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Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) is expressed rapidly following exposure to a wide variety of infectious agents and plays a key role in innate control of virus replication. Recent studies have demonstrated that dendritic cells both produce IFN-alpha/beta and undergo maturation in response to IFN-alpha/beta. Moreover, IFN-alpha/beta has been shown to potently enhance immune responses in vivo through the stimulation of dendritic cells. These findings indicate that IFN-alpha/beta serves as a signal linking innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Le Bon
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
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752
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Palucka K, Banchereau J. How dendritic cells and microbes interact to elicit or subvert protective immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:420-31. [PMID: 12088675 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B and T lymphocytes recognize antigens with high specificity, but neither initiate immune responses, nor decide their types. These functions rest upon dendritic cells (DCs), which can determine and maintain Th1/Th2 polarization. Immune responses are thus dependent on the DC subset, the receptors that recognize each pathogen and the microenvironment. Microbes employ an array of mechanisms to evade and disrupt DC functions; some even hijack DCs for transport around the body. Our progress in the understanding of DC physiology will hopefully help us create the necessary vaccines to counteract the infectious agents that still plague mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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753
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Kelsall BL, Biron CA, Sharma O, Kaye PM. Dendritic cells at the host-pathogen interface. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:699-702. [PMID: 12145651 DOI: 10.1038/ni0802-699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Kelsall
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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754
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Abel K, Alegria-Hartman MJ, Rothaeusler K, Marthas M, Miller CJ. The relationship between simian immunodeficiency virus RNA levels and the mRNA levels of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-alpha/beta-inducible Mx in lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques during acute and chronic infection. J Virol 2002; 76:8433-45. [PMID: 12134046 PMCID: PMC155165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8433-8445.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To define the role of alpha/beta interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta mRNA levels and mRNA levels of Mx, an antiviral effector molecule, were determined in lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic SIV. IFN-alpha/beta responses were induced during the acute phase and persisted in various lymphoid tissues throughout the chronic phase of infection. IFN-alpha/beta responses were most consistent in tissues with high viral RNA levels; thus, IFN-alpha/beta responses were not generally associated with effective control of SIV replication. IFN-alpha/beta responses were differentially regulated in different lymphoid tissues and at different stages of infection. The most consistent IFN-alpha/beta responses in acute and chronic SIV infection were observed in peripheral lymph nodes. In the spleen, only a transient increase in IFN-alpha/beta mRNA levels during acute SIV infection was observed. Further, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta mRNA levels showed a tissue-specific expression pattern during the chronic, but not the acute, phase of infection. In the acute phase of infection, SIV RNA levels in lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques correlated with mRNA levels of both IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, whereas during chronic SIV infection only increased IFN-alpha mRNA levels correlated with the level of virus replication in the same tissues. In lymphoid tissues of all SIV-infected monkeys, higher viral RNA levels were associated with increased Mx mRNA levels. We found no evidence that monkeys with increased Mx mRNA levels in lymphoid tissues had enhanced control of virus replication. In fact, Mx mRNA levels were associated with high viral RNA levels in lymphoid tissues of chronically infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Abel
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA.
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755
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Martín P, Del Hoyo GM, Anjuère F, Arias CF, Vargas HH, Fernández-L A, Parrillas V, Ardavín C. Characterization of a new subpopulation of mouse CD8alpha+ B220+ dendritic cells endowed with type 1 interferon production capacity and tolerogenic potential. Blood 2002; 100:383-90. [PMID: 12091326 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.2.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new B220+ subpopulation of immaturelike dendritic cells (B220+ DCs) with low levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules and markedly reduced T-cell stimulatory potential, located in the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. B220+ DCs display ultrastructural characteristics resembling those of human plasmacytoid cells and accordingly produce interferon-alpha after virus stimulation. B220+ DCs acquired a strong antigen-presenting cell capacity on incubation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, concomitant with a remarkable up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules and the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10. Importantly, our data suggest that nonstimulated B220+ DCs represent a subset of physiological tolerogenic DCs endowed with the capacity to induce a nonanergic state of T-cell unresponsiveness, involving the differentiation of T regulatory cells capable of suppressing antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that B220+ DCs represent a lymphoid organ subset of immature DCs with a dual role in the immune system-exerting a tolerogenic function in steady state but differentiating on microbial stimulation into potent antigen-presenting cells with type 1 interferon production capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and Faculté de Médecine Pasteur, INSERM U364, Nice, France
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756
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Decker T, Stockinger S, Karaghiosoff M, Müller M, Kovarik P. IFNs and STATs in innate immunity to microorganisms. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12021240 DOI: 10.1172/jci0215770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Decker
- Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Austria.
