751
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Cannavino J, Brocca L, Sandri M, Grassi B, Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA. The role of alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and PGC-1α over-expression in fast muscle atrophy following hindlimb unloading. J Physiol 2015; 593:1981-95. [PMID: 25565653 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.286740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs as a result of disuse. Although several studies have established that a decrease in protein synthesis and increase in protein degradation lead to muscle atrophy, little is known about the triggers underlying such processes. A growing body of evidence challenges oxidative stress as a trigger of disuse atrophy; furthermore, it is also becoming evident that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a causative role in determining muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial fusion and fission have emerged as important processes that govern mitochondrial function and PGC-1α may regulate fusion/fission events. Although most studies on mice have focused on the anti-gravitary slow soleus muscle as it is preferentially affected by disuse atrophy, several fast muscles (including gastrocnemius) go through a significant loss of mass following unloading. Here we found that in fast muscles an early down-regulation of pro-fusion proteins, through concomitant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, can activate catabolic systems, and ultimately cause muscle mass loss in disuse. Elevated muscle PGC-1α completely preserves muscle mass by preventing the fall in pro-fusion protein expression, AMPK and catabolic system activation, suggesting that compounds inducing PGC-1α expression could be useful to treat and prevent muscle atrophy. ABSTRACT The mechanisms triggering disuse muscle atrophy remain of debate. It is becoming evident that mitochondrial dysfunction may regulate pathways controlling muscle mass. We have recently shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in disuse atrophy of soleus, a slow, oxidative muscle. Here we tested the hypothesis that hindlimb unloading-induced atrophy could be due to mitochondrial dysfunction in fast muscles too, notwithstanding their much lower mitochondrial content. Gastrocnemius displayed atrophy following both 3 and 7 days of unloading. SOD1 and catalase up-regulation, no H2 O2 accumulation and no increase of protein carbonylation suggest the antioxidant defence system efficiently reacted to redox imbalance in the early phases of disuse. A defective mitochondrial fusion (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1 down-regulation) occurred together with an impairment of OXPHOS capacity. Furthermore, at 3 days of unloading higher acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation was found, suggesting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway activation. To test the role of mitochondrial alterations we used Tg-mice overexpressing PGC-1α because of the known effect of PGC-1α on stimulation of Mfn2 expression. PGC-α overexpression was sufficient to prevent (i) the decrease of pro-fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), (ii) activation of the AMPK pathway, (iii) the inducible expression of MuRF1 and atrogin1 and of authopagic factors, and (iv) any muscle mass loss in response to disuse. As the effects of increased PGC-1α activity were sustained throughout disuse, compounds inducing PGC-1α expression could be useful to treat and prevent muscle atrophy also in fast muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cannavino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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752
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Kishida Y, Kagawa S, Arimitsu J, Nakanishi M, Sakashita N, Otsuka S, Yoshikawa H, Hagihara K. Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, protects against sarcopenia in senescence-accelerated mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:16-22. [PMID: 25636865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by age-associated skeletal muscle atrophy and reduced muscle strength; currently, no pharmaceutical treatment is available. Go-sha-jinki-Gan (GJG) is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that is used to alleviate various age-related symptoms, especially motor disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of GJG on aging-associated skeletal muscle atrophy by using senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Immunohistochemical and western blotting analyses clearly showed that GJG significantly reduced the loss of skeletal muscle mass and ameliorated the increase in slow skeletal muscle fibers in SAMP8 mice compared to control mice. The expression levels of Akt and GSK-3β, the phosphorylation of FoxO4, and the phosphorylations of AMPK and mitochondrial-related transcription factors such as PGC-1α were suppressed, while the expression of MuRF1 increased in SAMP8 mice, but approximated that in senescence-accelerated aging-resistant (SAMR1) mice after GJG treatment. We demonstrate for the first time that GJG has a therapeutic effect against sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishida
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syota Kagawa
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junsuke Arimitsu
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Nakanishi
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakashita
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizue Otsuka
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hagihara
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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753
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Angiotensin-(1-7) decreases skeletal muscle atrophy induced by angiotensin II through a Mas receptor-dependent mechanism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:307-19. [PMID: 25222828 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of strength and muscle mass, an increase in myosin heavy chain (MHC) degradation and increase in the expression of two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Angiotensin II (AngII) induces muscle atrophy. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], through its receptor Mas, produces the opposite effects than AngII. We assessed the effects of Ang-(1-7) on the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by AngII. Our results show that Ang-(1-7), through Mas, prevents the effects induced by AngII in muscle gastrocnemius: the decrease in the fibre diameter, muscle strength and MHC levels and the increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Ang-(1-7) also induces AKT phosphorylation. In addition, our analysis in vitro using C2C12 myotubes shows that Ang-(1-7), through a mechanism dependent on Mas, prevents the decrease in the levels of MHC and the increase in the expression of the atrogin-1 and MuRF-1, both induced by AngII. Ang-(1-7) induces AKT phosphorylation in myotubes; additionally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of AKT with MK-2206 decreases the anti-atrophic effects of Ang-(1-7). Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that Ang-(1-7) counteracts the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by AngII through a mechanism dependent on the Mas receptor, which involves AKT activity. Our study indicates that Ang-(1-7) is novel molecule with a potential therapeutical use to improve muscle wasting associated, at least, with pathologies that present high levels of AngII.
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754
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The Hippo pathway effector YAP is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle fibre size. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6048. [PMID: 25581281 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a core effector of the Hippo pathway, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in organ development. YAP function has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells and tissues, but its function in adult skeletal muscle remains poorly defined. Here we show that YAP positively regulates basal skeletal muscle mass and protein synthesis. Mechanistically, we show that YAP regulates muscle mass via interaction with TEAD transcription factors. Furthermore, YAP abundance and activity in muscles is increased following injury or degeneration of motor nerves, as a process to mitigate neurogenic muscle atrophy. Our findings highlight an essential role for YAP as a positive regulator of skeletal muscle size. Further investigation of interventions that promote YAP activity in skeletal muscle might aid the development of therapeutics to combat muscle wasting and neuromuscular disorders.
