801
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Functional metabolomics innovates therapeutic discovery of traditional Chinese medicine derived functional compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107824. [PMID: 33667524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) produce chemically diverse functional compounds that are importantly chemical resource for facilitating new drug discovery and development against a diversity of diseases. However, modern exploration of TCM derived functional compounds is significantly hindered by the inefficient elucidation of pharmacological functions over past decades, because conventional research methods are incapable of efficiently elucidating therapeutic potential of TCM conferred by multiple functional compounds. Functional metabolomics has the priority-capacity to characterize systems therapeutic actions of TCM by precisely capturing molecular interactions between disease response metabolite biomarkers (DRMB) and functional compounds (secondary metabolites), which underline pharmacological efficiency and associated therapeutic mechanisms. In this critical review, we innovatively summarize systems therapeutic feature of TCM derived functional compounds from a functional-metabolism perspective, then systems metabolic targets (SMT) identified by functional metabolomics method are strategically proposed to better understanding of therapeutic discovery of TCM derived functional compounds. In addition, we propose the perspective strategy as Spatial Temporal Operative Real Metabolomics (STORM) to considerably improve analytical capacity of functional metabolomics method by selectively incorporating the cutting edge technologies of mass spectrometry imaging, isotope-metabolic fluxomics, synthetic and biosynthetic chemistry, which could considerably enhance the precision and resolution of elucidating pharmacological efficiency and associated therapeutic mechanisms of TCM derived functional compounds. Collectively, such critical review is expected to provide novel perspective-strategy that could significantly improve modern exploration and exploitation of TCM derived functional compounds that further promote new drug discovery and development against the complex diseases.
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802
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Zhang Y, Xiang J, Sheng X, Zhu N, Deng S, Chen J, Yu L, Zhou Y, Lin C, Shen J. GM-CSF enhanced the effect of CHOP and R-CHOP on inhibiting diffuse large B-cell lymphoma progression via influencing the macrophage polarization. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33653348 PMCID: PMC7923488 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common type of the Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) formed by the neoplastic transformation of mature B cells. As the first-line therapeutics, CHOP (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone) chemotherapy and R-CHOP (Rituximab + CHOP), either using alone or in combination with GM-CSF, have achieved great efficacy in DLBCL patients. However, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. METHODS In the present study, the combination use of CHOP and R-CHOP with GM-CSF was used to evaluate their effects on the tumor immune microenvironment of DLBCL. CHOP and R-CHOP administration was found to inhibit the growth and metastasis of DLBCL, with a higher efficacy in R-CHOP-challenged DLBCL mice. The anti-tumor effect of CHOP and R-CHOP was further amplified by GM-CSF. RESULTS CHOP and R-CHOP therapeutics potentiated the anti-tumor properties of macrophages, as evidenced by the increased M1 macrophage and the decreased M2 macrophage accumulation in DLBCL-bearing mice. In a co-culture system, macrophages primed with CHOP and R-CHOP therapeutics inhibited multiple malignant behaviors of DLCBL cells. Mechanistically, CHOP/R-CHOP suppressed the activation of AKT signaling. These anti-tumor effects of CHOP/R-CHOP were all augmented by GM-CSF. CONCLUSIONS Our work provided new insights into the immune-regulatory roles of CHOP and R-CHOP in the treatment of DLBCL, as well as the synergistic effects of GM-CSF in CHOP and R-CHOP therapeutics. Although our results suggest the synergistic effect of GM-CSF on DLBCL already sensitive to CHOP and R-CHOP, however, future studies are warranted to explore the role of GM-CSF on R-CHOP-resistant DLBCL. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Xiang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianfu Sheng
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Deng
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Yu
- First Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- First Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenjun Lin
- First Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Shen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, 310006, Hangzhou, China.
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803
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Zhang L, Zhang K, Liu S, Zhang R, Yang Y, Wang Q, Zhao S, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang J. Identification of a ceRNA Network in Lung Adenocarcinoma Based on Integration Analysis of Tumor-Associated Macrophage Signature Genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629941. [PMID: 33738286 PMCID: PMC7960670 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As research into tumor-immune interactions progresses, immunotherapy is becoming the most promising treatment against cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays the key role influencing the efficacy of anti-tumor immunotherapy, in which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most important component. Although evidences have emerged revealing that competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) were involved in infiltration, differentiation and function of immune cells by regulating interactions among different varieties of RNAs, limited comprehensive investigation focused on the regulatory mechanism between ceRNA networks and TAMs. In this study, we aimed to utilize bioinformatic approaches to explore how TAMs potentially influence the prognosis and immunotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Firstly, according to TAM signature genes, we constructed a TAM prognostic risk model by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) cox regression in LUAD patients. Then, differential gene expression was analyzed between high- and low-risk patients. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to identify relevant gene modules correlated with clinical characteristics and prognostic risk score. Moreover, ceRNA networks were built up based on predicting regulatory pairs in differentially expressed genes. Ultimately, by synthesizing information of protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis and survival analysis, we have successfully identified a core regulatory axis: LINC00324/miR-9-5p (miR-33b-5p)/GAB3 (IKZF1) which may play a pivotal role in regulating TAM risk and prognosis in LUAD patients. The present study contributes to a better understanding of TAMs associated immunosuppression in the TME and provides novel targets and regulatory pathway for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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804
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HIF1α epigenetically repressed macrophages via CRISPR/Cas9-EZH2 system for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2870-2880. [PMID: 33718668 PMCID: PMC7905236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppressive microenvironment in tumor emerges as the main obstacle for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we identified that HIF1α was activated in the tumor associated macrophages and acted as an important factor for the immune suppressive microenvironment. Epigenetically silencing of Hif1α via histone H3 methylation in the promoter region was achieved by CRISPR/dCas9-EZH2 system, in which histone H3 methylase EZH2 was recruited to the promoter region specifically. The Hif1α silenced macrophage, namely HERM (Hif1α Epigenetically Repressed Macrophage) manifested as inheritable tumor suppressing phenotype. In the subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma syngeneic model, intratumoral injection of HERMs reprogrammed the immune suppressive microenvironment to the active one, reducing tumor burden and prolonging overall survival. Additionally, HERMs therapy remarkably inhibited tumor angiogenesis. Together, our study has not only identified a promising cellular and molecular target for reverting immune suppressive microenvironment, but also provided a potent strategy for reprogramming tumor microenvironment via epigenetically reprogrammed macrophages. Macrophage are trained to promote cancer progression under hypoxic tumor microenvironment. HIF1α epigenetically repressed macrophage (HERM) is characterized as anti-tumoral function and suppress tumor progression. HERMs unleash immune suppression and promote cancer immunity. HERMs inhibit tumor angiogenesis and reduce tumor burden.
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805
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Advantages of targeting the tumor immune microenvironment over blocking immune checkpoint in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:72. [PMID: 33608497 PMCID: PMC7896069 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great success in cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint-targeting drugs are not the most popular weapon in the armory of cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that the tumor immune microenvironment plays a critical role in anti-cancer immunity, which may result in immune checkpoint blockade therapy being ineffective, in addition to other novel immunotherapies in cancer patients. In the present review, we discuss the deficiencies of current cancer immunotherapies. More importantly, we highlight the critical role of tumor immune microenvironment regulators in tumor immune surveillance, immunological evasion, and the potential for their further translation into clinical practice. Based on their general targetability in clinical therapy, we believe that tumor immune microenvironment regulators are promising cancer immunotherapeutic targets. Targeting the tumor immune microenvironment, alone or in combination with immune checkpoint-targeting drugs, might benefit cancer patients in the future.
