801
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HOSAKA K, HANNEMAN, Jr. RE. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers detected in a segregating hybrid population of Solanum chacoense*S. phureja. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1266/jjg.69.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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802
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Taylor BH, Young RJ, Scheuring CF. Induction of a proteinase inhibitor II-class gene by auxin in tomato roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:1005-14. [PMID: 7903168 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone corresponding to a transcript that was induced by auxin in tomato seedling roots encodes a 223 amino acid protein belonging to the proteinase inhibitor II family of tomato and potato. The TR8 open reading frame has an N-terminal region with characteristics of a signal peptide and three copies of a 64 amino acid segment that is also present in multiple copies in other PI-II family members. Comparison to other serine proteinase inhibitors indicates that all three domains are trypsin-specific. Transcripts homologous to TR8 increased in abundance within 24 h of auxin treatment and continued to increase through 72 h, at which point the induction was approximately ten-fold. Auxin induction was observed in roots and hypocotyls, but not in cotyledons or epicotyls. Induction may therefore be correlated with lateral and adventitious root initiation, which occurs over a similar time frame in the same tissues. RFLPs detected with the TR8 probe were mapped to the long arm of chromosome 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Taylor
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-3258
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803
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Ahn S, Anderson JA, Sorrells ME, Tanksley SD. Homoeologous relationships of rice, wheat and maize chromosomes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 241:483-90. [PMID: 7903411 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A set of cDNA clones, which had previously been mapped onto wheat chromosomes, was genetically mapped onto the chromosomes of rice. The resulting comparative maps make it possible to estimate the degree of linkage conservation between these two species. A number of chromosomal rearrangements, some of which must have involved interchromosomal translocations, differentiate the rice and wheat genomes. However, synteny of a large proportion of the loci appears to be conserved between the two species. The results of this study, combined with those from a recently published comparative map of the rice and maize genomes, suggest that rice, wheat and maize share extensive homoeologies in a number of regions in their genomes. Some chromosomes (e.g. chromosome 4 in rice, chromosomes 2 and 2S in wheat and maize, respectively) may have escaped major rearrangement since the divergence of these species from their last common ancestor. Comparative maps for rice, wheat and maize should make it possible to begin uniting the genetics of these species and allow for transfer of mapping information (including centromere positions) and molecular marker resources (e.g. RFLP probes) between species. In addition, such maps should shed light on the nature of chromosome evolution that accompanied the radiation of grasses in the early stages of plant diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahn
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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804
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Martin GB, Brommonschenkel SH, Chunwongse J, Frary A, Ganal MW, Spivey R, Wu T, Earle ED, Tanksley SD. Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato. Science 1993; 262:1432-6. [PMID: 7902614 DOI: 10.1126/science.7902614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 989] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Pto gene in tomato confers resistance to races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that carry the avirulence gene avrPto. A yeast artificial chromosome clone that spans the Pto region was identified and used to probe a leaf complementary DNA (cDNA) library. A cDNA clone was isolated that represents a gene family, at least six members of which genetically cosegregate with Pto. When susceptible tomato plants were transformed with a cDNA from this family, they were resistant to the pathogen. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed similarity to serine-threonine protein kinases, suggesting a role for Pto in a signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Martin
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1902
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805
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Wisman E, Bergervoet M, Verkerk R, Zabel P. Isolation of a 6.2 kb genomic fragment carrying the Adh1 gene of tomato and its expression in transgenic tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:633-7. [PMID: 8106015 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An 11 kb Eco RI genomic fragment containing the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) gene was cloned. Cross-hybridization with three Adh2 cDNA clones suggested that the entire coding region of the Adh1 gene was contained on a 6.2 kb Xba I/Hind III subfragment. Using RFLP linkage analysis, the genomic clone was mapped on chromosome 4 between the markers TG 182 and TG 65 in a position corresponding to the Adh1 locus. To further confirm the Adh1 origin of the genomic clone, tobacco plants were transformed with the 6.2 kb Xba I/Hind III genomic subfragment. Isozyme analysis demonstrated that in transgenic tobacco plants functional tomato specific ADH-1 homodimers were synthesized as well as heterodimers composed of tobacco and tomato subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wisman
- Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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806
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van Haaren MJ, Ow DW. Prospects of applying a combination of DNA transposition and site-specific recombination in plants: a strategy for gene identification and cloning. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:525-533. [PMID: 8219087 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of gene identification and cloning using insertional mutagenesis is well established. Many genes have been isolated using T-DNA transformation or transposable elements. Maize transposable elements have been introduced into heterologous plant species for tagging experiments. The behaviour of these elements in heterologous hosts shows many similarities with transposon behaviour in Zea mays. Site-specific recombination systems from lower organisms have also been shown to function efficiently in plant cells. Combining transposon and site-specific recombination systems in plants would create the possibility to induce chromosomal deletions. This 'transposition-deletion' system could allow the screening of large segments of the genome for interesting genes and may also permit the cloning of the DNA corresponding to the deleted material by the same site-specific recombination reaction in vitro. This methodology may provide a unique means to construct libraries of large DNA clones derived from defined parts of the genome, the phenotypic contribution of which is displayed by the mutant carrying the deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J van Haaren
- Department of Genetics, Biocentrum Amsterdam, Netherlands
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807
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van Daelen RA, Gerbens F, van Ruissen F, Aarts J, Hontelez J, Zabel P. Long-range physical maps of two loci (Aps-1 and GP79) flanking the root-knot nematode resistance gene (Mi) near the centromere of tomato chromosome 6. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:185-192. [PMID: 8106010 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The root knot nematode resistance gene Mi in tomato has been mapped in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 6. With the objective of isolating Mi through a map-based cloning approach, we have previously identified and ordered into a high-resolution genetic linkage map a variety of tightly linked molecular markers. Using pulsed-field gelelectrophoresis and various rarely cutting restriction enzymes in single, double and partial digestions, we now report long-range physical maps of the two closest flanking markers, acid phosphatase-1 (Aps-1) and GP79, which span over 400 and 800 kb, respectively. It is concluded that the physical distance between both markers is larger than predicted on the basis of genetic linkage analysis. Furthermore, two RFLP markers (H3F8 and H4H10) which map genetically to the same locus as Aps-1 do not show physical linkage, indicating severe suppression of recombination in this region of the chromosome. Finally, no evidence was obtained showing the presence of a CpG island near Aps-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A van Daelen
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Molecular Biology, Netherlands
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808
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Broun P, Tanksley SD. Characterization of tomato DNA clones with sequence similarity to human minisatellites 33.6 and 33.15. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:231-42. [PMID: 8219062 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A tomato lambda genomic library was screened with the human minisatellites 33.6 and 33.15. Similar tomato sequences are estimated to occur on average every 4000 kb. In thirteen hybridizing clones characterized, the size of minisatellite arrays varied between 100 bp and 3 kb. The structure of the repetitive elements is complex as the human core sequence is interspersed with other elements. In three cases, sequences similar to the human minisatellites were part of a higher-order tandem repeat. The chromosomal position of these sequences was established by ascertaining linkage to previously mapped RFLP markers. In contrast to the human genome, no clustering of minisatellite loci was observed in tomato. The fingerprints generated by hybridizing tomato minisatellites to genomic DNA of a set of cultivars were, in two cases, more variable than those obtained with 33.6 or 33.15. Two of the characterized probes detected 4-8 alleles of a single locus, which displayed 10-15 times more polymorphism than random RFLP clones. Some minisatellites contain di- and tri-nucleotide microsatellite repeated motifs which may account for the high level of polymorphism detected with these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Broun
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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809
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Abstract
It has long been considered that the number of chiasmata formed during meiosis corresponds to the number of crossovers indicated by the genetic map. However, recent investigations in plants show an unexpected discrepancy in the results obtained when calculating the total number of crossover events per meiosis by these two methods. Is this discrepancy due to methodological difficulties? Or is there something fundamentally wrong with our understanding of crossovers and chiasmata?
