478S polymorphism may confer susceptibility to the development of psoriasis among Taiwanese Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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613
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The filaggrin story: novel insights into skin-barrier function and disease. Trends Mol Med 2007; 14:20-7. [PMID: 18068483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have uncovered the key role of the protein filaggrin in maintaining an effective skin barrier against the external environment. Loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene (FLG) are common and are present in up to 10% of the population. These mutations are the cause of the semi-dominant skin-scaling disorder ichthyosis vulgaris and are a major risk factor for the development of atopic dermatitis. The discovery of these mutations also provides new data concerning the genetics of atopic asthma as well as intriguing insight into disease mechanisms of systemic allergies involving antigen exposure in skin with defective barrier function. Collectively, these novel findings have significant implications for the classification and future clinical management of patients with atopic and allergic diseases.
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614
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Hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) synthase deficiency is causative of a novel ichthyosis form. FEBS Lett 2007; 582:279-85. [PMID: 18086569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-bullous congenital ichthyosis erythroderma (NCIE) and lamellar ichthyosis (LI) are characterized by mutations in 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and/or epidermal lipoxygenase 3 (eLOX3) enzymes. The eLOX3 lacks oxygenase activity, but is capable of forming hepoxilin-type products from arachidonic acid-derived hydroperoxide from 12R-LOX, termed 12R-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (12R-HpETE). Mutations in either of two enzymes lead to NCIE or LI. Moreover, 12R-LOX-deficient mice exhibit severe phenotypic water barrier dysfunctions. Here, we demonstrate that 12R-HpETE can also be transformed to 8R-HXA(3) by hepoxilin A(3) (HXA(3)) synthase (12-lipoxygenase), which exhibits oxygenase activity. We also presented a novel form of ichthyosis in a patient, termed hepoxilin A(3) synthase-linked ichthyosis (HXALI), whose scales expressed high levels of 12R-LOX, but were deficient of HXA(3) synthase.
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615
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Baurecht H, Irvine AD, Novak N, Illig T, Bühler B, Ring J, Wagenpfeil S, Weidinger S. Toward a major risk factor for atopic eczema: Meta-analysis of filaggrin polymorphism data. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1406-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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616
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Bruckner-Tuderman L, Traupe H, Krieg T. [The situation of rare skin diseases in Germany]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:1541-7. [PMID: 18026883 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Germany a disease is considered to be "rare" when its prevalence is less than 5:10,000. However, as far as genetic skin diseases are concerned, they are often much more uncommon with a prevalence in the range of 1:100,000. Currently considerable deficits prevail in both diagnosis and treatment of rare skin diseases. Driven by scientific research on rare skin diseases and benefiting from start-up grants of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the following networks for rare skin diseases were formed: a) epidermolysis bullosa, b) ichthyosis and related keratinisation disorders, c) systemic scleroderma. From a scientific point of view these networks are very successful, they publish in high impact journals and at the same time developed into national centres of reference for the respective disease groups, although formally this status does not exist in Germany. Thus, the 5 year start-up grants considerably improved the clinical care for these three skin disease groups. However, now we are confronted with the threat that the newly formed structures will be difficult to maintain, due to lack of adequate financing. In contrast to France, Germany does not have a "national plan for rare diseases"--probably because the federal structure in Germany is difficult to reconcile with "national plans". In France the situation of clinical care for rare diseases is permanently restructured by the establishment of official national reference centres and by allocation of additional financial means to fulfill these national tasks. In our view, a similar approach is also necessary in Germany.
