801
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Anastassiou D, Rumjantseva V, Cheng W, Huang J, Canoll PD, Yamashiro DJ, Kandel JJ. Human cancer cells express Slug-based epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene expression signature obtained in vivo. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:529. [PMID: 22208948 PMCID: PMC3268117 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological mechanisms underlying cancer cell motility and invasiveness remain unclear, although it has been hypothesized that they involve some type of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods We used xenograft models of human cancer cells in immunocompromised mice, profiling the harvested tumors separately with species-specific probes and computationally analyzing the results. Results Here we show that human cancer cells express in vivo a precise multi-cancer invasion-associated gene expression signature that prominently includes many EMT markers, among them the transcription factor Slug, fibronectin, and α-SMA. We found that human, but not mouse, cells express the signature and Slug is the only upregulated EMT-inducing transcription factor. The signature is also present in samples from many publicly available cancer gene expression datasets, suggesting that it is produced by the cancer cells themselves in multiple cancer types, including nonepithelial cancers such as neuroblastoma. Furthermore, we found that the presence of the signature in human xenografted cells was associated with a downregulation of adipocyte markers in the mouse tissue adjacent to the invasive tumor, suggesting that the signature is triggered by contextual microenvironmental interactions when the cancer cells encounter adipocytes, as previously reported. Conclusions The known, precise and consistent gene composition of this cancer mesenchymal transition signature, particularly when combined with simultaneous analysis of the adjacent microenvironment, provides unique opportunities for shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of cancer invasiveness as well as identifying potential diagnostic markers and targets for metastasis-inhibiting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Anastassiou
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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802
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Naito H, Takara K, Wakabayashi T, Kawahara H, Kidoya H, Takakura N. Changes in blood vessel maturation in the fibrous cap of the tumor rim. Cancer Sci 2011; 103:433-8. [PMID: 22098620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that blood vessels in the tumor microenvironment are immature because mural cell (MC) adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs) is broadly lacking. Hyperpermeability of the tumor vasculature then results in interstitial hypertension that mitigates against penetration of anticancer drugs into the depths of the tumor. It has been suggested that treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors normalizes blood vessels, resulting in restoration of normal permeability and improved drug delivery. However, recent reports suggest that cancer cell invasion is induced from the edge of the tumor into peripheral areas after treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors. Therefore, it is important to assess the status of blood vessels in the fibrous cap at the tumor rim after antiangiogenesis therapy. In the present study, we found that mature blood vessels in which ECs are covered with MCs are present in the fibrous cap. After treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors, immature blood vessels were destroyed and vascular function was significantly improved, but maturing blood vessels in which ECs were covered with MCs remained visible. These maturing blood vessels showed a less dilated character after treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitors. It is widely accepted that well-matured blood vessels are sheathed in extracellular matrix (ECM) and that cancer cells migrate along tracks made of ECM collagen fibers. Therefore, our data indicate the importance of destroying maturing blood vessels outside the tumor parenchyma to prevent cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamichi Naito
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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803
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Li T, Yang Y, Hua X, Wang G, Liu W, Jia C, Tai Y, Zhang Q, Chen G. Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated fibroblasts trigger NK cell dysfunction via PGE2 and IDO. Cancer Lett 2011; 318:154-61. [PMID: 22182446 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defects in natural killer (NK) cell function are necessary for tumor immune escape, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms in human cancers remain largely unknown. Here we show that fibroblasts derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were significantly superior to foreskin-derived fibroblasts at inducing NK cell dysfunction, which is characterized by low expression of cytotoxic molecules and surface markers for cell activation, impaired production of cytokines, and decreased cytotoxicity against K562 cells in vitro. Our results also indicate that PGE2 and IDO, derived from activated fibroblasts, suppress the activation of NK cells and thereby create favorable conditions for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanjie Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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804
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Stroma-directed molecular targeted therapy in gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:4245-57. [PMID: 24213136 PMCID: PMC3763421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3044245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in molecular and cellular biology have shown that tumor growth and metastasis are not determined by cancer cells alone, but also by a variety of stromal cells. Tumor stroma contains abundant extracellular matrix and several types of cells, including carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells, pericytes and inflammatory cells including macrophages. In gastric cancer tissues, tumor cells express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B. Stromal cells, including CAFs, pericytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, express PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-β. Administration of PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor significantly decreases stromal reaction, lymphatic vessel area and pericyte coverage of tumor microvessels. Administration of PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug(s) impairs the progressive growth and metastasis of gastric cancer. Activated stroma might serve as a novel therapeutic target in cases of gastric cancer.
