851
|
Appleby MW, Kerner JD, Chien S, Maliszewski CR, Bondada S, Perlmutter RM, Bondadaa S [corrected to Bondada S]. Involvement of p59fynT in interleukin-5 receptor signaling. J Exp Med 1995; 182:811-20. [PMID: 7650487 PMCID: PMC2192161 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.3.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies implicate the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) p59fyn in the propagation of signals from the B cell antigen receptor. To elucidate the functions of this kinase, we examined B cell responsiveness in mice engineered to lack the hematopoietic isoform of p59fyn. Remarkably, antigen receptor signaling was only modestly defective in fynTnull B cells. In contrast, signaling from the interleukin (IL)-5 receptor which ordinarily provides a comitogenic stimulus with antiimmunoglobulin, was completely blocked. Our results document the importance of p59fynT in IL-5 responses in B cells, and they support a general model for cytokine receptor signal transduction involving the simultaneous recruitment of at least three families of PTK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Appleby
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
852
|
Maniar HS, Vihinen M, Webster AD, Nilsson L, Smith CI. Structural basis for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): mutations at interacting Btk residues R562, W563, and A582. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1995; 76:S198-202. [PMID: 7554468 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-1229(95)90216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that tryptophan 563 is sandwiched between residues R562 and A582 in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (Btk). Mutations of the surrounding residues have been shown to cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Substitutions R562P and A582V were noticed to have impaired kinase activity. However, based on Western blot analysis, the mutant proteins were expressed at normal levels. Molecular modeling of the kinase domain has previously indicated that these residues presumably govern the position of the W563 side chain, which is thought to interact with the catalytic loop. W563 is inside the molecule and too far away from the catalytic center to interact directly with the substrate or cofactors. To prove these model-based conclusions, a conservative substitution with phenylalanine for W563 was made, and the resultant mutant lacked kinase activity. These results confirm our previous assumption that the side chain of W563, invariant in protein tyrosine kinases, is crucial for Btk kinase activity. Mutations in the surrounding residues seem to inactivate Btk by affecting the location of W563.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Maniar
- Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Center for BioTechnology, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
853
|
Saouaf SJ, Burkhardt AL, Bolen JB. Nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase involvement in signal transduction and immunodeficiency disease. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1995; 76:S151-7. [PMID: 7554458 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-1229(95)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been grouped into 10 different enzyme families based on predicted amino acid sequences. As the number of enzymes belonging to the nonreceptor class of PTK is increasing, one challenge is to determine how these various classes of PTKs interact within the cell to promote signal transduction. Herein, the activation of four classes of nonreceptor PTKs is discussed in relation to their interactions with each other as well as with other signaling molecules during the process of lymphocyte surface antigen receptor-mediated activation. Recent findings of nonreceptor PTK loss-of-function mutations in different immunodeficiency diseases has revealed the important contribution of this group of enzymes to lymphocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Saouaf
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
854
|
Affiliation(s)
- F S Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
855
|
Baba H, Fuss B, Urano J, Poullet P, Watson JB, Tamanoi F, Macklin WB. GapIII, a new brain-enriched member of the GTPase-activating protein family. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41:846-58. [PMID: 7500386 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490410615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ras GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are negative regulators of ras, which controls proliferation and differentiation in many cells. Ras GAPs have been found in a variety of species from yeast to mammals. We describe here a newly identified mammalian GAP, GapIII, which was obtained by differential screening of a rat oligodendrocyte cDNA library. GapIII putatively encodes a 834 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 96 kDa, which contains a consensus GAP-related domain (GRD). The protein encoded by this cDNA has high homology with Gap1m, which was recently identified as a putative mammalian homolog of Drosophila Gap1. These proteins contain three structural domains, an N-terminal calcium-dependent phospholipid binding domain, GRD, and a C-terminal PH/Btk domain. Because of the sequence homology and the structural similarities of this protein with Gap1m, we hypothesize that GapIII and Gap1m may be members of a mammalian GAP gene family, separate from p120GAP, neurofibromin (NF1), and IQGAP. To confirm the GapIII protein activity, constructs containing different GapIII-GRD domains were transformed into iral mutant yeast to determine their relative ability to replace IRA1 functionally. Constructs that contained essentially the full-length protein (all three domains), the GRD alone, or the GRD plus PH/Btk domain suppressed heat shock sensitivity of ira1, whereas constructs that contained the GRD with part of the PH/Btk domain had only a weak ability to suppress heat shock sensitivity. These results suggest that the GapIII GRD itself is sufficient to down-regulate ras proteins in yeast. Expression of GapIII mRNA (4.2 kb) was examined by Northern analysis and in situ hybridization. This mRNA was expressed at highest levels in the brain, where its expression increased with development. Lower levels of the mRNA were expressed in the spleen and lung. Among neural cells, GapIII mRNA was expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes, but not in astrocytes. Interestingly, the expression pattern in brain is reminiscent of type 1 NF1 expression reported by Gutmann et al. (Cell Growth Differ in press, 1995). We propose that in addition to p120GAP and neurofibromin, the GapIII/Gap1m family may be important for modulating ras activity in neurons and oligodendrocytes during normal brain development and in particular in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Baba
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
856
|