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Nilsson
- Department of Genetics, Lund University, Sweden
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810
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Helentjaris T. Implications for conserved genomic structure among plant species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8308-9. [PMID: 8378300 PMCID: PMC47344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Helentjaris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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811
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Abstract
Genetic linkage maps have been constructed for the rice and maize genomes on the basis of orthologous loci detected with a common set of cDNA clones. Conserved linkage groups could be identified, which together account for more than two-thirds of both genomes. In some instances, entire chromosomes or chromosome arms are nearly identical with respect to gene order and gene content. The results also reveal that most of the genes (> 72%) duplicated during ancient polyploidization are still present in the maize genome in duplicate copy. The comparative maps of rice and maize provide a basis for interpreting molecular, genetic, and breeding information between these two important species and establish a framework for ultimately connecting the genetics of all grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahn
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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812
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813
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Menancio-Hautea D, Fatokun CA, Kumar L, Danesh D, Young ND. Comparative genome analysis of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and cowpea (V. unguiculata L. Walpers) using RFLP mapping data. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1993; 86:797-810. [PMID: 24193874 DOI: 10.1007/bf00212605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1992] [Accepted: 01/04/1993] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome relationships between mungbean (Vigna tradiata) and cowpea (V. Unguiculata) based on the linkage arrangement of random genomic restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers have been investigated. A common set of probes derived from cowpea, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mungbean, and soybean (Glycine max) PstI genomic libraries were used to construct the genetic linkage maps. In both species, a single F2 population from a cross between an improved cultivar and a putative wild progenitor species was used to follow the segregation of the RFLP markers. Approximately 90% of the probes hybridized to both mungbean and cowpea DNA, indicating a high degree of similarity in the nucleotide sequences among these species. A higher level of polymorphism was detected in the mungbean population (75.7%) than in the cowpea population (41.2%). Loci exhibiting duplications, null phenotypes, and distorted segregation ratios were detected in both populations. Random genomic DNA RFLP loci account for about 89% of the currently mapped markers with a few cDNA and RAPD markers added. The current mungbean map is comprised of 171 loci/loci clusters distributed in 14 linkage groups spanning a total of 1570cM. On the other hand, 97 markers covered 684 cM and defined 10 linkage groups in the current cowpea map. The mungbean and cowpea genomes were compared on the basis of the copy number and linkage arrangement of 53 markers mapped in common between the two species. Results indicate that nucleotide sequences are conserved, but variation in copy number were detected and several rearrangements in linkage orders appeared to have occurred since the divergence of the two species. Entire linkage groups were not conserved, but several large linkage blocks were maintained in both genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Menancio-Hautea
- Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, College, 4031, Laguna, Philippines
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814
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Scharf KD, Rose S, Thierfelder J, Nover L. Two cDNAs for tomato heat stress transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 102:1355-6. [PMID: 8278556 PMCID: PMC158932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.4.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K D Scharf
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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815
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Wu KS, Tanksley SD. Genetic and physical mapping of telomeres and macrosatellites of rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:861-872. [PMID: 8102907 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres and telomere-associated satellites of rice were genetically and physically analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Arabidopsis telomeric DNA and rice satellite sequences as probes. We demonstrate that Arabidopsis telomeric sequences hybridize to rice telomeres under the conditions of high stringency. Using the Arabidopsis probe, multiple, discrete telomeric fragments could be identified on pulsed-field gel blots of rice DNAs digested with rare-cutting restriction enzymes. Most of the telomeric bands larger than 300 kb are physically linked with satellite bands as revealed by PFGE. Some of the telomeric and satellite bands segregate in a Mendelian fashion and are highly reproducible. Three such telomeric bands have been mapped to the distal ends of RFLP linkage groups: Telsm-1 on chromosome 8, Telsa-1 on chromosome 9 and Telsm-3 on chromosome 11. One segregating satellite band was mapped to an internal region of chromosome 10. Telomeric fragments were shown not only to be genetically linked to but also physically linked (based on PFGE) to the terminal RFLP markers. The physical distance from telomeric sequences to a distal RFLP marker, r45s gene, on chromosome 9, is 200 kb while the distance from telomeric sequences to RG98, a terminal RFLP marker on chromosome 11, is 260 kb. Physical maps of the telomere regions of chromosome 9 and chromosome 11 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wu
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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816
