8951
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Elia AR, Circosta P, Sangiolo D, Bonini C, Gammaitoni L, Mastaglio S, Genovese P, Geuna M, Avolio F, Inghirami G, Tarella C, Cignetti A. Cytokine-induced killer cells engineered with exogenous T-cell receptors directed against melanoma antigens: enhanced efficacy of effector cells endowed with a double mechanism of tumor recognition. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:220-31. [PMID: 25758764 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells consist of a heterogeneous population of polyclonal T lymphocytes displaying NK phenotype and HLA-unrestricted cytotoxic activity against a broad range of tumors. We sought to determine whether transduction of CIK cells with T cell receptor (TCR) genes specific for tumor-associated antigens could generate effector cells endowed with a double mechanism of tumor recognition. HLA-A2-restricted TCR-transduced (TD) CIK directed against the melanoma antigens Mart1 and NY-ESO1 were generated by lentiviral transduction and successfully expanded over a 3-4-week period. TD-CIK cells were both CD3(+)/CD56(-) and CD3(+)/CD56(+) (31±8% and 59±9%, respectively), indicating that both major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells and MHC-unrestricted CIK could be targeted by lentiviral transduction. At the end of the culture, the majority of both unmodified and TD-CIK displayed an effector memory phenotype, without considerable expression of replicative senescence and exhaustion markers. Functionally, TD-CIK specifically recognized tumor cells expressing the relevant antigen as well as maintained their MHC-unrestricted tumor activity. The cytotoxic activity of TD-CIK against HLA-A2(+) melanoma cell lines was significantly higher than the untransduced counterparts at a low effector:target ratio (cytotoxic activity of TD-CIK was from 1.9- to 4.3-fold higher than untransduced counterparts). TD-CIK were highly proficient in releasing high amount of IFN-γ upon antigen-specific stimulation and were able to recognize primary melanoma targets. In conclusion, we showed that (1) the reproducibility and simplicity of CIK transduction and expansion might solve the problem of obtaining adequate numbers of potent antitumor effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy; (2) the presence of both terminal effectors as well as of less differentiated progenitors might confer them long survival in vivo; and (3) the addition of an MHC-restricted antigen recognition allows not only targeting tumor surface antigens but also a wider range of cytoplasmic or nuclear antigens, involved in tumor proliferation and survival. TD-CIK cells with a double mechanism of tumor recognition are an attractive and alternative tool for the development of efficient cell therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Elia
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , 10126 Turin, Italy
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8952
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Zhang SQ, Smith SM, Zhang SY, Lynn Wang Y. Mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:445-56. [PMID: 25858358 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a mediator of B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and other B-cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is an orally bioavailable and highly specific BTK inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of patients with recurrent CLL and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In addition, ibrutinib has shown efficacy in subsets of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM). However, despite ibrutinib's activity in multiple B-cell malignancies, cases of primary and secondary resistance have emerged. The overall reported frequency of resistance is low, but follow-up in many trials was short, and we predict that the incidence of observed resistance will increase as clinical use outside clinical trials expands over time. Mutations within BTK have been described and clearly interfere with drug binding; however, there are also emerging alternative mechanisms that bypass BTK entirely and offer new opportunities for other targeted agents. Improved understanding of mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance is essential to developing appropriate therapeutic strategies to both prevent and address resistance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ibrutinib resistance in CLL, MCL, DLBCL and WM and considers potential strategies for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Q Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Haematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonali M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Section of Haematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuang Y Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yue Lynn Wang
- Division of Genomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8953
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Qin CZ, Zhang X, Wu LX, Wen CJ, Hu L, Lv QL, Shen DY, Zhou HH. Advances in molecular signaling mechanisms of β-phenethyl isothiocyanate antitumor effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3311-3322. [PMID: 25798652 DOI: 10.1021/jf504627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is an important phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables and is being evaluated for chemotherapeutic activity in early phase clinical trials. Moreover, studies in cell culture and in animals found that the anticarcinogenic activities of PEITC involved all the major stages of tumor growth: initiation, promotion, and progression. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the chemopreventive activities of this compound. Here, we focus on the major molecular signaling pathways for the anticancer activities of PEITC. These include (1) activation of apoptosis pathways; (2) induction of cell cycle arrest; and (3) inhibition of the survival pathways. Furthermore, we also discussed the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, metabolizing enzymes, and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhen Qin
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lan-Xiang Wu
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wen
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Hu
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Li Lv
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ya Shen
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