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617
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Filaggrin Gene Mutations Mediate Severity of Alopecia Areata When Associated with Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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618
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Betz RC, Pforr J, Flaquer A, Redler S, Hanneken S, Eigelshoven S, Kortüm AK, Tüting T, Lambert J, De Weert J, Hillmer AM, Schmael C, Wienker TF, Kruse R, Lutz G, Blaumeiser B, Nöthen MM. Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Filaggrin Gene and Alopecia Areata: Strong Risk Factor for a Severe Course of Disease in Patients Comorbid for Atopic Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2539-43. [PMID: 17581619 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a common dermatological disease, which affects nearly 2% of the general population. Association of AA with atopic disease has been repeatedly reported. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) may be considered as promising candidates in AA, as they have been observed to be a strong risk factor in atopic dermatitis. The FLG mutations R501X and 2282del4 were genotyped in a large sample of AA patients (n=449) and controls (n=473). Although no significant association was observed in the patient sample overall, FLG mutations were significantly associated with the presence of atopic dermatitis among AA patients. Furthermore, the presence of FLG mutations had a strong impact on the clinical course of AA in comorbid patients. For example, 19 of the 22 mutation carriers among AA patients with atopic dermatitis showed a severe form of the disease (P=0.003; odds ratio (OR)=5.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.59-18.76)). In conclusion, our data suggest that when AA occurs in conjunction with FLG-associated atopic disorder, the clinical presentation of AA may be more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C Betz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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619
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Lerbaek A, Bisgaard H, Agner T, Ohm Kyvik K, Palmer CNA, Menné T. Filaggrin null alleles are not associated with hand eczema or contact allergy. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:1199-204. [PMID: 17970802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filaggrin protein is a key component of stratum corneum and homo- or heterozygotes for the filaggrin variant alleles R501X and 2282del4 have varying degrees of impaired skin barrier. The variant alleles have repeatedly been shown to be associated with atopic dermatitis. Any possible association with hand eczema or contact allergy are unexplored. OBJECTIVES To explore associations between the variant alleles, hand eczema, contact allergy and atopic dermatitis. METHODS In total, 183 adult individuals participated in a clinical examination of the hands, patch testing and filaggrin genotyping. Children without any evidence of atopic dermatitis from the Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) study were used as controls. The chi(2) test was used for comparison of allele frequencies. RESULTS The majority (73%) had hand eczema, 25% had contact allergy and 14% had a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. The association between atopic dermatitis and the filaggrin variant alleles was confirmed (odds ratio 3.5, P = 0.015). Allele frequencies in individuals with hand eczema or contact allergy were not statistically significantly increased. CONCLUSION There is no association between the variant alleles and hand eczema or contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lerbaek
- National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 40, 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
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620
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Enomoto H, Noguchi E, Iijima S, Takahashi T, Hayakawa K, Ito M, Kano T, Aoki T, Suzuki Y, Koga M, Tamari M, Shiohara T, Otsuka F, Arinami T. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based genome-wide linkage analysis in Japanese atopic dermatitis families. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2007; 7:5. [PMID: 17900373 PMCID: PMC2082241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis develops as a result of complex interactions between several genetic and environmental factors. To date, 4 genome-wide linkage studies of atopic dermatitis have been performed in Caucasian populations, however, similar studies have not been done in Asian populations. The aim of this study was to identify chromosome regions linked to atopic dermatitis in a Japanese population. Methods We used a high-density, single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay, the Illumina BeadArray Linkage Mapping Panel (version 4) comprising 5,861 single nucleotide polymorphisms, to perform a genome-wide linkage analysis of 77 Japanese families with 111 affected sib-pairs with atopic dermatitis. Results We found suggestive evidence for linkage with 15q21 (LOD = 2.01, NPL = 2.87, P = .0012) and weak linkage to 1q24 (LOD = 1.26, NPL = 2.44, P = .008). Conclusion We report the first genome-wide linkage study of atopic dermatitis in an Asian population, and novel loci on chromosomes 15q21 and 1q24 linked to atopic dermatitis. Identification of novel causative genes for atopic dermatitis will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Enomoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Emiko Noguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Takenori Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hayakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Minori Koga
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory of Genetics of Allergic Disease, RIKEN SNP Research Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujio Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadao Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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621
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He R, Oyoshi MK, Jin H, Geha RS. Epicutaneous antigen exposure induces a Th17 response that drives airway inflammation after inhalation challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15817-22. [PMID: 17893340 PMCID: PMC2000444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706942104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 has been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases, but the conditions of antigen exposure that drive the generation of Th17 responses have not been well defined. Epicutaneous (EC) immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA), which causes allergic skin inflammation with many characteristics of the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis, was found to also drive IL-17 expression in the skin. EC, but not i.p., immunization of mice with OVA drove the generation of IL-17-producing T cells in draining lymph nodes and spleen and increased serum IL-17 levels. OVA inhalation by EC-sensitized mice induced IL-17 and CXCL2 expression and neutrophil influx in the lung along with bronchial hyperreactivity, which were reversed by IL-17 blockade. Dendritic cells trafficking from skin to lymph nodes expressed more IL-23 and induced more IL-17 secretion by naïve T cells than splenic dendritic cells. This was inhibited by neutralizing IL-23 in vitro and by intradermal injection of anti-TGFbeta neutralizing antibody in vivo. Our findings suggest that initial cutaneous exposure to antigens in patients with atopic dermatitis may selectively induce the production of IL-17, which, in turn, drives inflammation of their airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michiko K. Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haoli Jin
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail:
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622
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Marenholz I, Lee YA. Die Genetik atopischer Erkrankungen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-007-0038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die atopischen Erkrankungen – atopische Dermatitis (AD), allergische Rhinokonjunktivitis und Asthma bronchiale – sind häufige, chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankungen der Haut und Atemwege, die oft mit Allergien (Bildung von spezifischen IgE-Antikörpern) gegen Umweltallergene assoziiert sind. Als komplexe genetische Erkrankungen werden sie sowohl durch genetische Faktoren als auch durch Umwelteinflüsse verursacht.
