801
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Veniero D, Strüber D, Thut G, Herrmann CS. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques Can Modulate Cognitive Processing. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116658960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent methods that allow a noninvasive modulation of brain activity are able to modulate human cognitive behavior. Among these methods are transcranial electric stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation that both come in multiple variants. A property of both types of brain stimulation is that they modulate brain activity and in turn modulate cognitive behavior. Here, we describe the methods with their assumed neural mechanisms for readers from the economic and social sciences and little prior knowledge of these techniques. Our emphasis is on available protocols and experimental parameters to choose from when designing a study. We also review a selection of recent studies that have successfully applied them in the respective field. We provide short pointers to limitations that need to be considered and refer to the relevant papers where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Veniero
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Strüber
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Thut
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
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802
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Gschwind M, Seeck M. Transcranial direct-current stimulation as treatment in epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1427-1441. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1209410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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803
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Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: What We Know and Do Not Know About Mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:109-123. [PMID: 26873962 PMCID: PMC5405830 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416631966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this experimental effort has not been accompanied by substantial reflections on the models and mechanisms that could explain the stimulation effects. Given these premises, the aim of this article is to provide an updated picture of what we know about the theoretical models of tES that have been proposed to date, contextualized in a more specific and unitary framework. We demonstrate that these models can explain the tES behavioral effects as distributed along a continuum from stimulation dependent to network activity dependent. In this framework, we also propose that stochastic resonance is a useful mechanism to explain the general online neuromodulation effects of tES. Moreover, we highlight the aspects that should be considered in future research. We emphasize that tES is not an "easy-to-use" technique; however, it may represent a very fruitful approach if applied within rigorous protocols, with deep knowledge of both the behavioral and cognitive aspects and the more recent advances in the application of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fertonani
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- 1 Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,2 Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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804
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Vecchio E, Ricci K, Montemurno A, Delussi M, Invitto S, de Tommaso M. Effects of left primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation on laser-evoked potentials in migraine patients and normal subjects. Neurosci Lett 2016; 626:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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805
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Guhathakurta D, Dutta A. Computational Pipeline for NIRS-EEG Joint Imaging of tDCS-Evoked Cerebral Responses-An Application in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:261. [PMID: 27378836 PMCID: PMC4913108 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical neural activity and hemodynamics. Electrophysiological methods (electroencephalography-EEG) measure neural activity while optical methods (near-infrared spectroscopy-NIRS) measure hemodynamics coupled through neurovascular coupling (NVC). Assessment of NVC requires development of NIRS-EEG joint-imaging sensor montages that are sensitive to the tDCS affected brain areas. In this methods paper, we present a software pipeline incorporating freely available software tools that can be used to target vascular territories with tDCS and develop a NIRS-EEG probe for joint imaging of tDCS-evoked responses. We apply this software pipeline to target primarily the outer convexity of the brain territory (superficial divisions) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). We then present a computational method based on Empirical Mode Decomposition of NIRS and EEG time series into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), and then perform a cross-correlation analysis on those IMFs from NIRS and EEG signals to model NVC at the lesional and contralesional hemispheres of an ischemic stroke patient. For the contralesional hemisphere, a strong positive correlation between IMFs of regional cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation and the log-transformed mean-power time-series of IMFs for EEG with a lag of about -15 s was found after a cumulative 550 s stimulation of anodal tDCS. It is postulated that system identification, for example using a continuous-time autoregressive model, of this coupling relation under tDCS perturbation may provide spatiotemporal discriminatory features for the identification of ischemia. Furthermore, portable NIRS-EEG joint imaging can be incorporated into brain computer interfaces to monitor tDCS-facilitated neurointervention as well as cortical reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Dortmund, Germany
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806