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8954
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Association of high expression of Groβ with clinical and pathological characteristics of unfavorable prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:171035. [PMID: 25944970 PMCID: PMC4405288 DOI: 10.1155/2015/171035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GROβ (CXCL2) is a chemokine produced by endotoxin-treated macrophages that mediates inflammation and tumor development. However, little is known about GROβ expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) or the relationship between GROβ expression and clinical attributes of GIST. GROβ expression was examined via immunohistochemical staining of 173 GIST samples using tissue microarray. The relationship between GROβ expression and relevant patient and tumor characteristics was assessed, using chi-square tests. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox regression method. High GROβ cytoplasm staining was detected in 56 (32.4%) specimens; high GROβ nuclear staining was detected in 64 (37.0%) specimens. High GROβ cytoplasm staining was significantly associated with patients' age (P = 0.043) and tumor location (P = 0.014), while high GROβ nucleus staining was significantly associated with mitotic index (P = 0.034), tumor location (P = 0.049), and AFIP-Miettinen risk classification (P = 0.048). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed GIST patients with low GROβ cytoplasm expression (P = 0.023) and mitotic index < 6 per 50 HPFs (P = 0.026) to have a more favorable prognosis. These findings indicate that GROβ expression correlates with malignant GIST phenotypes and could be an unfavorable prognostic marker in patients with GIST.
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8955
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Li Z, Zhang LJ, Zhang HR, Tian GF, Tian J, Mao XL, Jia ZH, Meng ZY, Zhao LQ, Yin ZN, Wu ZZ. Tumor-derived transforming growth factor-β is critical for tumor progression and evasion from immune surveillance. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5181-6. [PMID: 25040972 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors have evolved numerous mechanisms by which they can escape from immune surveillance. One of these is to produce immunosuppressive cytokines. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a crucial function in mediating immune suppression, especially in the tumor microenvironment. TGF-β produced by T cells has been demonstrated as an important factor for suppressing antitumor immune responses, but the role of tumor-derived TGF-β in this process is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-β using shRNA resulted in dramatically reduced tumor size, slowing tumor formation, prolonging survival rate of tumor-bearing mice and inhibiting metastasis. We revealed possible underlying mechanisms as reducing the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells, and consequently enhanced IFN-γ production by CTLs. Knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-β also significantly reduced the conversion of naive CD4+ T cells into Treg cells in vitro. Finally, we found that knockdown of TGF-β suppressed cell migration, but did not change the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. In summary, our study provided evidence that tumor-derived TGF-β is a critical factor for tumor progression and evasion of immune surveillance, and blocking tumor-derived TGF-β may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China E-mail :
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8956
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Schmid CA, Robinson MD, Scheifinger NA, Müller S, Cogliatti S, Tzankov A, Müller A. DUSP4 deficiency caused by promoter hypermethylation drives JNK signaling and tumor cell survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:775-92. [PMID: 25847947 PMCID: PMC4419353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Using DNA methylation and gene expression profiling of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) samples, Schmid et al. find that the dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP4 gene is highly methylated in nodal and extranodal DLBCL cases, which correlates with loss of DUSP4 expression. Low DUSP4 expression represents a negative prognostic factor in patient cohorts. Ectopic DUSP4 expression inhibits JNK signaling and induces apoptosis in DLBCL cells. This effect can be phenocopied by JNK inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. The epigenetic dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes is an important driver of human carcinogenesis. We have combined genome-wide DNA methylation analyses and gene expression profiling after pharmacological DNA demethylation with functional screening to identify novel tumor suppressors in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We find that a CpG island in the promoter of the dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP4 is aberrantly methylated in nodal and extranodal DLBCL, irrespective of ABC or GCB subtype, resulting in loss of DUSP4 expression in 75% of >200 examined cases. The DUSP4 genomic locus is further deleted in up to 13% of aggressive B cell lymphomas, and the lack of DUSP4 is a negative prognostic factor in three independent cohorts of DLBCL patients. Ectopic expression of wild-type DUSP4, but not of a phosphatase-deficient mutant, dephosphorylates c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) and induces apoptosis in DLBCL cells. Pharmacological or dominant-negative JNK inhibition restricts DLBCL survival in vitro and in vivo and synergizes strongly with the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. Our results indicate that DLBCL cells depend on JNK signaling for survival. This finding provides a mechanistic basis for the clinical development of JNK inhibitors in DLBCL, ideally in synthetic lethal combinations with inhibitors of chronic active B cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina A Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole A Scheifinger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health and Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), 8093 Zürich, Switzerland Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health and Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Cogliatti
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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8957