Bisherige Anstrengungen bei der Suche nach Krankheitsgenen zielten daher häufig auf die der Immunreaktion zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ab. Jüngste Erfolge bei der Genidentifizierung belegen dagegen den großen Einfluss, den der epitheliale Barrieredefekt auf die Ätiologie von AD und Asthma hat. Sie stellen einen wichtigen Meilenstein bei der Aufdeckung der genetischen Ursachen dieser komplexen Erkrankungen dar und ermöglichen eine neue Sicht auf die molekularen Mechanismen, die zur Krankheitsentstehung führen. Darüber hinaus können sie wegweisend für die Entwicklung neuer Behandlungs- und Präventionsstrategien sein.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Marenholz
- Aff1_38 grid.418434.e Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie und Immunologie Charité - Campus Virchow-Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Y.-A. Lee
- Aff1_38 grid.418434.e Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie und Immunologie Charité - Campus Virchow-Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
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623
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Jenneck C, Foelster-Holst R, Hagemann T, Novak N. [Associated diseases and differential diagnostic considerations in childhood atopic eczema]. Hautarzt 2007; 58:163-74; quiz 175-6. [PMID: 17268788 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-006-1279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which affects 10 to 20% of children and 1 to 3% of adults. AE is usually diagnosed based on standard criteria such as those of Hanifin and Rajka, whereby the age-related variation must be considered. There are numerous other diseases which go along with AE or show a very similar clinical picture and represent important differential diagnostic considerations including parasitic diseases, immunodeficiency, nutritional diseases, certain neoplastic disorders and various corneal abnormalities. Additionally, it is important to consider diseases which can occur in association with AE, such as keratosis pilaris, alopecia areata or sweat disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jenneck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn
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624
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Man MQ, Hatano Y, Lee SH, Man M, Chang S, Feingold KR, Leung DY, Holleran W, Uchida Y, Elias PM. Characterization of a hapten-induced, murine model with multiple features of atopic dermatitis: structural, immunologic, and biochemical changes following single versus multiple oxazolone challenges. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:79-86. [PMID: 17671515 PMCID: PMC2671229 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic dermatosis bearing clinical, histological, and immunologic similarities to chronic allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). AD shows a Th2 cell-dominant inflammatory infiltrate, elevated serum IgE levels, a permeability barrier abnormality, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Repeated hapten challenges reportedly produce a Th2-like hypersensitivity reaction (Th2-like HR). Here, 9-10 challenges with oxazolone (Ox) to hairless mice also produced a chronic Th2-like HR. Permeability barrier function and expression of differentiation proteins, filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin, became abnormal. CRTH-positive Th2-dominant inflammatory infiltrate, with increased IL-4 expression, and a large increase in serum IgE levels were observed. The barrier abnormality was associated with decreased stratum corneum (SC) ceramide content and impaired lamellar body secretion, resulting in abnormal lamellar membranes, as in human AD. Furthermore, as in human AD, epidermal serine protease activity in SC increased and expression of two lamellar body-derived antimicrobial peptides, CRAMP and mBD3, declined after Ox challenges, paralleling the decrease of their human homologues in AD. Thus, multiple Ox challenges to normal murine skin produce a chronic Th2-like HR, with multiple features of human AD. Because of its reproducibility, predictability, and low cost, this model could prove useful for evaluating both pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yutaka Hatano
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seung H. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mona Man
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandra Chang
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Feingold
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donald Y.M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Walter Holleran
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Dermatology and Medical (Metabolism) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Dermatology & Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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625
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626
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Liao H, Waters AJ, Goudie DR, Aitken DA, Graham G, Smith FJD, Lewis-Jones S, McLean WHI. Filaggrin mutations are genetic modifying factors exacerbating X-linked ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2795-8. [PMID: 17657246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations inactivating the STS gene cause X-linked ichthyosis (XLI), whereas null mutations in the FLG gene cause ichthyosis vulgaris. Two brothers presented with XLI. One had a typical fine scaling, and the other was much more severely affected. Both patients carried STS missense mutation T165I. Furthermore, the more severely affected patient also carried heterozygous FLG mutation R501X, which was absent from his mildly affected brother. These data suggest that disrupting epidermal differentiation via different pathways can increase phenotypic severity. Owing to the high population frequency of FLG mutations, filaggrin is a possible genetic modifier in other genodermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Liao