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805
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Kolonin MG, Evans KW, Mani SA, Gomer RH. Alternative origins of stroma in normal organs and disease. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:312-23. [PMID: 22209011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts are a new prospective drug target. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and monocyte-derived stromal cells, also known as fibrocytes, are distinct fibroblastic populations derived from separate lineages. Mesenchymal and myeloid fibroblast progenitors are multipotent, serve as progenitor cells in animal models, and are implicated in several diseases. In addition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been established as a mechanism for generation of stromal cells. Organ sources, relative contributions, and functions of these populations in normal development and pathology are not well understood. Innovative approaches are needed to identify markers that can distinguish these stromal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler st., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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806
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Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is one of the most common signal transduction pathways used by mammalian cells. Most studies have focused on its role during development, primarily of the nervous system, skin, bone and pancreas. Due to the activation of this pathway during proliferation and neoplastic transformation, more recent studies have examined its role in adult tissues. Significant levels of sonic hedgehog are expressed in the gastric mucosa, which has served to direct analysis of its role during organogenesis, gastric acid secretion and neoplastic transformation. Therefore the goal of this review is to apply current knowledge of this pathway to further our understanding of gastrointestinal physiology and neoplasia, using the stomach as a prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Internal Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher PL, BSRB, 2051, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2200, USA.
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807
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Sirica AE. The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:44-54. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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808
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The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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809
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Zhang L, Tang A, Zhou Y, Tang J, Luo Z, Jiang C, Li X, Xiang J, Li G. Tumor-conditioned mesenchymal stem cells display hematopoietic differentiation and diminished influx of Ca2+. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1418-28. [PMID: 21905919 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are present in many adult tissues can generate new cells either continuously or in response to injury/cancer. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that MSCs have the ability to differentiate into cells of mesodermal origin and transdifferentiate into cells such as hepatocytes, neural cells. There has been growing interest in the application of MSCs to cancer therapy. The relationship between MSCs and cancer cells remains highly controversial. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of bone marrow-derived MSCs and cancer cells by cell-cell contact and transwell culture system. The flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that after coculture of MSCs and cancer cells, MSCs displayed the hematopoietic cell markers such as CD34, CD45, and CD11b. The CD68, MRCI, and CSF1R were dramatically upregulated after coculture. The cytokine array showed that MSCs after coculture secreted monokines and chemokines much more than that of intact MSCs. The MSCs under tumor conditions were responsive to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide by cytokines release. The tumor-conditioned MSCs showed phagocytic ability and enhanced release of nitric oxide, which are the characteristics of macrophages. Calcium ion is an important intracellular messenger responsible for differentiation and gene expression regulations. The influx of Ca(2+) into MSCs was obviously reduced after coculture. The blocking of calcium channel with verapamil obviously increased the expression of CD34, CD45, and CD11b, thus indicating that the diminished calcium ion influx is coupled with the hematopoietic differentiation of MSCs under tumor conditions. Taken together, in a cancer environment, MSCs could effectively differentiate into immune hematopoietic cells, precisely macrophages. Diminished transient influx of Ca(2+) may mediate the hematopoietic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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810