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Hybrid push-pull endoscopic and laparoscopic full thickness resection for the minimally invasive management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a pilot clinical study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:618756. [PMID: 25945087 PMCID: PMC4402559 DOI: 10.1155/2015/618756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) that are predominantly endophytic or in anatomically complex locations pose a challenge for laparoscopic wedge resection; however, endoscopic resection can be associated with a positive deep margin given the fourth-layer origin of the tumors. Methods. Patients at two tertiary care academic medical centers with gastric GISTs in difficult anatomic locations or with a predominant endophytic component were considered for enrollment. Preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with or without fine needle aspiration (FNA), and cross-sectional imaging were performed. Eligible patients were offered and consented for hybrid and standard management. Results. Over ten months, four patients in two institutions with anatomically complex or endophytic GISTs underwent successful, uncomplicated push-pull hybrid procedures. GIST was confirmed in all resection specimens. Conclusion. In a highly selected population, the hybrid push-pull approach was safe and effective in the removal of complex gastric GISTs. Endoscopic resection alone was associated with a positive deep margin, which the push-pull technique manages with a laparoscopic, full thickness, R0 resection. This novel, minimally invasive, hybrid laparoscopic and endoscopic push-pull technique is a safe and feasible alternative in the management of select GISTs that are not amenable to standard laparoscopic resection.
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8958
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Gaya A, Akle CA, Mudan S, Grange J. The Concept of Hormesis in Cancer Therapy - Is Less More? Cureus 2015; 7:e261. [PMID: 26180685 PMCID: PMC4494563 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has, in recent years, been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of the immune system in the development of cancers. Immune dysregulation, manifesting as chronic inflammation, not only facilitates the growth and spread of tumors but prevents the host from mounting effective immune defenses against it. Many attempts are being made to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies, but there is growing evidence that a radical reevaluation of the mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation is required in the light of advances in immunology. Based on the concept of hormesis – defined as the presence of different modes of action of therapeutic modalities at different doses – a ‘repositioning’ of chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be required in all aspects of cancer management. In the case of chemotherapy, this may involve a change from the maximum tolerated dose concept to low dose intermittent (‘metronomic’) therapy, whilst in radiation therapy, highly accurate stereotactic targeting enables ablative, antigen-releasing (immunogenic) doses of radiation to be delivered to the tumor with sparing of surrounding normal tissues. Coupled with emerging immunotherapeutic procedures, the future of cancer treatment may well lie in repositioned chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and more localized debulking surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Gaya
- London Oncology Clinic, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
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8959
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Fallah P, Amirizadeh N, Poopak B, Toogeh G, Arefian E, Kohram F, Hosseini Rad SMA, Kohram M, Teimori Naghadeh H, Soleimani M. Expression pattern of key microRNAs in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 37:560-8. [PMID: 25833191 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by reciprocal translocation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This translocation forms the BCR-ABL1 oncogene, which alters several signaling pathways that control malignancy. CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis. The microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are noncoding RNAs that downregulate their target gene by targeting 3' UTR of mRNA or through translational inhibition. It has been shown that miRNAs regulate many biological processes, and dysregulation of these regulatory RNAs is involved in disease development, particularly in cancer. The important role of miRNAs as therapeutic agents and biomarkers has been demonstrated in CML patients at different phases of the disease. METHODS Stem-loop reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize differentially expressed miRNAs of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of 50 newly diagnosed CML patients in chronic phase. RESULTS Some onco-miRNAs were found to be downregulated (miR-155 and miR-106), and some tumor suppressor miRs (miR-16-1, miR-15a, miR-101, miR-568) were upregulated. CONCLUSION These results show that very few miRNAs alone would be good candidates for CML diagnosis independently of conflicting results, but together could be an additional tool for CML diagnosis. Moreover, miRNAs might be good candidates for prognosis prediction and CML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fallah
- Blood Transfusion Research center, High institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - N Amirizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research center, High institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Poopak
- Medical science branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Toogeh
- Thrombosis and Homeostasis Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Kohram
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - S M A Hosseini Rad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Kohram
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - H Teimori Naghadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research center, High institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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8960