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806
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Zhao J, Wan P, Hu Y, Lv K, Hu Y, Yang X, Ma M. Activation of MAT2A-RIP1 signaling axis reprograms monocytes in gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001364. [PMID: 33593829 PMCID: PMC7888314 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitates the progression of gastric cancer (GC). Cell metabolism reprogramming has been shown to play a vital role in the polarization of TAMs. However, the role of methionine metabolism in function of TAMs remains to be explored. Methods Monocytes/macrophages were isolated from peripheral blood, tumor tissues or normal tissues from healthy donors or patients with GC. The role of methionine metabolism in the activation of TAMs was evaluated with both in vivo analyses and in vitro experiments. Pharmacological inhibition of the methionine cycle and modulation of key metabolic genes was employed, where molecular and biological analyses were performed. Results TAMs have increased methionine cycle activity that are mainly attributed to elevated methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A) levels. MAT2A modulates the activation and maintenance of the phenotype of TAMs and mediates the upregulation of RIP1 by increasing the histone H3K4 methylation (H3K4me3) at its promoter regions. Conclusions Our data cast light on a novel mechanism by which methionine metabolism regulates the anti-inflammatory functions of monocytes in GC. MAT2A might be a potential therapeutic target for cancer cells as well as TAMs in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Aflliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China .,Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - YiRen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China .,Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China .,Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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807
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Kazemi MH, Najafi A, Karami J, Ghazizadeh F, Yousefi H, Falak R, Safari E. Immune and metabolic checkpoints blockade: Dual wielding against tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107461. [PMID: 33592403 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have raised hopes for treating cancers that are resistant to conventional therapies. Among the various immunotherapy methods, the immune checkpoint (IC) blockers were more promising and have paved their way to the clinic. Tumor cells induce the expression of ICs on the immune cells and derive them to a hyporesponsive exhausted phenotype. IC blockers could hinder immune exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment and reinvigorate immune cells for an efficient antitumor response. Despite the primary success of IC blockers in the clinic, the growing numbers of refractory cases require an in-depth study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IC expression and function. Immunometabolism is recently found to be a key factor in the regulation of immune responses. Activated or exhausted immune cells exploit different metabolic pathways. Tumor cells can suppress antitumor responses via immunometabolism alteration. Therefore, it is expected that concurrent targeting of ICs and immunometabolism pathways can cause immune cells to restore their antitumor activity. In this review, we dissected the reciprocal interactions of immune cell metabolism with expression and signaling of ICs in the tumor microenvironment. Recent findings on dual targeting of ICs and metabolic checkpoints have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
| | - Foad Ghazizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elahe Safari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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808
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Jordakieva G, Bianchini R, Reichhold D, Piehslinger J, Groschopf A, Jensen SA, Mearini E, Nocentini G, Crevenna R, Zlabinger GJ, Karagiannis SN, Klaus A, Jensen-Jarolim E. IgG4 induces tolerogenic M2-like macrophages and correlates with disease progression in colon cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1880687. [PMID: 33628623 PMCID: PMC7889146 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1880687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4 subclass antibodies are expressed in alternative Th2 environments featuring high IL-10 expression, including several solid tumors such as melanoma. To induce tolerance, allergen immunotherapy mediates antibody class switching from pro-inflammatory IgE to anti-inflammatory IgG4. We previously reported that IgG4 drives allergic M2 macrophages toward tolerogenic states. Here we assessed the roles of IgG4 and macrophage activation in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this observer-blinded, case-control study, we analyzed total circulating serum IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 levels in CRC (n = 38) patients with (n = 13, TxNxM1) or without (n = 25, TxNxM0) metastasis, and in healthy donors (n = 21). Primary cultures of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy controls and CRC patients were further evaluated in their responses to stimulation with IgG1 or IgG4. We found higher absolute serum levels of IgG4 in patients with CRC. IgG4 enabled polarization of macrophages derived from CRC patients and healthy controls into alternatively-activated tolerogenic M2b phenotypes. IgG4-stimulated M2 macrophages were characterized by lower surface CD206, CD163, CD14, and CD11b expression and higher CCL-1, IL-10, and IL-6 production. IgG4 was less potent that IgG1 in triggering antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) of cancer cells. Further, higher z-normalized IgG4/-IgE sera level ratios correlated with the presence of metastasis (p = .0247 and p = .0009, respectively) in CRC patients. High IgG4 in CRC synergizes with macrophages in shaping an immunosuppressive microenvironment and impairs anti-cancer effector cell functions. The shift of serum IgG4/IgE ratios toward enhanced tolerance induction in metastatic disease indicates a role for high IgG4 in disease progression and poor prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Unit of Comparative Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Reichhold
- Department of General Surgery, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Piehslinger
- Department of General Surgery, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Groschopf
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Unit of Comparative Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- FH Campus Wien, Department of Health Science, Section of Biomedical Analytics, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian A. Jensen
- Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ettore Mearini
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Urology Clinic of Perugia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Richard Crevenna
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Alexander Klaus
- Department of General Surgery, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine, the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Unit of Comparative Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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809
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Lan H, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang X, Guan Z, Du J, Jin K. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promote Oxaliplatin Resistance via METTL3-Mediated m 6A of TRAF5 and Necroptosis in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1026-1037. [PMID: 33555197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a third-generation platinum drug, oxaliplatin (OX) is widely used as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC cells acquire resistance to chemotherapy and develop resistance, which is a major challenge for the treatment of advanced CRC. Recent studies have suggested that the therapeutic resistance of tumors is affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). As a critical role among TME, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role. However, their regulatory mechanism underlying the drug resistance in CRC remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found that the density of macrophages infiltrated into the CRC tissues from OX-resistant patients was significantly higher compared with the OX-sensitive patients. Interestingly, both the total N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA content and the expression of its critical methyltransferase METTL3 were increased in the CRC tissues from OX-resistant patients compared with the OX-sensitive patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the M2-polarized TAMs enabled the OX resistance via the elevation of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in cells. Through whole-genome CRISPR screening and further validation, we found that TRAF5 contributes to the METTL3-triggered OX resistance in CRC cells. This study unveiled that M2-TAMs were important mediators for the acquisition of OX resistance. Furthermore, we provided evidence that targeting of M2-TAMs and METTL3-mediated m6A modification might be a promising adjuvant therapeutic strategy for CRC patients, especially for OX-resistant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Pathology, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xuanwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhonghai Guan
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
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810
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Parisi F, Tesi M, Millanta F, Gnocchi M, Poli A. M1 and M2 tumour-associated macrophages subsets in canine malignant mammary tumours: An immunohistochemical study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:32-38. [PMID: 33582312 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the innate and adaptative immune cells recruited to the tumour site, tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant and by simplified classification can be classified into (M1) and (M2) TAMs. In the present study, we quantified by immunohistochemistry ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive total and CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs in 60 canine malignant mammary tumours (CMMTs) to analyze the relationship between M1 or M2 response and the histopathologic features of examined CMMTs, the dogs' body condition score (BCS) and the progression of the neoplastic disease. The mean number of total and CD204+ TAMS were significantly higher in solid and in grade III than in grades I and II carcinomas. Moreover, the mean number of CD204-positive TAMs was significantly higher in CMMTs with lymphatic invasion and necrosis rather than CMMTs without. The presence of higher number of CD204-positive M2-polarized TAMs was associated with a worst outcome of the neoplastic disease: bitches bearing CMMTs with a prevalent M2-polarized TAM response had a median cancer-specific survival time of 449 days, while in animals with a M1-polarized TAM response the median cancer-specific survival time was 1209 days. The results of our study confirm that in CMMTs the presence of a M2-polarized TAMs response might affect the tumour development and behaviour. Finally, it strongly suggests the potential of CD204 expression as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Tesi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Marzia Gnocchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa I-56124, Italy.
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811
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Zhang A, Xu Y, Xu H, Ren J, Meng T, Ni Y, Zhu Q, Zhang WB, Pan YB, Jin J, Bi Y, Wu ZB, Lin S, Lou M. Lactate-induced M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages promotes the invasion of pituitary adenoma by secreting CCL17. Theranostics 2021; 11:3839-3852. [PMID: 33664865 PMCID: PMC7914368 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lactate greatly contributes to the regulation of intracellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the role of lactate in pituitary adenoma (PA) invasion is unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of lactate on the TME and the effects of TME on PA invasion. Methods: To explore the correlation between TME acidosis and tumor invasion, LDHA and LAMP2 expression levels were quantified in invasive (n = 32) and noninvasive (n = 32) PA samples. The correlation between immune cell infiltration and tumor invasion was evaluated in 64 PAs. Critical chemokine and key signaling pathway components were detected by qPCR, Western blotting, siRNA knockdown, and specific inhibitors. The functional consequences of CCR4 signaling inhibition were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Lactate was positively associated with PA invasion. Of the 64 PA tissues, invasive PAs were related to high infiltration of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) (P < 0.05). Moreover, lactate secreted from PA cells facilitated M2 polarization via the mTORC2 and ERK signaling pathways, while activated TAMs secreted CCL17 to promote PA invasion via the CCL17/CCR4/mTORC1 axis. According to univariate analysis of clinical data, high CCL17 expression was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.0438), greater invasion (P = 0.0334), and higher susceptibility to postoperative recurrence (P = 0.0195) in human PAs. Conclusion: This study illustrates the dynamics between PA cells and immune TME in promoting PA invasion via M2 polarization. CCL17 levels in the TME are related to the PA invasiveness and clinical prognosis, and the CCL17/CCR4/mTOCR1 axis may serve as potential therapeutic targets for Pas.