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Overduin B, Hogenhout SA, van der Biezen EA, Haring MA, Nijkamp HJ, Hille J. The Asc locus for resistance to Alternaria stem canker in tomato does not encode the enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 240:43-8. [PMID: 8101964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00276882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fungal disease resistance locus Alternaria stem canker (Asc) in tomato has been suggested to encode the enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase). To test this hypothesis a segment of the tomato ACTase gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers. The PCR product obtained was subsequently used to isolate an ACTase cDNA clone. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage analysis showed that the ACTase gene and the Asc locus do not cosegregate. RFLP mapping positioned the ACTase gene on chromosome 11, while the Asc locus is located on chromosome 3. These results exclude the possibility that the ACTase protein is encoded by the Asc locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Overduin
- Department of Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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817
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Xu YS, Pehu E. RFLP analysis of asymmetric somatic hybrids between Solanum tuberosum and irradiated S. brevidens. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1993; 86:754-60. [PMID: 24193786 DOI: 10.1007/bf00222666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1992] [Accepted: 01/04/1993] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear genome composition of five asymmetric somatic hybrids, obtained by fusion of leaf protoplasts from Solanum tuberosum and gamma-irradiated leaf protoplasts from S. brevidens, have been analyzed at the molecular level. An analysis of 21 loci using linkage group-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was included in the study. All five hybrids contained a complete set of the loci studied from S. tuberosum. The degree of elimination of alleles from the irradiated S. brevidens donor genome ranged from 10-65% in the five asymmetric hybrids analyzed. The detection of incomplete chromosomes, as well as non-parental bands in Southern hybridizations with RFLP markers, revealed extensive chromosome rearrangements in the asymmetric hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Xu
- Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki, Box 27, SF-00014, Finland
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818
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Abstract
The genetic transformation of most agriculturally important plant species is now possible. However, the application of this technology to rational plant-improvement is currently limited by a shortage of cloned genes for important traits. Recent technological advances in plant-gene isolation and identification, such as map-based cloning, insertional mutagenesis and large-scale cDNA sequencing, have accelerated the rate of gene isolation and significantly expanded the opportunities for genetic engineering of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gibson
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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819
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Bonierbale MW, Plaisted RL, Tanksley SD. A test of the maximum heterozygosity hypothesis using molecular markers in tetraploid potatoes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1993; 86:481-491. [PMID: 24193596 DOI: 10.1007/bf00838564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/1992] [Accepted: 10/20/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been theorized that in cross-pollinated polyploid species hybrid vigor is maximized by the frequent occurrence of more than two alleles per chromosomal locus. In polyploid crops this condition of maximum heterozygosity has been reported to be associated with increased yield and optimum field performance. We report herein the first direct test of the maximum heterozygosity hypothesis. Molecular markers were used to examine the association between maximum heterozygosity and several components of yield in three different populations of tetraploid potatoes. The results indicate that the value of maximum heterozygosity is not universal but dependent on the genetic background of the material under evaluation. In a cross between adapted breeding lines, homozygosity was negatively correlated with tuber yield, and maximum heterozygosity was positively correlated with the proportion of tuber yield in the large-size fraction. In contrast, in crosses between adapted and unadapted parents, maximum heterozygosity had no detectable effect on any character. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of the three populations reveals that, regardless of the genetic background, additive genetic effects are more strongly correlated with the components of yield than are any measures of heterozygosity and that some common QTLs may be influencing yield in all three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Bonierbale
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, 252 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
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820
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821
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Bernatzky R. Genetic mapping and protein product diversity of the self-incompatibility locus in wild tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum). Biochem Genet 1993; 31:173-84. [PMID: 8363556 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity of self-incompatibility (S) alleles within nine natural populations of Lycopersicon peruvianum was investigated. Only 7 incompatible responses were observed of a total of 276 unique combinations tested, on the basis of controlled pollinations, indicating the large number of alleles that exist within these populations. Molecular weight polymorphism for specific major stylar proteins observed on SDS-PAGE was also evident in two of the populations examined. Five proteins were shown to map to the S locus and to be associated with different S alleles through controlled pollinations and segregation of the proteins. Two of these S related proteins had been described previously in terms of spatial and temporal expression consistent with their involvement in self-incompatibility (Mau et al., Planta 169, 184-191, 1986). A mapping population derived from a fully compatible cross was used to establish linkage of the S locus to two DNA markers, CD15 and TG184, that lie on chromosome 1. The order of the markers and estimates of map distances are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernatzky
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, French Hall, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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822
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Bernatzky R. Genetic mapping and protein product diversity of the self-incompatibility locus in wild tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum). Biochem Genet 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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823