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755
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Padrão AI, Moreira-Gonçalves D, Oliveira PA, Teixeira C, Faustino-Rocha AI, Helguero L, Vitorino R, Santos LL, Amado F, Duarte JA, Ferreira R. Endurance training prevents TWEAK but not myostatin-mediated cardiac remodelling in cancer cachexia. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 567:13-21. [PMID: 25575785 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to prevent tumour burden-induced cardiac remodelling that might progress to heart failure are necessary to improve patients' health outcomes and tolerability to cancer therapies. Exercise has been suggested as a measure to prevent cardiac damage; however, its effectiveness on regulating cardiac remodelling secondary to cancer was never addressed. Using an animal model of mammary tumorigenesis, we studied the impact of 35weeks of endurance training on heart, focusing on the signalling pathways modulated by pro-inflammatory and wasting cytokines. The cardiac fibrosis and myofiber disorganization induced by tumour burden was paralleled by the increase of myostatin and TWEAK with the activation of signalling pathways involving Smad-3, NF-κB, TRAF-6 and atrogin-1. The activation of Akt/mTOR was observed in heart from rats with tumours, for which contributed the extracellular matrix. Endurance training prevented the increase of serum and cardiac TWEAK promoted by cancer, as well as the activation of NF-κB, TRAF6, atrogin-1 and p70S6K in heart. Data highlight the impact of exercise in the modulation of signalling pathways activated by wasting cytokines and the resulting outcomes on heart adaptation. Future studies focused on the cellular pathways underlying cardiac remodelling will assist in the development of exercise programs targeting cancer-related cardiac alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Padrão
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniel Moreira-Gonçalves
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- CITAB, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- CITAB, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- CITAB, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luísa Helguero
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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756
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Phillips SA, Vuckovic K, Cahalin LP, Baynard T. Defining the System: Contributors to Exercise Limitations in Heart Failure. Heart Fail Clin 2015; 11:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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757
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Mônico-Neto M, Giampá SQDC, Lee KS, de Melo CM, Souza HDS, Dáttilo M, Minali PA, Santos Prado PH, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Antunes HKM. Negative energy balance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation causes multicompartmental changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:908159. [PMID: 25821467 PMCID: PMC4364052 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Describe multicompartmental changes in the fat and various muscle fiber types, as well as the hormonal profile and metabolic rate induced by SD in rats. Methods. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were equally distributed into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG was submitted to SD for 96 h. Blood levels of corticosterone (CORT), total testosterone (TESTO), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were used to assess the catabolic environment. Muscle trophism was measured using a cross-sectional area of various muscles (glycolytic, mixed, and oxidative), and lipolysis was inferred by the weight of fat depots from various locations, such as subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and epididymal. The metabolic rate was measured using oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) measurement. Results. SD increased CORT levels and decreased TESTO, IGF-1, and T4. All fat depots were reduced in weight after SD. Glycolytic and mixed muscles showed atrophy, whereas atrophy was not observed in oxidative muscle. Conclusion. Our data suggest that glycolytic muscle fibers are more sensitive to atrophy than oxidative fibers during SD and that fat depots are reduced regardless of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mônico-Neto
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Quaglia de Campos Giampá
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kil Sun Lee
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Maria de Melo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alexandre Minali
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Santos Prado
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros 925, 04024-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Rua Marselhesa 500, 04020-060 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim 136, 11015-020 Santos, SP, Brazil
- *Hanna Karen Moreira Antunes:
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758
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Lin PH, Duann P, Komazaki S, Park KH, Li H, Sun M, Sermersheim M, Gumpper K, Parrington J, Galione A, Evans AM, Zhu MX, Ma J. Lysosomal two-pore channel subtype 2 (TPC2) regulates skeletal muscle autophagic signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3377-89. [PMID: 25480788 PMCID: PMC4319008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal skeletal muscle mass is regulated by the balance between anabolic protein synthesis and catabolic protein degradation, and muscle atrophy occurs when protein homeostasis is disrupted. Autophagy has emerged as critical in clearing dysfunctional organelles and thus in regulating protein turnover. Here we show that endolysosomal two-pore channel subtype 2 (TPC2) contributes to autophagy signaling and protein homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Muscles derived from Tpcn2−/− mice exhibit an atrophic phenotype with exacerbated autophagy under starvation. Compared with wild types, animals lacking TPC2 demonstrated an enhanced autophagy flux characterized by increased accumulation of autophagosomes upon combined stress induction by starvation and colchicine treatment. In addition, deletion of TPC2 in muscle caused aberrant lysosomal pH homeostasis and reduced lysosomal protease activity. Association between mammalian target of rapamycin and TPC2 was detected in skeletal muscle, allowing for appropriate adjustments to cellular metabolic states and subsequent execution of autophagy. TPC2 therefore impacts mammalian target of rapamycin reactivation during the process of autophagy and contributes to maintenance of muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Lin
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210,
| | - Pu Duann
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shinji Komazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ki Ho Park
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Haichang Li
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mingzhai Sun
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mathew Sermersheim
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kristyn Gumpper
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - A Mark Evans
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jianjie Ma
- From the Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210,
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759
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Raz Y, Raz V. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy as a paradigm for muscle aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:317. [PMID: 25426070 PMCID: PMC4226162 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms in late-onset neuromuscular disorders initiate only from midlife onward and progress with age. These disorders are primarily determined by identified hereditable mutations, but their late-onset symptom manifestation is not fully understood. Here, we review recent research developments on the late-onset autosomal dominant oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). OPMD is caused by an expansion mutation in the gene encoding for poly-adenylate RNA binding protein1 (PABPN1). The molecular pathogenesis for the disease is still poorly understood. Despite a ubiquitous expression of PABPN1, symptoms in OPMD are limited to skeletal muscles. We discuss recent studies showing that PABPN1 levels in skeletal muscles are lower compared with other tissues, and specifically in skeletal muscles, PABPN1 expression declines from midlife onward. In OPMD, aggregation of expanded PABPN1 causes an additional decline in the level of the functional protein, which is associated with severe muscle weakness in OPMD. Reduced PABNPN1 expression in muscle cell culture causes myogenic defects, suggesting that PABPN1 loss-of-function causes muscle weakness in OPMD and in the elderly. Molecular signatures of OPMD muscles are similar to those of normal muscle aging, although expression trends progress faster in OPMD. We discuss a working hypothesis that aging-associated factors trigger late-onset symptoms in OPMD, and contribute to accelerated muscle weakness in OPMD. We focus on the pharyngeal and eyelid muscles, which are often affected in OPMD patients. We suggest that muscle weakness in OPMD is a paradigm for muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Raz
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Vered Raz
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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760
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Kitajima Y, Tashiro Y, Suzuki N, Warita H, Kato M, Tateyama M, Ando R, Izumi R, Yamazaki M, Abe M, Sakimura K, Ito H, Urushitani M, Nagatomi R, Takahashi R, Aoki M. Proteasome dysfunction induces muscle growth defects and protein aggregation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5204-17. [PMID: 25380823 PMCID: PMC4265737 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy–lysosome pathways are the two major routes of protein and organelle clearance. The role of the proteasome pathway in mammalian muscle has not been examined in vivo. In this study, we report that the muscle-specific deletion of a crucial proteasomal gene, Rpt3 (also known as Psmc4), resulted in profound muscle growth defects and a decrease in force production in mice. Specifically, developing muscles in conditional Rpt3-knockout animals showed dysregulated proteasomal activity. The autophagy pathway was upregulated, but the process of autophagosome formation was impaired. A microscopic analysis revealed the accumulation of basophilic inclusions and disorganization of the sarcomeres in young adult mice. Our results suggest that appropriate proteasomal activity is important for muscle growth and for maintaining myofiber integrity in collaboration with autophagy pathways. The deletion of a component of the proteasome complex contributed to myofiber degeneration and weakness in muscle disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tashiro
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kato
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Maki Tateyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Risa Ando
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Niigata University, Department of Cellular Neurobiology Brain Research Institute, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Niigata University, Department of Cellular Neurobiology Brain Research Institute, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Niigata University, Department of Cellular Neurobiology Brain Research Institute, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Wakayama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Urushitani
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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761
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Collard L, Herledan G, Pincini A, Guerci A, Randrianarison-Huetz V, Sotiropoulos A. Nuclear actin and myocardin-related transcription factors control disuse muscle atrophy through regulation of Srf activity. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5157-63. [PMID: 25344251 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating process that is associated with a wide variety of conditions including inactivity, disease and aging. Here, we demonstrate that the actin, myocardin-related transcription factors and serum response factor (actin-Mrtf-Srf) pathway is specifically downregulated in the muscle atrophy that is induced through disuse in mice. We show in vivo that the abolition of mechanical signals leads to the rapid accumulation of G-actin in myonuclei and the export of the Srf coactivator Mrtf-A, resulting in a decrease of Mrtf-Srf-dependent transcription that contributes to atrophy. We demonstrate that inhibition of the actin-Mrtf-Srf axis through overexpression of nuclear non-polymerizable actin, through pharmacological inhibition of Mrtf-Srf and through muscle-specific Srf deletion worsens denervation-induced atrophy. Conversely, maintenance of high levels of activity of Srf or Mrtfs in denervated muscle, through overexpression of constitutively active derivatives, counteracts atrophy. Altogether, our data provide new mechanistic insights into the control of muscle mass upon disuse atrophy by the actin-Mrtf-Srf pathway, highlighting Srf as a key mediator of mechanotransduction in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Collard
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Herledan
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pincini
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Aline Guerci
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Voahangy Randrianarison-Huetz
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, F-75014 Paris, France CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
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762
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Aerobic exercise training prevents heart failure-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by anti-catabolic, but not anabolic actions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110020. [PMID: 25330387 PMCID: PMC4201522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is associated with cachexia and consequent exercise intolerance. Given the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training (ET) in HF, the aim of this study was to determine if the ET performed during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF would alter the expression of anabolic and catabolic factors, thus preventing skeletal muscle wasting. Methods and Results We employed ascending aortic stenosis (AS) inducing HF in Wistar male rats. Controls were sham-operated animals. At 18 weeks after surgery, rats with cardiac dysfunction were randomized to 10 weeks of aerobic ET (AS-ET) or to an untrained group (AS-UN). At 28 weeks, the AS-UN group presented HF signs in conjunction with high TNF-α serum levels; soleus and plantaris muscle atrophy; and an increase in the expression of TNF-α, NFκB (p65), MAFbx, MuRF1, FoxO1, and myostatin catabolic factors. However, in the AS-ET group, the deterioration of cardiac function was prevented, as well as muscle wasting, and the atrophy promoters were decreased. Interestingly, changes in anabolic factor expression (IGF-I, AKT, and mTOR) were not observed. Nevertheless, in the plantaris muscle, ET maintained high PGC1α levels. Conclusions Thus, the ET capability to attenuate cardiac function during the transition from cardiac dysfunction to HF was accompanied by a prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy that did not occur via an increase in anabolic factors, but through anti-catabolic activity, presumably caused by PGC1α action. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of aerobic ET to block HF-induced muscle atrophy by counteracting the increased catabolic state.