Hamawy MM, Mergenhagen SE, Siraganian RP. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a mechanism of signalling in mast cells and basophils. Cell Signal 1995; 7:535-44. [PMID: 8588970 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(95)00024-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a mechanism of signalling for different receptors and is important for cell growth and differentiation. Mast cells and basophils are secretory cells that play a role in inflammatory and immediate allergic reactions. The activation/aggregation of different surface receptors on these cells induces tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. Because these signals are essential for the function of basophils and mast cells, characterizing these pathways could provide methods to specifically regulate the function of these cells. Here we discuss the signals generated by three receptors: the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) the growth factor receptor, Kit, and integrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Hamawy
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
857
|
Eibl MM, Wolf HM. Common variable immunodeficiency: clinical aspects and recent progress in identifying the immunological defect(s). Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1995; 40:360-6. [PMID: 8763150 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a heterogeneous group of patients with as yet undefined genetic defects. Patients with CVID have in common a decrease in the levels of one or more serum immunoglobulin isotypes and a severe defect in the production of specific antibodies. Typically, the patients suffer from recurrent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract. In consequence of these infections patients may develop severe organ damage, such as chronic pulmonary disease with bronchiectases, leading to pulmonary failure. Early diagnosis of CVID is important, as antibody deficiency can efficiently be treated by regular intravenous IgG (IVIG) substitution therapy. IVIG therapy prevents the occurrence of further acute infectious episodes and the development of long-term complications. The basic immunological defect(s) in patients with CVID are still unknown. There is currently no convincing evidence for an intrinsic B-cell defect in patients with CVID. A defect in T-cell activation due to impaired signal transduction upon T-cell receptor triggering has been described in a large subgroup of patients with CVID. Defective T-cell activation may lead to an impairment in cognate T-B-cell interaction due to impaired expression of CD40 ligand and/or abnormalities in the production T-cell-derived cytokines required for fully functional B-cell activation, proliferation and/or differentiation which could indeed explain the impairment in antibody production present in CVID patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Eibl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna
| | | |
Collapse
|
858
|
Affiliation(s)
- C I Smith
- Center for BioTechnology Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
859
|
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in elucidating the pathophysiology of genetic immunodeficiency disorders. Dermatologic manifestations are prominent in these conditions; because of advances in diagnosis and therapy, patients are living longer, increasing the likelihood that dermatologists will encounter patients with these diseases. The genes of many of these disorders have been cloned, including chronic granulomatous disease, X-linked immunodeficiencies, and myeloperoxidase deficiency. Understanding the regulation and function of these genes will not only affect patients with these rare disorders, but may provide an insight into common dermatologic conditions, such as eczema and cutaneous infection. Diagnosis, dermatologic manifestations, and therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
860
|
Haire RN, Litman GW. The murine form of TXK, a novel TEC kinase expressed in thymus maps to chromosome 5. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:476-80. [PMID: 7579892 DOI: 10.1007/bf00360659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Haire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg 33701, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
861
|
Aoki Y, Kim YT, Stillwell R, Kim TJ, Pillai S. The SH2 domains of Src family kinases associate with Syk. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15658-63. [PMID: 7797565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.26.15658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (Lyn, Fyn, Lck, and Blk) and Syk, a tandem SH2 domain containing tyrosine kinase, have been demonstrated to be associated with the antigen receptor in B cells. Both of these categories of tyrosine kinases are presumed to be critical players in the process of antigen-mediated signal transduction. Cross-linking of membrane immunoglobulin on the surface of B cells leads to the activation of Lyn, Fyn, and Blk, which presumably associate with the cytoplasmic tails of the membrane immunoglobulin-associated Ig alpha/beta heterodimer. Receptor ligation also leads to the tyrosine phosphorylation and catalytic activation of Syk, but the mechanism of association of this kinase with the antigen receptor remains to be established. A number of phosphoproteins that can associate with the SH2 domains of Blk, Lyn, and Fyn have been described in activated B cells. We demonstrate here that Syk is one of the proteins in the lysates of activated B cells which bind to the SH2 domains of Src family kinases. Syk binds directly to the SH2 domain of Blk and complexes in vivo with Lyn and Blk in activated B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Aoki
- Cancer Center of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
862
|
Parolini O, Rohrer J, Shapiro LH, Conley ME. B-cell-specific demethylation of BTK, the defective gene in X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Immunogenetics 1995; 42:129-35. [PMID: 7541776 DOI: 10.1007/bf00178587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BTK, the gene that is defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that is critical for B-cell proliferation, or survival. To identify regulatory elements that control the expression of BTK we evaluated the methylation pattern of this gene in cell lines and in freshly isolated cells. An Hpa II site that was specifically demethylated in mature B cells but not in pre-B cells, T cells, neutrophils, or nonhematopoietic cells was identified in the tenth intron of BTK. In a 40 kilobase (kb) segment of DNA spanning the entire coding region of BTK plus 3 kb upstream of the first exon there were no other sites that demonstrated lineage-specific demethylation. The B-cell-specific demethylation site in intron 10, which falls within the SH2 domain, 26 kb distal to the first exon, occurs in a region rich in regulatory elements including two E2 boxes, two AP-2 sites, and a cAMP response element. It is likely that this site plays a role in maintaining BTK transcription in mature B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Parolini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38101, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
863
|