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757
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Colonna M, Krug A, Cella M. Interferon-producing cells: on the front line in immune responses against pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:373-9. [PMID: 11973137 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-producing cells (IPC) constitute a small population of leukocytes that secrete high levels of type I interferons in response to viruses. Although human IPC have been known for almost two decades, murine IPC have been identified only recently. Furthermore, it has been shown that IPC correspond to the enigmatic 'plasmacytoid cells' identified in human lymph nodes during infections. These breakthroughs have brought IPC to the attention of immunologists for their role in innate immunity and in shaping T cell responses. Here we review recent progress and outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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758
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Decker T, Stockinger S, Karaghiosoff M, Müller M, Kovarik P. IFNs and STATs in innate immunity to microorganisms. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1271-7. [PMID: 12021240 PMCID: PMC150987 DOI: 10.1172/jci15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Decker
- Vienna Biocenter, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Austria.
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759
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Gounari F, Aifantis I, Martin C, Fehling HJ, Hoeflinger S, Leder P, von Boehmer H, Reizis B. Tracing lymphopoiesis with the aid of a pTalpha-controlled reporter gene. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:489-96. [PMID: 11927910 DOI: 10.1038/ni778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A transgenic reporter mouse strain, which expressed the human CD25 (hCD25) surface marker as a reporter under the control of the pre-T cell receptor alpha(pTalpha) promoter, was used to identify lymphoid precursors that expressed pTalpha intracellularly. The hCD25 reporter marked intra- and extrathymic precursors of lymphocytes but not myeloid cells. The earliest intrathymic precursors were CD4(lo)CD8(-)CD25(-)CD44(+)c-Kit(+) cells that expressed elevated levels of Notch-1 mRNA. Clonogenic assays showed that the extrathymic precursors were common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) that included CD19(-), B220(+), Thy1(+) and CD4(+) cells. Thus, the pTalpha reporter can be used to trace lymphopoiesis between CLPs and alphabeta T cells. The slower extinction of the hCD25 reporter compared to pTalpha enabled us to define points at which pTalpha(-) lineages branched off.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Gounari
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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760
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Gilliet M, Boonstra A, Paturel C, Antonenko S, Xu XL, Trinchieri G, O'Garra A, Liu YJ. The development of murine plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors is differentially regulated by FLT3-ligand and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Exp Med 2002; 195:953-8. [PMID: 11927638 PMCID: PMC2193725 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid predendritic cells or type 1 interferon (IFN)-producing cells (IPCs) have recently been identified in mice. Although culture systems giving rise to different murine dendritic cell subsets have been established, the developmental regulation of murine plasmacytoid IPCs and the culture conditions leading to their generation remain unknown. Here we show that large numbers of over 40% pure CD11c(+)CD11b(-)B220(+)Gr-1(+) IPCs can be generated from mouse bone marrow cultures with FLT3-ligand. By contrast GM-CSF or TNF-alpha, which promote the generation of CD11c(+)CD11b(+)B220(-) myeloid DCs, block completely the development of IPCs. IPCs generated display similar features to human IPCs, such as the plasmacytoid morphology, the ability to produce large amounts of IFN-alpha in responses to herpes simplex virus, and the capacity to respond to ligands for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9; CpG ODN 1668), but not to ligands for TLR-4 (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). Unlike human IPCs which produce little IL-12p70, mouse IPCs produce IL-12p70 in response to CpG ODN 1668 and herpes simplex virus. This study demonstrates that the development of murine CD11c(+)CD11b(-)B220(+)Gr-1(+) IPCs and CD11c(+)CD11b(+)B220(-) myeloid DCs is differentially regulated by FLT3-ligand and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Human IPCs and mouse IPCs display different ability to produce IL-12p70. Large numbers of mouse IPCs can now be obtained from total bone marrow culture.
