651
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Alvarez R, Lee HL, Wang CY, Hong C. Characterization of the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from human periodontal ligament based on cell surface markers. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:213-9. [PMID: 26674423 PMCID: PMC5153597 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated therapy has been shown to be clinically effective in regenerating tissue defects. For improved regenerative therapy, it is critical to isolate homogenous populations of MSCs with high capacity to differentiate into appropriate tissues. The utilization of stem cell surface antigens provides a means to identify MSCs from various tissues. However, few surface markers that consistently isolate highly regenerative MSCs have been validated, making it challenging for routine clinical applications and making it all the more imperative to identify reliable surface markers. In this study, we used three surface marker combinations: CD51/CD140α, CD271, and STRO-1/CD146 for the isolation of homogenous populations of dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) from heterogeneous periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that 24% of PDLCs were CD51+/CD140α+, 0.8% were CD271+, and 2.4% were STRO-1+/CD146+. Sorted cell populations were further assessed for their multipotent properties by inducing osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. All three subsets of isolated DMSCs exhibited differentiation capacity into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages but with varying degrees. CD271+ DMSCs demonstrated the greatest osteogenic potential with strong induction of osteogenic markers such as DLX5, RUNX2, and BGLAP. Our study provides evidence that surface marker combinations used in this study are sufficient markers for the isolation of DMSCs from PDLCs. These results provide important insight into using specific surface markers for identifying homogenous populations of DMSCs for their improved utilization in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alvarez
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christine Hong
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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652
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Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Discarded Neonatal Sternal Tissue: In Vitro Characterization and Angiogenic Properties. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:5098747. [PMID: 26770206 PMCID: PMC4684890 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5098747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous and nonautologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are being evaluated as proangiogenic agents for ischemic and vascular disease in adults but not in children. A significant number of newborns and infants with critical congenital heart disease who undergo cardiac surgery already have or are at risk of developing conditions related to inadequate tissue perfusion. During neonatal cardiac surgery, a small amount of sternal tissue is usually discarded. Here we demonstrate that MSCs can be isolated from human neonatal sternal tissue using a nonenzymatic explant culture method. Neonatal sternal bone MSCs (sbMSCs) were clonogenic, had a surface marker expression profile that was characteristic of bone marrow MSCs, were multipotent, and expressed pluripotency-related genes at low levels. Neonatal sbMSCs also demonstrated in vitro proangiogenic properties. Sternal bone MSCs cooperated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to form 3D networks and tubes in vitro. Conditioned media from sbMSCs cultured in hypoxia also promoted HUVEC survival and migration. Given the neonatal source, ease of isolation, and proangiogenic properties, sbMSCs may have relevance to therapeutic applications.
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653
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Yang Y, Pang D, Hu C, Lv Y, He T, An Y, Tang Z, Deng Z. Nestin Positive Bone Marrow Derived Cells Responded to Injury Mobilize into Peripheral Circulation and Participate in Skin Defect Healing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143368. [PMID: 26633897 PMCID: PMC4669078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenously infused mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are thought to migrate to injury site through peripheral blood stream and participate in tissue repair. However, whether and how endogenous bone marrow MSCs mobilized to circulating and targeted to tissue injury has raised some controversy, and related studies were restricted by the difficulty of MSCs identifying in vivo. Nestin, a kind of intermediate filament protein initially identified in neuroepithelial stem cells, was recently reported as a credible criteria for MSCs in bone marrow. In this study, we used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled bone marrow replacement model to trace the nestin positive bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) of skin defected-mice. We found that after skin injured, numbers of nestin+ cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow both increased. A remarkable concentration of nestin+ BMDCs around skin wound was detected, while few of these cells could be observed in uninjured skin or other organs. This recruitment effect could not be promoted by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), suggests a different mobilization mechanism from ones G-CSF takes effect on hematopoietic cells. Our results proposed nestin+ BMDCs as mobilized candidates in skin injury repair, which provide a new insight of endogenous MSCs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danlin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xiangya Stomatology Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenghu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Institute of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatology Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (ZD)’ (ZT)
| | - Zhihong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (ZD)’ (ZT)
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654
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Heissig B, Dhahri D, Eiamboonsert S, Salama Y, Shimazu H, Munakata S, Hattori K. Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived fibrinolytic factor in tissue regeneration and cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4759-70. [PMID: 26350342 PMCID: PMC11113371 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration during wound healing or cancer growth and progression depends on the establishment of a cellular microenvironment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are part of this cellular microenvironment, where they functionally modulate cell homing, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. MSC recruitment involves detachment of these cells from their niche, and finally MSC migration into their preferred niches; the wounded area, the tumor bed, and the BM, just to name a few. During this recruitment phase, focal proteolysis disrupts the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture, breaks cell-matrix interactions with receptors, and integrins, and causes the release of bioactive fragments from ECM molecules. MSC produce a broad array of proteases, promoting remodeling of the surrounding ECM through proteolytic mechanisms. The fibrinolytic system, with its main player plasmin, plays a crucial role in cell migration, growth factor bioavailability, and the regulation of other protease systems during inflammation, tissue regeneration, and cancer. Key components of the fibrinolytic cascade, including the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), are expressed in MSC. This review will introduce general functional properties of the fibrinolytic system, which go beyond its known function of fibrin clot dissolution (fibrinolysis). We will focus on the role of the fibrinolytic system for MSC biology, summarizing our current understanding of the role of the fibrinolytic system for MSC recruitment and the functional consequences for tissue regeneration and cancer. Aspects of MSC origin, maintenance, and the mechanisms by which these cells contribute to altered protease activity in the microenvironment under normal and pathological conditions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Salita Eiamboonsert
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimazu
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinya Munakata
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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655
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Reagan MR, Rosen CJ. Navigating the bone marrow niche: translational insights and cancer-driven dysfunction. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 12:154-68. [PMID: 26607387 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow niche consists of stem and progenitor cells destined to become mature cells such as haematopoietic elements, osteoblasts or adipocytes. Marrow cells, influenced by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors, ultimately function as a unit to regulate bone remodelling and haematopoiesis. Current evidence highlights that the bone marrow niche is not merely an anatomic compartment; rather, it integrates the physiology of two distinct organ systems, the skeleton and the marrow. The niche has a hypoxic microenvironment that maintains quiescent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and supports glycolytic metabolism. In response to biochemical cues and under the influence of neural, hormonal, and biochemical factors, marrow stromal elements, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), differentiate into mature, functioning cells. However, disruption of the niche can affect cellular differentiation, resulting in disorders ranging from osteoporosis to malignancy. In this Review, we propose that the niche reflects the vitality of two tissues - bone and blood - by providing a unique environment for stem and stromal cells to flourish while simultaneously preventing disproportionate proliferation, malignant transformation or loss of the multipotent progenitors required for healing, functional immunity and growth throughout an organism's lifetime. Through a fuller understanding of the complexity of the niche in physiologic and pathologic states, the successful development of more-effective therapeutic approaches to target the niche and its cellular components for the treatment of rheumatic, endocrine, neoplastic and metabolic diseases becomes achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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656