Stewart DM, Kurman CC, Nelson DL. Production of monoclonal antibodies to Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1995; 14:243-6. [PMID: 7590786 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1995.14.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia is caused by mutations in a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase termed Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). The protein is expressed in all members of the B cell lineage and is critical for B cell development. The protein consists of several modules, including a pleckstrin homology domain and the Src homology domains SH1, SH2, and SH3. We report here the production of monoclonal antibodies against the pleckstrin homology domain of human BTK. The antibody was produced by immunizing mice with a FLAG-BTK fusion protein. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA using a GST-BTK fusion protein as the antigen. Selected monoclonal antibodies recognize denatured BTK on Western blots of peripheral blood mononuclear cell lysates. Mouse BTK protein is also detected. These antibodies should be useful in assessing patients with immune deficiency, as well as in studying normal B cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Stewart
- National Cancer Institute, Metabolism Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
864
|
Rolink A, Ghia P, Grawunder U, Haasner D, Karasuyama H, Kalberer C, Winkler T, Melchers F. In-vitro analyses of mechanisms of B-cell development. Semin Immunol 1995; 7:155-67. [PMID: 7579202 DOI: 10.1016/1044-5323(95)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphopoiesis in vivo is very complex due to the influences of cooperating cells, cytokines and other receptor-ligand interactions which appear to occur developmentally at different cellular stages. Therefore in-vitro models will help to unravel this complex situation. Here, we review our and others' work on in-vitro models of B-cell development. The role of stromal cells, cytokines, surrogate light chain and products of rearranged Ig-loci in the developmentally different cellular stages will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rolink
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
865
|
Matsuda T, Fukada T, Takahashi-Tezuka M, Okuyama Y, Fujitani Y, Hanazono Y, Hirai H, Hirano T. Activation of Fes tyrosine kinase by gp130, an interleukin-6 family cytokine signal transducer, and their association. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:11037-9. [PMID: 7538109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
gp130 is a signal-transducing subunit of receptors for the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-related cytokine subfamily including IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, IL-11, and ciliary neurotrophic factor, indicating that gp130-mediated signals are involved in the immune response, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and endocrine and nervous system activity. We previously showed that gp130 stimulation rapidly activates Jak, Btk, and Tec tyrosine kinases, all of which constitutively associate with gp130. To further elucidate intracellular signal transduction through gp130, we examined the possible involvement of another nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, p92c-fes (Fes). We showed that gp130 stimulation rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Fes and actually activated its kinase activity in hematopoietic lineage cells. Furthermore, Fes associated with gp130 independently of ligand stimulation like Jak, Btk, and Tec tyrosine kinases. These results indicate that multiple nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the gp130-mediated signal transduction pathway. Because both gp130 and Fes are expressed not only in hematopoietic lineage cells but also in heart and nerve cells, Fes may play a role in signal transduction through gp130 in these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuda
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
866
|
Rowley RB, Burkhardt AL, Chao HG, Matsueda GR, Bolen JB. Syk protein-tyrosine kinase is regulated by tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha/Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif binding and autophosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:11590-4. [PMID: 7538118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Syk is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase containing two amino-terminal Src homology 2 domains that is activated following ligation of the B cell antigen receptor. Syk activation in B cells correlates with Syk tyrosine phosphorylation as well as with Syk SH2-mediated association with the tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha and Ig beta B cell antigen receptor subunits. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide 20-mers representing Ig alpha and Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs were synthesized and found to stimulate the specific activity of Syk by as much as 10-fold in vitro. Maximal phosphopeptide-induced Syk activation required both Syk SH2 domains and phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues present in the immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif. The biochemical mechanism responsible for the phosphopeptide-induced Syk enzyme activation appears to be a function of Syk autophosphorylation. Our observations suggest the association of Syk tandem SH2 domains with the tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha and/or Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs in B cells stimulates Syk autophosphorylation leading to Syk enzyme activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Rowley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
867
|
Li T, Tsukada S, Satterthwaite A, Havlik MH, Park H, Takatsu K, Witte ON. Activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) by a point mutation in its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Immunity 1995; 2:451-60. [PMID: 7538439 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase critical for B cell development and function. Mutations in BTK result in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) in mice. Using a random mutagenesis scheme, we isolated a gain-of-function mutant called BTK* whose expression drives growth of NIH 3T3 cells in soft agar. BTK* results from a single point mutation in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, where a Glu is replaced by Lys at residue 41. BTK* shows an increase in phosphorylation on tyrosine residues and an increase in membrane targeting. Transforming activity requires kinase activity, a putative autophosphorylation site, and a functional PH domain. Mutation of the SH2 or SH3 domains did not affect the activity of BTK*. Expression of BTK* could also relieve IL-5 dependence of a B lineage cell line. These results show that transformation activation and regulation of BTK are critically dependent on the PH domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Li
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
868
|