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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627
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Ilic D, Mao-Qiang M, Crumrine D, Dolganov G, Larocque N, Xu P, Demerjian M, Brown BE, Lim ST, Ossovskaya V, Schlaepfer DD, Fisher SJ, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Mauro TM. Focal adhesion kinase controls pH-dependent epidermal barrier homeostasis by regulating actin-directed Na+/H+ exchanger 1 plasma membrane localization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:2055-67. [PMID: 17525272 PMCID: PMC1899430 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed focal adhesion kinase (FAK), linked to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, has previously been shown to control cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Using mice with a keratinocyte-restricted deletion of fak (FAK(K5 KO)), we report here a novel role for FAK: maintenance of adult epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. Abundant lacunae of unprocessed lipids in stratum corneum (SC) of FAK(K5 KO) mice and delayed barrier recovery pointed to malfunction of pH-dependent enzymes active in extracellular space of SC. Measuring the SC pH gradient showed significantly more neutral pH values in FAK(K5 KO) mice, suggesting the importance of FAK for acidification. Moreover, normal functions were restored when FAK(K5 KO) mice were exposed to a surface pH typical of mouse SC (pH = 5.5). Baseline levels and response to barrier disruption of secretory phospholipase A2 isoforms, enzymes that mediate generation of free fatty acids in epidermis, appeared similar in both FAK(K5 KO) and control littermates. We found that the critical SC acidification regulator Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 failed to localize to the plasma membrane in FAK-deficient keratinocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, for plasma membrane localization in terminally differentiated keratinocytes, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 requires an intact actin cytoskeleton, which is impaired in FAK-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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628
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Abstract
The recent convergence of genetic and biochemical evidence on the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes has implicated the production of hepoxilin derivatives (fatty acid epoxyalcohols) in the pathways leading to formation of the water-impermeable barrier of the outer epidermis. The enzymes 12R-LOX and eLOX3 are mutated in a rare form of congenital ichthyosis, and, in vitro, the two enzymes function together to convert arachidonic acid to a specific hepoxilin. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest an involvement of these enzymes and their products in skin barrier function in all normal subjects. The natural occurrence of the specific hepoxilin products, and their biological role, whether structural or signaling, remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zheyong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Claus Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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629
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630
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Palmer CNA, Ismail T, Lee SP, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Mukhopadhyay S. Filaggrin null mutations are associated with increased asthma severity in children and young adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:64-8. [PMID: 17531295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Filaggrin (FLG) null mutations are important genetic predisposing factors for atopic disease. OBJECTIVE To study the role of FLG null alleles in the clinical phenotype in children and young adults with asthma. METHODS FLG mutations R501X and 2282del4 were assayed in 874 subjects 3 to 22 years old with asthma from Tayside. Lung function and disease severity were also studied. RESULTS The filaggrin mutations were significantly associated with greater disease severity for asthma. Independent of eczema, mean FEV(1)/forced vital capacity of FLG wild-type individuals differed from those carrying either FLG null allele (0.89 vs 0.86; P = .012). Individuals bearing FLG null alleles were more likely to be prescribed increased medication (chi(2) = 10.3; P = .001), with the homozygote null individuals having an odds ratio of 6.68 (95% CI, 1.7-27.0; P = .008) for being prescribed long-acting beta-agonists in addition to inhaled steroids. FLG null alleles were also associated with increased rescue medication use (P = .004). Individuals with asthma and with FLG null alleles were more likely to have eczema, and individuals with eczema tended to have more severe asthma; however, the association of FLG null alleles with all markers of asthma disease severity was similar in children with and without eczema. CONCLUSION FLG mutations are associated not only with eczema-associated asthma susceptibility but also with asthma severity independent of eczema status. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS FLG status influences controller and reliever medication requirements in children and young adults with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N A Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Center, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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631