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763
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Meneses C, Morales MG, Abrigo J, Simon F, Brandan E, Cabello-Verrugio C. The angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis reduces myonuclear apoptosis during recovery from angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1975-84. [PMID: 25292283 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang (1-7)] is a peptide belonging to the non-classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang (1-7), through its receptor Mas, has an opposite action to angiotensin II (Ang II), the typical peptide of the classical RAS axis. Ang II produces skeletal muscle atrophy, a pathological condition characterised by the loss of strength and muscle mass. A feature of muscle atrophy is the decrease of the myofibrillar proteins produced by the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), evidenced by the increase in the expression of two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. In addition, it has been described that Ang II also induces myonuclear apoptosis during muscle atrophy. We assessed the effects of Ang (1-7) and Mas participation on myonuclear apoptosis during skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II. Our results show that Ang (1-7), through Mas, prevents the effects induced by Ang II in the diaphragm muscles and decreases several events associated with apoptosis in the diaphragm (increased apoptotic nuclei, increased expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9, increased caspase-3 activity and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). Concomitantly, Ang (1-7) also attenuates the decrease in fibre diameter and muscle strength, and prevents the increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 during the muscle wasting induced by Ang II. Interestingly, these effects of Ang (1-7) are dependent on the Mas receptor. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that Ang (1-7) prevents myonuclear apoptosis during the recovery of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Meneses
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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764
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Jesinkey SR, Korrapati MC, Rasbach KA, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. Atomoxetine prevents dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:663-73. [PMID: 25292181 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy remains a clinical problem in numerous pathologic conditions. β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists, such as formoterol, can induce mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) to prevent such atrophy. Additionally, atomoxetine, an FDA-approved norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, was positive in a cellular assay for MB. We used a mouse model of dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy to investigate the potential role of atomoxetine and formoterol to prevent muscle mass loss. Mice were administered dexamethasone once daily in the presence or absence of formoterol (0.3 mg/kg), atomoxetine (0.1 mg/kg), or sterile saline. Animals were euthanized at 8, 16, and 24 hours or 8 days later. Gastrocnemius muscle weights, changes in mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α) isoforms, ATP synthase β, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 β subcomplex, 8, ND1, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), myostatin, muscle Ring-finger protein-1 (muscle atrophy), phosphorylated forkhead box protein O 3a (p-FoxO3a), Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 (rp-S6; muscle hypertrophy) in naive and muscle-atrophied mice were measured. Atomoxetine increased p-mTOR 24 hours after treatment in naïve mice, but did not change any other biomarkers. Formoterol robustly activated the PGC-1α-4-IGF1-Akt-mTOR-rp-S6 pathway and increased p-FoxO3a as early as 8 hours and repressed myostatin at 16 hours. In contrast to what was observed with acute treatment, chronic treatment (7 days) with atomoxetine increased p-Akt and p-FoxO3a, and sustained PGC-1α expression and skeletal muscle mass in dexamethasone-treated mice, in a manner comparable to formoterol. In conclusion, chronic treatment with a low dose of atomoxetine prevented dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle wasting and supports a potential role in preventing muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Jesinkey
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (S.R.J., M.C.K., K.A.R., C.C.B., R.G.S.); and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Midhun C Korrapati
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (S.R.J., M.C.K., K.A.R., C.C.B., R.G.S.); and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Kyle A Rasbach
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (S.R.J., M.C.K., K.A.R., C.C.B., R.G.S.); and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (S.R.J., M.C.K., K.A.R., C.C.B., R.G.S.); and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (S.R.J., M.C.K., K.A.R., C.C.B., R.G.S.); and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (R.G.S.)
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765
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Jankowska EA, Tkaczyszyn M, Węgrzynowska-Teodorczyk K, Majda J, von Haehling S, Doehner W, Banasiak W, Anker SD, Ponikowski P. Late-onset hypogonadism in men with systolic heart failure: prevalence, clinical associates, and impact on long-term survival. ESC Heart Fail 2014; 1:41-51. [PMID: 28834667 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male ageing is characterized by diminished circulating androgens with several adverse psychosomatic consequences and can be aggravated by concomitant chronic diseases. According to the European Male Aging Study (EMAS) Group, late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) refers to testosterone deficiency accompanied by sexual complaints. AIM We investigated the prevalence of LOH in men with systolic heart failure (HF), and its clinical determinants and prognostic consequences. METHODS Among 201 men with systolic HF (age: 60 ± 11 years), serum total testosterone (TT) was assessed using an immunoassay, and estimated free testosterone (eFT) was calculated using Vermeulen's formula. LOH was diagnosed when TT < 3.2 ng/mL and eFT < 64 pg/mL were accompanied by three sexual symptoms (decrease in the number of morning erections, reduced potency, and low libido) of at least moderate severity assessed using the Aging Males' Symptoms Scale. RESULTS Decreased frequency of morning erections, reduced potency, and low libido were experienced by 56%, 62%, and 55% of men with HF, respectively; whereas 67%, 61%, and 44% of subjects complained of at least one, two, and three symptoms, respectively. Hypogonadal TT and eFT were observed in 34% and 47% of patients, respectively; and in 33% subjects, both TT and eFT were reduced. Finally, 30 men with HF (15%) were diagnosed with LOH as compared with 2% in a European male population (EMAS). In a multivariable model, older age and higher serum uric acid were independently associated with greater LOH prevalence (both P < 0.05). Among men aged ≤60 years (but not in those aged >60 years), LOH increased 5-year all-cause mortality in the univariable model; however, when adjusted for HF severity, the association lost its statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Men with systolic HF commonly report sexual complaints. LOH-the combination of sexual dysfunction and testosterone deficiency-occurs more frequently than in a general male population. LOH does not affect long-term mortality, when adjusted for HF severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Jankowska
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland.,Institute of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Tkaczyszyn
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Węgrzynowska-Teodorczyk
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Majda
- Laboratory Division, Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Doehner
- Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Waldemar Banasiak
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Innovative Clinical Trials, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.,Cardiology Department, Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
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766
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Mathew TS, Ferris RK, Downs RM, Kinsey ST, Baumgarner BL. Caffeine promotes autophagy in skeletal muscle cells by increasing the calcium-dependent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:411-8. [PMID: 25268764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine has been shown to promote calcium-dependent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-dependent glucose and fatty acid uptake in mammalian skeletal muscle. Though caffeine has been shown to promote autophagy in various mammalian cell lines it is unclear if caffeine-induced autophagy is related to the calcium-dependent activation of AMPK. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of calcium-dependent AMPK activation in regulating caffeine-induced autophagy in mammalian skeletal muscle cells. We discovered that the addition of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C could significantly reduce the expression of the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3b-II (LC3b-II) and autophagic vesicle accumulation in caffeine treated skeletal muscle cells. Additional experiments using pharmacological inhibitors and RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated that the calcium/calmodulin-activated protein kinases CaMKKβ and CaMKII contributed to the AMPK-dependent expression of LC3b-II and autophagic vesicle accumulation in a caffeine dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that in skeletal muscle cells caffeine increases autophagy by promoting the calcium-dependent activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Mathew
- Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - R K Ferris
- Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - R M Downs
- Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - S T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - B L Baumgarner
- Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, USA.