Oeltjen JC, Liu X, Lu J, Allen RC, Muzny D, Belmont JW, Gibbs RA. Sixty-nine kilobases of contiguous human genomic sequence containing the alpha-galactosidase A and Bruton's tyrosine kinase loci. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:334-8. [PMID: 7626884 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several disease loci have been mapped to the Xq21.3-Xq22 region of the human X Chromosome (Chr) including X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), Fabry disease, Alport syndrome, and Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease. Upon cloning of the XLA gene, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (btk), both Fabry disease and XLA were mapped within the same 50- to 70-kb interval. In order to investigate the genomic organization of the region surrounding btk and the Fabry disease gene, alpha-galactosidase A (gla), we constructed a 6-cosmid contig spanning the region from 5' of gla to 3' of btk. Two of these cosmids spanning most of the coding sequence and the upstream region of btk and gla, U237D10 and U230D1, were sequenced by a random shotgun strategy combined with automated sequencing, resulting in 69 kb of contiguous genomic sequence. Sequencing of U237D10 showed btk to be comprised of 19 exons spanning over 35 kb. Sequencing of U230D1 showed that the 3' end of gla is 9 kb from the 5' end of btk and also demonstrated the presence of two additional genes in the region immediately 5' to btk. The surprisingly high gene density is similar to that seen previously only in the human major histocompatibility locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Oeltjen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
869
|
Srivastava AK, Featherstone T, Wein K, Schlessinger D. YAC contigs mapping the human COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes and DXS118 within Xq21.3-q22. Genomics 1995; 26:502-9. [PMID: 7607673 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80168-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) were developed for three loci of uncertain X chromosomal localization (DXS122, DXS137, and DXS174) and were used to seed YAC contigs. Two contigs now total about 3.3 Mb formatted with 34 STSs. One contains DXS122 and DXS174 within 250 kb on single YACs; it is placed in Xq21.3-q22.1 by FISH analysis, which is consistent with somatic cell hybrid panel analyses and with the inclusion of a probe that detects polymorphism at the DXS118 locus already assigned to that general region. The other contig, which contains DXS137, is in Xq22.2 by FISH, consistent with cell hybrid analyses and with the finding that it covers the human COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes known to be in that vicinity. In addition to extending the cloned coverage of this portion of the X chromosome, these materials should aid, for example, in the further analysis of Alport syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
870
|
Abstract
The specificity of immune responses depends upon the activation of only those lymphocytes that recognize the introduced antigen. In recent years, a great deal has been learned about the structure of lymphocyte receptors for antigens and about their signal transduction mechanism. These receptors activate intracellular protein tyrosine kinases of at least two families, the Src family and the Syk/ZAP-70 family. Recent studies have given us considerable insight into the interactions of these two types of kinases and how they mediate antigen receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0552, USA
| |
Collapse
|
871
|
Superti-Furga G, Courtneidge SA. Structure-function relationships in Src family and related protein tyrosine kinases. Bioessays 1995; 17:321-30. [PMID: 7537961 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950170408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Src family have a pivotal role in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. Members of this family have been implicated in cellular responses to a variety of extracellular signals, such as those arising from growth factors and cell-cell interactions, as well as in differentiative and developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. A better understanding of the regulation and of the structure-function relationships of these enzymes might aid in the development of specific ways to interfere with their action, as well as serving as a paradigm for regulation of other protein tyrosine kinases that have SH2 and SH3 domains. In this review we will first discuss the regulation of Src family protein tyrosine kinases, with particular emphasis on their SH2 and SH3 domains. We will then briefly review other non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases that have SH2 and SH3 domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Superti-Furga
- Differentiation Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
872
|
Hinshelwood S, Lovering RC, Genevier HC, Levinsky RJ, Kinnon C. The protein defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, shows increased autophosphorylation activity in vitro when isolated from cells in which the B cell receptor has been cross-linked. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1113-6. [PMID: 7737282 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a primary inherited immunodeficiency resulting in a lack of or dramatic reduction in the number of mature B lymphocytes and, thus, greatly reduced levels of serum immunoglobulin. The defect results from mutations in the gene for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Using rabbit antisera generated against Btk, we have demonstrated an increase in the level of in vitro kinase activity present in anti-Btk immunoprecipitates from B cells following stimulation with anti-immunoglobulin antibody. This increase in immune complex kinase activity is detectable 1 to 2 min following stimulation and remains elevated for over 30 min. A similar increase was not seen with two late pre-B cell lines investigated in the same way. This stimulation of activity may suggest a role for Btk in signalling through the B cell receptor or associated proteins, in mature B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hinshelwood
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, GB
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
873
|
Zhu M, Rabinowitz JL, Green NS, Kobrin BJ, Scharff MD. A well-differentiated B-cell line is permissive for somatic mutation of a transfected immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:2810-4. [PMID: 7708729 PMCID: PMC42308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
pSV2neo plasmids containing an IgM heavy-chain gene with nonsense mutations in either the variable (V) or the constant (C) region were transfected into four differentiated mouse plasma cell lines: S107 and the NSO fusion partner (myeloma cell lines) and 2C3 and 36.65 (hybridoma cell lines). The frequencies of reversion of the nonsense mutations in multiple independent transfectants were determined with the spot ELISA and rates of reversion were calculated by fluctuation analysis. Mutations in both V and C regions were confirmed by sequence analyses. In the S107 cell line, spontaneous point mutations occurred in the V region at a rate of approximately 5 x 10(-5)/bp per cell generation, > 400-fold higher than the rate of V-region mutation in the NSO cell line and considerably higher than the rates in 2C3 and 36.65 hybridoma cell lines. These studies suggest that S107 is a relatively permissive cell line in which V-region mutations can occur constitutively, even though it represents a late stage of B-cell differentiation. Further, the results show that the construct used contains sufficient information in its flanking and coding sequences to allow a relatively high rate of V-region mutation, at least in the S107 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