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Sheng G. The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:44. [PMID: 26589542 PMCID: PMC4654913 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) define a population of progenitor cells capable of giving rises to at least three mesodermal lineages in vitro, the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. The validity of MSCs in vivo has been questioned because their existence, either as a homogeneous progenitor cell population or as a stem cell lineage, has been difficult to prove. The wide use of primary MSCs in regenerative and therapeutic applications raises ethical and regulatory concerns in many countries. In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, a parallel concept which carries an embryological emphasis from its outset, MSCs have attracted little interest among developmental biologists and the embryological basis for their existence, or lack thereof, has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS This article provides a brief, embryological overview of these three mesoderm cell lineages and offers a framework of ontological rationales for the potential existence of MSCs in vivo. RESULTS Emphasis is given to the common somatic lateral plate mesoderm origin of the majority of body's adipose and skeletal tissues and of the major sources used for MSC derivation clinically. Support for the MSC hypothesis also comes from a large body of molecular and lineage analysis data in vivo. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that despite the lack of a definitive proof, the MSC concept has a firm embryological basis and that advances in MSC research can be facilitated by achieving a better integration with developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- Sheng Laboratory, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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657
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Shafiee A, Kabiri M, Langroudi L, Soleimani M, Ai J. Evaluation and comparison of the in vitro characteristics and chondrogenic capacity of four adult stem/progenitor cells for cartilage cell-based repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:600-610. [PMID: 26507473 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is being considered as a promising approach to regenerate damaged cartilage. Though, autologous chondrocyte implantation is the most effective strategy currently in use, but is hampered by some drawbacks seeking comprehensive research to surmount existing limitations or introducing alternative cell sources. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro characteristics and chondrogenic capacity of some easily available adult cell sources for use in cartilage repair which includes: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), adipose tissue-derived MSC, articular chondrocyte progenitors, and nasal septum-derived progenitors. Human stem/progenitor cells were isolated and expanded. Cell's immunophenotype, biosafety, and cell cycle status were evaluated. Also, cells were seeded onto aligned electrospun poly (l-lactic acid)/poly (ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds and their proliferation rate as well as chondrogenic potential were assessed. Cells were almost phenotypically alike as they showed similar cell surface marker expression pattern. The aligned nanofibrous hybrid scaffolds could support the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of all cell types. However, nasal cartilage progenitors showed a higher proliferation potential and a higher chondrogenic capacity. Though, mostly similar in the majority of the studied features, nasal septum progenitors demonstrated a higher chondrogenic potential that in combination with their higher proliferation rate and easier access to the source tissue, introduces it as a promising cell source for cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 600-610, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Langroudi
- Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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658
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Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:137-63. [PMID: 26552890 PMCID: PMC4755439 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existence of stem/progenitor cells in the endometrium was postulated many years ago, but the first functional evidence was only published in 2004. The identification of rare epithelial and stromal populations of clonogenic cells in human endometrium has opened an active area of research on endometrial stem/progenitor cells in the subsequent 10 years. METHODS The published literature was searched using the PubMed database with the search terms ‘endometrial stem cells and menstrual blood stem cells' until December 2014. RESULTS Endometrial epithelial stem/progenitor cells have been identified as clonogenic cells in human and as label-retaining or CD44+ cells in mouse endometrium, but their characterization has been modest. In contrast, endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been well characterized and show similar properties to bone marrow MSCs. Specific markers for their enrichment have been identified, CD146+PDGFRβ+ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta) and SUSD2+ (sushi domain containing-2), which detected their perivascular location and likely pericyte identity in endometrial basalis and functionalis vessels. Transcriptomics and secretomics of SUSD2+ cells confirm their perivascular phenotype. Stromal fibroblasts cultured from endometrial tissue or menstrual blood also have some MSC characteristics and demonstrate broad multilineage differentiation potential for mesodermal, endodermal and ectodermal lineages, indicating their plasticity. Side population (SP) cells are a mixed population, although predominantly vascular cells, which exhibit adult stem cell properties, including tissue reconstitution. There is some evidence that bone marrow cells contribute a small population of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. The discovery of specific markers for endometrial stem/progenitor cells has enabled the examination of their role in endometrial proliferative disorders, including endometriosis, adenomyosis and Asherman's syndrome. Endometrial MSCs (eMSCs) and menstrual blood stromal fibroblasts are an attractive source of MSCs for regenerative medicine because of their relative ease of acquisition with minimal morbidity. Their homologous and non-homologous use as autologous and allogeneic cells for therapeutic purposes is currently being assessed in preclinical animal models of pelvic organ prolapse and phase I/II clinical trials for cardiac failure. eMSCs and stromal fibroblasts also exhibit non-stem cell-associated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, further emphasizing their desirable properties for cell-based therapies. CONCLUSIONS Much has been learnt about endometrial stem/progenitor cells in the 10 years since their discovery, although several unresolved issues remain. These include rationalizing the terminology and diagnostic characteristics used for distinguishing perivascular stem/progenitor cells from stromal fibroblasts, which also have considerable differentiation potential. The hierarchical relationship between clonogenic epithelial progenitor cells, endometrial and decidual SP cells, CD146+PDGFR-β+ and SUSD2+ cells and menstrual blood stromal fibroblasts still needs to be resolved. Developing more genetic animal models for investigating the role of endometrial stem/progenitor cells in endometrial disorders is required, as well as elucidating which bone marrow cells contribute to endometrial tissue. Deep sequencing and epigenetic profiling of enriched populations of endometrial stem/progenitor cells and their differentiated progeny at the population and single-cell level will shed new light on the regulation and function of endometrial stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kjiana E Schwab
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Deane
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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659
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Mitchell A, Ashton L, Yang XB, Goodacre R, Tomlinson MJ, Smith A, Kirkham J. Aseptic Raman spectroscopy can detect changes associated with the culture of human dental pulp stromal cells in osteoinductive culture. Analyst 2015; 140:7347-54. [PMID: 26374253 PMCID: PMC4621535 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for the non-invasive characterisation of stem cells to facilitate the translation of cell-based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has proven utility in stem cell characterisation but as yet no method has been reported capable of taking repeated Raman measurements of living cells aseptically over time. The aim of this study was to determine if Raman spectroscopy could be used to monitor changes in a well characterised cell population (human dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs)) by taking repeated Raman measurements from the same cell populations in osteoinductive culture over time and under aseptic conditions. DPSCs were isolated from extracted premolar teeth from 3 consenting donors. Following in vitro expansion, DPSCs were maintained for 28 days in osteo-inductive medium. Raman spectra were acquired from the cells at days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to assess if there was any temporal spectral variation. At day 28, osteoinduction was confirmed using alizarin red staining and qRT-PCR for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Alizarin red staining was positive in all samples at day 28 and significant increases in alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001) and osteocalcin (p < 0.05) gene expression were also observed compared with day 0. PCA of the Raman data demonstrated trends in PC1 from days 0-10, influenced by protein associated features and PC2 from days 10-28, influenced by DNA/RNA associated features. We conclude that spectroscopy can be used to monitor changes in Raman signature with time associated with the osteoinduction of DPSCs using repeated measurements via an aseptic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mitchell
- University of Leeds , Department of Oral Biology , Leeds School of Dentistry , Leeds , UK .
| | - Lorna Ashton
- Department of Chemistry , Faraday Building , Lancaster University , Lancaster , UK
| | - Xuebin B. Yang
- University of Leeds , Department of Oral Biology , Leeds School of Dentistry , Leeds , UK .
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Matthew J. Tomlinson
- University of Leeds , Department of Oral Biology , Leeds School of Dentistry , Leeds , UK .
| | | | - Jennifer Kirkham
- University of Leeds , Department of Oral Biology , Leeds School of Dentistry , Leeds , UK .