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812
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Ying ZH, Li HM, Yu WY, Yu CH. Iridin Prevented Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses of Macrophages via Inactivation of PKM2-Mediated Glycolytic Pathways. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:341-354. [PMID: 33574693 PMCID: PMC7872898 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s292244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abnormal glycolysis of immune cells contributed to the development of inflammatory response. Inhibition of this Warburg phenotype could be a promising strategy for preventing various inflammatory diseases. Iridin (IRD) is a natural isoflavone, and exerts anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the underlying mechanism of IRD on acute inflammation remains unknown. In this study, the protective effects of IRD against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation were investigated in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and in mice. Methods The inhibition of IRD on NO production in culture medium was detected by Griess assay while the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were detected by ELISA assay. The effects of IRD on OCR and ECAR levels in LPS-treated macrophages were monitored by using Seahorse Analyzer. The apoptosis rate as well as the release of ROS and NO of RAW264.7 cells were analyzed by flow cytometric assay. The protective effects of IRD were investigated on LPS-induced inflammation in mice. The expressions of PKM2 and its downstream (p-JAK1, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, p-p65, iNOS, and COX2) in cells and in lung tissues were detected by Western blotting analysis. Results IRD treatment at the concentrations of 12.5-50 μM significantly inhibited the productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and ROS, and suppressed the levels of glucose uptake and lactic acid in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Oral administration with IRD (20-80 mg/kg) inhibited LPS-induced acute lung injury as well as inflammatory cytokine production in mice. Moreover, IRD targeted pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) and suppressed its downstream p-JAK1, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, p-p65, iNOS, and COX2, which could be abolished by PKM2 agonist DASA-58 and antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but partly be reversed by NF-κB activator CUT129 and JAK1 activator RO8191. Conclusion IRD alleviated LPS-induced inflammation through suppressing PKM2-mediated pathways, and could be a potential candidate for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Ying
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Li
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
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813
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Iron Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment-Implications for Anti-Cancer Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020303. [PMID: 33540645 PMCID: PMC7913036 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New insights into the field of iron metabolism within the tumor microenvironment have been uncovered in recent years. Iron promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which may either trigger ferroptosis cell death or contribute to malignant transformation. Once transformed, cancer cells divert tumor-infiltrating immune cells to satisfy their iron demand, thus affecting the tumor immunosurveillance. In this review, we highlight how the bioavailability of this metal shapes complex metabolic pathways within the tumor microenvironment and how this affects both tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes functions. Furthermore, we discuss the potentials as well as the current clinical controversies surrounding the use of iron metabolism as a target for new anticancer treatments in two opposed conditions: (i) the “hot” tumors, which are usually enriched in immune cells infiltration and are extremely rich in iron availability within the microenvironment, and (ii) the “cold” tumors, which are often very poor in immune cells, mainly due to immune exclusion.
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814
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Shen L, Zhou Y, He H, Chen W, Lenahan C, Li X, Deng Y, Shao A, Huang J. Crosstalk between Macrophages, T Cells, and Iron Metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8865791. [PMID: 33628389 PMCID: PMC7889336 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8865791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes, including macrophages and T cells, represent key players in the human immune system, which plays a considerable role in the development and progression of tumors by immune surveillance or immune escape. Boosting the recruitment of leukocytes into the tumor microenvironment and promoting their antitumor responses have been hot areas of research in recent years. Although immunotherapy has manifested a certain level of success in some malignancies, the overall effectiveness is far from satisfactory. Iron is an essential trace element required in multiple, normal cellular processes, such as DNA synthesis and repair, cellular respiration, metabolism, and signaling, while dysregulated iron metabolism has been declared one of the metabolic hallmarks of malignant cancer cells. Furthermore, iron is implicated in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and elucidating the targeted regulation of iron metabolism may have the potential to benefit antitumor immunity and cancer treatment. In the present review, we briefly summarize the roles of leukocytes and iron metabolism in tumorigenesis, as well as their crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment. The combination of immunotherapy with targeted regulation of iron and iron-dependent regulated cell death (ferroptosis) may be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesang Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Haifei He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wuzhen Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
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815
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Yamazaki T, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Pietrocola F. Autophagy in the cancer-immunity dialogue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:40-50. [PMID: 33301821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is quintessential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells, explaining why both normal and malignant cells benefit from proficient autophagic responses. Moreover, autophagy is intimately involved in the immunological control of malignant transformation, tumor progression and response to therapy. However, the net effect of autophagy activation or inhibition on the natural growth or therapeutic response of tumors evolving in immunocompetent hosts exhibits a considerable degree of context dependency. Here, we discuss the complex cross-talk between autophagy and immuno-oncology as delineated by genetic and pharmacological approaches in mouse models of cancer.
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816
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Milenova I, Lopez Gonzalez M, Quixabeira DCA, Santos JM, Cervera-Carrascon V, Dong W, Hemminki A, van Beusechem VW, van de Ven R, de Gruijl TD. Oncolytic Adenovirus ORCA-010 Activates Proinflammatory Myeloid Cells and Facilitates T Cell Recruitment and Activation by PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:178-191. [PMID: 33470166 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have advanced the treatment of melanoma. Nevertheless, a majority of patients are resistant, or develop resistance, to immune checkpoint blockade, which may be related to prevailing immune suppression by myeloid regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). ORCA-010 is a novel oncolytic adenovirus that selectively replicates in, and lyses, cancer cells. We previously showed that ORCA-010 can activate melanoma-exposed conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). To study the effect of ORCA-010 on melanoma-conditioned macrophage development, we used an in vitro co-culture model of human monocytes with melanoma cell lines. We observed a selective survival and polarization of monocytes into M2-like macrophages (CD14+CD80-CD163+) in co-cultures with cell lines that expressed macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Oncolysis of these melanoma cell lines, effected by ORCA-010, activated the resulting macrophages and converted them to a more proinflammatory state, evidenced by higher levels of PD-L1, CD80, and CD86 and an enhanced capacity to prime allogenic T cells and induce a type-1 T cell response. To assess the effect of ORCA-010 on myeloid subset distribution and activation in vivo, ORCA-010 was intratumorally injected and tested for T cell activation and recruitment in the human adenovirus nonpermissive B16-OVA mouse melanoma model. While systemic PD-1 blockade in this model in itself did not modulate myeloid or T cell subset distribution and activation, when it was preceded by i.t. injection of ORCA-010, this induced an increased rate and activation state of CD8α+ cDC1, both in the TME and in the spleen. Observed increased rates of activated CD8+ T cells, expressing CD69 and PD-1, were related to both increased CD8α+ cDC1 rates and M1/M2 shifts in tumor and spleen. In conclusion, the myeloid modulatory properties of ORCA-010 in melanoma, resulting in recruitment and activation of T cells, could enhance the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Milenova
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,ORCA Therapeutics BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Lopez Gonzalez
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dafne C A Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenliang Dong
- ORCA Therapeutics BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor W van Beusechem
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Otolaryngology/Head-Neck Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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817
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Geng J, Zhang X, Prabhu S, Shahoei SH, Nelson ER, Swanson KS, Anastasio MA, Smith AM. 3D microscopy and deep learning reveal the heterogeneity of crown-like structure microenvironments in intact adipose tissue. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabe2480. [PMID: 33597245 PMCID: PMC7888944 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crown-like structures (CLSs) are adipose microenvironments of macrophages engulfing adipocytes. Their histological density in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) predicts metabolic disorder progression in obesity and is believed to initiate obesity comorbidities. Here, we use three-dimensional (3D) light sheet microscopy and deep learning to quantify 3D features of VAT CLSs in lean and obese states. Obese CLS densities are significantly higher, composing 3.9% of tissue volume compared with 0.46% in lean tissue. Across the states, individual CLS structural characteristics span similar ranges; however, subpopulations are distinguishable. Obese VAT contains large CLSs absent from lean tissues, located near the tissue center, while lean CLSs have higher volumetric cell densities and prolate shapes. These features are consistent with inefficient adipocyte elimination in obesity that contributes to chronic inflammation, representing histological biomarkers to assess adipose pathogenesis. This tissue processing, imaging, and analysis pipeline can be applied to quantitatively classify 3D microenvironments across diverse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Geng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Suma Prabhu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayyed Hamed Shahoei
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark A Anastasio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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818
