601
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Rispens T, Leeuwen AV, Vennegoor A, Killestein J, Aalberse RC, Wolbink GJ, Aarden LA. Measurement of serum levels of natalizumab, an immunoglobulin G4 therapeutic monoclonal antibody. Anal Biochem 2011; 411:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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602
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Beck A, Wurch T, Reichert JM. 6th Annual European Antibody Congress 2010: November 29-December 1, 2010, Geneva, Switzerland. MAbs 2011; 3:111-32. [PMID: 21441785 PMCID: PMC3092614 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6th European Antibody Congress (EAC), organized by Terrapinn Ltd., was held in Geneva, Switzerland, which was also the location of the 4th and 5th EAC. As was the case in 2008 and 2009, the EAC was again the largest antibody congress held in Europe, drawing nearly 250 delegates in 2010. Numerous pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies active in the field of therapeutic antibody development were represented, as were start-up and academic organizations and representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration FDA. The global trends in antibody research and development were discussed, including success stories of recent marketing authorizations of golimumab (Simponi®) and canakinumab (Ilaris®) by Johnson & Johnson and Novartis, respectively, updates on antibodies in late clinical development (obinutuzumab/GA101, farletuzumab/MORAb-003 and itolizumab/T1 h, by Glycart/Roche, Morphotek and Biocon, respectively) and success rates for this fast-expanding class of therapeutics (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development). Case studies covering clinical progress of girentuximab (Wilex), evaluation of panobacumab (Kenta Biotech), characterization of therapeutic antibody candidates by protein microarrays (Protagen), antibody-drug conjugates (sanofi-aventis, ImmunoGen, Seattle Genetics, Wyeth/Pfizer), radio-immunoconjugates (Bayer Schering Pharma, Université de Nantes) and new scaffolds (Ablynx, AdAlta, Domantis/GlaxoSmithKline, Fresenius, Molecular Partners, Pieris, Scil Proteins, Pfizer, University of Zurich) were presented. Major antibody structural improvements were showcased, including the latest selection engineering of the best isotypes (Abbott, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre), hinge domain (Pierre Fabre), dual antibodies (Abbott), IgG-like bispecific antibodies (Biogen Idec), antibody epitope mapping case studies (Eli Lilly), insights in FcγRII receptor (University of Cambridge), as well as novel tools for antibody fragmentation (Genovis). Improvements of antibody druggability (Abbott, Bayer, Pierre Fabre, Merrimack, Pfizer), enhancing IgG pharmacokinetics (Abbott, Chugai), progress in manufacturing (Genmab, Icosagen Cell Factory, Lonza, Pierre Fabre) and the development of biosimilar antibodies (Biocon, Sandoz, Triskel) were also discussed. Last but not least, identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against new therapeutic targets (Genentech, Genmab, Imclone/Lilly, Vaccinex) including Notch, cMet, TGFbRII, SEMA4D, novel development in immunotherapy and prophylaxis against influenza (Crucell), anti-tumor activity of immunostimulatory antibodies (MedImmune/Astra Zeneca) and translations to clinical studies including immunogenicity issues (Amgen, Novartis, University of Debrecen) were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Physio-Chemistry Department, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre, Saint julien en Genevois, France.
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603
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604
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Carter PJ. Introduction to current and future protein therapeutics: a protein engineering perspective. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1261-9. [PMID: 21371474 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics and its enabling sister discipline, protein engineering, have emerged since the early 1980s. The first protein therapeutics were recombinant versions of natural proteins. Proteins purposefully modified to increase their clinical potential soon followed with enhancements derived from protein or glycoengineering, Fc fusion or conjugation to polyethylene glycol. Antibody-based drugs subsequently arose as the largest and fastest growing class of protein therapeutics. The rationale for developing better protein therapeutics with enhanced efficacy, greater safety, reduced immunogenicity or improved delivery comes from the convergence of clinical, scientific, technological and commercial drivers that have identified unmet needs and provided strategies to address them. Future protein drugs seem likely to be more extensively engineered to improve their performance, e.g., antibodies and Fc fusion proteins with enhanced effector functions or extended half-life. Two old concepts for improving antibodies, namely antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies, have advanced to the cusp of clinical success. As for newer protein therapeutic platform technologies, several engineered protein scaffolds are in early clinical development and offer differences and some potential advantages over antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Carter
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA.