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660
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Bhat V, Olmer M, Joshi S, Durden DL, Cramer TJ, Barnes RFW, Ball ST, Hughes TH, Silva M, Luck JV, Moore RE, Mosnier LO, von Drygalski A. Vascular remodeling underlies rebleeding in hemophilic arthropathy. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1027-35. [PMID: 26257191 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemophilic arthropathy is a debilitating condition that can develop as a consequence of frequent joint bleeding despite adequate clotting factor replacement. The mechanisms leading to repeated spontaneous bleeding are unknown. We investigated synovial, vascular, stromal, and cartilage changes in response to a single induced hemarthrosis in the FVIII-deficient mouse. We found soft-tissue hyperproliferation with marked induction of neoangiogenesis and evolving abnormal vascular architecture. While soft-tissue changes were rapidly reversible, abnormal vascularity persisted for months and, surprisingly, was also seen in uninjured joints. Vascular changes in FVIII-deficient mice involved pronounced remodeling with expression of α-Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA), Endoglin (CD105), and vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as alterations of joint perfusion as determined by in vivo imaging. Vascular architecture changes and pronounced expression of α-SMA appeared unique to hemophilia, as these were not found in joint tissue obtained from mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and from patients with the same conditions. Evidence that vascular changes in hemophilia were significantly associated with bleeding and joint deterioration was obtained prospectively by dynamic in vivo imaging with musculoskeletal ultrasound and power Doppler of 156 joints (elbows, knees, and ankles) in a cohort of 26 patients with hemophilia at baseline and during painful episodes. These observations support the hypothesis that vascular remodeling contributes significantly to bleed propagation and development of hemophilic arthropathy. Based on these findings, the development of molecular targets for angiogenesis inhibition may be considered in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhat
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla California
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla California
| | - Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; California
| | - Donald L. Durden
- Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Diego; California
| | - Thomas J. Cramer
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Richard FW Barnes
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Scott T. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Tudor H. Hughes
- Department of Radiology; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
| | - Mauricio Silva
- Orthopedic Institute for Children University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - James V. Luck
- Orthopedic Institute for Children University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | | | - Laurent O. Mosnier
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla California
| | - Annette von Drygalski
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla California
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego; San Diego California
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661
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Reikvam H, Brenner AK, Hagen KM, Liseth K, Skrede S, Hatfield KJ, Bruserud Ø. The cytokine-mediated crosstalk between primary human acute myeloid cells and mesenchymal stem cells alters the local cytokine network and the global gene expression profile of the mesenchymal cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:530-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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662
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Derjac-Aramă AI, Sarafoleanu C, Manea CM, Nicolescu MI, Vrapciu AD, Rusu MC. Regenerative potential of human schneiderian membrane: progenitor cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:2132-40. [PMID: 26414809 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An innate osteogenic potential of the Schneiderian membrane (SM) is progressively assessed in studies ranging from non-human species to human subjects. It has relevance for endosteal placement and osseointegration. Nestin-expressing osteogenic progenitor cells are allegedly involved in bone formation and remodelling. Nestin phenotype was not assessed previously in human SM. We therefore aimed to fill that particular gap in the literature. Bioptic samples of human adult SM were obtained during surgery from eight adult patients, operated for non-malignant pathologies. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue samples used primary antibodies against nestin, CD45, CD146, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Nestin expression was consistently found in endothelial cells, and was scarcely encountered in pericytes, putative stromal stem/progenitor cells, as well as in glandular epithelial cells. Moreover, woven bone formation in the periosteal layer of the SM can also be regarded as evidence of the osteogenic potential of this membrane. Nestin and CD45 expression in cells of the primary bone supports the osteogenic potential of SM nestin-expressing cells and a possible involvement of hematopoietic stem cells in maxillary sinus floor remodeling. CD146, a known inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was expressed in epithelia, as was CK7. Isolated stromal cells were found expressing CD146, CK7 and α-SMA, suggesting that regenerative processes happening in the SM may also involve processes of EMT which generate stem/progenitor cells. This study provides additional evidence for the regenerative potential of the Schneiderian membrane and identifies potential roles for cells of its stem niche in osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Derjac-Aramă
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Sarafoleanu
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C M Manea
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M I Nicolescu
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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663
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von Dalowski F, Kramer M, Wermke M, Wehner R, Röllig C, Alakel N, Stölzel F, Parmentier S, Sockel K, Krech M, Schmitz M, Platzbecker U, Schetelig J, Bornhäuser M, von Bonin M. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Treatment of Acute Steroid-Refractory Graft Versus Host Disease: Clinical Responses and Long-Term Outcome. Stem Cells 2015; 34:357-66. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix von Dalowski
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Kramer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Wermke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Institut für Immunologie; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
| | - Christoph Röllig
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Nael Alakel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Friedrich Stölzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Stefani Parmentier
- Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Palliativmedizin, Rems-Murr-Klinik; Waiblingen Germany
| | - Katja Sockel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Mathias Krech
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institut für Immunologie; Technische Universität Dresden; Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung; Standort Dresden Germany
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Heidelberg Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Johannes Schetelig
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung; Standort Dresden Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung; Standort Dresden Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Malte von Bonin
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I; Universitäts KrebsCentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung; Standort Dresden Germany
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Heidelberg Germany
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664
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Are Endothelial Progenitor Cells the Real Solution for Cardiovascular Diseases? Focus on Controversies and Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:835934. [PMID: 26509164 PMCID: PMC4609774 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced knowledge in the field of stem cell biology and their ability to provide a cue for counteracting several diseases are leading numerous researchers to focus their attention on “regenerative medicine” as possible solutions for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the lack of consistent evidence in this arena has hampered the clinical application. The same condition affects the research on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), creating more confusion than comprehension. In this review, this aspect is discussed with particular emphasis. In particular, we describe biology and physiology of EPCs, outline their clinical relevance as both new predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic CVD biomarkers and therapeutic agents, discuss advantages, disadvantages, and conflicting data about their use as possible solutions for vascular impairment and clinical applications, and finally underline a very crucial aspect of EPCs “characterization and definition,” which seems to be the real cause of large heterogeneity existing in literature data on this topic.
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665
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Hyperglycemic Stress Impairs the Stemness Capacity of Kidney Stem Cells in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139607. [PMID: 26431335 PMCID: PMC4592017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes is significantly higher than that of patients without diabetes, and may be associated with the poor stemness capacity of kidney stem cells (KSCs) and limited recovery of injured renal tubules. To investigate the effects of hyperglycemic stress on KSC stemness, KSCs were isolated from the rat renal papilla and analyzed for their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. Our results showed that isolated KSCs expressed the mesenchymal stem cell markers N-cadherin, Nestin, CD133, CD29, CD90, and CD73. Moreover, KSCs co-cultured with hypoxia-injured renal tubular epithelial cell (RTECs) induced the expression of the mature epithelial cell marker CK18, suggesting that the KSCs could differentiate into RTECs in vitro. However, KSC proliferation, differentiation ability and tolerance to hypoxia were decreased in high-glucose cultures. Taken together, these results suggest the high-glucose microenvironment can damage the reparative ability of KSCs. It may result in a decreased of recovery capability of renal tubules from injury.
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666
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Tang Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Chen J, Liu L, Zhao W, Le XC, Li F. Constructing real-time, wash-free, and reiterative sensors for cell surface proteins using binding-induced dynamic DNA assembly. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5729-5733. [PMID: 28757954 PMCID: PMC5514693 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteins are an important class of biomarkers for fundamental biological research and for disease diagnostics and treatment. In this communication, we report a universal strategy to construct sensors that can achieve rapid imaging of cell surface proteins without any separation by using binding-induced dynamic DNA assembly. As a proof-of-principle, we developed a real-time and wash-free sensor for an important breast cancer biomarker, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). We then demonstrated that this sensor could be used for imaging and sensing HER2 on both fixed and live breast cancer cells. Additionally, we have also incorporated toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement reactions into the HER2 sensor, which allows for reiterating (switching on/off) fluorescence signals for HER2 from breast cancer cells in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , L2S3A1 , Canada .
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , T6G2G3 , Canada
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , L2S3A1 , Canada .
| | - Junbo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , T6G2G3 , Canada
- Analytical & Testing Center , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610064 , China
| | - Linan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center , Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center , Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center , Department of Biomedical Engineering , Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology , University of California at Irvine , Irvine , USA
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , T6G2G3 , Canada
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Biotechnology , Brock University , St. Catharines , L2S3A1 , Canada .