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Magaki S, Gardner T, Khanlou N, Yong WH, Salamon N, Vinters HV. Brain biopsy in neurologic decline of unknown etiology. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:499-506. [PMID: 25661242 PMCID: PMC4380782 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain biopsies have an uncertain role in the diagnosis of patients with dementia or neurologic decline of unknown etiology. They are often performed only after an exhaustive panel of less invasive tests and procedures have failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of brain biopsies in this patient group through the retrospective analysis of 53 brain biopsies performed for neurologic disease of unknown etiology at a single tertiary care institution between December 2001 and December 2011. Patients with known nonlymphomatous neoplasms thought to be associated with the neurologic symptoms or with immunodeficiency were excluded from the study. Furthermore, the clinical presentation, imaging and laboratory tests were compared between diagnostic groups to identify factors more likely to yield a diagnosis. Sixty percent of the biopsies were diagnostic (32 of 53), with the most common histologic diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma in 14 of 53 patients (26% of total) followed by infarct in four subjects (7.5%). A few patients were found to have rare and unsuspected diseases such as lymphomatosis cerebri, neurosarcoidosis and neuroaxonal leukodystrophy. Complications from biopsy were uncommon and included hemorrhage and infection with abscess formation at the biopsy site. These results suggest that brain biopsies may be useful in difficult cases in which less invasive measures have been unable to yield a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Magaki
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA.
| | - Tracie Gardner
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Section of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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8961
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Khurana A, Kaur P, Chauhan AK, Kataria SP, Bansal N. Primary Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Left Adrenal Gland - A Rare Presentation. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:XD01-XD03. [PMID: 26023630 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/8079.5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary adrenal lymphoma is rare and constitutes for 3% of extranodal lymphoma cases. Approximately 70% of patients present with bilateral disease and have adrenal insufficiency. Prognosis of primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is poor, most of patient die within one year of diagnosis. Moreover, there are no standard treatment protocols on such cases. Patients are generally treated with regimens similar to other nonhodgkin lymphoma which includes surgery, combination chemotherapy and or radiotherapy. We are presenting a successfully treated case of primary diffuse large B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma of adrenal gland in a 57-year-old patient. The patient had unilateral adrenal involvement (left adrenal gland), without adrenal insufficiency and normal Serum lactate dehyrogenase level. The patient was treated with left adrenalectomy followed by combination chemotherapy. Two years after diagnosis and treatment the patient is disease free on clinical and imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Khurana
- Senior Resident, Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre , Pt. BD Sharma. PGIMS, Rohtak, India
| | - Paramjeet Kaur
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre , Pt. BD Sharma. PGIMS, Rohtak, India
| | - Ashok K Chauhan
- Senior Professor, Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre , Pt. BD Sharma. PGIMS, Rohtak, India
| | | | - Nupur Bansal
- Senior Resident, Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Cancer Centre , Pt. BD Sharma. PGIMS, Rohtak, India
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8962
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Abstract
Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas are uncommon diseases that can involve the whole GI tract. The etiologies of the disease remain unclear, and potential risk factors include celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of immunosuppressive agents, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are the most common subtypes of GI lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas of the GI tract are more common in Western countries, while in Asia-Pacific region T-cell lymphomas are more frequently reported. In this review, lymphomas in the esophagus, stomach and intestine are described, including their epidemiology, histology, clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, radiological features and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China
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8963
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Evaluation of Cell-Free Urine microRNAs Expression for the Use in Diagnosis of Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers. A Pilot Study. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1027-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8964
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Nadeem M, Sklover L, Sloane JA. Targeting remyelination treatment for multiple sclerosis. World J Neurol 2015; 5:5-16. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v5.i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is a product of neurodegeneration and deficient remyelination, the ability to enhance neuroregeneration and myelin regeneration in MS is an enticing goal for MS drug development. In particular, remyelination treatments could promote return of neurological function and also prevent further axonal loss and neurodegeneration in MS due to trophic effects of myelin. The study of remyelination has advanced dramatically in the last several years such that a number of pathways inhibiting remyelination have been discovered, including those involving LINGO-1, Notch-1, hyaluronan, retinoid X receptor, and wnt/ß-catenin. Other approaches such as high throughput drug screening for remyelination drugs have caught fire, with identification of dozens of known drugs with oligodendrocyte maturation stimulatory effects. Several drugs identified through screens and other mechanisms are in the process of being further evaluated for remyelination in MS and MS models. We discuss the potential molecular targets and the variety of mechanisms towards drug identification and development in remyelination for MS.