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Chaturvedi R, Asim M, Romero-Gallo J, Barry DP, Hoge S, de Sablet T, Delgado AG, Wroblewski LE, Piazuelo MB, Yan F, Israel DA, Casero RA, Correa P, Gobert AP, Polk DB, Peek RM, Wilson KT. Spermine oxidase mediates the gastric cancer risk associated with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1696-708.e1-2. [PMID: 21839041 PMCID: PMC3202654 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis has been linked to the microbial oncoprotein cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA). Spermine oxidase (SMO) metabolizes the polyamine spermine into spermidine and generates H(2)O(2), which causes apoptosis and DNA damage. We determined if pathogenic effects of CagA are attributable to SMO. METHODS Levels of SMO, apoptosis, and DNA damage (8-oxoguanosine) were measured in gastric epithelial cell lines infected with cagA(+) or cagA(-)H pylori strains, or transfected with a CagA expression plasmid, in the absence or presence of SMO small interfering RNA, or an SMO inhibitor. The role of CagA in induction of SMO and DNA damage was assessed in H pylori-infected gastritis tissues from humans, gerbils, and both wild-type and hypergastrinemic insulin-gastrin mice, using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS cagA(+) strains or ectopic expression of CagA, but not cagA(-) strains, led to increased levels of SMO, apoptosis, and DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells, and knockdown or inhibition of SMO blocked apoptosis and DNA damage. There was increased SMO expression, apoptosis, and DNA damage in gastric tissues from humans infected with cagA(+), but not cagA(-) strains. In gerbils and mice, DNA damage was CagA-dependent and present in cells that expressed SMO. Gastric epithelial cells with DNA damage that were negative for markers of apoptosis accounted for 42%-69% of cells in gerbils and insulin-gastrin mice with dysplasia and carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS By inducing SMO, H pylori CagA generates cells with oxidative DNA damage, and a subpopulation of these cells are resistant to apoptosis and thus at high risk for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Svea Hoge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of General, Abdominal and Vascular Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Alberto G. Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Fang Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Dawn A. Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alain P. Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Microbiologie UR454, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D. Brent Polk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
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811
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Hendrix A, Gespach C, Bracke M, De Wever O. The tumor ecosystem regulates the roads for invasion and metastasis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:714-9. [PMID: 21676670 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells traffic from the primary tumor ecosystem to distant metastatic sites. Experimental data are reviewed with a focus on cross-signaling between cancer cells and host cells such as myofibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Invasion-associated cellular activities, namely vesicle exocytosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, depend on complex networks of signal transduction pathways including activation of tyrosine kinases, the Rab, Rac and Rho family of small GTPases and cadherin signaling. As clinical validation, some cell types or molecules implicated in invasion-associated activities may serve as prognostic/predictive biomarker or as target for patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hendrix
- Laboratory of experimental cancer research, department of radiation oncology and experimental cancer research, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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812
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Tu SP, Jin H, Shi JD, Zhu LM, Suo Y, Lu G, Liu A, Wang TC, Yang CS. Curcumin induces the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits their interaction with cancer cells and related tumor growth. CANCER PREVENTION RESEARCH (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2011. [PMID: 22030090 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.carp-11-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) accumulate in the spleen and tumors and contribute to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and progression. In this study, we examined the effects of curcumin on the activation and differentiation of MDSCs, their interaction with human cancer cells, and related tumor growth. Treatment with curcumin in the diet or by intraperitoneal injection significantly inhibited tumorigenicity and tumor growth, decreased the percentages of MDSCs in the spleen, blood, and tumor tissues, reduced interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the serum and tumor tissues in a human gastric cancer xenograft model and a mouse colon cancer allograft model. Curcumin treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation of cancer cells and decreased the secretion of murine IL-6 by MDSCs in a coculture system. Curcumin treatment inhibited the expansion of MDSCs, the activation of Stat3 and NF-κB in MDSCs, and the secretion of IL-6 by MDSCs, when MDSCs were cultured in the presence of IL-1β, or with cancer cell- or myofibroblast-conditioned medium. Furthermore, curcumin treatment polarized MDSCs toward a M1-like phenotype with an increased expression of CCR7 and decreased expression of dectin 1 in vivo and in vitro. Our results show that curcumin inhibits the accumulation of MDSCs and their interaction with cancer cells and induces the differentiation of MDSCs. The induction of MDSC differentiation and inhibition of the interaction of MDSCs with cancer cells are potential strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.