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667
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Electrical Stimulation Differentiates Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSC) to a Neurological Phenotype. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000472377.27490.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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668
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Páll E, Florea A, Soriţău O, Cenariu M, Petruţiu AS, Roman A. Comparative Assessment of Oral Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Tissues. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1249-1263. [PMID: 26315895 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615014749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from palatal connective and periodontal granulation tissues and to comparatively evaluate their properties. MSCs were isolated using the explant culture method. Adherence to plastic, specific antigen makeup, multipotent differentiation potential, functionality, and ultrastructural characteristics were investigated. The frequency of colony-forming unit fibroblasts for palatal-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs) was significantly higher than that of granulation tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (gtMSCs). A significantly higher population doubling time and lower migration potential were recorded for gtMSCs than for pMSCs. Both cell lines were positive for CD105, CD73, CD90, CD44, and CD49f, and negative for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR, but the level of expression was different. MSCs from both sources were relatively uniform in their ultrastructure. Generally, both cell lines possessed a large, irregular-shaped euchromatic nucleus, and cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The periphery of the plasma membrane displayed many small filopodia. MSCs from both cell lines were successfully differentiated into osteogenic, adiopogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Both healthy and diseased tissues may be considered as valuable sources of MSCs for regenerative medicine owing to the high acceptance and fewer complications during harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emöke Páll
- 1Department of Reproduction,Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,3-5 Mănăştur St.,400372 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
| | - Adrian Florea
- 3Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine,"Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy,6 L. Pasteur St.,400349 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
| | - Olga Soriţău
- 4Laboratory of Radiotherapy, Tumor and Radiobiology,Prof. Dr. "Ion Chiricuţă" Oncology Institute,34-36 I. Creangă St.,400015 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- 1Department of Reproduction,Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,3-5 Mănăştur St.,400372 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
| | - Adrian S Petruţiu
- 2Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine,"Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy,15 V. Babeş St.,400012 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
| | - Alexandra Roman
- 2Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine,"Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy,15 V. Babeş St.,400012 Cluj-Napoca,Romania
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669
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Amato B, Compagna R, Amato M, Butrico L, Fugetto F, Chibireva MD, Barbetta A, Cannistrà M, de Franciscis S, Serra R. The role of adult tissue-derived stem cells in chronic leg ulcers: a systematic review focused on tissue regeneration medicine. Int Wound J 2015; 13:1289-1298. [PMID: 26399452 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an articulated process that can be impaired in different steps in chronic wounds. Chronic leg ulcers are a special type of non-healing wounds that represent an important cause of morbidity and public cost in western countries. Because of their common recurrence after conventional managements and increasing prevalence due to an ageing population, newer approaches are needed. Over the last decade, the research has been focused on innovative treatment strategies, including stem-cell-based therapies. After the initial interest in embryonic pluripotent cells, several different types of adult stem cells have been studied because of ethical issues. Specific types of adult stem cells have shown a high potentiality in tissue healing, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Aim of this review is to clearly report the newest insights on tissue regeneration medicine, with particular regard for chronic leg ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL). International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL). International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Butrico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Fugetto
- School of Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mariia D Chibireva
- School of Medicine, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Barbetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Cannistrà
- Department of Surgery, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL). International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL). International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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670
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Denkovskij J, Rudys R, Bernotiene E, Minderis M, Bagdonas S, Kirdaite G. Cell surface markers and exogenously induced PpIX in synovial mesenchymal stem cells. Cytometry A 2015; 87:1001-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Denkovskij
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine; Vilnius 01102 Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Rudys
- Department of Innovative Technologies for Diagnostics; Treatment and Health Monitoring, State Research Institute for Innovative Medicine; Vilnius 01102 Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine; Vilnius 01102 Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Minderis
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology-Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery; Vilnius University; Vilnius LT-08661 Lithuania
| | - Saulius Bagdonas
- Laser Research Center; Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University; Vilnius 10222 Lithuania
| | - Gailute Kirdaite
- Department of Innovative Technologies for Diagnostics; Treatment and Health Monitoring, State Research Institute for Innovative Medicine; Vilnius 01102 Lithuania
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671
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Martins-Neves SR, Corver WE, Paiva-Oliveira DI, van den Akker BEWM, Briaire-de-Bruijn IH, Bovée JVMG, Gomes CMF, Cleton-Jansen AM. Osteosarcoma Stem Cells Have Active Wnt/β-catenin and Overexpress SOX2 and KLF4. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:876-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Martins-Neves
- Department of Pathology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment; Genetics and Oncobiology; CIMAGO - Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, Coimbra; Celas Portugal
| | - Willem E. Corver
- Department of Pathology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Daniela I. Paiva-Oliveira
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Célia M. F. Gomes
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CNC.IBILI; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment; Genetics and Oncobiology; CIMAGO - Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, Coimbra; Celas Portugal
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672
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Muñiz C, Teodosio C, Mayado A, Amaral AT, Matarraz S, Bárcena P, Sanchez ML, Alvarez-Twose I, Diez-Campelo M, García-Montero AC, Blanco JF, Del Cañizo MC, del Pino Montes J, Orfao A. Ex vivo identification and characterization of a population of CD13(high) CD105(+) CD45(-) mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:169. [PMID: 26347461 PMCID: PMC4562124 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Their multipotential capacity and immunomodulatory properties have led to an increasing interest in their biological properties and therapeutic applications. Currently, the definition of MSCs relies on a combination of phenotypic, morphological and functional characteristics which are typically evaluated upon in vitro expansion, a process that may ultimately lead to modulation of the immunophenotypic, functional and/or genetic features of these cells. Therefore, at present there is great interest in providing markers and phenotypes for direct in vivo and ex vivo identification and isolation of MSCs. Methods Multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotypic studies were performed on 65 bone marrow (BM) samples for characterization of CD13high CD105+ CD45– cells. Isolation and expansion of these cells was performed in a subset of samples in parallel to the expansion of MSCs from mononuclear cells following currently established procedures. The protein expression profile of these cells was further assessed on (paired) primary and in vitro expanded BM MSCs, and their adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential was also determined. Results Our results show that the CD13high CD105+ CD45− immunophenotype defines a minor subset of cells that are systematically present ex vivo in normal/reactive BM (n = 65) and that display immunophenotypic features, plastic adherence ability, and osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacities fully compatible with those of MSCs. In addition, we also show that in vitro expansion of these cells modulates their immunophenotypic characteristics, including changes in the expression of markers currently used for the definition of MSCs, such as CD105, CD146 and HLA-DR. Conclusions BM MSCs can be identified ex vivo in normal/reactive BM, based on a robust CD13high CD105+ and CD45− immunophenotypic profile. Furthermore, in vitro expansion of these cells is associated with significant changes in the immunophenotypic profile of MSCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0152-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Muñiz
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain. .,Spanish Net on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Teodosio
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain. .,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea Mayado
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ana Teresa Amaral
- The Molecular Pathology group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville - Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain.
| | - Sergio Matarraz
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Paloma Bárcena
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maria Luz Sanchez
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Iván Alvarez-Twose
- Centro de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain.
| | - María Diez-Campelo
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Andrés C García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Juan F Blanco
- Spanish Net on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Orthopedics Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | - Javier del Pino Montes
- Spanish Net on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Rheumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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673
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Bakopoulou A, Kritis A, Andreadis D, Papachristou E, Leyhausen G, Koidis P, Geurtsen W, Tsiftsoglou A. Angiogenic Potential and Secretome of Human Apical Papilla Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Various Stress Microenvironments. Stem Cells Dev 2015. [PMID: 26203919 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) of human adult teeth are considered an accessible source of cells with angiogenic properties. The aims of this study were to investigate the endothelial transdifferentiation of SCAP, the secretion of pro- and antiangiogenic factors from SCAP, and the paracrine effects of SCAP when exposed to environmental stress to stimulate tissue damage. SCAP were exposed to serum deprivation (SD), glucose deprivation (GD), and oxygen deprivation/hypoxia (OD) conditions, individually or in combination. Endothelial transdifferentiation was evaluated by in vitro capillary-like formation assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and flow cytometric analyses of angiogenesis-related markers; secretome by antibody arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); and paracrine impact on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by in vitro transwell migration and capillary-like formation assays. The short-term exposure of SCAP to glucose/oxygen deprivation (GOD) in the presence, but mainly in deprivation, of serum (SGOD) elicited a proangiogenesis effect indicated by expression of angiogenesis-related genes involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR and angiopoietins/Tie pathways. This effect was unachievable under SD in normoxia, suggesting that the critical microenvironmental condition inducing rapid endothelial shift of SCAP is the combination of SGOD. Interestingly, SCAP showed high adaptability to these adverse conditions, retaining cell viability and acquiring a capillary-forming phenotype. SCAP secreted higher numbers and amounts of pro- (angiogenin, IGFBP-3, VEGF) and lower amounts of antiangiogenic factors (serpin-E1, TIMP-1, TSP-1) under SGOD compared with SOD or SD alone. Finally, secretome obtained under SGOD was most effective in inducing migration and capillary-like formation by HUVECs. These data provide new evidence on the microenvironmental factors favoring endothelial transdifferentiation of SCAP, uncovering the molecular mechanisms regulating their fate. They also validate the angiogenic properties of their secretome giving insights into preconditioning strategies enhancing their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- 1 Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece .,2 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School (MHH) , Hannover, Germany
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- 3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- 4 Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- 1 Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gabriele Leyhausen
- 2 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School (MHH) , Hannover, Germany
| | - Petros Koidis
- 1 Department of Fixed Prosthesis and Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Werner Geurtsen
- 2 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School (MHH) , Hannover, Germany
| | - Asterios Tsiftsoglou
- 5 Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.TH.) , Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gorski DJ, Xiao W, Li J, Luo W, Lauer M, Kisiday J, Plaas A, Sandy J. Deletion of ADAMTS5 does not affect aggrecan or versican degradation but promotes glucose uptake and proteoglycan synthesis in murine adipose derived stromal cells. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:66-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Baustian C, Hanley S, Ceredig R. Isolation, selection and culture methods to enhance clonogenicity of mouse bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cell precursors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:151. [PMID: 26303631 PMCID: PMC4549076 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Conventionally cultured mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (mBM-MSC) are a heterogeneous population that often initially contain contaminating haematopoietic cells. Variability in isolation methods, culture protocols and the lack of specific mBM MSC markers might explain this heterogeneity. The aim of this study is to optimise the isolation, culture conditions and selection of mBM-MSC. Methods Mouse BM-MSCs were isolated from crushed long bones (cBM) or flushed bone marrow (fBM) from 6–8 week old C57Bl/6 mice. These subpopulations were analysed by flow cytometry using commonly used mBM-MSC cell surface marker, e.g. Sca-1, CD29 and CD44. Cells were cultured and expanded in vitro in hypoxic conditions of either 2 % or 5 % oxygen. Cell sorting and qRT-PCR was used to determine transcript levels of stem cell and lineage related genes in individual subpopulations. Results During early passaging not only do contaminating haematopoietic cells disappear, but there is a change in the phenotype of mBM-MSC affecting particularly CD44 and Sca-1 expression. By fluorescence activated cell sorting of CD45−/Ter119− mBM stroma based on Sca-1 expression and expansion in hypoxic conditions, we show that Sca-1+ cells had higher CFU-F frequencies and showed enhanced proliferation compared with Sca-1− cells. As evaluated by in vitro assays and qRT-PCR, these cells presented in vitro tri-lineage differentiation along osteocyte, chondrocyte, and adipocyte lineages. Finally, by prospective isolation of Sca-1+PDGFRα+CD90+ cells we have isolated mBM-MSC on a single cell level, achieving a CFU-F frequency of 1/4. Functional investigations demonstrated that these MSC clones inhibited T-lymphocyte proliferation. Conclusion By positive selection using a combination of antibodies to Sca-1, CD90 and PDGFRα and culturing in hypoxia, we have found a subpopulation of BM cells from C57Bl/6 mice with a CFU-F cloning efficiency of 1/4. To our knowledge these results represent the highest frequencies of mouse MSC cloning from C57Bl/6 mice yet reported. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0139-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Baustian
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Shirley Hanley
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Rhodri Ceredig
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science and School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. .,Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle Road, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.