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767
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Avan A, Avan A, Le Large TYS, Mambrini A, Funel N, Maftouh M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Cantore M, Boggi U, Peters GJ, Pacetti P, Giovannetti E. AKT1 and SELP polymorphisms predict the risk of developing cachexia in pancreatic cancer patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108057. [PMID: 25238546 PMCID: PMC4169595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients have the highest risk of developing cachexia, which is a direct cause of reduced quality of life and shorter survival. Novel biomarkers to identify patients at risk of cachexia are needed and might have a substantial impact on clinical management. Here we investigated the prognostic value and association of SELP-rs6136, IL6-rs1800796 and AKT1-rs1130233 polymorphisms with cachexia in PDAC. Genotyping was performed in DNA from blood samples of a test and validation cohorts of 151 and 152 chemo-naive locally-advanced/metastatic PDAC patients, respectively. The association of SELP-rs6136, IL6-rs1800796 and AKT1-rs1130233 polymorphisms with cachexia as well as the correlation between cachexia and the candidate polymorphisms and overall survival were analyzed. Akt expression and phosphorylation in muscle biopsies were evaluated by specific ELISA assays. SELP-rs6136-AA and AKT1-rs1130233-AA/GA genotypes were associated with increased risk of developing cachexia in both cohorts (SELP: p = 0.011 and p = 0.045; AKT1: p = 0.004 and p = 0.019 for the first and second cohorts, respectively), while patients carrying AKT1-rs1130233-GG survived significantly longer (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004 for the first and second cohorts, respectively). In the multivariate analysis AKT1-rs1130233-AA/GA genotypes were significant predictors for shorter survival, with an increased risk of death of 1.7 (p = 0.002) and 1.6 (p = 0.004), in the first and second cohorts, respectively. This might be explained by the reduced phosphorylation of Akt1 in muscle biopsies from patients harboring AKT1-rs1130233-AA/GA (p = 0.003), favoring apoptosis induction. In conclusion, SELP and AKT1 polymorphisms may play a role in the risk of cachexia and death in PDAC patients, and should be further evaluated in larger prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Avan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, and Department of New Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tessa Y. S. Le Large
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mambrini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Carrara Civic Hospital, Carrara, Italy
| | | | - Mina Maftouh
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, and Department of New Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maurizio Cantore
- Department of Medical Oncology, Carrara Civic Hospital, Carrara, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Pacetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Carrara Civic Hospital, Carrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
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768
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O. Pericytes: multitasking cells in the regeneration of injured, diseased, and aged skeletal muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:245. [PMID: 25278877 PMCID: PMC4166895 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells that envelop and make intimate connections with adjacent capillary endothelial cells. Recent studies show that they may have a profound impact in skeletal muscle regeneration, innervation, vessel formation, fibrosis, fat accumulation, and ectopic bone formation throughout life. In this review, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in our understanding of pericytes' influence on adult skeletal muscle pathophysiology. We also discuss how further elucidating their biology may offer new approaches to the treatment of conditions characterized by muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maria L Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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769
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Abstract
Muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 were identified more than 10 years ago as two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases that are increased transcriptionally in skeletal muscle under atrophy-inducing conditions, making them excellent markers of muscle atrophy. In the past 10 years much has been published about MuRF1 and MAFbx with respect to their mRNA expression patterns under atrophy-inducing conditions, their transcriptional regulation, and their putative substrates. However, much remains to be learned about the physiological role of both genes in the regulation of mass and other cellular functions in striated muscle. Although both MuRF1 and MAFbx are enriched in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, this review will focus on the current understanding of MuRF1 and MAFbx in skeletal muscle, highlighting the critical questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Bodine
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and Northern California Veterans Affairs Health Systems, Mather, California
| | - Leslie M Baehr
- Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
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770
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Post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy in C2C12 myotubes following starvation and nutrient restoration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:208-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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771
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Sartori R, Gregorevic P, Sandri M. TGFβ and BMP signaling in skeletal muscle: potential significance for muscle-related disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:464-71. [PMID: 25042839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily comprises a large number of secreted proteins that regulate various fundamental biological processes underlying embryonic development and the postnatal regulation of many cell types and organs. Sequence similarities define two ligand subfamilies: the TGFβ/activin subfamily and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subfamily. The discovery that myostatin, a member of the TGFβ/activin subfamily, negatively controls muscle mass attracted attention to this pathway. However, recent findings of a positive role for BMP-mediated signaling in muscle have challenged the model of how the TGFβ network regulates skeletal muscle phenotype. This review illustrates how this complex network integrates crosstalk among members of the TGFβ superfamily and downstream signaling elements to regulate muscle in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sartori
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Division of Cell Signaling and Metabolism, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Marco Sandri
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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772
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Cortes CJ, Miranda HC, Frankowski H, Batlevi Y, Young JE, Le A, Ivanov N, Sopher BL, Carromeu C, Muotri AR, Garden GA, La Spada AR. Polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor interferes with TFEB to elicit autophagy defects in SBMA. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1180-9. [PMID: 25108912 PMCID: PMC4180729 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a key pathway in neurodegeneration. Despite protective actions, autophagy may contribute to neuron demise when dysregulated. Here we consider X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a repeat disorder caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor (polyQ-AR). We found that polyQ-AR reduced long-term protein turnover and impaired autophagic flux in motor neuron-like cells. Ultrastructural analysis of SBMA mice revealed a block in autophagy pathway progression. We examined the transcriptional regulation of autophagy and observed a functionally significant physical interaction between transcription factor EB (TFEB) and AR. Normal AR promoted, but polyQ-AR interfered with, TFEB transactivation. To evaluate physiological relevance, we reprogrammed patient fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells and then to neuronal precursor cells (NPCs). We compared multiple SBMA NPC lines and documented the metabolic and autophagic flux defects that could be rescued by TFEB. Our results indicate that polyQ-AR diminishes TFEB function to impair autophagy and promote SBMA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza J Cortes
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2]
| | - Helen C Miranda
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3]
| | - Harald Frankowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yakup Batlevi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amy Le
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nishi Ivanov
- 1] Center on Human Development &Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cassiano Carromeu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [4] Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [5] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [6] Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- 1] Center on Human Development &Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [4] Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [5] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [6] Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA. [7] Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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773