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8965
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Gocek E, Studzinski GP. The Potential of Vitamin D-Regulated Intracellular Signaling Pathways as Targets for Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. J Clin Med 2015; 4:504-34. [PMID: 26239344 PMCID: PMC4470153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard regimens for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are curative in less than half of patients; therefore, there is a great need for innovative new approaches to this problem. One approach is to target new treatments to the pathways that are instrumental to cell growth and survival with drugs that are less harmful to normal cells than to neoplastic cells. In this review, we focus on the MAPK family of signaling pathways and those that are known to, or potentially can, interact with MAPKs, such as PI3K/AKT/FOXO and JAK/STAT. We exemplify the recent studies in this field with specific relevance to vitamin D and its derivatives, since they have featured prominently in recent scientific literature as having anti-cancer properties. Since microRNAs also are known to be regulated by activated vitamin D, this is also briefly discussed here, as are the implications of the emerging acquisition of transcriptosome data and potentiation of the biological effects of vitamin D by other compounds. While there are ongoing clinical trials of various compounds that affect signaling pathways, more studies are needed to establish the clinical utility of vitamin D in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gocek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 17101, USA.
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8966
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Movahedi F, Hu RG, Becker DL, Xu C. Stimuli-responsive liposomes for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1575-84. [PMID: 25819885 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs) are valuable tools in the modulation of gene expression in a highly specific manner. So far, NATs have been actively pursued in both pre-clinical and clinical studies to treat diseases such as cancer, infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the clinical application of NATs remains a considerable challenge owing to their limited cellular uptake, low biological stability, off-target effect, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. One concept to address these issues is to deliver NATs within stimuli-responsive liposomes, which release their contents of NATs upon encountering environmental changes such as temperature, pH, and ion strength. In this case, before reaching the targeted tissue/organ, NATs are protected from degradation by enzymes and immune system. Once at the area of interest, localized and targeted delivery can be achieved with minimal influence to other parts of the body. Here, we discuss the latest developments and existing challenges in this field. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Nucleic acid therapeutics have been shown to enhance or eliminate specific gene expression in experimental research. Unfortunately, clinical applications have so far not been realized due to problems of easy degradation and possible toxicity. The use of nanosized carriers such as liposomes to deliver nucleic acids is one solution to overcome these problems. In this review article the authors describe and discuss the potentials of various trigger-responsive "smart" liposomes, with a view to help other researchers to design better liposomal nucleic acid delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Movahedi
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Rebecca G Hu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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8967
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Inactivation of Src-to-ezrin pathway: a possible mechanism in the ouabain-mediated inhibition of A549 cell migration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:537136. [PMID: 25866790 PMCID: PMC4383155 DOI: 10.1155/2015/537136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside found in plants, is primarily used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and arrhythmia because of its ability to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase pump. Recently ouabain has been shown to exert anticancer effects but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we explored the molecular mechanism by which ouabain exerts anticancer effects in human lung adenocarcinoma. Employing proteomic techniques, we found 7 proteins downregulated by ouabain in A549 including p-ezrin, a protein associated with pulmonary cancer metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, when the relative phosphorylation levels of 39 intracellular proteins were compared between control and ouabain-treated A549 cells, p-Src (Y416) was also found to be downregulated by ouabain. Furthermore, western blot revealed the ouabain-mediated downregulation of p-FAK (Y925), p-paxillin (Y118), p130CAS, and Na+/K+-ATPase subunits that have been shown to be involved in the migration of cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of ouabain and Src inhibitor PP2 on the migration of A549 cells was confirmed by Boyden chamber assay. Anticancer effects of ouabain in A549 cells appear to be related to its ability to regulate and inactivate Src-to-ezrin signaling, and proteins involved in focal adhesion such as Src, FAK, and p130CAS axis are proposed here.