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Hoffjan S, Stemmler S. On the role of the epidermal differentiation complex in ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:441-9. [PMID: 17573887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Undisturbed epidermal differentiation is crucial for an intact skin barrier function. The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes on chromosome 1q21 encoding proteins that fulfil important functions in terminal differentiation in the human epidermis, including filaggrin, loricrin, S100 proteins and others. Recently, evidence emerged that variation within EDC genes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of three common skin disorders, ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Two loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, R501X and 2282del4, were identified as causative for ichthyosis vulgaris in 15 affected European families, and the mode of inheritance was found to be semidominant. As ichthyosis vulgaris and AD often occur concomitantly in affected individuals, these two mutations were subsequently investigated in AD patients and found to be strongly associated with the disease. Following this first report, seven replication studies have been performed that all confirm an association of these two mutations with AD (or AD subtypes) in several European cohorts. Additionally, two unique loss-of-function mutations in the FLG gene were identified in Japanese ichthyosis vulgaris families and found to be associated with AD in a Japanese cohort. Thus, the FLG mutations are among the most consistently replicated associations for AD. Additionally, linkage analysis has suggested that variation within the EDC might also predispose for psoriasis but the exact susceptibility variation(s) have not yet been elucidated. Taken together, these findings convincingly demonstrate the important role of barrier dysfunction in various common skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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632
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Sandilands A, Smith FJD, Irvine AD, McLean WHI. Filaggrin's Fuller Figure: A Glimpse into the Genetic Architecture of Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1282-4. [PMID: 17502856 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent mutations in the FLG gene underlie the common skin disorder ichthyosis vulgaris and are significant risk factors for atopic dermatitis (eczema). The recent publication of a strategy to sequence this difficult gene identifies a spectrum of both prevalent and rare mutations that collectively have a significant impact on susceptibility to atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Sandilands
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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633
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Jones G. Susceptibility to asthma and eczema from mucosal and epidermal expression of distinctive genes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:11-7. [PMID: 17504656 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an increase in the rate at which genes that are associated with allergic asthma and eczema are discovered. This review -examines genetic association, gene expression, and functional studies that have identified genes that are expressed in the epithelial cells of the skin and lung and are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and eczema. This includes the genes encoding thymic stromal lympho-poietin (TSLP) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) that are involved in the activation of T-helper 2 cells, the microbial pattern recognition receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) genes (CARD4 and CARD15), Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), and filaggrin, a protein required for effective barrier defense of the skin. Therefore, the development of allergic disease involves both the adaptive and innate immune systems, and the expression of these genes in the skin and lungs suggests a link to environmental -triggers at body surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Jones
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, ICPMR Building, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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634
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Denecker G, Hoste E, Gilbert B, Hochepied T, Ovaere P, Lippens S, Van den Broecke C, Van Damme P, D'Herde K, Hachem JP, Borgonie G, Presland RB, Schoonjans L, Libert C, Vandekerckhove J, Gevaert K, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. Caspase-14 protects against epidermal UVB photodamage and water loss. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:666-74. [PMID: 17515931 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-14 belongs to a conserved family of aspartate-specific proteinases. Its expression is restricted almost exclusively to the suprabasal layers of the epidermis and the hair follicles. Moreover, the proteolytic activation of caspase-14 is associated with stratum corneum formation, implicating caspase-14 in terminal keratinocyte differentiation and cornification. Here, we show that the skin of caspase-14-deficient mice was shiny and lichenified, indicating an altered stratum-corneum composition. Caspase-14-deficient epidermis contained significantly more alveolar keratohyalin F-granules, the profilaggrin stores. Accordingly, caspase-14-deficient epidermis is characterized by an altered profilaggrin processing pattern and we show that recombinant caspase-14 can directly cleave profilaggrin in vitro. Caspase-14-deficient epidermis is characterized by reduced skin-hydration levels and increased water loss. In view of the important role of filaggrin in the structure and moisturization of the skin, the knockout phenotype could be explained by an aberrant processing of filaggrin. Importantly, the skin of caspase-14-deficient mice was highly sensitive to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers after UVB irradiation, leading to increased levels of UVB-induced apoptosis. Removal of the stratum corneum indicate that caspase-14 controls the UVB scavenging capacity of the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertrui Denecker
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologie Park 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
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635