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605
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Morin A, Meiler J, Mizoue LS. Computational design of protein-ligand interfaces: potential in therapeutic development. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:159-66. [PMID: 21295366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Computational design of protein-ligand interfaces finds optimal amino acid sequences within a small-molecule binding site of a protein for tight binding of a specific small molecule. It requires a search algorithm that can rapidly sample the vast sequence and conformational space, and a scoring function that can identify low energy designs. This review focuses on recent advances in computational design methods and their application to protein-small molecule binding sites. Strategies for increasing affinity, altering specificity, creating broad-spectrum binding, and building novel enzymes from scratch are described. Future prospects for applications in drug development are discussed, including limitations that will need to be overcome to achieve computational design of protein therapeutics with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Morin
- Departments of Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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606
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Lipovsek D. Adnectins: engineered target-binding protein therapeutics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:3-9. [PMID: 21068165 PMCID: PMC3003446 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adnectins™ are a new family of therapeutic proteins based on the 10th fibronectin type III domain, and designed to bind with high affinity and specificity to therapeutically relevant targets. Adnectins share with antibody variable domains a beta-sheet sandwich fold with diversified loops, but differ from antibodies in primary sequence and have a simpler, single-domain structure without disulfide bonds. As a consequence, Adnectins bind targets with affinity and specificity as high as those of antibodies, but are easier to manipulate genetically and compatible with bacterial expression systems. Adnectins that bind macromolecular targets with nanomolar and picomolar affinity have been selected using in vitro evolution methods, including mRNA display, phage display and yeast display. CT-322, a PEGylated, anti-angiogenic Adnectin that binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 and blocks its interaction with VEGF A, C and D, is being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for efficacy in several oncology indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lipovsek
- Department of Protein Design, Adnexus, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Company, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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607
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Frey O, Kamradt T. Biologika. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108:7-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-010-2255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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608
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Thuy TT, Inganäs M, Thorsén G. High-throughput profiling of N-linked oligosaccharides in therapeutic antibodies using a microfluidic CD platform and MALDI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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609
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Capturing the natural diversity of the human antibody response against vaccinia virus. J Virol 2010; 85:1820-33. [PMID: 21147924 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02127-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eradication of smallpox (variola) and the subsequent cessation of routine vaccination have left modern society vulnerable to bioterrorism employing this devastating contagious disease. The existing, licensed vaccines based on live vaccinia virus (VACV) are contraindicated for a substantial number of people, and prophylactic vaccination of large populations is not reasonable when there is little risk of exposure. Consequently, there is an emerging need to develop efficient and safe therapeutics to be used shortly before or after exposure, either alone or in combination with vaccination. We have characterized the human antibody response to smallpox vaccine (VACV Lister) in immunized volunteers and isolated a large number of VACV-specific antibodies that recognize a variety of different VACV antigens. Using this broad antibody panel, we have generated a fully human, recombinant analogue to plasma-derived vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG), which mirrors the diversity and specificity of the human antibody immune response and offers the advantage of unlimited supply and reproducible specificity and activity. The recombinant VIG was found to display a high specific binding activity toward VACV antigens, potent in vitro VACV neutralizing activity, and a highly protective efficacy against VACV challenge in the mouse tail lesion model when given either prophylactically or therapeutically. Altogether, the results suggest that this compound has the potential to be used as an effective postexposure prophylaxis or treatment of disease caused by orthopoxviruses.