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Giuliano G, Bartley GE, Scolnik PA. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato development. THE PLANT CELL 1993; 5:379-87. [PMID: 8485401 PMCID: PMC160278 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.5.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (Psy) and phytoene desaturase (Pds) are the first dedicated enzymes of the plant carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. We report here the organ-specific and temporal expression of PDS and PSY in tomato plants. Light increases the carotenoid content of seedlings but has little effect on PDS and PSY expression. Expression of both genes is induced in seedlings of the phytoene-accumulating mutant ghost and in wild-type seedlings treated with the Pds inhibitor norflurazon. Roots, which contain the lowest levels of carotenoids in the plant, have also the lowest levels of PDS and PSY expression. In flowers, expression of both genes and carotenoid content are higher in petals and anthers than in sepals and carpels. During flower development, expression of both PDS and PSY increases more than 10-fold immediately before anthesis. During fruit development, PSY expression increases more than 20-fold, but PDS expression increases less than threefold. We concluded that PSY and PDS are differentially regulated by stress and developmental mechanisms that control carotenoid biosynthesis in leaves, flowers, and fruits. We also report that PDS maps to chromosome 3, and thus it does not correspond to the GHOST locus, which maps to chromosome 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giuliano
- Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie, L'Energia E L'Ambiente, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
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824
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Newman SM, Eannetta NT, Yu H, Prince JP, de Vicente MC, Tanksley SD, Steffens JC. Organisation of the tomato polyphenol oxidase gene family. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:1035-51. [PMID: 8098228 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of seven nuclear genes encoding polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT Cherry). The seven genes (PPOs A, A', B, C, D, E and F) fall into three structural classes (I, II, and III) based on Eco RI and Hind III restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). RFLP mapping and PFGE analysis demonstrated that the genes reside on chromosome 8, and may be clustered within a 165 kb region. Phage insert mapping demonstrated PPO E and PPO F (both class III), and PPOs B, D and A (classes I, II and I respectively) are grouped within separate 12.4 kb clusters. The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for each gene. Comparison to cDNAs revealed that the PPOs lack introns. A transcript of about 2 kb is expected for each PPO. Each PPO possesses a region encoding a transit peptide characteristic of polypeptides targeted to the thylakoid lumen. Predicted precursor polypeptides range in mass from 66 to 71 kDa and predicted mature polypeptides range from 57 to 62 kDa. All the PPOs encode two putative copper-binding sites characteristic of bacterial, fungal and mammalian tyrosinases. Five of the seven PPOs possess divergent DNA sequences in their 5' promoter regions. These flanking sequence differences may regulate the differential expression of PPO genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Newman
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1902
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825
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Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461020-0.50018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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826
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Hunt MD, Eannetta NT, Yu H, Newman SM, Steffens JC. cDNA cloning and expression of potato polyphenol oxidase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:59-68. [PMID: 7678763 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) of plants are copper metalloproteins which catalyze the oxidation of mono- and o-diphenols to o-diquinones. Although PPOs are believed to be primarily responsible for the deleterious browning of many fruit and vegetable crops and are thought to be involved in plant-pest interactions, direct evidence for these roles is lacking. We report the cloning of two PPO cDNAs from Solanum tuberosum leaves. These cDNAs exhibit 97% and 98% sequence similarity at the DNA and deduced amino acid levels, respectively. Putative copper-binding regions of both cDNAs are very similar to those of mammalian, bacterial and Neurospora tyrosinases. Both leaf PPO cDNAs appear to encode polypeptides which are processed to a mature molecular weight of 57,000. In potato leaves, petioles, roots, and flowers, PPO is encoded by ca. 2 kb transcripts. Leaf PPO mRNA is developmentally regulated and only detectable in young foliage. In contrast, the protein profile of immunologically detectable PPO remains constant from the apical node through the eleventh leaf node.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hunt
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Ganal MW, Broun P, Tanksley SD. Genetic mapping of tandemly repeated telomeric DNA sequences in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Genomics 1992; 14:444-8. [PMID: 1358804 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A telomere-associated tandemly repeated DNA sequence of tomato, TGR I, has been used to map telomeres on the tomato RFLP linkage map. Mapping was performed by monitoring the segregation of entire arrays of TGR I from a segregating F2 population using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). With this strategy, four telomeres have been mapped to the ends of the short arm of chromosomes 9 and 12 and the long arms of chromosomes 5 and 11, using a saturated RFLP map of tomato containing approximately 1000 RFLP markers. In all four cases, the TGR I locus maps to the end of the chromosome, and the distance between the most distal single-copy RFLP marker and the telomeric TGR I locus was between 1.6 and 9.6 cM. This indicates that the region close to the telomeres does not show an excessive rate of recombination compared to other regions of the genome and that the RFLP map of tomato is essentially complete and covers the entire genome for all practical purposes. Additionally, the mapping technique presented here should be generally applicable to the mapping of other tandemly repeated DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Ganal
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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