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813
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Tu SP, Jin H, Shi JD, Zhu LM, Suo Y, Lu G, Liu A, Wang TC, Yang CS. Curcumin induces the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibits their interaction with cancer cells and related tumor growth. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:205-15. [PMID: 22030090 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) accumulate in the spleen and tumors and contribute to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and progression. In this study, we examined the effects of curcumin on the activation and differentiation of MDSCs, their interaction with human cancer cells, and related tumor growth. Treatment with curcumin in the diet or by intraperitoneal injection significantly inhibited tumorigenicity and tumor growth, decreased the percentages of MDSCs in the spleen, blood, and tumor tissues, reduced interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the serum and tumor tissues in a human gastric cancer xenograft model and a mouse colon cancer allograft model. Curcumin treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation of cancer cells and decreased the secretion of murine IL-6 by MDSCs in a coculture system. Curcumin treatment inhibited the expansion of MDSCs, the activation of Stat3 and NF-κB in MDSCs, and the secretion of IL-6 by MDSCs, when MDSCs were cultured in the presence of IL-1β, or with cancer cell- or myofibroblast-conditioned medium. Furthermore, curcumin treatment polarized MDSCs toward a M1-like phenotype with an increased expression of CCR7 and decreased expression of dectin 1 in vivo and in vitro. Our results show that curcumin inhibits the accumulation of MDSCs and their interaction with cancer cells and induces the differentiation of MDSCs. The induction of MDSC differentiation and inhibition of the interaction of MDSCs with cancer cells are potential strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.
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814
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Abstract
Despite recognizing the devastating consequences of metastasis, we are not yet able to effectively treat cancer that has spread to vital organs. The inherent complexity of genomic alterations in late-stage cancers, coupled with numerous heterotypic interactions that occur between tumour and stromal cells, represent fundamental challenges in our quest to understand and control metastatic disease. The incorporation of genomic and other systems level approaches, as well as technological breakthroughs in imaging and animal modelling, have galvanized the effort to overcome gaps in our understanding of metastasis. Future research carries with it the potential to translate the wealth of new knowledge and conceptual advances into effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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815
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Abstract
APC is considered a gatekeeper for colorectal cancer (CRC). Cells with heterozygous APC mutations have altered expression profiles suggesting that the first APC hit may help set the stage for subsequent transformation. Therefore, we measured transformation efficiency following what we have designated as “simultaneous” versus “stepwise” Apc loss. We combined a conditional Apc allele (ApcCKO) with a Cre reporter gene and an out-of-frame Cre allele (Pms2cre) that stochastically becomes functional by a frameshift mutation in single cells. Loss of one Apc allele (ApcCKO/+) had little consequence, whereas simultaneous loss of both Apc alleles (ApcCKO/CKO) resulted in increased clonal expansion (crypt fission), consistent with the gatekeeper function of Apc. Interestingly, our analyses showed that most of the Apc-deficient crypts in ApcCKO/CKO mice appeared normal, with morphologic transformation, including β-catenin deregulation, occurring in only 17% of such crypts. To determine whether transformation efficiency was different following stepwise Apc loss, we combined ApcCKO with a germline mutant allele, either ApcMin or Apc1638N. Transformation efficiency following stepwise Apc loss (ApcMin/CKO or Apc1638N/CKO) was increased 5-fold and essentially all of the Apc-deficient cells were dysplastic. In summary, our data suggest that the gatekeeper function of Apc consists of two roles, clonal expansion and morphologic transformation, because simultaneous Apc loss frequently leads to occult clonal expansion without morphologic transformation, whereas stepwise Apc loss more often results in visible neoplasia. Finally, that Apc-deficient cells in certain scenarios can retain a normal phenotype is unexpected and may have clinical implications for surveillance strategies to prevent CRC.