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676
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prognosis of patients with respiratory failure in the ICU remains poor, while current therapeutic approaches are aimed at minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to transform respiratory failure treatment by achieving lung repair. The purpose of this article is to critically review the large body of clinical and experimental work performed with respect to the use of stem/progenitor cells in respiratory failure, and to discuss current challenges and future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Since the initial report of cell therapy for lung injury in 2005, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been performed that support the ability of various stem cell populations to improve physiologic lung function and reduce inflammation in both infective and sterile acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nevertheless, many important issues (e.g., mechanism of action, long-term engraftment, optimal cell type, dose, route of administration) remain to be resolved. SUMMARY Cell-based therapeutics hold promise, particularly for acute respiratory distress syndrome, and early preclinical testing has been encouraging. To advance clinical testing of cell therapies in respiratory failure, and to help ensure that this approach will facilitate bench-to-bedside and bedside-to-bench discoveries, parallel paths of basic and clinical research are needed, including measures of cell therapy effectiveness in vivo and in vitro.
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677
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Liu Y, Muñoz N, Bunnell BA, Logan TM, Ma T. Density-Dependent Metabolic Heterogeneity in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3368-81. [PMID: 26274841 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are intrinsically heterogeneous and comprise subpopulations that differ in their proliferation, multi-potency, and functional properties, which are commonly demonstrated by culturing hMSCs at different plating densities. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolic profiles of different subpopulations of hMSC by testing the hypothesis that the clonogenic hMSC subpopulation, which is selectively enriched in clonal density (CD) and low density (LD) culture (10 and 100 cells per square centimeter, respectively), possesses a metabolic phenotype that differs from that of hMSC in medium- or high-density (MD: 1,000 and HD: 3,000 cells per square centimeter, respectively). Cells at CD and LD conditions exhibited elevated expression of CD146 and colony forming unit-fibroblast compared with cells at MD- or HD. Global metabolic profiles revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of cell extracts showed clear distinction between LD and HD cultures, and density-dependent differences in coupling of glycolysis to the TCA cycle. Metabolic inhibitors revealed density-dependent differences in glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for ATP generation, in glutamine metabolism, in the dependence on the pentose phosphate pathway for maintaining cellular redox state, and sensitivity to exogenous reactive oxygen species. We also show that active OXPHOS is not required for proliferation in LD culture but that OXPHOS activity increases senescence in HD culture. Together, the results revealed heterogeneity in hMSC culture exists at the level of primary metabolism. The unique metabolic characteristics of the clonogenic subpopulation suggest a novel approach for optimizing in vitro expansion of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Nathalie Muñoz
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Timothy M Logan
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Ducret M, Fabre H, Degoul O, Atzeni G, McGuckin C, Forraz N, Alliot-Licht B, Mallein-Gerin F, Perrier-Groult E, Farges JC. Manufacturing of dental pulp cell-based products from human third molars: current strategies and future investigations. Front Physiol 2015; 6:213. [PMID: 26300779 PMCID: PMC4526817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal cell-based products have been developed to improve surgical therapies aimed at repairing human tissues. In this context, the tooth has recently emerged as a valuable source of stem/progenitor cells for regenerating orofacial tissues, with easy access to pulp tissue and high differentiation potential of dental pulp mesenchymal cells. International guidelines now recommend the use of standardized procedures for cell isolation, storage and expansion in culture to ensure optimal reproducibility, efficacy and safety when cells are used for clinical application. However, most dental pulp cell-based medicinal products manufacturing procedures may not be fully satisfactory since they could alter the cells biological properties and the quality of derived products. Cell isolation, enrichment and cryopreservation procedures combined to long-term expansion in culture media containing xeno- and allogeneic components are known to affect cell phenotype, viability, proliferation and differentiation capacities. This article focuses on current manufacturing strategies of dental pulp cell-based medicinal products and proposes a new protocol to improve efficiency, reproducibility and safety of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ducret
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France ; Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Consultations et Traitements Dentaires Lyon, France
| | - Hugo Fabre
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Degoul
- CTI-BIOTECH, Cell Therapy Research Institute Meyzieu, France
| | | | - Colin McGuckin
- CTI-BIOTECH, Cell Therapy Research Institute Meyzieu, France
| | - Nico Forraz
- CTI-BIOTECH, Cell Therapy Research Institute Meyzieu, France
| | - Brigitte Alliot-Licht
- Faculté d'Odontologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Université de Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Mallein-Gerin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Emeline Perrier-Groult
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Farges
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR5305 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France ; Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon, France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Consultations et Traitements Dentaires Lyon, France
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679
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Viral Infection. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:860950. [PMID: 26294919 PMCID: PMC4532961 DOI: 10.1155/2015/860950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are a subset of nonhematopoietic adult stem cells, readily isolated from various tissues and easily culture-expanded ex vivo. Intensive studies of the immune modulation and tissue regeneration over the past few years have demonstrated the great potential of MSCs for the prevention and treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), immune-related disorders, and viral diseases. In immunocompromised individuals, the immunomodulatory activities of MSCs have raised safety concerns regarding the greater risk of primary viral infection and viral reactivation, which is a major cause of mortality after allogeneic transplantation. Moreover, high susceptibilities of MSCs to viral infections in vitro could reflect the destructive outcomes that might impair the clinical efficacy of MSCs infusion. However, the interplay between MSCs and virus is like a double-edge sword, and it also provides beneficial effects such as allowing the proliferation and function of antiviral specific effector cells instead of suppressing them, serving as an ideal tool for study of viral pathogenesis, and protecting hosts against viral challenge by using the antimicrobial activity. Here, we therefore review favorable and unfavorable consequences of MSCs and virus interaction with the highlight of safety and efficacy for applying MSCs as cell therapy.