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Zhou X, Liu X, Huang L. Macrophage-Mediated Tumor Cell Phagocytosis: Opportunity for Nanomedicine Intervention. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2006220. [PMID: 33692665 PMCID: PMC7939128 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most abundant non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment, playing critical roles in mediating tumor immunity. As important innate immune cells, macrophages possess the potential to engulf tumor cells and present tumor-specific antigens for adaptive antitumor immunity induction, leading to growing interest in targeting macrophage phagocytosis for cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, live tumor cells have evolved to evade phagocytosis by macrophages via the extensive expression of anti-phagocytic molecules, such as CD47. In addition, macrophages also rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) in the tumor microenvironment, which inhibits inflammatory responses and facilitates immune escape of tumor cells. Thus, intervention of macrophage phagocytosis by blocking anti-phagocytic signals on live tumor cells or inhibiting tumor efferocytosis presents a promising strategy for the development of cancer immunotherapies. Here, the regulation of macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis is first summarized, followed by an overview of strategies targeting macrophage phagocytosis for the development of antitumor therapies. Given the potential off-target effects associated with the administration of traditional therapeutics (for example, monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors), we highlight the opportunity for nanomedicine in macrophage phagocytosis intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhou
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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819
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Ritchie S, Reed DA, Pereira BA, Timpson P. The cancer cell secretome drives cooperative manipulation of the tumour microenvironment to accelerate tumourigenesis. Fac Rev 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33659922 PMCID: PMC7894270 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular secretions are a fundamental aspect of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in vivo. In malignancy, cancer cells have an aberrant secretome compared to their non-malignant counterparts, termed the "cancer cell secretome". The cancer cell secretome can influence every stage of the tumourigenic cascade. At the primary site, cancer cells can secrete a multitude of factors that facilitate invasion into surrounding tissue, allowing interaction with the local tumour microenvironment (TME), driving tumour development and progression. In more advanced disease, the cancer cell secretome can be involved in extravasation and metastasis, including metastatic organotropism, pre-metastatic niche (PMN) preparation, and metastatic outgrowth. In this review, we will explore the latest advances in the field of cancer cell secretions, including its dynamic and complex role in activating the TME and potentiating invasion and metastasis, with comments on how these secretions may also promote therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Ritchie
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel A Reed
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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820
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Immune Cell-Associated Protein Expression Helps to Predict Survival in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients after Radical Cystectomy and Optional Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010159. [PMID: 33467469 PMCID: PMC7829767 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adjuvant chemotherapy following radical cystectomy is a common therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. No applicable biomarkers exist to predict which patients will benefit from chemotherapy. Three immune cell markers, the chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), the pan macrophage marker CD68, and the M2 macrophage marker CD163, were examined using immunohistochemistry to determine their predictive value for chemotherapy responses in different nodal stage and tumor stage subgroups. The presence of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, characterized by the markers CD68, CD163, and CCL2, was associated with a superior prognosis, and chemotherapy may not add an advantage for prognosis. However, a depleted immune microenvironment, here represented as a reduction or loss of macrophages, helped to predict the benefit of chemotherapy in N1 + 2 stage patients. Altogether, it is meaningful to consider the abundance of immune cells, such as macrophages, to better predict the response to chemotherapy for bladder cancer (BCa) patients after radical treatment. Abstract Bladder cancer (BCa) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed malignant cancer worldwide. Although adjuvant chemotherapy following radical cystectomy is a common therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer patients, no applicable biomarkers exist to predict which patients will benefit from chemotherapy. In this study, we examined three immune cell markers, the chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), the pan macrophage marker cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and the M2 macrophage marker cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), using immunohistochemistry to determine their predictive value for the chemotherapy response in different nodal stage (pN0 vs. pN1 + 2) and tumor stage subgroups (pT2 vs. pT3 + 4). The prognosis was studied in terms of the overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free-survival (RFS) in 168 muscle invasive BCa patients. Chemotherapy was associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with a higher expression of the immune markers CCL2 (RFS), CD68 (DSS and RFS), and CD163 (DSS and RFS) in the N0 group and with poorer survival in patients with a higher expression of the immune markers CCL2 (OS, DSS, and RFS), CD68 (OS, DSS, and RFS), and CD163 (OS, DSS, and RFS) in the pT2 group when compared with treatments without chemotherapy. In contrast, chemotherapy was associated with a better prognosis in patients with a low expression of the immune markers CCL2 (DSS and RFS), CD68 (OS, DSS, and RFS), and CD163 (OS) in the N1 + 2 group. In addition, chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with a low expression of the immune marker CD68 (OS and DSS) and there was a trend for a better prognosis in patients with a low expression of CD163 (OS) in the pT3 + 4 group compared to patients not treated with chemotherapy. Interestingly, CD68 appeared to be the most applicable immune marker to stratify patients by the outcome of chemotherapy in the nodal stage and tumor stage groups. Overall, we suggest that, in addition to the clinical factors of tumor stage and nodal stage, it is also meaningful to consider the abundance of immune cells, such as macrophages, to better predict the response to chemotherapy for BCa patients after radical treatment.
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821
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Kwon M, Jung H, Nam GH, Kim IS. The right Timing, right combination, right sequence, and right delivery for Cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 331:321-334. [PMID: 33434599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CI) represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) presents a new paradigm for cancer treatment. However, the types of cancer that attain a therapeutic benefit from ICIs are limited, and the efficacy of these treatments does not meet expectations. To date, research on ICIs has mainly focused on identifying biomarkers and patient characteristics that can enhance the therapeutic effect on tumors. However, studies on combinational strategies for CI are being actively conducted to overcome the resistance to ICI treatment. Moreover, it has been confirmed that dramatic anticancer effects are achieved through "neoadjuvant" immunotherapy with ICIs in treatment-naïve cancer patients; consequently, it has become necessary to consider how to best apply cancer immunotherapies for patients, even with respect to their tumor stages. In this review, we sought to discuss the right timing of ICI treatment in consideration of the progression of cancer with a changing tumor-immune microenvironment. Furthermore, we investigated which types of combinational treatments and their corresponding sequences of administration could optimize the therapeutic effect of ICIs to expand the applicable target of ICIs and increase their therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we discussed several delivery pathways and methods that can maximize the effect of ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kwon
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hanul Jung
- Korea University Anam Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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822
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Wang B, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zheng Z, Liu S, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Targeting hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment: a potential strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:24. [PMID: 33422072 PMCID: PMC7796640 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the majority of patients with cancer still do not benefit from this revolutionary therapy. Increasing evidence suggests that one of the major barriers limiting the efficacy of immunotherapy seems to coalesce with the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), which is an intrinsic property of all solid tumors. In addition to its impact on shaping tumor invasion and metastasis, the hypoxic TME plays an essential role in inducing immune suppression and resistance though fostering diverse changes in stromal cell biology. Therefore, targeting hypoxia may provide a means to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, the potential impact of hypoxia within the TME, in terms of key immune cell populations, and the contribution to immune suppression are discussed. In addition, we outline how hypoxia can be manipulated to tailor the immune response and provide a promising combinational therapeutic strategy to improve immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zijing Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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823
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Development of a prognostic model based on an immunogenomic landscape analysis of medulloblastoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227393. [PMID: 33345275 PMCID: PMC7791544 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common central nervous system tumors in children. At present, the vital role of immune abnormalities has been proved in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the immune mechanism in MB is still poorly understood. In the present study, 51 differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) and 226 survival associated immune-related genes (Sur-IRGs) were screened by an integrated analysis of multi-array. Moreover, the potential pathways were enriched by functional analysis, such as ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’, ‘Ras signaling pathway’, ‘PI3K-Akt signaling pathway’ and ‘pathways in cancer’. Furthermore, 10 core IRGs were identified from DE-IRGs and Sur-IRGs. And the potential regulatory mechanisms of core IRGs were also explored. Additionally, a new prognostic model, including 7 genes (HDGF, CSK, PNOC, S100A13, RORB, FPR1, and ICAM2) based on IRGs, was established by multivariable COX analysis. In summary, our study revealed the underlying immune mechanism of MB. Moreover, we developed a prognostic model associated with clinical characteristics and could reflect the infiltration of immune cells.