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Cannavino J, Brocca L, Sandri M, Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA. PGC1-α over-expression prevents metabolic alterations and soleus muscle atrophy in hindlimb unloaded mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:4575-89. [PMID: 25128574 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.275545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged skeletal muscle inactivity causes muscle fibre atrophy. Redox imbalance has been considered one of the major triggers of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy, but whether redox imbalance is actually the major cause or simply a consequence of muscle disuse remains of debate. Here we hypothesized that a metabolic stress mediated by PGC-1α down-regulation plays a major role in disuse atrophy. First we studied the adaptations of soleus to mice hindlimb unloading (HU) in the early phase of disuse (3 and 7 days of HU) with and without antioxidant treatment (trolox). HU caused a reduction in cross-sectional area, redox status alteration (NRF2, SOD1 and catalase up-regulation), and induction of the ubiquitin proteasome system (MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 mRNA up-regulation) and autophagy (Beclin1 and p62 mRNA up-regulation). Trolox completely prevented the induction of NRF2, SOD1 and catalase mRNAs, but not atrophy or induction of catabolic systems in unloaded muscles, suggesting that oxidative stress is not a major cause of disuse atrophy. HU mice showed a marked alteration of oxidative metabolism. PGC-1α and mitochondrial complexes were down-regulated and DRP1 was up-regulated. To define the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and disuse muscle atrophy we unloaded mice overexpressing PGC-1α. Transgenic PGC-1α animals did not show metabolic alteration during unloading, preserving muscle size through the reduction of autophagy and proteasome degradation. Our results indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in disuse atrophy and that compounds inducing PGC-1α expression could be useful to treat/prevent muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cannavino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Brocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dulbecco Telethon Institute, 35129, Padova, Italy Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Interdipartimental Centre for Biology and Sport Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Interdipartimental Centre for Biology and Sport Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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774
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Sandri M, Coletto L, Grumati P, Bonaldo P. Misregulation of autophagy and protein degradation systems in myopathies and muscular dystrophies. J Cell Sci 2014; 126:5325-33. [PMID: 24293330 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in different types of inherited muscle disorders. Autophagy is crucial for the removal of dysfunctional organelles and protein aggregates, whereas the ubiquitin-proteasome is important for the quality control of proteins. Post-mitotic tissues, such as skeletal muscle, are particularly susceptible to aged or dysfunctional organelles and aggregation-prone proteins. Therefore, these degradation systems need to be carefully regulated in muscles. Indeed, excessive or defective activity of the autophagy lysosome or ubiquitin-proteasome leads to detrimental effects on muscle homeostasis. A growing number of studies link abnormalities in the regulation of these two pathways to myofiber degeneration and muscle weakness. Understanding the pathogenic role of these degradative systems in each inherited muscle disorder might provide novel therapeutic targets to counteract muscle wasting. In this Commentary, we will discuss the current view on the role of autophagy lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome in the pathogenesis of myopathies and muscular dystrophies, and how alteration of these degradative systems contribute to muscle wasting in inherited muscle disorders. We will also discuss how modulating autophagy and proteasome might represent a promising strategy for counteracting muscle loss in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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775
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Noh KK, Chung KW, Choi YJ, Park MH, Jang EJ, Park CH, Yoon C, Kim ND, Kim MK, Chung HY. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate improves dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by modulating the muscle degradation pathway in SD rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102947. [PMID: 25032690 PMCID: PMC4102592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy results from various conditions including high levels of glucocorticoids, and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB; a metabolite of leucine) is a potent therapeutical supplement used to treat various muscle disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that HMB inhibits dexamethasone-induced atrophy in cultured myotubes, but its effect on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy has not been determined in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HMB on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in rats. Treatment with dexamethasone weakened grip strengths and increased muscle damage as determined by increased serum creatine kinase levels and by histological analysis. Dexamethasone treatment also reduced both soleus and gastrocnemius muscle masses. However, HMB supplementation significantly prevented reductions in grip strengths, reduced muscle damage, and prevented muscle mass and protein concentration decrease in soleus muscle. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that dexamethasone markedly increased levels of MuRF1 protein, which causes the ubiquitination and degradation of MyHC. Indeed, dexamethasone treatment decreased MyHC protein expression and increased the ubiquitinated-MyHC to MyHC ratio. However, HMB supplementation caused the down-regulations of MuRF1 protein and of ubiquitinated-MyHC. Furthermore, additional experiments provided evidence that HMB supplementation inhibited the nuclear translocation of FOXO1 induced by dexamethasone, and showed increased MyoD expression in the nuclear fractions of soleus muscles. These findings suggest that HMB supplementation attenuates dexamethasone-induced muscle wasting by regulating FOXO1 transcription factor and subsequent MuRF1 expression. Accordingly, our results suggest that HMB supplementation could be used to prevent steroid myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Kyun Noh
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Jang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changshin Yoon
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Longevity Life Science and Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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776
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Wall BT, Morton JP, van Loon LJC. Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: Nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.936326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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777
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Collagen VI and hyaluronan: the common role in breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:606458. [PMID: 25126569 PMCID: PMC4121998 DOI: 10.1155/2014/606458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen VI and hyaluronan are widely distributed extracellular matrix macromolecules that play a crucial role in tissue development and are highly expressed in cancers. Both hyaluronan and collagen VI are upregulated in breast cancer, generating a microenvironment that promotes tumour progression and metastasis. A growing number of studies show that these two molecules are involved in inflammation and angiogenesis by recruiting macrophages and endothelial cells, respectively. Additionally, collagen VI induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is correlated to increased synthesis of hyaluronan in mammary cells. Hyaluronan has also a specific role in cellular functions that depends mainly on the size of the polymer, whereas the effect of collagen VI in tumour progression may be the result of the intact molecule or the C5 peptide of α3(VI) chain, known as endotrophin. Collectively, these findings strongly support the parallel role of these molecules in tumour progression and suggest that they may be used as prognostic factors for the breast cancer treatment.
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778
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Dual response of the KATP channels to staurosporine: a novel role of SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunits in the regulation of the atrophy in different skeletal muscle phenotypes. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:266-75. [PMID: 24998494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated on the role of the genes encoding for the ATP-sensitive K(+)-channel (KATP) subunits (SUR1-2A/B, Kir6.2) in the atrophy induced "in vitro" by staurosporine (STS) in different skeletal muscle phenotypes of mouse. Patch-clamp and gene expression experiments showed that the expression/activity of the sarcolemma KATP channel subunits was higher in the fast-twitch than in the slow-twitch fibers. After 1 to 3h of incubation time, the STS (2.14×10(-6)M) treatment enhanced the expression/activity of the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunit genes, but not SUR2A, in the slow-twitch muscle fibers, induced the caspase-3-9, Atrogin-1 and Murf-1 gene expression without affecting protein content. After 3 to 6h, the STS-related atrophy markedly down-regulated the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 genes reducing the KATP currents and reduced the protein content/muscle weight ratio of the slow-twitch muscle by -36.4±6% (p<0.05). After 6 to 24h, no additional changes of the SUR1-2B and Kir6.2 gene expression and muscle protein were observed. In the fast-twitch muscles, STS mildly affected the atrophic genes and protein content, but potentiated the KATP currents down-regulating the Bnip-3 gene. Diazoxide (250-500×10(-6)M), a SUR1-2B/Kir6.2 channel opener, prevented the protein loss induced by STS in the slow-twitch muscle after 6h showing an EC50 of 1.35×10(-7)M and Emax of 75%, down-regulated the caspase-9 gene and enhanced the KATP currents. The enhanced expression/activity of the SUR2B, SUR1 and Kir6.2 genes are cytoprotective against STS-induced atrophy in the slow-twitch muscle; their reduced expression/activity is associated with proteolysis and atrophy in skeletal muscle.