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816
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Tsai KS, Yang SH, Lei YP, Tsai CC, Chen HW, Hsu CY, Chen LL, Wang HW, Miller SA, Chiou SH, Hung MC, Hung SC. Mesenchymal stem cells promote formation of colorectal tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1046-56. [PMID: 21699785 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tumor-initiating cells are a subset of tumor cells with the ability to form new tumors; however, they account for less than 0.001% of the cells in colorectal or other types of tumors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) integrate into the colorectal tumor stroma; we investigated their involvement in tumor initiation. METHODS Human colorectal cancer cells, MSCs, and a mixture of both cell types were injected subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. We compared the ability of each injection to form tumors and investigated the signaling pathway involved in tumor initiation. RESULTS A small number (≤ 10) of unsorted, CD133⁻, CD166⁻, epithelial cell adhesion molecule⁻(EpCAM⁻), or CD133⁻/CD166⁻/EpCAM⁻ colorectal cancer cells, when mixed with otherwise nontumorigenic MSCs, formed tumors in mice. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 by MSCs increased the expression of CD133 and activation of Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the cancer cells, and promoted sphere and tumor formation. An antibody against IL-6 or lentiviral-mediated transduction of an interfering RNA against IL-6 in MSCs or STAT3 in cancer cells prevented the ability of MSCs to promote sphere formation and tumor initiation. CONCLUSIONS IL-6, secreted by MSCs, signals through STAT3 to increase the numbers of colorectal tumor-initiating cells and promote tumor formation. Reagents developed to disrupt this process might be developed to treat patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shu Tsai
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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817
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review intends to describe recent studies on the interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and tumor stroma, and potential opportunities and limitations to therapeutically targeting the stroma. RECENT FINDINGS Pancreatic cancer is characterized by densely desmoplastic stroma. It is becoming increasingly clear that there are complex and mutually supportive interactions between cancer cells and the stroma. Specific signaling pathways exist between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts that contribute to hypoxic desmoplasia. Recent developments in therapeutic approaches to targeting the stroma have demonstrated potential for enhancing efficacy of cytotoxic therapies. However, the heterogeneity and genomic complexity between tumors has also become more evident based on recent findings. There is increasing evidence for hierarchy of cancer cells with identification of a subpopulation of cancer stem cells that are inherently resistant to traditional therapies. SUMMARY Targeting pancreatic cancer stroma is a novel therapeutic strategy that appears justified based on recent studies; however, continued focus is needed to develop more effective therapies against cells resistant to standard chemotherapy.
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818
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Pearl RA, Leedham SJ, Pacifico MD. The safety of autologous fat transfer in breast cancer: lessons from stem cell biology. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 65:283-8. [PMID: 21820375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autologous fat grafting is versatile tool in plastic surgery and is increasing used for reconstruction following breast conserving surgery for breast cancer. Part of the reconstructive qualities of the transferred fat may be due to the presence of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) playing an angiogenic and an adipogenic role. In this context it must be considered if autologously engrafted fat tissue could contribute to carcinogenesis following breast conserving surgery. In this article we review the current stem cell biology evidence on engraftment, transdifferentiation and potential carcinogenic contribution in the breast and other solid organ stem cell niches in an attempt to highlight possible areas of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Pearl
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
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819
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Iqbal SA, Manning C, Syed F, Kolluru V, Hayton M, Watson S, Bayat A. Identification of mesenchymal stem cells in perinodular fat and skin in Dupuytren's disease: a potential source of myofibroblasts with implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:609-22. [PMID: 21612554 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a fibroproliferative disorder characterized by aberrant proliferation of myofibroblasts, the source of which remains unknown. Recent studies indicate that circulating and tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into myofibroblasts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to profile MSCs from phenotypically distinct DD sites including cord, nodule, skin overlying nodule (SON), and perinodular fat (PNF) compared with unaffected internal