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824
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Fang W, Zhou T, Shi H, Yao M, Zhang D, Qian H, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Jin F, Chai C, Chen T. Progranulin induces immune escape in breast cancer via up-regulating PD-L1 expression on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promoting CD8 + T cell exclusion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:4. [PMID: 33390170 PMCID: PMC7780622 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Progranulin (PGRN), as a multifunctional growth factor, is overexpressed in multiple tumors, but the role of PGRN on tumor immunity is still unclear. Here, we studied the effect of PGRN on breast cancer tumor immunity and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods The changes of macrophage phenotypes after PGRN treatment were detected by western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Western blot was used to study the signal molecular mechanism of PGRN regulating this process. The number and localization of immune cells in Wild-type (WT) and PGRN−/− breast cancer tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence techniques. The activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results After being treated with PGRN, the expressions of M2 markers and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on macrophages increased significantly. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway inhibitor Stattic significantly inhibited the expression of PD-L1 and M2 related markers induced by PGRN. In WT group, CD8 were co-localized with macrophages and PD-L1, but not tumor cells. The number of immune cells in PGRN−/− breast cancer tissue increased, and their infiltration into tumor parenchyma was also enhanced. Moreover, in the co-culture system, WT peritoneal macrophages not only reduced the ratio of activated CD8+ T cells but also reduced the proportion of proliferating CD8+ T cells. The addition of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 neutralizing antibodies effectively reversed this effect and restored the immune function of CD8+ T cells. Conclusion These results demonstrate that PGRN promotes M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, through PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, PGRN can promote the breast tumor immune escape. Our research may provide new ideas and targets for clinical breast cancer immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01786-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Fang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - He Shi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Husun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yange Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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825
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Ahmed DS, Isnard S, Lin J, Routy B, Routy JP. GDF15/GFRAL Pathway as a Metabolic Signature for Cachexia in Patients with Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:1125-1132. [PMID: 33442410 PMCID: PMC7797663 DOI: 10.7150/jca.50376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a metabolic mutiny that directly reduces life expectancy in chronic conditions such as cancer. The underlying mechanisms associated with cachexia involve inflammation, metabolism, and anorexia. Therefore, the need to identify cachexia biomarkers is warranted to better understand catabolism change and assess various therapeutic interventions. Among inflammatory proteins, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), an atypical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily member, emerges as a stress-related hormone. In inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, GDF15 is a biomarker for disease outcome. GDF15 is also implicated in energy homeostasis, body weight regulation, and plays a distinct role in cachexia. The recent discovery of its receptor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL), sheds light on its metabolic function. Herein, we critically review the mechanisms involving GDF15 in cancer cachexia and discuss therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes in people living with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darakhshan Sohail Ahmed
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Division of Hémato-oncologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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826
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Hong GQ, Cai D, Gong JP, Lai X. Innate immune cells and their interaction with T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 33281968 PMCID: PMC7709558 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor and is associated with necroinflammation driven by various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells. Innate immune cells can directly affect HCC or regulate the T-cell responses that mediate HCC. In addition, innate immune cells and T cells are not isolated, which means the interaction between them is important in the HCC microenvironment. Considering the current unsatisfactory efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with HCC, understanding the relationship between innate immune cells and T cells is necessary. In the present review the roles and clinical value of innate immune cells that have been widely reported to be involved in HCC, including dendritic cells, macrophages (including kupffer cells), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and innate lymphoid cells and the crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune responses in the antitumor process have been discussed. The present review will facilitate researchers in understanding the importance of innate immune cells in HCC and lead to innovative immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China
| | - Dong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xing Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Xing Lai, Department of Hepatobiliary and Thyroid Breast Surgery, Tongnan District People's Hospital, 271 Datong, Tongnan, Chongqing 402660, P.R. China, E-mail:
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827
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Chen D, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhu B. Metabolic regulatory crosstalk between tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophages. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1016-1030. [PMID: 33391518 PMCID: PMC7738889 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages phagocytize pathogens to initiate innate immunity and products from the tumor microenvironment (TME) to mediate tumor immunity. The loss of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-mediated immune responses results in immune suppression. To reverse this immune disorder, the regulatory mechanism of TAMs in the TME needs to be clarified. Immune molecules (cytokines and chemokines) from TAMs and the TME have been widely accepted as mutual mediators of signal transduction in the past few decades. Recently, researchers have tried to seek the intrinsic mechanism of TAM phenotypic and functional changes through metabolic connections. Numerous metabolites derived from the TME have been identified that induce the cell-cell crosstalk with TAMs. The bulk tumor cells, immune cells, and stromal cells produce metabolites in the TME that are involved in the metabolic regulation of TAMs. Meanwhile, some products from TAMs regulate the biological functions of the tumor as well. Here, we review the recent reports demonstrating the metabolic regulation between TME and TAMs.
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828
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Ma K, Zhang L. Overview: Lipid Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:41-47. [PMID: 33740242 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents the dynamic network consisting of tumor cells, stromal cells, and multiple lineages of immune subsets. It is well recognized that metabolic crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly shapes both the composition and functionality of the infiltrated immune cells and therefore critically regulate the antitumor immunity. In general, most solid tumors are considered as lipid-enriched environment, which is beneficial for tumor cell growth and immune escape. Here we briefly summarize the effects of accumulated lipids on tumor cells and immune cells. We also discuss the possibility of targeting lipid metabolism within the TME and potential strategies for optimizing cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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829
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Zhao R, Wan Q, Wang Y, Wu Y, Xiao S, Li Q, Shen X, Zhuang W, Zhou Y, Xia L, Song Y, Chen Y, Yang H, Wu X. M1-like TAMs are required for the efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades in gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1862520. [PMID: 33457080 PMCID: PMC7781754 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1862520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockades is heterogeneous in different molecular subtypes of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we analyzed relevant clinical trials to identify the molecular subtypes associated with the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockades, and public datasets, patient samples, and GC cell lines were used for investigating potential mechanisms. We found that GC with EBV-positive, MSI-H/dMMR, TMB-H or PIK3CA mutant subtype had enhanced efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades. Also, differentially expressed genes of these molecular subtypes shared the same gene signature and functional annotations related to immunity. Meanwhile, CIBERSORT identified that the overlapping landscapes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the four molecular subtypes were mainly M1-like macrophages (M1). The relationships between M1 and clinical characteristics, M1, and gene signatures associated with PD-1/PD-L1 blockades also revealed that M1 was associated with improved prognosis and required for the efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades in GC. We identified that tumor-infiltrating CD68+CD163− macrophages could represent M1 calculated by CIBERSORT in clinical application, and CXCL9, 10, 11/CXCR3 axis was involved in the mechanism of CD68+CD163− macrophages in the enhanced efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades. In conclusion, CD68+CD163− macrophages are required for the efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades and expand the applicable candidates in GC patients without the molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyi Wan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutao Wu
- West China College of Stomatology, West China Dental Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuomeng Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoding Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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830
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Wang X, Ning W, Qiu Z, Li S, Zhang H, Yu C. Tumor-associated macrophages based signaling pathway analysis and hub genes identification in glioma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23840. [PMID: 33371165 PMCID: PMC7748342 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in the immune response to many malignancies, but the signaling pathways by which the glioma microenvironment cross-talk with TAMs are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to uncover the potential signaling pathways of the regulation of TAMs and identify candidate targets for therapeutic intervention of glioma through bioinformatics analysis.Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were used to download RNA-Seq data and microarray data of human glioma specimen. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CD68-high samples and CD68-low samples were sorted. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs was conducted. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were formed to identify the hub genes.The prognostic value of TAMs in glioma patients was confirmed. A total of 477 specific DEGs were sorted. The signaling pathway was identified in pathway enrichment and the DEGs showed prominent representations of immune response networks in glioma. The hub genes including C3, IL6, ITGB2, PTAFR, TIMP1 and VAMP8 were identified form the PPI network and they were all correlated positively with the expression of CD68 and showed the excellent prognostic value in glioma patients.TAMs can be used as a good prognostic indicator in glioma patients. By analyzing comprehensive bioinformatics data, we uncovered the underlying signaling pathway of the DEGs between glioma patients with high and low expression level of CD68. Furthermore, the 6 hub genes identified were closely associated with TAMs in glioma microenvironment and need further investigation.