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779
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Sakai H, Sagara A, Arakawa K, Sugiyama R, Hirosaki A, Takase K, Jo A, Sato K, Chiba Y, Yamazaki M, Matoba M, Narita M. Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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780
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Ferraro E, Giammarioli AM, Chiandotto S, Spoletini I, Rosano G. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling and metabolic adaptation: redox signaling and role of autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:154-76. [PMID: 24450966 PMCID: PMC4048572 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue. Exercise evokes signaling pathways that strongly modify myofiber metabolism and physiological and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. Regular physical activity is beneficial for health and is highly recommended for the prevention of several chronic conditions. In this review, we have focused our attention on the pathways that are known to mediate physical training-induced plasticity. RECENT ADVANCES An important role for redox signaling has recently been proposed in exercise-mediated muscle remodeling and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) activation. Still more currently, autophagy has also been found to be involved in metabolic adaptation to exercise. CRITICAL ISSUES Both redox signaling and autophagy are processes with ambivalent effects; they can be detrimental and beneficial, depending on their delicate balance. As such, understanding their role in the chain of events induced by exercise and leading to skeletal muscle remodeling is a very complicated matter. Moreover, the study of the signaling induced by exercise is made even more difficult by the fact that exercise can be performed with several different modalities, with this having different repercussions on adaptation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Unraveling the complexity of the molecular signaling triggered by exercise on skeletal muscle is crucial in order to define the therapeutic potentiality of physical training and to identify new pharmacological compounds that are able to reproduce some beneficial effects of exercise. In evaluating the effect of new "exercise mimetics," it will also be necessary to take into account the involvement of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and autophagy and their controversial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ferraro
- 1 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Muscle Wasting Disorders Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome, Italy
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781
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Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), loss of cellular proteins increases the risks of morbidity and mortality. Persistence of muscle protein catabolism in CKD results in striking losses of muscle proteins as whole-body protein turnover is great; even small but persistent imbalances between protein synthesis and degradation cause substantial protein loss. No reliable methods to prevent CKD-induced muscle wasting currently exist, but mechanisms that control cellular protein turnover have been identified, suggesting that therapeutic strategies will be developed to suppress or block protein loss. Catabolic pathways that cause protein wasting include activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), caspase-3, lysosomes and myostatin (a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth). These pathways can be initiated by complications associated with CKD, such as metabolic acidosis, defective insulin signalling, inflammation, increased angiotensin II levels, abnormal appetite regulation and impaired microRNA responses. Inflammation stimulates cellular signalling pathways that activate myostatin, which accelerates UPS-mediated catabolism. Blocking this pathway can prevent loss of muscle proteins. Myostatin inhibition could yield new therapeutic directions for blocking muscle protein wasting in CKD or disorders associated with its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan H Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB 338, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William E Mitch
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R705, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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782
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Instructive roles of extracellular matrix on autophagy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2146-53. [PMID: 24976620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining an intricate balance between nutrient demands and energetic requirements during normal homeostasis. Autophagy recycles metabolic substrates from nonspecific bulk degradation of proteins and excess or damaged organelles. Recent work posits an active and dynamic signaling role for extracellular matrix-evoked autophagic regulation, that is, allosteric and independent of prevailing nutrient conditions. Several candidates, representing a diverse repertoire of matrix constituents (decorin, collagen VI, laminin α2, endostatin, endorepellin, and kringle V), can modulate autophagic signaling pathways. Importantly, a novel principle indicates that matrix constituents can differentially modulate autophagic induction and repression via interaction with specific receptors. Most of the matrix-derived factors described here appear to control autophagy in a canonical manner but independent of nutrient deprivation. Because the molecular composition and structure of the extracellular matrix are dynamically remodeled during various physiological and pathological conditions, we propose that matrix-regulated autophagy is key for maintaining proper tissue homeostasis and disease prevention, such as cancer progression and muscular dystrophies.
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783
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Haptoglobin is required to prevent oxidative stress and muscle atrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100745. [PMID: 24959824 PMCID: PMC4069100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress (OS) plays a major role on tissue function. Several catabolic or stress conditions exacerbate OS, inducing organ deterioration. Haptoglobin (Hp) is a circulating acute phase protein, produced by liver and adipose tissue, and has an important anti-oxidant function. Hp is induced in pro-oxidative conditions such as systemic inflammation or obesity. The role of systemic factors that modulate oxidative stress inside muscle cells is still poorly investigated. RESULTS We used Hp knockout mice (Hp-/-) to determine the role of this protein and therefore, of systemic OS in maintenance of muscle mass and function. Absence of Hp caused muscle atrophy and weakness due to activation of an atrophy program. When animals were stressed by acute exercise or by high fat diet (HFD), OS, muscle atrophy and force drop were exacerbated in Hp-/-. Depending from the stress condition, autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems were differently induced. CONCLUSIONS Hp is required to prevent OS and the activation of pathways leading to muscle atrophy and weakness in normal condition and upon metabolic challenges.
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784
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Pulliero A, Seydel A, Camoirano A, Saccà SC, Sandri M, Izzotti A. Oxidative damage and autophagy in the human trabecular meshwork as related with ageing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98106. [PMID: 24945152 PMCID: PMC4063984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal degradation process induced under stress conditions. Autophagy also plays a major role in ocular patho-physiology. Molecular aging does occur in the trabecular meshwork, the main regulator of aqueous humor outflow, and trabecular meshwork senescence is accompanied by increased oxidative stress. However, the role of autophagy in trabecular meshwork patho-physiology has not yet been examined in vivo in human ocular tissues. The purpose of the herein presented study is to evaluate autophagy occurrence in ex-vivo collected human trabecular meshwork specimens and to evaluate the relationship between autophagy, oxidative stress, and aging in this tissue. Fresh trabecular meshwork specimens were collected from 28 healthy corneal donors devoid of ocular pathologies and oxidative DNA damage, and LC3 and p62 protein expression analyzed. In a subset of 10 subjects, further to trabecular meshwork proteins, the amounts of cathepesin L and ubiquitin was analyzed by antibody microarray in aqueous humor. Obtained results demonstrate that autophagy activation, measured by LC3II/I ratio, is related with. oxidative damage occurrence during aging in human trabecular meshwork. The expression of autophagy marker p62 was lower in subjects older than 60 years as compared to younger subjects. These findings reflect the occurrence of an agedependent increase in the autophagy as occurring in the trabecular meshwork. Furthermore, we showed that aging promotes trabecular-meshwork senescence due to increased oxidative stress paralleled by autophagy increase. Indeed, both oxidative DNA damage and autophagy were more abundant in subjects older than 60 years. These findings shed new light on the role of oxidative damage and autophagy during trabecular-meshwork aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Seydel
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Camoirano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies, St. Martino Hospital, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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785
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Brown LD, Thorn SR, O'Meara MC, Lavezzi JR, Rozance PJ. A physiological increase in insulin suppresses muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase gene activation in fetal sheep with sustained hypoglycemia. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/6/e12045. [PMID: 24944291 PMCID: PMC4208658 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased glucose transfer to the fetus is characteristic of pregnancies complicated by maternal under nutrition and placental insufficiency. Chronic experimental restriction of glucose transfer to the sheep fetus for the final 40% of gestation with a maternal insulin infusion (HG fetuses) results in fetal hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and decreased rates of fetal growth and protein accretion compared to controls (CON). Lower rates of fetal protein accretion are due to increased fetal protein breakdown and not decreased protein synthesis. However, the specific skeletal muscle pathways responsible for increased protein breakdown have not been determined. Nor has it been determined if low fetal glucose or insulin concentrations are more important for regulating these skeletal muscle protein breakdown pathways. We tested whether chronic restriction of glucose transfer to the fetus increased the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway or autophagy-lysosome pathway in fetal sheep skeletal muscle and found no evidence for an increase in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. However, HG fetuses had increase mRNA expression of MaFBx1 (twofold, P < 0.01) and a trend for increased mRNA expression of MuRF1 (P = 0.08) compared to CON. A subset of chronically hypoglycemic fetuses received an isoglycemic insulin infusion for the final 7 days of the maternal insulin infusion (HG + INS fetuses) and had MaFBx1 and MuRF1 mRNA concentrations similar to CON fetuses. These results demonstrate that fetuses exposed to sustained hypoglycemia have decreased protein accretion due to activation of the skeletal muscle ubiquitin-proteosome pathway and that a fetal hyperinsulinemic clamp can suppress this pathway even in the context of continued hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie R Thorn
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Meghan C O'Meara
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jinny R Lavezzi
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Denver, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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786
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Beynel L, Chauvin A, Guyader N, Harquel S, Marendaz C. Age-related changes in intracortical inhibition are mental-cognitive state-dependent. Biol Psychol 2014; 101:9-12. [PMID: 24933265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess the impact of aging and 'state-dependency' on cortical excitability. Two studies investigated these factors using a motor task and found that the age-related differences observed at rest disappeared in the task condition. However, as both their tasks and excitability measurements involved the motor cortex, their results could be specific only to the motor system. To overcome this problem, the present study used a cognitive task to control mental state. METHOD Intracortical inhibition/facilitation (ICI/ICF) were assessed in young and older adults at rest and during the cognitive task. The cortical silent period (CSP) was also evaluated. RESULTS ICI and CSP were reduced with aging. However, ICI differences between young and old people disappeared when they performed the cognitive task. CONCLUSION Age and mental state modify cortical excitability. Taking these factors into consideration is crucial to clinical research using cortical excitability as a possible biomarker of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysianne Beynel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendes France, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Alan Chauvin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendes France, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Nathalie Guyader