controls, that is, distant palmar fat (DPF) and transverse palmar fascia (Skoog's fibers) as well as external control carpal tunnel (CT) tissue including skin, fat, and fascia. Freshly isolated primary fibroblasts as well as cells grown up to passage 5 (P5) from DD (n=27) and CT (n=14) samples were analyzed for the presence of established MSC markers CD73, CD90, and CD105 and absence of hematopoietic marker CD34 using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, in-cell quantitative western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunocytochemistry. Freshly isolated cells from SON, PNF, and cord biopsies had a higher number of CD34(-)73(+)90(+)105(+) cells compared with Skoog's fibers and CT controls. P3 cells obtained from all DD biopsies compared with CT samples differentiated into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. P3 cord and nodule cells expressed intense α-smooth muscle actin staining compared with skin and fat cells. Stem cell markers including stem cell factor, MSC-homing marker CXCR4, and Wnt/β-catenin downregulator Dkk-1 were all upregulated in SON and PNF compared with CT skin and CT fat, respectively, as shown by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. However, osteogenic marker OSF-1 had a significantly higher expression in the PNF (P=0.002) and cord (P=0.01) compared with the nodule. In conclusion, we have shown the presence of MSCs in specific DD tissue phenotypes compared with internal and external control tissue. These findings provide preliminary support for a potential alternative source of disease myofibroblasts originating from sites such as SON and PNF as opposed to palmar fascia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Amir Iqbal
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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820
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Schmidt T, Kharabi Masouleh B, Loges S, Cauwenberghs S, Fraisl P, Maes C, Jonckx B, De Keersmaecker K, Kleppe M, Tjwa M, Schenk T, Vinckier S, Fragoso R, De Mol M, Beel K, Dias S, Verfaillie C, Clark RE, Brümmendorf TH, Vandenberghe P, Rafii S, Holyoake T, Hochhaus A, Cools J, Karin M, Carmeliet G, Dewerchin M, Carmeliet P. Loss or inhibition of stromal-derived PlGF prolongs survival of mice with imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl1(+) leukemia. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:740-53. [PMID: 21665148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib has revolutionized the treatment of Bcr-Abl1(+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but, in most patients, some leukemia cells persist despite continued therapy, while others become resistant. Here, we report that PlGF levels are elevated in CML and that PlGF produced by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) aggravates disease severity. CML cells foster a soil for their own growth by inducing BMSCs to upregulate PlGF, which not only stimulates BM angiogenesis, but also promotes CML proliferation and metabolism, in part independently of Bcr-Abl1 signaling. Anti-PlGF treatment prolongs survival of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant CML mice and adds to the anti-CML activity of imatinib. These results may warrant further investigation of the therapeutic potential of PlGF inhibition for (imatinib-resistant) CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Osteolysis/prevention & control
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Placenta Growth Factor
- Pregnancy Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pregnancy Proteins/blood
- Pregnancy Proteins/physiology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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821
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Grisendi G, Bussolari R, Veronesi E, Piccinno S, Burns JS, De Santis G, Loschi P, Pignatti M, Di Benedetto F, Ballarin R, Di Gregorio C, Guarneri V, Piccinini L, Horwitz EM, Paolucci P, Conte P, Dominici M. Understanding tumor-stroma interplays for targeted therapies by armed mesenchymal stromal progenitors: the Mesenkillers. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:787-805. [PMID: 22016827 PMCID: PMC3195936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A tumor represents a complex structure containing malignant cells strictly coupled with a large variety of surrounding cells constituting the tumor stroma (TS). In recent years, the importance of TS for cancer initiation, development, local invasion and metastases has become increasingly clear allowing the identification of TS as one of the possible ways to indirectly target tumors. Inside the heterogeneous stromal cell population, tumor associated fibroblasts (TAF) play a crucial role providing both functional and supportive environments. During both tumor and stroma development, several findings suggest that TAF could be recruited from different sources such as locally derived host fibroblasts, via epithelial/endothelial mesenchymal transitions or from circulating pools of fibroblasts deriving form mesenchymal progenitors, namely mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). These insights prompted scientists to identify multimodal approaches to target TS by biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies, and more recently via cell based strategies. These latter strategies appear extremely promising, although still associated with debated and unclear findings. This review discusses crosstalk between cancers and their stroma, dissecting specific tumor types, such as sarcoma, pancreatic and breast carcinoma, where stroma plays distinct paradigmatic roles. The recognition of these distinct stromal functions may help in planning effective and safer approaches aimed either to eradicate or to substitute TS by novel compounds and/or MSC having specific killing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Rita Bussolari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Elena Veronesi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Serena Piccinno