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831
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Luo ZW, Liu PP, Wang ZX, Chen CY, Xie H. Macrophages in Osteosarcoma Immune Microenvironment: Implications for Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:586580. [PMID: 33363016 PMCID: PMC7758531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary bone tumor commonly occurring in children and adolescents. The treatment of local osteosarcoma is mainly based on surgical resection and chemotherapy, whereas the improvement of overall survival remains stagnant, especially in recurrent or metastatic cases. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, and macrophages are among the most abundant immune cells in the TME. Due to their vital roles in tumor progression, macrophages have gained increasing attention as the new target of tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we present a brief overview of macrophages in the TME and highlight the clinical significance of macrophages and their roles in the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic approaches targeting macrophage, which represent a promising strategy in osteosarcoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Bone Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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832
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Huang Q, Lei Y, Li X, Guo F, Liu M. A Highlight of the Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blocker Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580140. [PMID: 33344447 PMCID: PMC7746821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as our understanding of tumor immunology is continuously improved, immunotherapy has come to the center stage of cancer therapy and is deemed as the most promising approach for cancer control. Although immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), has achieved a milestone in several types of tumors, the majority of cancer patients do not benefit from immunotherapy. The dismal outcome of cancer immunotherapy is mainly due to primary or acquired resistance arising from tumor immune evasion. Exploring the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion in the course of immunotherapy may identify biological targets to conquer tumor resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that may underlie tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockers. Targeting these factors in combination with immune checkpoint blockers points to the future direction of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanna Lei
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fukun Guo
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ming Liu
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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833
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Pan Y, Yu Y, Wang X, Zhang T. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583084. [PMID: 33365025 PMCID: PMC7751482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the main tumor-infiltrating immune cell types and are generally categorized into either of two functionally contrasting subtypes, namely classical activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. The former typically exerts anti-tumor functions, including directly mediate cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to kill tumor cells; the latter can promote the occurrence and metastasis of tumor cells, inhibit T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response, promote tumor angiogenesis, and lead to tumor progression. Both M1 and M2 macrophages have high degree of plasticity and thus can be converted into each other upon tumor microenvironment changes or therapeutic interventions. As the relationship between TAMs and malignant tumors becoming clearer, TAMs have become a promising target for developing new cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the origin and types of TAMs, TAMs interaction with tumors and tumor microenvironment, and up-to-date treatment strategies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyun Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinda Yu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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834
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Potential Roles of Tumor Cell- and Stroma Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Promoting a Pro-Angiogenic Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123599. [PMID: 33276428 PMCID: PMC7760552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we focus on extracellular vesicles derived from non-cancer cells and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment. The article describes the biogenesis of small extracellular vesicles and refers to their proteomic cargo components that play a role in promoting angiogenesis. Moreover, we explain how small extracellular vesicles derived from tumors and non-cancer cells can interact with recipient cells and alter their functions. We particularly focus on phenotypical and functional changes in endothelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils that result in proangiogenic signaling. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by all cells and are present in all body fluids. They exist in a variety of sizes, however, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the EV subset with a size range from 30 to 150 nm, are of current interest. They are characterized by a distinct biogenesis and complex cargo composition, which reflects the cytosolic contents and cell-surface molecules of the parent cells. This cargo consists of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and is competent in inducing signaling cascades in recipient cells after surface interactions or in initiating the generation of a functional protein by delivering nucleic acids. Based on these characteristics, sEVs are now considered as important mediators of intercellular communication. One hallmark of sEVs is the promotion of angiogenesis. It was shown that sEVs interact with endothelial cells (ECs) and promote an angiogenic phenotype, ultimately leading to increased vascularization of solid tumors and disease progression. It was also shown that sEVs reprogram cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and act in a functionally cooperative fashion to promote angiogenesis by a paracrine mechanism involving the differential expression and secretion of angiogenic factors from other cell types. In this review, we will focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived sEVs (TEX) in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we will focus on non-cancer stroma-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic TME.
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835
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Osman A, Oze M, Afify SM, Hassan G, EL-Ghlban S, Nawara HM, Fu X, Zahra MH, Seno A, Winer I, Salomon DS, Seno M. Tumor-associated macrophages derived from cancer stem cells. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151628. [PMID: 32992123 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors. The present study displayed histological and immunohistochemical analyses of a malignant tumor model developed from cancer stem cells (CSCs) converted from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in a cancer microenvironment prepared from the conditioned medium (CM) of a pancreatic cancer cell line. We focused on the localization and the origin of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), To the best of our knowledge this may be the first study to suggest the potential differentiation of CSCs to TAMs. hiPSCs were converted into CSCs in the presence of CM from PK8 cells. CSCs were then transplanted in vivo and formed primary tumors. Primary cultures for these tumors were serially transplanted again to obtain secondary tumors. Secondary tumors exhibited histopathological features of malignancy. Cells derived from tumors maintained the expression of endogenous stemness markers and pancreatic CSCs markers. Simultaneously, high immunoreactivity to anti-mouse CD68, anti-human CD68, CD206 and CD11b antibodies were detected revealing that the tumor tissue derived from CSCs was enriched for macrophages which can originate from both human and mouse cells. The model of CSCs highlighted the possibility of CSCs to differentiate into TAMs.
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836
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Argüello RJ, Combes AJ, Char R, Gigan JP, Baaziz AI, Bousiquot E, Camosseto V, Samad B, Tsui J, Yan P, Boissonneau S, Figarella-Branger D, Gatti E, Tabouret E, Krummel MF, Pierre P. SCENITH: A Flow Cytometry-Based Method to Functionally Profile Energy Metabolism with Single-Cell Resolution. Cell Metab 2020; 32:1063-1075.e7. [PMID: 33264598 PMCID: PMC8407169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Energetic metabolism reprogramming is critical for cancer and immune responses. Current methods to functionally profile the global metabolic capacities and dependencies of cells are performed in bulk. We designed a simple method for complex metabolic profiling called SCENITH, for single-cell energetic metabolism by profiling translation inhibition. SCENITH allows for the study of metabolic responses in multiple cell types in parallel by flow cytometry. SCENITH is designed to perform metabolic studies ex vivo, particularly for rare cells in whole blood samples, avoiding metabolic biases introduced by culture media. We analyzed myeloid cells in solid tumors from patients and identified variable metabolic profiles, in ways that are not linked to their lineage or their activation phenotype. SCENITH's ability to reveal global metabolic functions and determine complex and linked immune-phenotypes in rare cell subpopulations will contribute to the information needed for evaluating therapeutic responses or patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Alexis J Combes
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Remy Char
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Julien-Paul Gigan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Ania I Baaziz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Evens Bousiquot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Voahirana Camosseto
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bushra Samad
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Tsui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Boissonneau
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Neurosciences des Systems, Faculté de Medecine, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Figarella-Branger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, CHU Timone, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, Marseille, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra", 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Emeline Tabouret
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, CHU Timone, Service de Neurooncologie, Marseille, France
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra", 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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837
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Saeki N, Imai Y. Reprogramming of synovial macrophage metabolism by synovial fibroblasts under inflammatory conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:188. [PMID: 33256735 PMCID: PMC7708128 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages adapt to microenvironments, and change metabolic status and functions to regulate inflammation and/or maintain homeostasis. In joint cavities, synovial macrophages (SM) and synovial fibroblasts (SF) maintain homeostasis. However, under inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), crosstalk between SM and SF remains largely unclear. Methods Immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify localization of SM and SF in synovium of collagen antibody induced arthritis (CAIA) model mice and normal mice. Murine arthritis tissue-derived SM (ADSM), arthritis tissue-derived SF (ADSF) and normal tissue-derived SF (NDSF) were isolated and the purity of isolated cells was examined by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry analysis. RNA-seq was conducted to reveal gene expression profile in ADSM, NDSF and ADSF. Cellular metabolic status and expression levels of metabolic genes and inflammatory genes were analyzed in ADSM treated with ADSM-conditioned medium (ADSM-CM), NDSF-CM and ADSF-CM.
Results SM and SF were dispersed in murine hyperplastic synovium. Isolations of ADSM, NDSF and ADSF to analyze the crosstalk were successful with high purity. From gene expression profiles by RNA-seq, we focused on secretory factors in ADSF-CM, which can affect metabolism and inflammatory activity of ADSM. ADSM exposed to ADSF-CM showed significantly upregulated glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration as well as glucose and glutamine uptake relative to ADSM exposed to ADSM-CM and NDSF-CM. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of metabolic genes, such as Slc2a1, Slc1a5, CD36, Pfkfb1, Pfkfb3 and Irg1, were significantly upregulated in ADSM treated with ADSF-CM. Inflammation marker genes, including Nos2, Tnf, Il-1b and CD86, and the anti-inflammatory marker gene, Il-10, were also substantially upregulated by ADSF-CM. On the other hand, NDSF-CM did not affect metabolism and gene expression in ADSM. Conclusions These findings suggest that crosstalk between SM and SF under inflammatory conditions can induce metabolic reprogramming and extend SM viability that together can contribute to chronic inflammation in RA. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Saeki
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. .,Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. .,Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.