- GIPSA-Lab, UMR CNRS 5216, 11 rue des Mathématiques Grenoble Campus, BP46, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres Cedex Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendes France, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; IRMaGe, CNRS UMR 5105, Unité IRM 3T Recherche, CHU Grenoble - CS 10217, 38 043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Christian Marendaz
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendes France, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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787
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Schneider JL, Cuervo AM. Autophagy and human disease: emerging themes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 26:16-23. [PMID: 24907664 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malfunction of autophagy, the process that mediates breakdown and recycling of intracellular components in lysosomes, has been linked to a variety of human diseases. As the number of pathologies associated with defective autophagy increases, emphasis has switched from the mere description of the status of autophagy in these conditions to a more mechanistic dissection of the autophagic changes. Understanding the reasons behind the autophagic defect, the immediate consequences of the autophagic compromise and how autophagy changes with the evolution of the disease has become a 'must,' especially now that manipulation of autophagy is being considered as a therapeutic strategy. Here, we comment on some of the common themes that have emerged from such detailed analyses of the interplay between autophagy and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Schneider
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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788
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Tajrishi MM, Shin J, Hetman M, Kumar A. DNA methyltransferase 3a and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling regulate the expression of fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) during denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19985-99. [PMID: 24895120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The TWEAK-fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) system is a critical regulator of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Although the expression of Fn14 is a rate-limiting step in muscle atrophy on denervation, mechanisms regulating gene expression of Fn14 remain unknown. Methylation of CpG sites within promoter region is an important epigenetic mechanism for gene silencing. Our study demonstrates that Fn14 promoter contains a CpG island close to transcription start site. Fn14 promoter also contains multiple consensus DNA sequence for transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP1) and specificity protein 1 (SP1). Denervation diminishes overall genomic DNA methylation and causes hypomethylation at specific CpG sites in Fn14 promoter leading to the increased gene expression of Fn14 in skeletal muscle. Abundance of DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) and its interaction with Fn14 promoter are repressed in denervated skeletal muscle of mice. Overexpression of Dnmt3a inhibits the gene expression of Fn14 and attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy upon denervation. Denervation also causes the activation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and ERK5 MAPKs and AP1 and SP1, which stimulate the expression of Fn14 in skeletal muscle. Collectively, our study provides novel evidence that Dnmt3a and MAPK signaling regulate the levels of Fn14 in skeletal muscle on denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonghyun Shin
- From the Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology and
| | - Michal Hetman
- Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Ashok Kumar
- From the Departments of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology and
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789
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Soares RJ, Cagnin S, Chemello F, Silvestrin M, Musaro A, De Pitta C, Lanfranchi G, Sandri M. Involvement of microRNAs in the regulation of muscle wasting during catabolic conditions. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21909-25. [PMID: 24891504 PMCID: PMC4139209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle proteins and the consequent weakness has important clinical consequences in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, chronic heart failure, and in aging. In fact, excessive proteolysis causes cachexia, accelerates disease progression, and worsens life expectancy. Muscle atrophy involves a common pattern of transcriptional changes in a small subset of genes named atrophy-related genes or atrogenes. Whether microRNAs play a role in the atrophy program and muscle loss is debated. To understand the involvement of miRNAs in atrophy we performed miRNA expression profiling of mouse muscles under wasting conditions such as fasting, denervation, diabetes, and cancer cachexia. We found that the miRNA signature is peculiar of each catabolic condition. We then focused on denervation and we revealed that changes in transcripts and microRNAs expression did not occur simultaneously but were shifted. Indeed, whereas transcriptional control of the atrophy-related genes peaks at 3 days, changes of miRNA expression maximized at 7 days after denervation. Among the different miRNAs, microRNA-206 and -21 were the most induced in denervated muscles. We characterized their pattern of expression and defined their role in muscle homeostasis. Indeed, in vivo gain and loss of function experiments revealed that miRNA-206 and miRNA-21 were sufficient and required for atrophy program. In silico and in vivo approaches identified transcription factor YY1 and the translational initiator factor eIF4E3 as downstream targets of these miRNAs. Thus miRNAs are important for fine-tuning the atrophy program and their modulation can be a novel potential therapeutic approach to counteract muscle loss and weakness in catabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo José Soares
- From the Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy, the Ph.D. Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stefano Cagnin
- the Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Chemello
- the Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Silvestrin
- the Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Musaro
- the DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, 00161 Roma, Italy, and
| | - Cristiano De Pitta
- the Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
| | - Gerolamo Lanfranchi
- the Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
| | - Marco Sandri
- From the Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy, the Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy, the Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
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790
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Expression of sialic acids in human adult skeletal muscle tissue. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:926-35. [PMID: 24703356 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations mostly in animal models have shown a role of sialic acid in the morphology and functionality of skeletal muscle during development and adult life. Several studies in humans have been performed regarding changes in sialic acid expression in a particular pathology, hereditary inclusion body myopathy, leading to muscular weakness and atrophy, with a similar phenomenon appearing also in sarcopenia of aging. In this study the expression of monomeric and polymeric sialic acids was evaluated in human skeletal muscle during adult life. Surgical biopsies of the Quadriceps femoris muscle from men aged 18-25 years (young group; n=8) and men aged 72-78 (elderly group; n=10) were collected for analysis. Expression of sialic acids was evaluated using lectin histochemistry, associated with enzymatic and chemical treatments to characterize monomeric and polymeric sialic acids. The polysialic acid expression was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Various types of sialic acid in the muscle tissue, in different amounts in the study groups, were detected. Monomeric sialic acids decreased in the elderly group compared with the young group, whereas polysialic acid increased. Sialic acid acetylation was present only in the young group. These findings demonstrated that changes in the expression of sialic acids in skeletal muscle tissue may be related to morphofunctional modifications occurring during aging.
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791
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Gupta VA, Beggs AH. Kelch proteins: emerging roles in skeletal muscle development and diseases. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:11. [PMID: 24959344 PMCID: PMC4067060 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of genes that cause skeletal muscle disease has increased tremendously over the past three decades. Advances in approaches to genetics and genomics have aided in the identification of new pathogenic mechanisms in rare genetic disorders and have opened up new avenues for therapeutic interventions by identification of new molecular pathways in muscle disease. Recent studies have identified mutations of several Kelch proteins in skeletal muscle disorders. The Kelch superfamily is one of the largest evolutionary conserved gene families. The 66 known family members all possess a Kelch-repeat containing domain and are implicated in diverse biological functions. In skeletal muscle development, several Kelch family members regulate the processes of proliferation and/or differentiation resulting in normal functioning of mature muscles. Importantly, many Kelch proteins function as substrate-specific adaptors for Cullin E3 ubiquitin ligase (Cul3), a core component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to regulate the protein turnover. This review discusses the emerging roles of Kelch proteins in skeletal muscle function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana A Gupta
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan H Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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792
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Merlini L, Nishino I. 201st ENMC International Workshop: Autophagy in muscular dystrophies – Translational approach, 1–3 November 2013, Bussum, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:546-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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793
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Dietary methionine availability affects the main factors involved in muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr 2014; 112:493-503. [PMID: 24877663 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is a limiting essential amino acid in most plant-based ingredients of fish feed. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of dietary methionine concentrations on several main factors involved in the regulation of mRNA translation and the two major proteolytic pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal) in the white muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish were fed for 6 weeks one of the three isonitrogenous diets providing three different methionine concentrations (deficient (DEF), adequate (ADQ) and excess (EXC)). At the end of the experiment, the fish fed the DEF diet had a significantly lower body weight and feed efficiency compared with those fed the EXC and ADQ diets. This reduction in the growth of fish fed the DEF diet was accompanied by a decrease in the activation of the translation initiation factors ribosomal protein S6 and eIF2α. The levels of the main autophagy-related markers (LC3-II and beclin 1) as well as the expression of several autophagy genes (atg4b, atg12 l, Uvrag, SQSTM1, Mul1 and Bnip3) were higher in the white muscle of fish fed the DEF diet. Similarly, the mRNA levels of several proteasome-related genes (Fbx32, MuRF2, MuRF3, ZNF216 and Trim32) were significantly up-regulated by methionine limitation. Together, these results extend our understanding of mechanisms regulating the reduction of muscle growth induced by dietary methionine deficiency, providing valuable information on the biomarkers of the effects of low-fishmeal diets.