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680
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Busser H, Najar M, Raicevic G, Pieters K, Velez Pombo R, Philippart P, Meuleman N, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Isolation and Characterization of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Subpopulations: Comparison of Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2142-57. [PMID: 26086188 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparations of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are generally obtained from unfractionated tissue cells, resulting in heterogeneous cell mixtures. Several markers were proposed to enrich these cells, but the majority of these markers are defined for bone marrow (BM). Moreover, the surface markers of freshly isolated MSCs also differ from those of cultured MSCs in addition to a phenotypic variation depending on the MSC source. For tissue engineering applications, it is crucial to start with a well-defined cell population. In this study, we performed immunomagnetic selections with five single surface markers to isolate MSC subpopulations from BM and adipose tissue (AT): CD271, SUSD2, MSCA-1, CD44, and CD34. We determined the phenotype, the clonogenicity, the proliferation, the differentiation capacity, and the immunoregulatory profile of the subpopulations obtained in comparison with unselected cells. We showed that native BM-MSCs can be enriched from the positive fractions of MSCA-1, SUSD2, and CD271 selections. In contrast, we observed that SUSD2 and MSCA-1 were unable to identify MSCs from AT, meaning they are not expressed in situ. Only the CD34(+) selection successfully isolated MSCs from AT. Interestingly, we observed that CD271 selection can define AT cell subsets with particular abilities, but only in lipoaspiration samples and not in abdominoplasty samples. Importantly, we found a population of clear CD34(+) fresh BM-MSCs displaying different properties. A single marker-based selection for MSC enrichment should be more advantageous for cell therapy and would enable the standardization of efficient and safe therapeutic intervention through the use of a well-identified and homogeneous cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Busser
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Najar
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gordana Raicevic
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karlien Pieters
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rafael Velez Pombo
- 2 Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Iris South Hospitals (HIS) , Joseph Bracops Site, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Philippart
- 3 Department of Stomatology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Iris South Hospitals (HIS) , Joseph Bracops Site, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Dominique Bron
- 4 Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
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681
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Production of Human Dental Pulp Cells with a Medicinal Manufacturing Approach. J Endod 2015; 41:1492-9. [PMID: 26189777 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) are generally isolated and cultured with xenogeneic products and in stress conditions that may alter their biological features. However, guidelines from the American Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency currently recommend the use of protocols compliant with medicinal manufacturing. Our aim was to design an ex vivo procedure to produce large amounts of HDPCs for dentin/pulp and bone engineering according to these international recommendations. METHODS HDPC isolation was performed from pulp explant cultures. After appropriate serum-free medium selection, cultured HDPCs were immunophenotyped with flow cytometry. Samples were then cryopreserved for 510 days. The post-thaw cell doubling time was determined up to passage 4 (P4). Karyotyping was performed by G-band analysis. Osteo/odontoblastic differentiation capability was determined after culture in a differentiation medium by gene expression analysis of osteo/odontoblast markers and mineralization quantification. RESULTS Immunophenotyping of cultured HDPCs revealed a mesenchymal profile of the cells, some of which also expressed the stem/progenitor cell markers CD271, Stro-1, CD146, or MSCA-1. The post-thaw cell doubling times were stable and similar to fresh HDPCs. Cells displayed no karyotype abnormality. Alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and dentin sialophosphoprotein gene expression and culture mineralization were increased in post-thaw HDPC cultures performed in differentiation medium compared with cultures in control medium. CONCLUSIONS We successfully isolated, cryopreserved, and amplified human dental pulp cells with a medicinal manufacturing approach. These findings may constitute a basis on which to investigate how HDPC production can be optimized for human pulp/dentin and bone tissue engineering.
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682
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology 2015; 71:181-97. [PMID: 26186998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally isolated from bone marrow, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have since been obtained from various fetal and post-natal tissues and are the focus of an increasing number of clinical trials. Because of their tremendous potential for cellular therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, it is desirable to cryopreserve and bank MSCs to increase their access and availability. A remarkable amount of research and resources have been expended towards optimizing the protocols, freezing media composition, cooling devices and storage containers, as well as developing good manufacturing practices in order to ensure that MSCs retain their therapeutic characteristics following cryopreservation and that they are safe for clinical use. Here, we first present an overview of the identification of MSCs, their tissue sources and the properties that render them suitable as a cellular therapeutic. Next, we discuss the responses of cells during freezing and focus on the traditional and novel approaches used to cryopreserve MSCs. We conclude that viable MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of freezing protocols, cryoprotectants, storage periods and temperatures. However, alterations in certain functions of MSCs following cryopreservation warrant future investigations on the recovery of cells post-thaw followed by expansion of functional cells in order to achieve their full therapeutic potential.
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683
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Calabrese G, Giuffrida R, Lo Furno D, Parrinello NL, Forte S, Gulino R, Colarossi C, Schinocca LR, Giuffrida R, Cardile V, Memeo L. Potential Effect of CD271 on Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:15609-24. [PMID: 26184166 PMCID: PMC4519916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160715609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (LNGFR), also known as CD271, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The CD271 cell surface marker defines a subset of multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells and may be used to isolate and enrich cells derived from bone marrow aspirate. In this study, we compare the proliferative and differentiation potentials of CD271+ and CD271- mesenchymal stromal cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirate and adipose tissue by plastic adherence and positive selection. The proliferation and differentiation potentials of CD271+ and CD271- mesenchymal stromal cells were assessed by inducing osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic in vitro differentiation. Compared to CD271+, CD271- mesenchymal stromal cells showed a lower proliferation rate and a decreased ability to give rise to osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Furthermore, we observed that CD271+ mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue displayed a higher efficiency of proliferation and trilineage differentiation compared to CD271+ mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from bone marrow samples, although the CD271 expression levels were comparable. In conclusion, these data show that both the presence of CD271 antigen and the source of mesenchymal stromal cells represent important factors in determining the ability of the cells to proliferate and differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Nunziatina Laura Parrinello
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hematology Section, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Rosario Gulino
- IOM Ricerca, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
| | - Luciana Rita Schinocca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- IOM Ricerca, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
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684
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Valenti MT, Mori A, Malerba G, Dalle Carbonare L. Mesenchymal stem cells: A new diagnostic tool? World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:789-792. [PMID: 26131309 PMCID: PMC4478625 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are progenitor cells capable of self-renewal that can differentiate in multiple tissues and, under specific and standardized culture conditions, expand in vitro with little phenotypic alterations. In recent years, preclinical and clinical studies have focused on MSC analysis and understanding the potential use of these cells as a therapy in a wide range of pathologies, and many applications have been tested. Clinical trials using MSCs have been performed (e.g., for cardiac events, stroke, multiple sclerosis, blood diseases, auto-immune disorders, ischemia, and articular cartilage and bone pathologies), and for many genetic diseases, these cells are considered an important resource. Considering of the biology of MSCs, these cells may also be useful tools for understanding the physiopathology of different diseases, and they can be used to develop specific biomarkers for a broad range of diseases. In this editorial, we discuss the literature related to the use of MSCs for diagnostic applications and we suggest new technologies to improve their employment.