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
- Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Mother and ChildModena
| | - Jorge S Burns
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Loschi
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Head & Neck SurgeryModena
| | - Marco Pignatti
- Unit of Plastic Surgery, Department of Head & Neck SurgeryModena
| | - Fabrizio Di Benedetto
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of General SurgeryModena
| | - Roberto Ballarin
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Surgery, Department of General SurgeryModena
| | - Carmela Di Gregorio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Pathologic Anatomy and Forensic MedicineModena
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Lino Piccinini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- Division of Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Haematology and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Mother and ChildModena
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Respiratory Diseases, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
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822
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Fibromatosis stem cells rather than bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells recapitulate a murine model of fibromatosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:269-75. [PMID: 21501590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palmar fibromatosis is a benign fibroproliferative tumor of unknown etiology, with a high rate of recurrence after excision. The offending cells of palmar fibromatosis are myofibroblasts and the cellular origin of other myofibroblasts has previously been reported to be the bone marrow. However, further clarification of the relationship between bone marrow precursors and palmar fibromatosis is required. Stem cells (SCs) are known to exist in various tissues, but whether SCs can be isolated from fibromatosis tissue is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify stem cells from human palmar fibromatosis, and to evaluate the differences in the differentiation and fibrogenic capacities of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and fibromatosis-derived stem cells (FSCs). We found that FSCs had better fibrogenic differentiation potential than BMSCs, whereas BMSCs had better adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacities. Treatment with transforming growth factor-β1 increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, and types III and I collagen significantly more in FSCs than in BMSCs. An in vivo study further confirmed the results of fibrogenesis and suggested that FSCs can recapitulate the fibromatosis nodule. In summary, their myofibroblastic differentiation both in vivo and in vitro makes FSCs a potential cell source for future applications in murine models of fibromatosis or fibrogenesis.
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823
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Jungebluth P, Macchiarini P. Stem cell-based therapy and regenerative approaches to diseases of the respiratory system. Br Med Bull 2011; 99:169-87. [PMID: 21725086 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite treatment advances in many diseases of the respiratory system, outcome remains poor. SOURCES OF DATA This systematic review (PubMed and Ovid) 'analyses stem cell (SC)-based therapy and regenerative medicine (RM) approaches as potential novel strategies for diseases of the respiratory system. Current preclinical research and ongoing clinical trials are presented and their potential clinical impact and routine application discussed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT These approaches may represent a promising alternative therapy for otherwise irreversible respiratory diseases. Several experimental and initial clinical data now exist. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Type of SC, limits of tissue engineering, route of delivery, cell behaviour (differentiation, growth, co-stimulation or immunomodulation) and interaction with the human microenvironment upon implantation. GROWING POINTS Investigating underlying pathways and mechanisms. Evaluating gene, epigenetic and protein regulation. Interaction with the environment under diseased and healthy conditions. Detecting approaches with significant scientific and clinical impact. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The potential capacity of SC-based therapy and RM should be carefully investigated before their translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jungebluth
- Advanced Center for Translational REGenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobel Allé 8, Huddinge S-14186, Stockholm
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