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794
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IL-6 impairs myogenic differentiation by downmodulation of p90RSK/eEF2 and mTOR/p70S6K axes, without affecting AKT activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:206026. [PMID: 24967341 PMCID: PMC4055274 DOI: 10.1155/2014/206026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a multifaceted pleiotropic cytokine, which is produced by a variety of cell types and targets different cells and tissues.
In physiological conditions, IL-6 can be locally and transiently produced by skeletal muscle and plays an important role in muscle homeostasis.
Circulating IL-6 levels are normally very low or undetectable but are dramatically increased in several pathologic conditions.
In this study, we aimed to define the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of IL-6 on myogenic program.
We explored the molecular mechanisms through which exogenous IL-6,
or the conditioned medium from the murine C-26 adenocarcinoma cells (a cellular model that secretes high levels of IL-6 and induces cancer cachexia in mice),
interferes with the myogenic program.
Our study revealed that IL-6 induces the activation of the Stat3 signaling and promotes the downmodulation of the p90RSK/eEF2 and mTOR/p70S6K axes,
while it does not affect the activation of AKT. We thus identified potential molecular mediators of the inhibitory effects of IL-6 on myogenic program.
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795
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Costa A, Toschi A, Murfuni I, Pelosi L, Sica G, Adamo S, Scicchitano BM. Local overexpression of V1a-vasopressin receptor enhances regeneration in tumor necrosis factor-induced muscle atrophy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:235426. [PMID: 24971321 PMCID: PMC4055243 DOI: 10.1155/2014/235426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs during disuse and aging, or as a consequence of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes. It is characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue due to hypotrophic changes, degeneration, and an inability of the regeneration machinery to replace damaged myofibers. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to mediate muscle atrophy in many chronic diseases and to inhibit skeletal muscle regeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of Arg-vasopressin-(AVP-)dependent pathways in muscles in which atrophy was induced by local overexpression of TNF. AVP is a potent myogenesis-promoting factor and is able to enhance skeletal muscle regeneration by stimulating Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase and calcineurin signaling. We performed morphological and molecular analyses and demonstrated that local over-expression of the AVP receptor V1a enhances regeneration of atrophic muscle. By upregulating the regeneration/differentiation markers, modulating the inflammatory response, and attenuating fibrogenesis, the stimulation of AVP-dependent pathways creates a favourable environment for efficient and sustained muscle regeneration and repair even in the presence of elevated levels of TNF. This study highlights a novel in vivo role for AVP-dependent pathways, which may represent an interesting strategy to counteract muscle decline in aging or in muscular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costa
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Toschi
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Murfuni
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pelosi
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Catholic University School of Medicine, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Catholic University School of Medicine, L.go F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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796
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Li K, Wu D, Chen X, Zhang T, Zhang L, Yi Y, Miao Z, Jin N, Bi X, Wang H, Xu J, Wang D. Current and emerging biomarkers of cell death in human disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:690103. [PMID: 24949464 PMCID: PMC4052120 DOI: 10.1155/2014/690103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a critical biological process, serving many important functions within multicellular organisms. Aberrations in cell death can contribute to the pathology of human diseases. Significant progress made in the research area enormously speeds up our understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of cell death. According to the distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics, cell death can be triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis, regulated necrosis, autophagic cell death, and mitotic catastrophe. Nevertheless, the realization that all of these efforts seek to pursue an effective treatment and cure for the disease has spurred a significant interest in the development of promising biomarkers of cell death to early diagnose disease and accurately predict disease progression and outcome. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about cell death, survey current and emerging biomarkers of cell death, and discuss the relationship with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongning Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Deng Wu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhengqiang Miao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Nana Jin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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797
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Jee H, Sakurai T, Lim JY, Hatta H. Changes in αB-crystallin, tubulin, and MHC isoforms by hindlimb unloading show different expression patterns in various hindlimb muscles. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:161-8. [PMID: 25566451 PMCID: PMC4241918 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] αB-crystallin is a small heat shock protein that acts as a molecular chaperone under various stress conditions. Microtubules, which consist of tubulin, are related to maintain the intracellular organelles and cellular morphology. These two proteins have been shown to be related to the properties of different types of myofibers based on their contractile properties. The response of these proteins during muscular atrophy, which induces a myofibril component change, is not clearly understood. [Methods] We performed 15 days of hindlimb unloading on rats to investigate the transitions of these proteins by analyzing their absolute quantities. Protein contents were analyzed in the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles of the unloading and control groups (N = 6). [Results] All three muscles were significantly atrophied by hindlimb unloading (P < 0.01): soleus (47.5%), plantaris (16.3%), and gastrocnemius (21.3%) compared to each control group. αB-crystallin was significantly reduced in all three examined unloaded hindlimb muscles compared to controls (P < 0.01) during the transition of the myosin heavy chain to fast twitch muscles. α-Tubulin responded only in the unloaded soleus muscle. Muscle atrophy induced the reduction of αB-crystallin and α-tubulin expressions in plantar flexor muscles with a shift to the fast muscle fiber compared to the control. [Conclusion] The novel finding of this study is that both proteins, αB-crystallin and α-tubulin, were downregulated in slow muscles (P < 0.01); However, α-tubulin was not significantly reduced compared to the control in fast muscles (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Jee
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea ; The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jae-Young Lim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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798
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cachexia is a complex syndrome characterized by body weight loss, tissue wasting, systemic inflammation, metabolic abnormalities, and altered nutritional status. One of the most prominent features of cachexia is the loss of muscle mass, mainly because of increased protein degradation rates. This review is aimed at discussing the involvement of autophagy in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cachexia. RECENT FINDINGS Modulations of muscle mass in the adult reflect an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation rates. Muscle depletion in cachexia is associated with increased protein breakdown, mainly involving the pathways dependent on ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomes. This latter, in particular, was considered not relevant for a long time. Just in the last years, autophagy was shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of muscle wasting not only in myopathies because of intrinsic muscle defects, but also in muscle depletion associated with conditions such as sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, glucocorticoid treatment, cancer cachexia, and aging. SUMMARY The present review highlights that both excess and defective autophagy are relevant to the onset of muscle depletion, and draws some considerations about possible therapeutic intervention aimed at modulating autophagy in order to improve muscle trophism. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COCN/A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Unit of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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799
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Endothelin-1 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 via transactivation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor in rat L6 myoblasts. Life Sci 2014; 104:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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800
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Abstract
Establishing sufficient skeletal muscle mass is essential for lifelong metabolic health. The intrauterine environment is a major determinant of the muscle mass that is present during the life course of an individual, because muscle fiber number is set at the time of birth. Thus, a compromised intrauterine environment from maternal nutrient restriction or placental insufficiency that restricts muscle fiber number can have permanent effects on the amount of muscle an individual will live with. Reduced muscle mass due to fewer muscle fibers persists even after compensatory or 'catch-up' postnatal growth occurs. Furthermore, muscle hypertrophy can only partially compensate for this limitation in fiber number. Compelling associations link low birth weight and decreased muscle mass to future insulin resistance, which can drive the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and the risk of cardiovascular events later in life. There are gaps in knowledge about the origins of reduced muscle growth at the cellular level and how these patterns are set during fetal development. By understanding the nutrient and endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth and development, we can direct research efforts toward improving muscle growth early in life to prevent the development of chronic metabolic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 East 23 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone: 303-724-0106, Fax: 303-724-0898
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