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Sandilands A, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Hull PR, O'Regan GM, Clayton TH, Watson RM, Carrick T, Evans AT, Liao H, Zhao Y, Campbell LE, Schmuth M, Gruber R, Janecke AR, Elias PM, van Steensel MAM, Nagtzaam I, van Geel M, Steijlen PM, Munro CS, Bradley DG, Palmer CNA, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Irvine AD. Comprehensive analysis of the gene encoding filaggrin uncovers prevalent and rare mutations in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic eczema. Nat Genet 2007; 39:650-4. [PMID: 17417636 DOI: 10.1038/ng2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported two common filaggrin (FLG) null mutations that cause ichthyosis vulgaris and predispose to eczema and secondary allergic diseases. We show here that these common European mutations are ancestral variants carried on conserved haplotypes. To facilitate comprehensive analysis of other populations, we report a strategy for full sequencing of this large, highly repetitive gene, and we describe 15 variants, including seven that are prevalent. All the variants are either nonsense or frameshift mutations that, in representative cases, resulted in loss of filaggrin production in the epidermis. In an Irish case-control study, the five most common European mutations showed a strong association with moderate-to-severe childhood eczema (chi2 test: P = 2.12 x 10(-51); Fisher's exact test: heterozygote odds ratio (OR) = 7.44 (95% confidence interval (c.i.) = 4.9-11.3), and homozygote OR = 151 (95% c.i. = 20-1,136)). We found three additional rare null mutations in this case series, suggesting that the genetic architecture of filaggrin-related atopic dermatitis consists of both prevalent and rare risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Sandilands
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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636
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Zhao Y, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Liao H, Lee SP, Allen MH, Hull PR, Campbell LE, Trembath RC, Capon F, Griffiths CEM, Burden D, McManus R, Hughes R, Kirby B, Rogers SF, Fitzgerald O, Kane D, Barker JNWN, Palmer CNA, Irvine AD, McLean WHI. Filaggrin null alleles are not associated with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1878-82. [PMID: 17410197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common skin disease with an etiology consistent with a multifactorial trait. Several psoriasis susceptibility loci are known, a number of which are also implicated in a predisposition to atopic dermatitis (AD), including the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21. It has recently been shown in several replicate studies that prevalent null alleles for the filaggrin gene (FLG) on 1q21 are an important genetic factor in AD. Here, we examined the role of these FLG variants in psoriasis using case:control association studies comparing Irish and UK psoriasis cohorts (combined n=691) to ethnically matched populations (combined n=2117). No association was present for the two common European FLG mutations R501X and 2282del4 (combined chi2 P=0.989). In addition, the 3' end of the FLG open-reading frame was sequenced in a number of patients with differing types of psoriasis (plaque, guttate, palmoplantar, and late-onset), which excluded the possibility of a gain-of-function frameshift mutation such as those found in loricrin or certain keratin genes. These data suggest that FLG mutations are unlikely to be involved in genetic susceptibility to psoriasis and implies that there may be within-locus heterogeneity in chromosomal regions involved in both AD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhao
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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637
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Epp N, Fürstenberger G, Müller K, de Juanes S, Leitges M, Hausser I, Thieme F, Liebisch G, Schmitz G, Krieg P. 12R-lipoxygenase deficiency disrupts epidermal barrier function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:173-82. [PMID: 17403930 PMCID: PMC2064121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200612116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX) and the epidermal LOX-3 (eLOX-3) constitute a novel LOX pathway involved in terminal differentiation in skin. This view is supported by recent studies showing that inactivating mutations in 12R-LOX and eLOX-3 are linked to the development of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. We show that 12R-LOX deficiency in mice results in a severe impairment of skin barrier function. Loss of barrier function occurs without alterations in proliferation and stratified organization of the keratinocytes, but is associated with ultrastructural anomalies in the upper granular layer, suggesting perturbance of the assembly/extrusion of lamellar bodies. Cornified envelopes from skin of 12R-LOX–deficient mice show increased fragility. Lipid analysis demonstrates a disordered composition of ceramides, in particular a decrease of ester-bound ceramide species. Moreover, processing of profilaggrin to monomeric filaggrin is impaired. This study indicates that the 12R-LOX–eLOX-3 pathway plays a key role in the process of epidermal barrier acquisition by affecting lipid metabolism, as well as protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Epp
- Section Eicosanoids and Tumor Development, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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638
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Dereure O. Filaggrine et génodermatoses : implications dans l’ichtyose vulgaire et dans la dermatite atopique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134:416. [PMID: 17483770 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)89205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Dereure
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 80, avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5.