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Bodranghien F, Manto M, Lebon F. Enhancing transcranial direct current stimulation via motor imagery and kinesthetic illusion: crossing internal and external tools. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2016; 13:50. [PMID: 27246465 PMCID: PMC4888405 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-016-0156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation is a safe technique which is now part of the therapeutic armamentarium for the neuromodulation of motor functions and cognitive operations. It is currently considered that tDCS is an intervention that might promote functional recovery after a lesion in the central nervous system, thus reducing long-term disability and associated socio-economic burden. Discussion A recent study shows that kinesthetic illusion and motor imagery prolong the effects of tDCS on corticospinal excitability, overcoming one of the limitations of this intervention. Conclusion Because changes in excitability anticipate changes in structural plasticity in the CNS, this interesting multi-modal approach might very soon find applications in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bodranghien
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, Laboratoire de Neurologie Expérimentale, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, Laboratoire de Neurologie Expérimentale, ULB, Brussels, Belgium. .,Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium. .,UEM, FNRS-ULB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Florent Lebon
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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807
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Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Cognitive Functions in Healthy Young and Older Adults. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4274127. [PMID: 27298740 PMCID: PMC4889859 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4274127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has emerged as a tool to enhance human cognitive processes. Here, we provide a brief summary of the rationale behind tACS-induced effects on task-relevant brain oscillations and associated cognitive functions and review previous studies in young subjects that have applied tACS in cognitive paradigms. Additionally, we present pilot data where we administered theta-tACS (6 Hz) over the temporoparietal cortex and a supraorbital reference for 20 min during implicit language learning in healthy young (mean/SD age: 22/2) and older (mean/SD age: 66/4) adults, in a sham-controlled crossover design. Linear mixed models revealed significantly increased retrieval accuracy following tACS-accompanied associative learning, after controlling for session order and learning success. These data provide the first implementation of tACS during cognitive performance in older adults and support recent studies suggesting that tACS in the theta frequency range may serve as a tool to enhance cognition, possibly through direct modulation of task-relevant brain oscillations. So far, studies have been heterogeneous in their designs, leaving a number of issues to be addressed in future research, including the setup of electrodes and optimal stimulation frequencies to be employed, as well as the interaction with age and underlying brain pathologies in specific patient populations.
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808
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van Dun K, Bodranghien FCAA, Mariën P, Manto MU. tDCS of the Cerebellum: Where Do We Stand in 2016? Technical Issues and Critical Review of the Literature. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:199. [PMID: 27242469 PMCID: PMC4862979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is an up-and-coming electrical neurostimulation technique increasingly used both in healthy subjects and in selected groups of patients. Due to the high density of neurons in the cerebellum, its peculiar anatomical organization with the cortex lying superficially below the skull and its diffuse connections with motor and associative areas of the cerebrum, the cerebellum is becoming a major target for neuromodulation of the cerebellocerebral networks. We discuss the recent studies based on cerebellar tDCS with a focus on the numerous technical and open issues which remain to be solved. Our current knowledge of the physiological impacts of tDCS on cerebellar circuitry is criticized. We provide a comparison with transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), another promising transcranial electrical neurostimulation technique. Although both tDCS and tACS are becoming established techniques to modulate the cerebellocerebral networks, it is surprising that their impacts on cerebellar disorders remains unclear. A major reason is that the literature lacks large trials with a double-blind, sham-controlled, and cross-over experimental design in cerebellar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Dun
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian C A A Bodranghien
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, Laboratoire de Neurologie Expérimentale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Mariën
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim General HospitalAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Mario U Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, Laboratoire de Neurologie Expérimentale, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Brussels, Belgium; Service des Neurosciences, Université de MonsMons, Belgium
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809
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Chander BS, Witkowski M, Braun C, Robinson SE, Born J, Cohen LG, Birbaumer N, Soekadar SR. tACS Phase Locking of Frontal Midline Theta Oscillations Disrupts Working Memory Performance. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:120. [PMID: 27199669 PMCID: PMC4858529 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Frontal midline theta (FMT) oscillations (4–8 Hz) are strongly related to cognitive and executive control during mental tasks such as memory processing, arithmetic problem solving or sustained attention. While maintenance of temporal order information during a working memory (WM) task was recently linked to FMT phase, a positive correlation between FMT power, WM demand and WM performance was shown. However, the relationship between these measures is not well understood, and it is unknown whether purposeful FMT phase manipulation during a WM task impacts FMT power and WM performance. Here we present evidence that FMT phase manipulation mediated by transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can block WM demand-related FMT power increase (FMTΔpower) and disrupt normal WM performance. Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were assigned to one of two groups (group A, group B) and performed a 2-back task across a baseline block (block 1) and an intervention block (block 2) while 275-sensor magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded. After no stimulation was applied during block 1, participants in group A received tACS oscillating at their individual FMT frequency over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) while group B received sham stimulation during block 2. After assessing and mapping phase locking values (PLV) between the tACS signal and brain oscillatory activity across the whole brain, FMT power and WM performance were assessed and compared between blocks and groups. Results: During block 2 of group A but not B, FMT oscillations showed increased PLV across task-related cortical areas underneath the frontal tACS electrode. While WM task-related FMTΔpower and WM performance were comparable across groups in block 1, tACS resulted in lower FMTΔpower and WM performance compared to sham stimulation in block 2. Conclusion: tACS-related manipulation of FMT phase can disrupt WM performance and influence WM task-related FMTΔpower. This finding may have important implications for the treatment of brain disorders such as depression and attention deficit disorder associated with abnormal regulation of FMT activity or disorders characterized by dysfunctional coupling of brain activity, e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease (AD/PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankim S Chander
- Applied Neurotechnology Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Witkowski
- Applied Neurotechnology Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Braun
- MEG Center, University Hospital of TübingenTübingen, Germany; CIMeC, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of TrentoTrento, Italy
| | - Stephen E Robinson
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), MEG Core Facility Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Surjo R Soekadar
- Applied Neurotechnology Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of TübingenTübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University Hospital of TübingenTübingen, Germany
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810
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Martins ARS, Fregni F, Simis M, Almeida J. Neuromodulation as a cognitive enhancement strategy in healthy older adults: promises and pitfalls. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 24:158-185. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1176986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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811
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Healthy and Neuropsychiatric Samples: Influence of Stimulation Parameters. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:501-17. [PMID: 27160468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cognitive functioning is increasing rapidly. However, methodological heterogeneity in prefrontal tDCS research is also increasing, particularly in technical stimulation parameters that might influence tDCS effects. OBJECTIVE To systematically examine the influence of technical stimulation parameters on DLPFC-tDCS effects. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of tDCS studies targeting the DLPFC published from the first data available to February 2016. Only single-session, sham-controlled, within-subject studies reporting the effects of tDCS on cognition in healthy controls and neuropsychiatric patients were included. RESULTS Evaluation of 61 studies showed that after single-session a-tDCS, but not c-tDCS, participants responded faster and more accurately on cognitive tasks. Sub-analyses specified that following a-tDCS, healthy subjects responded faster, while neuropsychiatric patients responded more accurately. Importantly, different stimulation parameters affected a-tDCS effects, but not c-tDCS effects, on accuracy in healthy samples vs. PATIENTS increased current density and density charge resulted in improved accuracy in healthy samples, most prominently in females; for neuropsychiatric patients, task performance during a-tDCS resulted in stronger increases in accuracy rates compared to task performance following a-tDCS. CONCLUSIONS Healthy participants respond faster, but not more accurate on cognitive tasks after a-tDCS. However, increasing the current density and/or charge might be able to enhance response accuracy, particularly in females. In contrast, online task performance leads to greater increases in response accuracy than offline task performance in neuropsychiatric patients. Possible implications and practical recommendations are discussed.
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812
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Rothwell JC. Can Motor Recovery in Stroke Be Improved by Non-invasive Brain Stimulation? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 957:313-323. [PMID: 28035573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47313-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the present time, there is enormous interest in methods of non-invasive brain stimulation. These interact with ongoing neural activity, mainly in cerebral cortex, and have measureable effects on behaviours in healthy people. More intriguingly, they appear to have effects on synaptic plasticity that persist even after stimulation has ceased. This has led, as might be expected, to the proposal that brain stimulation methods might be therapeutically useful in rehabilitation. The rationale is that physical therapy involves learning new patterns of activity to compensate for those lost to the stroke. Enhanced "plasticity" produced by brain stimulation might increase the ability to learn and enhance therapy. However, if things really were as simple as this, brain stimulation would be on its way to becoming a standard addition to treatment in all departments of rehabilitation. The fact that this has not happened means that something is not quite correct. Is the theory untenable, or are the methods of stimulation suboptimal?
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Rothwell
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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