874
|
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and signaling processes in the cells of the immune system. Uncontrolled signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular tyrosine kinases can lead to inflammatory responses and to diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and psoriasis. Thus, inhibitors that block the activity of tyrosine kinases and the signaling pathways they activate may provide a useful basis for drug development. This article summarizes recent progress in the development of PTK inhibitors and demonstrates their potential use in the treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Levitzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
875
|
Price DJ, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, Rivnay B. Purification of a major tyrosine kinase from RBL-2H3 cells phosphorylating Fc epsilon RI gamma-cytoplasmic domain and identification as the Btk tyrosine kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1265:133-42. [PMID: 7696342 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)00213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E high affinity receptor-mediated signal transduction in mast cells results in a number of protein tyrosine kinases being activated as very early events in the process leading to degranulation. Some of these, such as the src kinases and the syk kinase, are known to be involved in this receptor-associated activation. In this paper we describe the search for other activation-associated tyrosine kinases by the ability to phosphorylate a cytoplasmic domain peptide of the Fc epsilon RI gamma-subunit. In utilizing a purification step previously used to isolate the 72 kDa syk kinase, we detected another kinase of molecular weight 79 kDa which we designated cd gamma kinase. The kinase was purified to near homogeneity by Heparin-agarose, Mono Q, and CM Sepharose chromatographies. The yield of enzyme was approx. 200 micrograms/10(9) cells. We characterized this kinase by its ability to phosphorylate both the cd gamma peptide (Km = 0.2 mM) and the cytoplasmic fragment of the Band III protein. The cd gamma kinase was distinguished from syk by inability to be precipitated by anti-syk antiserum and by partial peptide mapping. Cd gamma kinase was also distinguished from syk by cd gamma peptide and Band III substrate specificity. We identified the cd gamma kinase by Western blotting and by partial phosphopeptide mapping as Btk, the B-cell tyrosine kinase found to be defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
Collapse
|
876
|
de la Morena M, Haire RN, Ohta Y, Nelson RP, Litman RT, Day NK, Good RA, Litman GW. Predominance of sterile immunoglobulin transcripts in a female phenotypically resembling Bruton's agammaglobulinemia. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:809-15. [PMID: 7705412 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription pattern of the heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus was analyzed in a 6-month-old female with agammaglobulinemia characterized by the absence of mature B cells in peripheral blood, arrested B cell development in the bone marrow and lack of germinal center development. DNA sequencing provided no evidence of mutations within the coding region of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene. Polymerase chain reaction-generated cDNA libraries from blood and bone marrow were screened initially using JH and CH oligodeoxynucleotide probes and VH family-specific probes. Only 10% of the transcripts constituted mature VDJC mu recombinations. Ninety percent of the cDNA were sterile immunoglobulin transcripts comprised of: DJC mu (DH-JHC mu), JC mu (JH-C mu), EC mu (enhancer spliced to C mu), SC mu and IC mu [corresponding to switch (S) and intron (I) regions spliced to C mu]. In the mature immunoglobulin transcripts, VH use indicated germline expression with little evidence of somatic mutation. All cDNA were of the C mu type. Different D segments, D-D joining events and unknown D-like elements were noted in the DJC mu and VDJC mu transcripts. This pattern of immunoglobulin rearrangements, along with the phenotypic cell surface antigen characteristics (CD19-), suggest that an earlier arrest in B cell development than is characteristic of Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia has occurred in this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de la Morena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg 33701, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
877
|
Abstract
The genetic immune deficiencies have drawn the attention of physicians and immunologists for more than 40 years. The selectivity of these deficiencies brings into focus the contribution of the response of each arm of the immune system to specific pathogens. Recently, the genes underlying four X-linked defects in immune development in humans have been identified by either positional cloning or candidate-gene cloning techniques. Remarkably, these genetic defects reveal a microcosm of lymphocyte developmental controls involving cell-cell interactions, combinatorial cell surface receptor specificity and lineage-specific signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
878
|
Schmalstieg FC, Leonard WJ, Noguchi M, Berg M, Rudloff HE, Denney RM, Dave SK, Brooks EG, Goldman AS. Missense mutation in exon 7 of the common gamma chain gene causes a moderate form of X-linked combined immunodeficiency. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:1169-73. [PMID: 7883965 PMCID: PMC441454 DOI: 10.1172/jci117765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and immunologic features of a recently recognized X-linked combined immunodeficiency disease (XCID) suggested that XCID and X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) might arise from different genetic defects. The recent discovery of mutations in the common gamma chain (gamma c) gene, a constituent of several cytokine receptors, in XSCID provided an opportunity to test directly whether a previously unrecognized mutation in this same gene was responsible for XCID. The status of X chromosome inactivation in blood leukocytes from obligate carriers of XCID was determined from the polymorphic, short tandem repeats (CAG), in the androgen receptor gene, which also contains a methylation-sensitive HpaII site. As in XSCID, X-chromosome inactivation in obligate carriers of XCID was nonrandom in T and B lymphocytes. In addition, X chromosome inactivation in PMNs was variable. Findings from this analysis prompted sequencing of the gamma c gene in this pedigree. A missense mutation in the region coding for the cytoplasmic portion of the gamma c gene was found in three affected males but not in a normal brother. Therefore, this point mutation in the gamma c gene leads to a less severe degree of deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity than that seen in XSCID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Schmalstieg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0369