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610
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Dubrot J, Portero A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Palazón A, Rouzaut A, Perez-Gracia JL, Hervás-Stubbs S, Pedraz JL, Melero I. Delivery of immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies by encapsulated hybridoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1621-31. [PMID: 20607237 PMCID: PMC11030103 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulins directed toward surface proteins of immune system cells that augment the immune response against cancer in a novel therapeutic fashion. Exogenous administration of the recombinant humanized immunoglobulins is being tested in clinical trials with agents of this kind directed at a variety of immune-controlling molecular targets. In this study, the encapsulation of antibody-producing hybridoma cells was tested in comparison with the systemic administration of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridomas producing anti-CD137 and anti-OX40 mAb were encapsulated in alginate to generate microcapsules containing viable cells that secrete antibody. Immobilized cells in vitro were able to release the rat immunoglobulin produced by the hybridomas into the supernatant. Microcapsules were implanted by injection into the subcutaneous tissue of mice and thereby provided a platform for viable secreting cells, which lasted for more than 1 week. The pharmacokinetic profile of the rat monoclonal antibodies following microcapsule implantation was similar to that attained following an intraperitoneal administration of the purified antibodies. The rat-mouse hybridoma cells did not engraft as tumors in immunocompetent mice, while they lethally xenografted in immunodeficient mice, if not microencapsulated. The antitumor therapeutic activity of the strategy was studied on established CT26 colon carcinomas resulting in complete tumor eradication in an elevated fraction of cases and strong tumor-specific CTL responses with either anti-CD137 or anti-OX40 producing hybridomas, thus offering proof of the concept. This form of administration permitted combinations of more than one immunostimulatory monoclonal antibody to exploit the synergistic effects such as those known to be displayed by anti-CD137 and anti-OX40 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dubrot
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Portero
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa María Hernández
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asis Palazón
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, CIMA. Av. Pio XII, 55 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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611
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Antibody recycling by engineered pH-dependent antigen binding improves the duration of antigen neutralization. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:1203-7. [PMID: 20953198 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For many antibodies, each antigen-binding site binds to only one antigen molecule during the antibody's lifetime in plasma. To increase the number of cycles of antigen binding and lysosomal degradation, we engineered tocilizumab (Actemra), an antibody against the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), to rapidly dissociate from IL-6R within the acidic environment of the endosome (pH 6.0) while maintaining its binding affinity to IL-6R in plasma (pH 7.4). Studies using normal mice and mice expressing human IL-6R suggested that this pH-dependent IL-6R dissociation within the acidic environment of the endosome resulted in lysosomal degradation of the previously bound IL-6R while releasing the free antibody back to the plasma to bind another IL-6R molecule. In cynomolgus monkeys, an antibody with pH-dependent antigen binding, but not an affinity-matured variant, significantly improved the pharmacokinetics and duration of C-reactive protein inhibition. Engineering pH dependency into the interactions of therapeutic antibodies with their targets may enable them to be delivered less frequently or at lower doses.
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612
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T-cell costimulatory molecules in acute-graft-versus host disease: therapeutic implications. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2010; 2011:976793. [PMID: 22046574 PMCID: PMC3195325 DOI: 10.1155/2011/976793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although this process is thought to consist of several phases, T-cell activation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD. To become efficient effectors, T-cells require additional costimulation after T-cell receptor signaling. A number of molecules are involved in costimulation of T-cells such as CD28, CD40L, CD30, OX40, 4-1BB, ICOS, and LIGHT. The system is regulated by inhibitory molecules, CTLA-4, and PD-1. There is experimental evidence that those molecules are implicated in the pathogenesis of GHVD. We describe how these molecules are involved in acute GVHD and how the blockade of costimulatory molecules may have potential implications for the treatment of patients with acute GVHD.
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613
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Simoens S, De Rijdt T, Declerck P. Monoclonal antibodies: indications, budget impact and use. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-8893.2010.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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