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8968
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Montes A, Perez-Pampin E, Navarro-Sarabia F, Moreira V, de la Serna AR, Magallares B, Vasilopoulos Y, Sarafidou T, Fernández-Nebro A, Ordóñez MDC, Narváez J, Cañete JD, Marquez A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Joven B, Carreira P, Moreno-Ramos MJ, Caliz R, Ferrer MA, Garcia-Portales R, Blanco FJ, Magro C, Raya E, Valor L, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Balsa A, Martin J, Plant D, Isaacs J, Morgan AW, Barton A, Wilson AG, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gonzalez A. Rheumatoid arthritis response to treatment across IgG1 allotype - anti-TNF incompatibility: a case-only study. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:63. [PMID: 25885039 PMCID: PMC4411723 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have hypothesized that incompatibility between the G1m genotype of the patient and the G1m1 and G1m17 allotypes carried by infliximab (INX) and adalimumab (ADM) could decrease the efficacy of these anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The G1m genotypes were analyzed in three collections of patients with RA totaling 1037 subjects. The first, used for discovery, comprised 215 Spanish patients. The second and third were successively used for replication. They included 429 British and Greek patients and 393 Spanish and British patients, respectively. Two outcomes were considered: change in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joint (ΔDAS28) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Results An association between less response to INX and incompatibility of the G1m1,17 allotype was found in the discovery collection at 6 months of treatment (P = 0.03). This association was confirmed in the replications (P = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively) leading to a global association (P = 0.001) that involved a mean difference in ΔDAS28 of 0.4 units between compatible and incompatible patients (2.3 ± 1.5 in compatible patients vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 in incompatible patients) and an increase in responders and decrease in non-responders according to the EULAR criteria (P = 0.03). A similar association was suggested for patients treated with ADM in the discovery collection, but it was not supported by replication. Conclusions Our results suggest that G1m1,17 allotypes are associated with response to INX and could aid improved therapeutic targeting in RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0571-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Eva Perez-Pampin
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Virginia Moreira
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | - Berta Magallares
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Santa Creu e San Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yiannis Vasilopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Theologia Sarafidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Servicio de Reumatología, HRU Carlos Haya, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Ordóñez
- Servicio de Reumatología, HRU Carlos Haya, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Javier Narváez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Marquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | - Dora Pascual-Salcedo
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Joven
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Rafael Caliz
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel Ferrer
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco J Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Cesar Magro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique Raya
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
| | - Lara Valor
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Alejandro Balsa
- Department of Rheumatology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | - Darren Plant
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - John Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - Anne Barton
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. .,Arthritis Research UK-Centre for Genetics and Genomics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Laboratorio Investigacion 10, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Edificio de consultas, planta -2 Travesia de Choupana, sn, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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8969
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Pan QZ, Wang QJ, Dan JQ, Pan K, Li YQ, Zhang YJ, Zhao JJ, Weng DS, Tang Y, Huang LX, He J, Chen SP, Ke ML, Chen MS, Wicha MS, Chang AE, Zeng YX, Li Q, Xia JC. A nomogram for predicting the benefit of adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9202. [PMID: 25776856 PMCID: PMC4361845 DOI: 10.1038/srep09202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of adjuvant cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain mixed among patients. Here, we constructed a prognostic nomogram to enable individualized predictions of survival benefit of adjuvant CIK cell treatment for HCC patients. Survival analysis showed that the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for patients in the hepatectomy/CIK combination group were 41 and 16 months, respectively, compared to 28 and 12 months for patients in the hepatectomy alone group (control). Based on multivariate analysis of the entire cohort, independent factors for OS were tumor size, tumor capsule, pathological grades, total bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, alpha-fetoprotein, and tumor number, which were incorporated into the nomogram. The survival prediction model performed well, as assessed by the c-index and calibration curve. Internal validation revealed a c-index of 0.698, which was significantly greater than the c-index value of the TNM (tumor–node–metastasis) staging systems of 0.634. The calibration curves fitted well. In conclusions, our developed nomogram resulted in more accurate individualized predictions of the survival benefit from adjuvant CIK cell treatment after hepatectomy. The model may provide valuable information to aid in the decision making regarding the application of adjuvant CIK cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zhong Pan