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
879
|
Avraham S, Jiang S, Ota S, Fu Y, Deng B, Dowler LL, White RA, Avraham H. Structural and functional studies of the intracellular tyrosine kinase MATK gene and its translated product. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1833-42. [PMID: 7530249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently cloned the cDNA which encodes a novel megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase termed MATK. In this study, we have cloned and characterized the human MATK gene as well as the murine homolog of human MATK cDNA and performed functional studies of its translated product. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of human and murine MATK cDNAs revealed 85% homology, indicating that MATK is highly conserved in mouse and human. The human gene consists of 13 exons interrupted by 12 introns. The genetic units which encode the SH3 and SH2 domains are located on separate exons. The putative ATP binding site (GXGXXG) is localized on exon 7, and the entire catalytic domain is subdivided into seven exons (7-13). Somatic cell hybrid analysis indicated that human MATK gene is located on chromosome 19 while the murine Matk gene is located on chromosome 10. The immediate 5'-flanking region was highly rich in GC sequences, and potential cis-acting elements were identified including several SP1, GATA-1, APRE, and APRE1. Antisense oligonucleotides directed against MATK mRNA sequences significantly inhibited megakaryocyte progenitor proliferation. Functional studies indicated that MATK can phosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal conserved tyrosine of the Src protein. These results support the notion that MATK acts as a regulator of p60c-src in megakaryocytic cells and participates in the pathways regulating growth of cells of this lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Avraham
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
880
|
Hu Q, Davidson D, Schwartzberg PL, Macchiarini F, Lenardo MJ, Bluestone JA, Matis LA. Identification of Rlk, a novel protein tyrosine kinase with predominant expression in the T cell lineage. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1928-34. [PMID: 7829530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.4.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases represents an important regulatory mechanism in T cell growth, function, and differentiation. We have identified a 62-kDa murine protein tyrosine kinase predominantly expressed within the T cell lineage, which we have termed Rlk (for Resting lymphocyte kinase). rlk mRNA was found to be expressed in the fetal thymus as early as day 13 of embryonic development as well as in adult thymus and mature resting peripheral T cells. The sequence of rlk showed that it is most closely related to the subfamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that includes the Btk, Itk, and Tec proteins. However, Rlk differs from these kinases by virtue of its unique aminoterminal domain, which lacks a region of pleckstrin homology common to the other members of this protein subfamily. Examination of rlk abundance within different T cell subpopulations revealed preferential expression in Th1 relative to Th2 T cell clones, suggesting a possible role in signal transduction pathways that selectively regulate cytokine production in mature CD4+ T cell subsets. Rlk thus represents a novel cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with potential functions in intrathymic T cell development and mature T cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Hu
- Immunobiology Program, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
881
|
Stein JD, Hecht JT, Blanton SH. Exclusion of retinoic acid receptor and a cartilage matrix protein in non-syndromic CL(P) families. J Med Genet 1995; 32:78. [PMID: 7897636 PMCID: PMC1050194 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
882
|
Affiliation(s)
- K Takatsu
- Department of Immunology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
883
|
Ohashi Y, Tsuchiya S, Konno T. A new point mutation involving a highly conserved leucine in the Btk SH2 domain in a family with X linked agammaglobulinaemia. J Med Genet 1995; 32:77-8. [PMID: 7897635 PMCID: PMC1050193 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
884
|
Affiliation(s)
- E A Faust
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
885
|
Goodnow CC, Cyster JG, Hartley SB, Bell SE, Cooke MP, Healy JI, Akkaraju S, Rathmell JC, Pogue SL, Shokat KP. Self-tolerance checkpoints in B lymphocyte development. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:279-368. [PMID: 7484462 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Goodnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
886
|
Hagemann TL, Rosen FS, Kwan SP. Characterization of germline mutations of the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase in families with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Hum Mutat 1995; 5:296-302. [PMID: 7627183 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) has been identified as the protein responsible for the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and has been described as a new member of Src-related cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. We have recently characterized the structure of the entire gene encoding Btk and developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to detect germline mutations within it. In this report we describe six mutations, five of which are novel, of the Btk gene in patients with XLA and demonstrate the inheritance pattern of the defect within the families of the affected individuals. The mutations found include two nonsense and two missense mutations, a single base deletion at an intron acceptor splice site, and a 16-bp insertion. A single strand conformation polymorphism was also found in the 5' end of intron 8 with the same assay. This technique has provided a powerful tool for direct analysis of the Btk gene for the diagnosis of XLA and carrier detection. The identification of new mutations may eventually reveal the role of Btk in the signaling pathways involved in B-cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Hagemann
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
887
|
Fuleihan R, Ramesh N, Geha RS. X-linked agammaglobulinemia and immunoglobulin deficiency with normal or elevated IgM: immunodeficiencies of B cell development and differentiation. Adv Immunol 1995; 60:37-56. [PMID: 8607374 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Fuleihan
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
888
|
Immunodeficiency Syndromes: X-linked Agammaglobulinemia, Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, and X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Dermatol Clin 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
889
|