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838
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Saleh NA, Rode MP, Sierra JA, Silva AH, Miyake JA, Filippin-Monteiro FB, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Three-dimensional multicellular cell culture for anti-melanoma drug screening: focus on tumor microenvironment. Cytotechnology 2020; 73:35-48. [PMID: 33505112 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The development of new treatments for malignant melanoma, which has the worst prognosis among skin neoplasms, remains a challenge. The tumor microenvironment aids tumor cells to grow and resist to chemotherapeutic treatment. One way to mimic and study the tumor microenvironment is by using three-dimensional (3D) co-culture models (spheroids). In this study, a melanoma heterospheroid model composed of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages was produced by liquid-overlay technique using the agarose gel. The size, growth, viability, morphology, cancer stem-like cells population and inflammatory profile of tumor heterospheroids and monospheroids were analyzed to evaluate the influence of stromal cells on these parameters. Furthermore, dacarbazine cytotoxicity was evaluated using spheroids and two-dimensional (2D) melanoma model. After finishing the experiments, it was observed the M2 macrophages induced an anti-inflammatory microenvironment in heterospheroids; fibroblasts cells support the formation of the extracellular matrix, and a higher percentage of melanoma CD271 was observed in this model. Additionally, melanoma spheroids responded differently to the dacarbazine than the 2D melanoma culture as a result of their cellular heterogeneity and 3D structure. The 3D model was shown to be a fast and reliable tool for drug screening, which can mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment regarding interactions and complexity. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Adel Saleh
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, GEIMM-Grupo de Estudos de Interações entre Micro e Macromoléculas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, S/N Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bloco H - 3° andar, sala H302-Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Michele Patrícia Rode
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, GEIMM-Grupo de Estudos de Interações entre Micro e Macromoléculas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, S/N Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bloco H - 3° andar, sala H302-Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-900 Brazil
| | | | - Adny Henrique Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Juliano Andreoli Miyake
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Fabíola Branco Filippin-Monteiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, GEIMM-Grupo de Estudos de Interações entre Micro e Macromoléculas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, S/N Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bloco H - 3° andar, sala H302-Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, GEIMM-Grupo de Estudos de Interações entre Micro e Macromoléculas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, S/N Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bloco H - 3° andar, sala H302-Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-900 Brazil
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839
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O’Brien J, Wendell SG. Electrophile Modulation of Inflammation: A Two-Hit Approach. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110453. [PMID: 33182676 PMCID: PMC7696920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic small molecules have gained significant attention over the last decade in the field of covalent drug discovery. Long recognized as mediators of the inflammatory process, recent evidence suggests that electrophiles may modulate the immune response through the regulation of metabolic networks. These molecules function as pleiotropic signaling mediators capable of reversibly reacting with nucleophilic biomolecules, most notably at reactive cysteines. More specifically, electrophiles target critical cysteines in redox regulatory proteins to activate protective pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) antioxidant signaling pathway while also inhibiting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). During inflammatory states, reactive species broadly alter cell signaling through the oxidation of lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, effectively propagating the inflammatory sequence. Subsequent changes in metabolic signaling inform immune cell maturation and effector function. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathologies leverage electrophilic drug compounds, in part, because of their documented effect on the redox balance of the cell. With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between redox signaling and metabolism, electrophiles represent ideal therapeutic candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Through their pleiotropic signaling activity, electrophiles may be used strategically to both directly and indirectly target immune cell metabolism.
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840
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Wang L, Kuang Z, Zhang D, Gao Y, Ying M, Wang T. Reactive oxygen species in immune cells: A new antitumor target. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110978. [PMID: 33176269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells have the potential to control the growth of tumor. However, this effect could be offset by immunosuppression associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Multiple studies indicate that the antitumor effect of immune cells is correlated with their antioxidant capacity. This review discusses the role of reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment by describing their distinct effects on different immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. In the end, we conclude with the prospect of treatment for cancer by targeting antioxidant defense in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zheng Kuang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Duo Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yifan Gao
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingzhen Ying
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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841
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Uddin MN, Wang X. The landscape of long non-coding RNAs in tumor stroma. Life Sci 2020; 264:118725. [PMID: 33166593 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with cancer development, while their relationship with the cancer-associated stromal components remains poorly understood. In this review, we performed a broad description of the functional landscape of stroma-associated lncRNAs in various cancers and their roles in regulating the tumor-stroma crosstalk. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a systematic literature review of PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Bentham, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases by using the keywords "LncRNAs in cancer," "LncRNAs in tumor stroma," "stroma," "cancer-associated stroma," "stroma in the tumor microenvironment," "tumor-stroma crosstalk," "drug resistance of stroma," and "stroma in immunosuppression" till July 2020. We collected the latest articles addressing the biological functions of stroma-associated lncRNAs in cancer. KEY FINDINGS These articles reported that dysregulated stroma-associated lncRNAs play significant roles in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) by the regulation of tumor-stroma crosstalk, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and tumor immunity. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor stroma is a substantial portion of the TME, and the dysregulation of tumor stroma-associated lncRNAs significantly contributes to cancer initiation, progression, angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Thus, stroma-associated lncRNAs could be potentially useful targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazim Uddin
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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842
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Liu Y, Wang R. Immunotherapy Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:583708. [PMID: 33251232 PMCID: PMC7674960 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.583708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a broad role in maintaining body homeostasis and defense against foreign pathogens; whereas tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth and metastasis by promoting cancer cell proliferation and invasion, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis, which is closely related to the poor prognosis in almost all solid tumors. Hence, deep-insight knowledge into TAMs can provide an opportunity to discover more effective strategies for cancer therapeutics. So far, a large number of therapeutic agents targeting TAMs are in clinical trials. In this review, we introduce an extensive overview about macrophages and macrophage-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Forth Affiliation Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rongsi Wang
- High School of East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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843
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Abstract
Significance: Cancer cells are stabilized in an undifferentiated state similar to stem cells. This leads to profound modifications of their metabolism, which further modifies their genetics and epigenetics as malignancy progresses. Specific metabolites and enzymes may serve as clinical markers of cancer progression. Recent Advances: Both 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) enantiomers are associated with reprogrammed metabolism, in grade III/IV glioma, glioblastoma, and acute myeloid leukemia cells, and numerous other cancer types, while acting also in the cross talk of tumors with immune cells. 2HG contributes to specific alternations in cancer metabolism and developed oxidative stress, while also inducing decisions on the differentiation of naive T lymphocytes, and serves as a signal messenger in immune cells. Moreover, 2HG inhibits chromatin-modifying enzymes, namely 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, and interferes with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptome reprogramming and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thus dysregulating gene expression and further promoting cancerogenesis. Critical Issues: Typically, heterozygous mutations within the active sites of isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 1 (IDH1)R132H and mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 2 (IDH2)R140Q provide cells with millimolar r-2-hydroxyglutarate (r-2HG) concentrations, whereas side activities of lactate and malate dehydrogenase form submillimolar s-2-hydroxyglutarate (s-2HG). However, even wild-type IDH1 and IDH2, notably under shifts toward reductive carboxylation glutaminolysis or changes in other enzymes, lead to "intermediate" 0.01-0.1 mM 2HG levels, for example, in breast carcinoma compared with 10-8M in noncancer cells. Future Directions: Uncovering further molecular metabolism details specific for given cancer cell types and sequence-specific epigenetic alternations will lead to the design of diagnostic approaches, not only for predicting patients' prognosis or uncovering metastases and tumor remissions but also for early diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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844
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Szlosarek PW, Phillips MM, Pavlyk I, Steele J, Shamash J, Spicer J, Kumar S, Pacey S, Feng X, Johnston A, Bomalaski J, Moir G, Lau K, Ellis S, Sheaff M. Expansion Phase 1 Study of Pegargiminase Plus Pemetrexed and Cisplatin in Patients With Argininosuccinate Synthetase 1-Deficient Mesothelioma: Safety, Efficacy, and Resistance Mechanisms. JTO Clin Res Rep 2020; 1:100093. [PMID: 34589965 PMCID: PMC8474273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2020.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pegargiminase (ADI-PEG 20; ADI) degrades arginine and potentiates pemetrexed (Pem) cytotoxicity in argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1)-deficient malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). We conducted a phase 1 dose-expansion study at the recommended phase 2 dose of ADI-PEG 20 with Pem and cisplatin (ADIPemCis), to further evaluate arginine-lowering therapy in ASS1-deficient MPM and explore the mechanisms of resistance. METHODS A total of 32 patients with ASS1-deficient MPM (11 epithelioid; 10 biphasic;11 sarcomatoid) who were chemonaive received weekly intramuscular pegargiminase (36 mg/m2) with Pem (500 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) intravenously, every 3 weeks (six cycles maximum). Maintenance pegargiminase was permitted until disease progression or withdrawal. Safety, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and efficacy were determined. Biopsies were performed in progressing patients to explore the mechanisms of resistance to pegargiminase. RESULTS The treatment was well tolerated. Most adverse events were of grade 1/2, whereas four nonhematologic grade 3/4 adverse events related to pegargiminase were reversible. Plasma arginine decreased whereas citrulline increased; this was maintained by 18 weeks of ADIPemCis therapy. The disease control rate in 31 assessed patients was 93.5% (n = 29 of 31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.6%-99.2%), with a partial response rate of 35.5% (n = 11 of 31; 95% CI: 19.2%-54.6%). The median progression-free and overall survivals were 5.6 (95% CI: 4.0-6.0) and 10.1 (95% CI: 6.1-11.1) months, respectively. Progression biopsies on pegargiminase revealed a statistically significant influx of macrophages (n = 6; p = 0.0255) and patchy tumoral ASS1 reexpression (n = 2 of 6). In addition, we observed increased tumoral programmed death-ligand 1-an ADI-PEG 20 inducible gene-and the formation of CD3-positive T lymphocyte aggregates on disease progression (n = 2 of 5). CONCLUSIONS The dose expansion of ADIPemCis confirmed the high clinical activity and good tolerability in ASS1-deficient poor-prognosis mesothelioma, underpinning an ongoing phase 3 study (ClinicalTrials.govNCT02709512). Notably, resistance to pegargiminase correlated with marked macrophage recruitment and-along with the tumor immune microenvironment-warrants further study to optimize arginine deprivation for the treatment of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Szlosarek