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686
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Yang Z, Dong P, Fu X, Li Q, Ma S, Wu D, Kang N, Liu X, Yan L, Xiao R. CD49f Acts as an Inflammation Sensor to Regulate Differentiation, Adhesion, and Migration of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2798-810. [PMID: 26013602 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advent of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies has been an exciting innovation for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases. However, the surface markers that accurately reflect the self-renewal and differentiation potential of MSCs and their sensitivity to environmental cues remain poorly defined. Here, we studied the role of CD49f in bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) and the mechanism by which it regulates the behavior of BMSCs under inflammatory conditions. We found that CD49f is preferentially expressed in fetal cells rather than adult cells, CD49f-positive BMSCs possess higher CFU-F formation ability and differentiation potential than CD49f negative cells, and the CD49f expression of BMSCs gradually decreases during in vitro passaging. CD49f knockdown dramatically decreased the differentiation of BMSCs and isoform A was demonstrated to be the main functional form that enhanced the differentiation ability of BMSCs. The influences of inflammatory cytokines on BMSCs revealed that TNF-α downregulated CD49f in BMSCs with impaired differentiation, decreased adhesion to laminins, and increased migration. Moreover, tissue transglutaminase was found to work together with CD49f to regulate the behavior of BMSCs. Finally, we showed that mTOR signaling rather than NF-κB activation mediated CD49f downregulation induced by TNF-α and maintained CD49f homeostasis in BMSCs. Our findings suggest that CD49f is a stemness marker of BMSCs and is tightly correlated with the behavioral changes of BMSCs under inflammatory conditions. These data demonstrate a novel role for CD49f in sensing inflammation through mTOR pathway to further modulate the behavior of MSCs to fulfill the requirements of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Dong
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchen Li
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shize Ma
- 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongying Wu
- 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Kang
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yan
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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687
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Modulating Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior Using Human Hair Keratin-Coated Surfaces. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:752424. [PMID: 26124842 PMCID: PMC4466490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown great potential for therapeutic purposes. However, the low frequencies of hMSCs in the body and difficulties in expanding their numbers in vitro have limited their clinical use. In order to develop an alternative strategy for the expansion of hMSCs in vitro, we coated tissue culture polystyrene with keratins extracted from human hair and studied the behavior of cells from 2 donors on these surfaces. The coating resulted in a homogeneous distribution of nanosized keratin globules possessing significant hydrophilicity. Results from cell attachment assays demonstrated that keratin-coated surfaces were able to moderate donor-to-donor variability when compared with noncoated tissue culture polystyrene. STRO-1 expression was either sustained or enhanced on hMSCs cultured on keratin-coated surfaces. This translated into significant increases in the colony-forming efficiencies of both hMSC populations, when the cells were serially passaged. Human hair keratins are abundant and might constitute a feasible replacement for other biomaterials that are of animal origin. In addition, our results suggest that hair keratins may be effective in moderating the microenvironment sufficiently to enrich hMSCs with high colony-forming efficiency ex vivo, for clinical applications.
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688
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Youngstrom DW, Rajpar I, Kaplan DL, Barrett JG. A bioreactor system for in vitro tendon differentiation and tendon tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:911-8. [PMID: 25664422 PMCID: PMC5098427 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is significant clinical demand for functional tendon grafts in human and veterinary medicine. Tissue engineering techniques combining cells, scaffolds, and environmental stimuli may circumvent the shortcomings of traditional transplantation processes. In this study, the influence of cyclic mechanical stimulation on graft maturation and cellular phenotype was assessed in an equine model. Decellularized tendon scaffolds from four equine sources were seeded with syngeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and subjected to 0%, 3%, or 5% strain at 0.33 Hz for up to 1 h daily for 11 days. Cells cultured at 3% strain integrated deep into their scaffolds, altered extracellular matrix composition, adopted tendon-like gene expression profiles, and increased construct elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength to native levels. This bioreactor protocol is therefore suitable for cultivating replacement tendon material or as an in vitro model for studying differentiation of stem cells toward tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Youngstrom
- Program in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ibtesam Rajpar
- Program in Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer G. Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
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689
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Hu L, Yang G, Hägg D, Sun G, Ahn JM, Jiang N, Ricupero CL, Wu J, Rodhe CH, Ascherman JA, Chen L, Mao JJ. IGF1 Promotes Adipogenesis by a Lineage Bias of Endogenous Adipose Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2483-95. [PMID: 26010009 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is essential for soft tissue reconstruction following trauma or tumor resection. We demonstrate that CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, a subpopulation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue, were robustly adipogenic. Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) promoted a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells at the expense of CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells. IGF1 was microencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds and implanted in the inguinal fat pad of C57Bl6 mice. Control-released IGF1 induced remarkable adipogenesis in vivo by recruiting endogenous cells. In comparison with the CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells, CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells had a weaker Wnt/β-catenin signal. IGF1 attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by activating Axin2/PPARγ pathways in SVF cells, suggesting IGF1 promotes CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) bias through tuning Wnt signal. PPARγ response element (PPRE) in Axin2 promoter was crucial for Axin2 upregulation, suggesting that PPARγ transcriptionally activates Axin2. Together, these findings illustrate an Axin2/PPARγ axis in adipogenesis that is particularly attributable to a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, with implications in adipose regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Guodong Yang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Hägg
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Guoming Sun
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | | | - June Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Hsu Rodhe
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Ascherman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
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690
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Letouzey V, Tan KS, Deane JA, Ulrich D, Gurung S, Ong YR, Gargett CE. Isolation and characterisation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in the ovine endometrium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127531. [PMID: 25992577 PMCID: PMC4436363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) were recently discovered in the human endometrium. These cells possess key stem cell properties and show promising results in small animal models when used for preclinical tissue engineering studies. A small number of surface markers have been identified that enrich for MSC from bone marrow and human endometrium, including the Sushi Domain-containing 2 (SUSD2; W5C5) and CD271 markers. In preparation for developing a large animal preclinical model for urological and gynecological tissue engineering applications we aimed to identify and characterise MSC in ovine endometrium and determine surface markers to enable their prospective isolation. Materials and Methods Ovine endometrium was obtained from hysterectomised ewes following progesterone synchronisation, dissociated into single cell suspensions and tested for MSC surface markers and key stem cell properties. Purified stromal cells were obtained by flow cytometry sorting with CD49f and CD45 to remove epithelial cells and leukocytes respectively, and MSC properties investigated. Results There was a small population CD271+ stromal cells (4.5 ± 2.3%) in the ovine endometrium. Double labelling with CD271 and CD49f showed that the sorted CD271+CD49f- stromal cell population possessed significantly higher cloning efficiency, serial cloning capacity and a qualitative increased ability to differentiate into 4 mesodermal lineages (adipocytic, smooth muscle, chondrocytic and osteoblastic) than CD271-CD49f- cells. Immunolabelling studies identified an adventitial perivascular location for ovine endometrial CD271+ cells. Conclusion This is the first study to characterise MSC in the ovine endometrium and identify a surface marker profile identifying their location and enabling their prospective isolation. This knowledge will allow future preclinical studies with a large animal model that is well established for pelvic organ prolapse research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Letouzey
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - James A. Deane
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Daniela Ulrich
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Shanti Gurung
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Y. Rue Ong
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Caroline E. Gargett
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Australia
- * E-mail:
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691
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Ma H, Yang Q, Li D, Liu J. Validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2961-8. [PMID: 25976103 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are considered as multipotent cells, representing a multi-lineage potential to differentiate into mesodermal lineages of mesenchymal tissues, including cartilage, bone, fat, muscle and tendon. Tissue engineering in BMSCs has made great advances in the regeneration of cartilage and bone defects. To uncover the mechanisms of the multipotent differentiation process, the molecular changes in gene expression profiles during chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation need to be evaluated with reliable, accurate, fast and sensitive methods. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction is a commonly used technology for analyzing gene expression, depending on an appropriate reference gene to normalize the errors. The commonly used reference genes vary, and no ideal and universal reference genes suitable for all conditions exist; therefore validation of the stability of gene expression is required. In the present study, three common statistical algorithms, geNorm, Normfinder and BestKeeper, were used to identify the expression stability of 12 genes, and the target differentiation markers during the differentiation of BMSCs were evaluated accurately. Our results demonstrated that YWHAZ, PPIA and GAPDH were suitable as reference genes for chondrogenic differentiation, while RPL13a allowed an efficient normalization expression value of interest genes for osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. By contrast, the most unstable reference genes were 18s rRNA, B2M and HPRT1 in all studies, and these should be avoided when investigating the differentiation of BMSCs. Our results demonstrate validation of the appropriate reference genes for accurate gene expression in chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Central Laboratory, Jilin University, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Dongsong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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692
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Rusu MC, Vrapciu AD, Hostiuc S, Hariga CS. Brown adipocytes, cardiac protection and a common adipo- and myogenic stem precursor in aged human hearts. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:212-4. [PMID: 25956736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
New data on adult stem cells (ASCs) are continuously added by research for use in regenerative medicine. However organ-specific ASC markers are incompletely explored. It was demonstrated that in non-cardiac brown adipose tissue (BAT) CD133+ cells differentiate in cardiomyocytes, and such BAT-derived cells induce bone marrow-derived cells into cardiomyocytes, thus being a promising source for cardiac stem cell therapy. During embryogenesis the subepicardial fat derives from BAT. Although it was not specifically investigated in human adult or aged hearts, it is actually known that metabolically active BAT can be found in many adult humans, is related to antiobesity effects, and it may derive from stem/progenitor cells. Stro-1 can safely identify in situ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) with myogenic and adipogenic potential. It was therefore raised the hypothesis of subepicardial differentiation of CSCs in BAT in adult/aged hearts, which could be viewed, such as in infants, as a mechanism of protection. This could be determined by the reactivation of an embryologic differentiation pattern in which brown adipocytes and muscle cells derive from a common stem ancestor. Such quiescent common stem ancestors could be suggested in adult, or aged, human hearts, when subepicardial BAT is found, and if a Stro-1+/CD133+/Isl-1+ phenotype of CSCs is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER, Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania; International Society of Regenerative Medicine and Surgery (ISRMS), Romania.