Minami Y, Nakagawa Y, Kawahara A, Miyazaki T, Sada K, Yamamura H, Taniguchi T. Protein tyrosine kinase Syk is associated with and activated by the IL-2 receptor: possible link with the c-myc induction pathway. Immunity 1995; 2:89-100. [PMID: 7600304 DOI: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) consists of three subunits, the IL-2R alpha, IL-2R beta, and IL-2R gamma chains. The IL-2-induced proliferative signals emanate from the cytoplasmic domains of IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma, but the nature and function of the signaling molecules that transmit these signals are not fully understood. Here, we report that Syk protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is physically associated with IL-2R in peripheral blood lymphocytes. cDNA expression studies further revealed that this association is critical for the IL-2-induced activation of Syk PTK, which occurs primarily via the serine-rich region of the IL-2R beta chain, which is essential for proliferative signal transmission. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in the hematopoietic cell line, BAF-B03, the activation of Syk PTK results in the induction of the c-myc gene, an event critical for the cell proliferation. Thus, Syk PTK may be a critical integral member of the signaling molecules engaged by the IL-2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Minami
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology Osaka University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
890
|
Gold MR, Matsuuchi L. Signal transduction by the antigen receptors of B and T lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1995; 157:181-276. [PMID: 7706020 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B and T lymphocytes of the immune system recognize and destroy invading microorganisms but are tolerant to the cells and tissues of one's own body. The basis for this self/non-self-discrimination is the clonal nature of the B and T cell antigen receptors. Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors with a single unique antigen specificity. Multiple mechanisms ensure that self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated or silenced whereas lymphocytes directed against foreign antigens are activated only when the appropriate antigen is present. The key element in these processes is the ability of the antigen receptors to transmit signals to the interior of the lymphocyte when they bind the antigen for which they are specific. Whether these signals lead to activation, tolerance, or cell death is dependent on the maturation state of the lymphocytes as well as on signals from other receptors. We review the role of antigen receptor signaling in the development and activation of B and T lymphocytes and also describe the biochemical signaling mechanisms employed by these receptors. In addition, we discuss how signal transduction pathways activated by the antigen receptors may alter gene expression, regulate the cell cycle, and induce or prevent programmed cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
891
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Sideras
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
892
|
Tec kinase associates with c-kit and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stem cell factor binding. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 7526158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.12.8432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis through its interaction with the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit. However, the signaling events that are activated by this interaction and involved in the control of growth or differentiation are not completely understood. We demonstrate here that Tec, a cytoplasmic, src-related kinase, physically associates with c-kit through a region that contains a proline-rich motif, amino terminal of the SH3 domain. Following SCF binding, Tec is tyrosine phosphorylated and its in vitro kinase activity is increased. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Tec is not detected in the response to other cytokines controlling hematopoiesis, including colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3). Conversely, the cytoplasmic kinase JAK2 is activated by IL-3 but not by SCF stimulation. The activation of distinct cytoplasmic kinases may account for the synergy seen in the actions of SCF and IL-3 on hematopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
|
893
|
Vihinen M, Vetrie D, Maniar HS, Ochs HD, Zhu Q, Vorechovský I, Webster AD, Notarangelo LD, Nilsson L, Sowadski JM. Structural basis for chromosome X-linked agammaglobulinemia: a tyrosine kinase disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:12803-7. [PMID: 7809124 PMCID: PMC45528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a hereditary defect of B-cell differentiation in man caused by deficiency of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). A three-dimensional model for the BTK kinase domain, based on the core structure of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, was used to interpret the structural basis for disease in eight independent point mutations in patients with XLA. As Arg-525 of BTK has been thought to functionally substitute for a critical lysine residue in protein-serine kinases, the mutation Arg-525-->Gln was studied and found to abrogate the tyrosine kinase activity of BTK. All of the eight mutations (Lys-430-->Glu, Arg-520-->Glu, Arg-525-->Gln, Arg-562-->Pro, Ala-582-->Val, Glu-589-->Gly, Gly-594-->Glu, and Gly-613-->Asp) were located on one face of the BTK kinase domain, indicating structural clustering of functionally important residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
894
|
Tang B, Mano H, Yi T, Ihle JN. Tec kinase associates with c-kit and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stem cell factor binding. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:8432-7. [PMID: 7526158 PMCID: PMC359382 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.12.8432-8437.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis through its interaction with the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit. However, the signaling events that are activated by this interaction and involved in the control of growth or differentiation are not completely understood. We demonstrate here that Tec, a cytoplasmic, src-related kinase, physically associates with c-kit through a region that contains a proline-rich motif, amino terminal of the SH3 domain. Following SCF binding, Tec is tyrosine phosphorylated and its in vitro kinase activity is increased. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Tec is not detected in the response to other cytokines controlling hematopoiesis, including colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3). Conversely, the cytoplasmic kinase JAK2 is activated by IL-3 but not by SCF stimulation. The activation of distinct cytoplasmic kinases may account for the synergy seen in the actions of SCF and IL-3 on hematopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
895
|