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute (BCI)—A Cancer Research UK Center of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa M. Phillips
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute (BCI)—A Cancer Research UK Center of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iuliia Pavlyk
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute (BCI)—A Cancer Research UK Center of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Steele
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Shamash
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Spicer
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Pacey
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxing Feng
- Polaris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Graeme Moir
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Ellis
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sheaff
- Department of Histopathology, Pathology and Pharmacy Building, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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845
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Yang Q, Guo N, Zhou Y, Chen J, Wei Q, Han M. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression and relevant advance in targeted therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2156-2170. [PMID: 33304783 PMCID: PMC7714989 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a leading position in the tumor microenvironment (TME) which paves the way to carcinogenesis. Initially, monocytes and macrophages are recruited to the sites where the tumor develops. Under the guidance of different microenvironmental signals, macrophages would polarize into two functional phenotypes, named as classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Contrary to the anti-tumor effect of M1, M2 exerts anti-inflammatory and tumorigenic characters. In progressive tumor, M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are in the majority, being vital regulators reacting upon TME. This review elaborates on the role of TAMs in tumor progression. Furthermore, prospective macrophage-focused therapeutic strategies, including drugs not only in clinical trials but also at primary research stages, are summarized followed by a discussion about their clinical application values. Nanoparticulate systems with efficient drug delivery and improved antitumor effect are also summed up in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiejian Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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846
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Ma J, Zhang H, Tang K, Huang B. Tumor-derived microparticles in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1653-1662. [PMID: 32976623 PMCID: PMC7702100 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles or microparticles, a type of cytoplasm membrane-derived extracellular vesicles, can be released by cancer cells or normal cell types. Alteration of F-actin cytoskeleton by various signals may lead to the cytoplasm membrane encapsulating cellular contents to form microparticles, which contain various messenger molecules, including enzymes, RNAs and even DNA fragments, and are released to extracellular space. The release of microparticles by tumor cells (T-MPs) is a very common event in tumor microenvironments. As a result, T-MPs not only influence tumor cell biology but also profoundly forge tumor immunology. Moreover, T-MPs can act as a natural vehicle that delivers therapeutic drugs to tumor cells and immune cells, thus, remodeling tumor microenvironments and resetting antitumor immune responses, thus, conferring T-MPs a potential role in tumor immunotherapies and tumor vaccines. In this review, we focus on the double-edged sword role of T-MPs in tumor immunology, specifically in TAMs and DCs, and emphasize the application of drug-packaging T-MPs in cancer patients. We aim to provide a new angle to understand immuno-oncology and new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, P. R. China
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847
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Heaster TM, Humayun M, Yu J, Beebe DJ, Skala MC. Autofluorescence Imaging of 3D Tumor-Macrophage Microscale Cultures Resolves Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Macrophage Metabolism. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5408-5423. [PMID: 33093167 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages within the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit a spectrum of protumor and antitumor functions, yet it is unclear how the TME regulates this macrophage heterogeneity. Standard methods to measure macrophage heterogeneity require destructive processing, limiting spatiotemporal studies of function within the live, intact 3D TME. Here, we demonstrate two-photon autofluorescence imaging of NAD(P)H and FAD to nondestructively resolve spatiotemporal metabolic heterogeneity of individual macrophages within 3D microscale TME models. Fluorescence lifetimes and intensities of NAD(P)H and FAD were acquired at 24, 48, and 72 hours poststimulation for mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) stimulated with IFNγ or IL4 plus IL13 in 2D culture, confirming that autofluorescence measurements capture known metabolic phenotypes. To quantify metabolic dynamics of macrophages within the TME, mouse macrophages or human monocytes (RAW264.7 or THP-1) were cultured alone or with breast cancer cells (mouse polyoma-middle T virus or primary human IDC) in 3D microfluidic platforms. Human monocytes and mouse macrophages in tumor cocultures exhibited significantly different FAD mean lifetimes and greater migration than monocultures at 24, 48, and 72 hours postseeding. In cocultures with primary human cancer cells, actively migrating monocyte-derived macrophages had greater redox ratios [NAD(P)H/FAD intensity] compared with passively migrating monocytes at 24 and 48 hours postseeding, reflecting metabolic heterogeneity in this subpopulation of monocytes. Genetic analyses further confirmed this metabolic heterogeneity. These results establish label-free autofluorescence imaging to quantify dynamic metabolism, polarization, and migration of macrophages at single-cell resolution within 3D microscale models. This combined culture and imaging system provides unique insights into spatiotemporal tumor-immune cross-talk within the 3D TME. SIGNIFICANCE: Label-free metabolic imaging and microscale culture technologies enable monitoring of single-cell macrophage metabolism, migration, and function in the 3D tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Heaster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jiaquan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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848
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Koni M, Pinnarò V, Brizzi MF. The Wnt Signalling Pathway: A Tailored Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207697. [PMID: 33080952 PMCID: PMC7589708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the greatest public health challenges. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 9.6 million cancer deaths have been reported in 2018. The most common cancers include lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin (non-melanoma) and stomach cancer. The unbalance of physiological signalling pathways due to the acquisition of mutations in tumour cells is considered the most common cancer driver. The Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis in all animal species and its dysregulation is one of the most relevant events linked to cancer development and dissemination. The canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways are known to control both physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Herein, the impact of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in driving cancers from different origin has been examined. Finally, based on the impact of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) on tumour growth, invasion and chemoresistance, and their role as tumour diagnostic and prognostic tools, an overview of the current knowledge linking EVs to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also discussed.
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849
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Zhang SY, Song XY, Li Y, Ye LL, Zhou Q, Yang WB. Tumor-associated macrophages: A promising target for a cancer immunotherapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105111. [PMID: 33065284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, a type of myeloid immune cell, play essential roles in fighting against pathogenic invasion and activating T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. As a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), macrophages play a complex role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. They can inhibit tumor growth by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and exerting cytotoxic activities but principally contribute to tumor progression by promoting tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The tumor-promoting hallmarks of macrophages have aroused widespread interest in targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) for cancer immunotherapy. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies suggest that TAMs are a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. To date, TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies have mainly been divided into two kinds: inhibiting pro-tumor TAMs and activating anti-tumor TAMs. We reviewed the heterogeneous and plastic characteristics of macrophages in the TME and the feasible strategies to target TAMs in cancer immunotherapy and summarized the complementary effect of TAM-targeted therapy with traditional treatments or other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Wei-Bing Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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850
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Yao X, He Z, Qin C, Deng X, Bai L, Li G, Shi J. SLC2A3 promotes macrophage infiltration by glycolysis reprogramming in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:503. [PMID: 33061855 PMCID: PMC7552479 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors display a high rate of glucose metabolism and the SLC2A (also known as GLUT) gene family may be central regulators of cellular glucose uptake. However, roles of SLC2A family in mechanism of metabolite communication with immunity in gastric cancer remains unknown. Methods Bioinformatics analysis and IHC staining were used to reveal the expression of SLC2A3 in gastric cancer and the correlation with survival prognosis. Real-time PCR, western blots, OCR, ECAR, lactate production and glucose uptake assays were applied to determine the effect of SLC2A3 on glycolysis reprogramming. We then investigated the consequences of SLC2A3 upregulation or inhibition on aerobic glycolysis, also explored the underlying mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro and in vivo research were used to reveal the role of SLC2A3 in macrophage infiltration and transition. Results Here, we show that SLC2A3 acts as a tumor promoter and accelerates aerobic glycolysis in GC cells. Mechanistically, the SLC2A3-STAT3-SLC2A3 feedback loop could promote phosphorylation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and downstream glycolytic targeting genes. Moreover, SLC2A3 potentially contributes to M2 subtype transition of macrophage infiltration in the GC microenvironment. Conclusions SLC2A3 could be used as a prognostic biomarker to determine prognosis and immune infiltration in GC and may provide an intervention strategy for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Zhanke He
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Caolitao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Xiangqian Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Lan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jiaolong Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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