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639
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Abstract
The permeability barrier function of the epidermis is one of the most vital jobs performed by the skin; however, our understanding of the function and regulation of tight junctions in the epidermis remains limited. Helfrich et al. identify a key role for atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) activity, as a component of the Par3-Par6 polarity complex, in epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell F Denning
- Loyola University Chicago, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60153, USA.
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640
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Weichenthal M, Ruether A, Schreiber S, Nair R, Voorhees JJ, Schwarz T, Kabelitz D, Christophers E, Elder JT, Jenisch S. Filaggrin R501X and 2282del4 mutations are not associated with chronic plaque-type psoriasis in a German cohort. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1535-7. [PMID: 17380114 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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641
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Holloway JW, Koppelman GH. Identifying novel genes contributing to asthma pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:69-74. [PMID: 17218814 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328013d51b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To illustrate recent examples of novel asthma genes such as those encoding G-protein-coupled receptor for asthma susceptibility, filaggrin and tenascin-C, and to describe the process that is needed to translate these findings to the clinic. RECENT FINDINGS Many hundreds of studies have been published investigating the association of genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes with asthma. These genes were selected on the basis of the gene's product known involvement in the disease process. Moreover, it is the identification of novel genes through hypothesis-independent approaches such as genome-wide linkage studies that is likely to radically alter our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. The identification of a gene is, however, only the first step in a long process that may eventually lead from gene to treatment. This process includes replication, functional studies and, finally, intervention studies. SUMMARY While significant progress has been made in the identification of asthma susceptibility genes, it is clear that issues such as replication and functional characterization mean that considerably more research is required. This may enable us to realize benefits to patient treatment that studies of the genetic basis of asthma have the potential to deliver.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Holloway
- Divisions of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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642
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Nomura T, Sandilands A, Akiyama M, Liao H, Evans AT, Sakai K, Ota M, Sugiura H, Yamamoto K, Sato H, Palmer CNA, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Shimizu H. Unique mutations in the filaggrin gene in Japanese patients with ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:434-40. [PMID: 17291859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Recently, mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, were identified in European families with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and shown to be an important predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To study the role of FLG mutations in IV/AD in Japan. METHODS The known filaggrin mutations were studied by genotyping and new mutations identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS The European-specific mutations R501X and 2282del4 were absent from 253 Japanese individuals. We therefore sequenced the FLG gene in 4 Japanese families with IV and identified 2 novel mutations, 3321delA and S2554X. Immunohistologic and ultrastructural observations indicated that both truncation mutations lead to a striking reduction of keratohyalin granules in the epidermis. We screened 143 Japanese patients with AD for these FLG null mutations and identified them in 8 patients with AD (5.6%), including S2554X in 6 patients (4.2%) and 3321delA in 2 patients (1.4%). Both null variants were absent from 156 unrelated Japanese nonatopic and nonichthyotic controls, giving a significant statistical association between the FLG mutations and AD (chi(2)P value, .0015). This is the first report of FLG mutations in a non-European population. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that FLG mutations in Japan are unique from those found in European-origin populations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Filaggrin null variants are also significant predisposing factors for AD in Japan and, on the basis of the recent European studies, may predict a more severe and persistent form of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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643
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Abstract
The association of filaggrin null alleles with eczema has been replicated in several European populations. Three large, well-conducted studies confirm this association and offer insights into the phenotypic nature of eczema associated with these alleles. Early data suggest that FLG-associated eczema may be more persistent, more likely to have palmar hyperlinearity, and more likely to be associated with asthma. These initial hints will require further confirmation in cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Irvine
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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644