Genevier HC, Hinshelwood S, Gaspar HB, Rigley KP, Brown D, Saeland S, Rousset F, Levinsky RJ, Callard RE, Kinnon C. Expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase protein within the B cell lineage. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3100-5. [PMID: 7805739 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Defects in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), normally expressed in B cells, cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). The phenotype of XLA is characterized by a lack of circulating B cells and immunoglobulin. It has been suggested that B cell maturation from the pre-B cell stage to more mature stages is dependent on the appropriate expression of this gene. The Btk mRNA is expressed in B cells and myeloid cells, but protein expression in relation to B cell maturation has not been determined. Moreover, expression of the Btk protein has so far only been investigated in human Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines, and in murine splenocytes and B cell lines. We have developed an antiserum which recognizes the human Btk protein and shown that normal human tonsillar B cells, peripheral blood monocytes and myeloid cells express the protein, whereas tonsil-derived T cells do not. We also show that the protein is present in early and mature human B cell lines, but is absent in terminally differentiated plasma cell lines. Furthermore, expression is reduced or absent in three B lineage cell lines derived from two patients with defined genetic mutations in Btk and suffering from XLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Genevier
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
896
|
Sato S, Katagiri T, Takaki S, Kikuchi Y, Hitoshi Y, Yonehara S, Tsukada S, Kitamura D, Watanabe T, Witte O, Takatsu K. IL-5 receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of SH2/SH3-containing proteins and activation of Bruton's tyrosine and Janus 2 kinases. J Exp Med 1994; 180:2101-11. [PMID: 7525847 PMCID: PMC2191779 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.6.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) induces proliferation and differentiation of B cells and eosinophils by interacting with its receptor (IL-5R) which consists of two distinct polypeptide chains, alpha and beta (beta c). Although both IL-5R alpha and beta c lack a kinase catalytic domain, IL-5 is capable of inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. We investigated the role of IL-5R alpha in tyrosine phosphorylation of molecules involved in IL-5 signal transduction, using an IL-5-dependent early B cell line, Y16 and transfectants expressing intact or mutant IL-5R alpha together with intact beta c. The results revealed that the transfectants expressing truncated IL-5R alpha, which entirely lacks a cytoplasmic domain, together with beta c, showed neither protein-tyrosine phosphorylation nor proliferation in response to IL-5. This confirms that IL-5R alpha plays a critical role in protein-tyrosine phosphorylation which triggers cell growth. IL-5 stimulation results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of beta c and proteins containing Src homology 2 (SH2) and/or SH3 domains such as phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase, Shc, Vav, and HS1, suggesting their involvement in IL-5-mediated signal transduction. IL-5 stimulation significantly enhanced activities of Janus 2 and B cell-specific Bruton's tyrosine kinases (JAK2 and Btk) and increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 kinase. These results and recent data on signaling of growth factors taken together, multiple biochemical pathways driven by tyrosine kinases such as JAK2 and Btk are involved in IL-5 signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Department of Immunology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
897
|
Tsukada S, Simon MI, Witte ON, Katz A. Binding of beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins to the PH domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11256-60. [PMID: 7972043 PMCID: PMC45206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) has been implicated as the defective gene in both human and murine B-cell deficiencies. The identification of molecules that interact with Btk may shed light on critical processes in lymphocyte development. The N-terminal unique region of Btk contains a pleckstrin homology domain. This domain is found in a broad array of signaling molecules and implicated to function in protein-protein interactions. By using an in vitro binding assay and an in vivo competition assay, the pleckstrin homology domain of Btk was shown to interact with the beta gamma dimer of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). A highly conserved tryptophan residue in subdomain 6 of the pleckstrin homology domain was shown to play a critical role in the binding. The interaction of Btk with beta gamma suggests the existence of a unique connection between cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases and G proteins in cellular signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tsukada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1662
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
898
|
Aoki Y, Isselbacher KJ, Pillai S. Bruton tyrosine kinase is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated in pre-B lymphocytes and receptor-ligated B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:10606-9. [PMID: 7524098 PMCID: PMC45070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is known to be mutated in human X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia and in the Xid mouse. This kinase was examined in B lymphocytes before and after antigen receptor ligation and also in pre-B cells. Btk was found to be catalytically activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to anti-IgM stimulation in B cells. This kinase is also constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in pre-B cells. These findings point to a functional role for Btk in pre-antigen and antigen receptor signaling during B-cell development and provide a biochemical explanation for the X-linked genetic syndromes already linked to this kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Aoki
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston 02129
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
899
|
Abstract
We have isolated a novel nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Srm, that maps to the distal end of chromosome 2. It has SH2, SH2', and SH3 domains and a tyrosine residue for autophosphorylation in the kinase domain but lacks an N-terminal glycine for myristylation and a C-terminal tyrosine which, when phosphorylated, suppresses kinase activity. These are structural features of the recently identified Tec family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The Srm N-terminal unique domain, however, lacks the structural characteristics of the Tec family kinases, and the sequence similarity is highest to Src in the SH region. The expression of two transcripts is rather ubiquitous and changes according to tissue and developmental stage. Mutant mice were generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells but displayed no apparent phenotype as in mutant mice expressing Src family kinases. These results suggest that Srm constitutes a new family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that may be redundant in function.
Collapse
|
900
|
|