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C S Hariga
- Department 11 Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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693
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Combined effects of pericytes in the tumor microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:868475. [PMID: 26000022 PMCID: PMC4427118 DOI: 10.1155/2015/868475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent perivascular cells whose involvement in vasculature development is well established. Evidences in the literature also suggest that pericytes display immune properties and that these cells may serve as an in vivo reservoir of stem cells, contributing to the regeneration of diverse tissues. Pericytes are also capable of tumor homing and are important cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we highlight the contribution of pericytes to some classical hallmarks of cancer, namely, tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and evasion of immune destruction, and discuss how collectively these hallmarks could be tackled by therapies targeting pericytes, providing a rationale for cancer drugs aiming at the TME.
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694
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Evans JF, Salvador V, George S, Trevino-Gutierrez C, Nunez C. Mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells contribute to and enhance the immune response of macrophage cells under inflammatory conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:56. [PMID: 25889992 PMCID: PMC4414009 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal progenitor cells interact with immune cells and modulate inflammatory responses. The cellular characteristics required for this modulation are under fervent investigation. Upon interaction with macrophage cells, they can contribute to or suppress an inflammatory response. Current studies have focused on mesenchymal progenitors derived from bone marrow, adipose, and placenta. However, the arterial wall contains many mesenchymal progenitor cells, which during vascular disease progression have the potential to interact with macrophage cells. To examine the consequence of vascular-tissue progenitor cell-macrophage cell interactions in an inflammatory environment, we used a recently established mesenchymal progenitor cell line derived from the mouse aorta. Methods Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (MΦ) cells and mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor (mAo) cells were cultured alone or co-cultured directly and indirectly. Cells were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or exposed to the inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or both. A Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-deficient macrophage cell line was used to determine the role of the mAo cells. To monitor inflammation, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) secretions were measured. Results Mesenchymal progenitor cells isolated from aorta and cloned by high proliferative capacity (mAo) can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages and are positive for several commonly used mouse mesenchymal stem cell markers (that is, CD29, CD44, CD105, CD106, and Sca-1) but are negative for CD73 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase. In co-culture with MΦ cells, they increase MΦ oxidized-LDL uptake by 52.2%. In an inflammatory environment, they synergistically and additively contribute to local production of both NO and IL-6. After exposure to ox-LDL, the inflammatory response of MΦ cells to LPS and LPS/IFNγ is muted. However, when lipid-laden MΦ cells are co-cultured with mAo cell progenitors, the muted response is recovered and the contribution by the mAo cell progenitor is dependent upon cell contact. Conclusions The resident mesenchymal progenitor cell is a potential contributor to vascular inflammation when in contact with inflamed and lipid-laden MΦ cells. This interaction represents an additional target in vascular disease treatment. The potential for resident cells to contribute to the local immune response should be considered when designing therapeutics targeting inflammatory vascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0071-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Evans
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 222 Station Plaza North Suite 501, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Veronica Salvador
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Sheela George
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Cristina Trevino-Gutierrez
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Molloy College, 1000 Hempstead Avenue, Rockville Centre, NY, 11571, USA.
| | - Catherine Nunez
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Molloy College, 1000 Hempstead Avenue, Rockville Centre, NY, 11571, USA.
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695
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Pierantozzi E, Badin M, Vezzani B, Curina C, Randazzo D, Petraglia F, Rossi D, Sorrentino V. Human pericytes isolated from adipose tissue have better differentiation abilities than their mesenchymal stem cell counterparts. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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696
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New Steps in the Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Solid Organ Transplantation. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-015-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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697
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Álvarez-Viejo M, Menéndez-Menéndez Y, Otero-Hernández J. CD271 as a marker to identify mesenchymal stem cells from diverse sources before culture. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:470-476. [PMID: 25815130 PMCID: PMC4369502 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells, due to their characteristics are ideal candidates for cellular therapy. Currently, in culture these cells are defined by their adherence to plastic, specific surface antigen expression and multipotent differentiation potential. However, the in vivo identification of mesenchymal stem cells, before culture, is not so well established. Pre-culture identification markers would ensure higher purity than that obtained with selection based on adherence to plastic. Up until now, CD271 has been described as the most specific marker for the characterization and purification of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This marker has been shown to be specifically expressed by these cells. Thus, CD271 has been proposed as a versatile marker to selectively isolated and expand multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with both immunosuppressive and lymphohematopoietic engraftment-promoting properties. This review focuses on this marker, specifically on identification of mesenchymal stem cells from different tissues. Literature revision suggests that CD271 should not be defined as a universal marker to identify mesenchymal stem cells before culture from different sources. In the case of bone marrow or adipose tissue, CD271 could be considered a quite suitable marker; however this marker seems to be inadequate for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from other tissues such as umbilical cord blood or wharton’s jelly among others.
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698
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Rusu MC, Vrapciu AD. The human retinal stem niches could overlap a vascular anatomical pattern. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:39-40. [PMID: 25788914 PMCID: PMC4357110 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest; MEDCENTER, Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania; International Society of Regenerative Medicine and Surgery (ISRMS), Romania
| | - Alexandra Diana Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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699
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Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs): isolation, enrichment and comparative differentiation of two sub-populations. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:14. [PMID: 25879198 PMCID: PMC4377026 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Human dental pulp represents a suitable alternative source of stem cells for the purpose of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine, because it is relatively easy to obtain it, using low invasive procedures. This study characterized and compared two subpopulations of adult stem cells derived from human dental pulp (hDPSCs). Human DPSCs, formerly immune-selected for STRO-1 and c-Kit, were separated for negativity and positivity to CD34 expression respectively, and evaluated for cell proliferation, stemness maintenance, cell senescence and multipotency. Results The STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34+ hDPSCs showed a slower proliferation, gradual loss of stemness, early cell senescence and apoptosis, compared to STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34− hDPSCs. Both the subpopulations demonstrated similar abilities to differentiate towards mesoderm lineages, whereas a significant difference was observed after the neurogenic induction, with a greater commitment of STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34+ hDPSCs. Moreover, undifferentiated STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34− hDPSCs did not show any expression of CD271 and nestin, typical neural markers, while STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34+ hDPSCs expressed both. Conclusions These results suggest that STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34− hDPSCs and STRO-1+/c-Kit+/CD34+ hDPSCs might represent two distinct stem cell populations, with different properties. These results trigger further analyses to deeply investigate the hypothesis that more than a single stem cell population resides within the dental pulp, to better define the flexibility of application of hDPSCs in regenerative medicine.
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700
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be curable by "immune rest" and correction of the genetic predisposition inherent in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, balancing risks against benefits remains challenging. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serving as a site-regulated "drugstore" is a recent concept, which suggests the possibility of an alternative treatment for many intractable diseases such as IBD. Depending on the required function of MSC, such as a cell provider, immune moderator, and/or trophic resource, MSC therapy should be optimized to maximize its therapeutic benefit. Therapeutic effects do not always require full engraftment of MSCs. Therefore, optimization of pleiotropic gut trophic factors produced by MSCs, which favoring not only regulating immune responses but also promoting tissue repair, must directly enhance new drug discoveries for treatment of IBD. Stem cell biology holds great promise for a new era of cell-based therapy, sparking considerable interest among scientists, clinicians, and patients. However, the translational arm of stem cell science remains in a relatively primitive state. Although several clinical studies using MSCs have been initiated, early results suggest several inherent problems. In each study, optimization of MSC therapy appears to be the most urgent problem, and can be resolved only by scientifically unveiling the mechanisms of therapeutic action. In the present review, the authors outline how such information would facilitate the critical steps in the paradigm shift from basic research on stem cell biology to clinical practice of regenerative medicine for conquering IBD in the near future.
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