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Prost-Squarcioni C. Couche cornée et sa formation. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)91239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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645
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Stemmler S, Parwez Q, Petrasch-Parwez E, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Two Common Loss-of-Function Mutations within the Filaggrin Gene Predispose for Early Onset of Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:722-4. [PMID: 17008875 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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646
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Morar N, Cookson WOCM, Harper JI, Moffatt MF. Filaggrin mutations in children with severe atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1667-72. [PMID: 17301831 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) results from strong genetic and environmental interactions. AD shows genetic linkage to Chromosome 1q21. This region contains the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), which consists of genes that form essential components of epidermal surfaces. Filaggrin (FLG) is one of these. Mutations in FLG/(R501X and 2282del4) are reported to be strongly associated with AD and to influence asthma accompanying AD. We investigated these effects in families recruited through a child with severe AD. We genotyped two panels of families, totalling 426, containing 990 affected and unaffected children. We found significant associations with AD (P=0.0001), asthma (P=0.006), and atopy (P=0.002). The FLG mutations were present in 26.7% of patients with AD, but were also present in 14.4% of children without AD. They were weakly associated with disease severity. The variants were not independently associated with asthma. The overall LOD score for genetic linkage of markers to the region was 3.57. This fell to 2.03 after accounting for the FLG mutations, indicating the presence of other genetic variants influencing AD at this locus. Our results provide further confirmation of the importance of mutations in FLG and the skin barrier in AD pathogenesis. The results indicate that investigations of other genes within the EDC should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Morar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Molecular Genetics Division, Imperial College, London, UK.
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647
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Whereas much investigation in atopic dermatitis has focused upon the adaptive immune response, new data suggest that allergic sensitization may occur secondary to impairment of skin barrier function. RECENT FINDINGS Two common loss-of-function mutations in the FLG gene encoding filaggrin (an important component of terminal keratinocyte differentiation) are strongly associated with the development of atopic dermatitis and asthma associated with atopic dermatitis. SUMMARY Genetic defects in skin barrier function should be recognized as major risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Vickery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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648
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Hüffmeier U, Traupe H, Oji V, Lascorz J, Ständer M, Lohmann J, Wendler J, Burkhardt H, Reis A. Loss-of-function variants of the filaggrin gene are not major susceptibility factors for psoriasis vulgaris or psoriatic arthritis in German patients. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1367-70. [PMID: 17255953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis share a number of features such as chronic cutaneous inflammation and disturbed epidermal barrier function. Genome-wide scans have revealed a conspicuous overlap of susceptibility loci for both diseases involving chromosomal regions 1q21, 3q21, 17q25, and 20p12. Recently, two loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding filaggrin at 1q21 were shown to be strongly associated with atopic dermatitis. In view of a possible genetic overlap of the two skin diseases, we investigated 375 patients suffering from psoriasis vulgaris, 375 patients with psoriatic arthritis, and 376 control probands. Moreover we directly studied expression of filaggrin in 10 patients suffering from psoriasis vulgaris. Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed a checkered pattern with alternating positive broadened or almost absent filaggrin expression. However, no association was found for the two variants of filaggrin (FLG). We conclude that despite a markedly altered filaggrin expression in psoriatic skin, loss-of-function variants of the FLG gene are neither associated with psoriasis vulgaris nor with psoriatic arthritis. The abnormal staining might reflect the altered epidermal differentiation. Our findings imply that the genetic background underlying the epidermal barrier defect in psoriasis is distinct from that found in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hüffmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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649
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650
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McLean WHI, Hull PR. Breach Delivery: Increased Solute Uptake Points to a Defective Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:8-10. [PMID: 17170718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is now emerging for enhanced penetration of chemical solutes into uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Along with the recent discovery of prevalent null mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin, a protein essential for stratum corneum formation, these data point to an innate epidermal-barrier defect in atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Irwin McLean
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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