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761
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) collect and process antigens for presentation to T cells, but there are many variations on this basic theme. DCs differ in the regulatory signals they transmit, directing T cells to different types of immune response or to tolerance. Although many DC subtypes arise from separate developmental pathways, their development and function are modulated by exogenous factors. Therefore, we must study the dynamics of the DC network in response to microbial invasion. Despite the difficulty of comparing the DC systems of humans and mice, recent work has revealed much common ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shortman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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762
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Barchet W, Cella M, Odermatt B, Asselin-Paturel C, Colonna M, Kalinke U. Virus-induced interferon alpha production by a dendritic cell subset in the absence of feedback signaling in vivo. J Exp Med 2002; 195:507-16. [PMID: 11854363 PMCID: PMC2193622 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2001] [Revised: 11/30/2001] [Accepted: 12/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) response is critical for the control of many viral infections. Here we show that in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) the production of IFN-alpha is dependent on type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) triggering, whereas in infected mice early IFN-alpha production is IFNAR independent. In VSV-infected mice type I IFN is produced by few cells located in the marginal zone of the spleen. Unlike other dendritic cell (DC) subsets, FACS((R))-sorted CD11c(int)CD11b(-)GR-1(+) DCs show high IFN-alpha expression, irrespective of whether they were isolated from VSV-infected IFNAR-competent or -deficient mice. Thus, VSV preferentially activates a specialized DC subset presumably located in the marginal zone to produce high-level IFN-alpha largely independent of IFNAR feedback signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- In Situ Hybridization
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Time Factors
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Barchet
- Mouse Biology Programme, EMBL-Monterotondo, I-00016 Monterotondo-Scalo, Rome, Italy
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763
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Levy DE. Whence interferon? Variety in the production of interferon in response to viral infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:F15-8. [PMID: 11854366 PMCID: PMC2193626 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Levy
- Molecular Oncology and Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
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764
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Dalod M, Salazar-Mather TP, Malmgaard L, Lewis C, Asselin-Paturel C, Brière F, Trinchieri G, Biron CA. Interferon alpha/beta and interleukin 12 responses to viral infections: pathways regulating dendritic cell cytokine expression in vivo. J Exp Med 2002; 195:517-28. [PMID: 11854364 PMCID: PMC2193614 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta and interleukin (IL)-12 are cytokines critical in defense against viruses, but their cellular sources and mechanisms of regulation for in vivo expression remain poorly characterized. The studies presented here identified a novel subset of dendritic cells (DCs) as major producers of the cytokines during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) but not lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. These DCs differed from those activated by Toxoplasma antigen but were related to plasmacytoid cells, as assessed by their CD8alpha(+)Ly6G/C(+)CD11b(-) phenotype. Another DC subset (CD8alpha(2)Ly6G/C(-)CD11b(+)) also contributed to IL-12 production in MCMV-infected immunocompetent mice, modestly. However, it dramatically increased IL-12 expression in the absence of IFN-alpha/beta functions. Conversely, IFN-alpha/beta production was greatly reduced under these conditions. Thus, a cross-regulation of DC subset cytokine responses was defined, whereby secretion of type I IFNs by CD8alpha(+) DCs resulted in responses limiting IL-12 expression by CD11b(+) DCs but enhancing overall IFN-alpha/beta production. Taken together, these data indicate that CD8alpha(+)Ly6G/C(+)CD11b(-) DCs play important roles in limiting viral replication and regulating immune responses, through cytokine production, in some but not all viral infections. They also illustrate the plasticity of cellular sources for innate cytokines in vivo and provide new insights into the roles of IFNs in shaping immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dalod
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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765
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Julia V, Hessel EM, Malherbe L, Glaichenhaus N, O'Garra A, Coffman RL. A restricted subset of dendritic cells captures airborne antigens and remains able to activate specific T cells long after antigen exposure. Immunity 2002; 16:271-83. [PMID: 11869687 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mice sensitized for a Th2 response to Leishmania LACK antigen developed allergic airway inflammation upon exposure to LACK aerosol. Using multimers of I-A(d) molecules bound to a LACK peptide as probes, we tracked the migration of LACK-specific Th2 cells to the airways. Elevated numbers of LACK-specific Th2 cells remained in the airways for 5 weeks after the last aerosol. Substantial numbers of DC presenting LACK peptides were found in the airways, but not in other compartments, for up to 8 weeks after antigen exposure. These LACK-presenting airway DC expressed CD11c and CD11b as well as high levels of surface molecules involved in uptake and costimulation. Taken together, our results may explain the chronic Th2 airway inflammation characteristic of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Julia
- DNAX Research Institute, Immunology Department, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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766
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