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Jing Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Dan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Pan
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tang
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xi Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ping Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-La Ke
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alfred E Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- 1] Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China [2] Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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8970
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Janning M, Fiedler W. Volasertib for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: a review of preclinical and clinical development. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1157-65. [PMID: 24947257 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volasertib is a potent inhibitor of Polo-like kinase (PLK) 1 and to lesser extent also PLK2 and PLK3. PLKs are key regulators of the cell cycle and volasertib blocks cells in G2-M phase of the cell cycle. The compound has been evaluated in Phase I and II studies in acute myeloid leukemia and solid tumors. Side effects are mainly hematological. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a randomized Phase II study has been conducted in elderly patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Patients have been randomized to a combination of volarsetib and low-dose cytarabine versus low-dose cytarabine alone. Preliminary results show significantly higher rates of complete remission and of complete remission with incomplete hematological recovery in the combination versus the monotherapy arm, with 31% and 13%, respectively. Longer event-free survival was observed with the combination with 5.6 versus 2.3 months, respectively (p = 0.0237). These encouraging data supported the initiation of an international Phase III trial, which currently underway, to confirm these results. Volasertib has not yet been approved for regular clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Janning
- Department of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52 D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
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8971
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Zhou Y, Shen J, Xia L, Wang Y. Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Rosc. essential oil and paclitaxel synergistically enhance the apoptosis of SKOV3 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1253-7. [PMID: 25777341 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Rosc. essential oil (CZEO) is the major component of Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Rosc., a traditional medicine with antitumor activity. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent used to treat patients with ovarian cancer. These compounds directly target nuclear DNA, in order to suppress or inhibit tumor cell growth. The present study aimed to determine the synergistic antitumor effects of CZEO and PTX on the SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cell line. SKOV3 cells were treated with CZEO, PTX or a combination of the two and cell viability was detected using cell counting kit-8. In addition, flow cytometry was used to determined cell apoptosis as well as for cell cycle analysis. The morpho-logical changes of apoptosis were assessed using Hoechst 33342 staining and the expression levels of apoptotic pathway proteins, including caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were quantified using western blot analysis. The cell viability assay indicated that either of these compounds alone or in combination suppressed the growth of SKOV3 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis indicated that treatment with a combination of CZEO and PTX resulted in increased inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis of SKOV3 cells, as compared with treatment with either of the compounds alone. In addition, the protein expression levels of caspase-3 were increased following treatment with a combination of CZEO and PTX. The results of the present study suggested that CZEO and PTX synergistically enhanced the inhibition of SKOV3 proliferation, and the possible underlying mechanism may be the induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This therefore indicated that PTX supplemented with CZEO may be an effective treatment strategy to decrease the dose and toxicity of PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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8972
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Santucci M, Vignudelli T, Ferrari S, Mor M, Scalvini L, Bolognesi ML, Uliassi E, Costi MP. The Hippo Pathway and YAP/TAZ-TEAD Protein-Protein Interaction as Targets for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4857-73. [PMID: 25719868 DOI: 10.1021/jm501615v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an important organ size control signaling network and the major regulatory mechanism of cell-contact inhibition. Yes associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are its targets and terminal effectors: inhibition of the pathway promotes YAP/TAZ translocation to the nucleus, where they interact with transcriptional enhancer associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors and coactivate the expression of target genes, promoting cell proliferation. Defects in the pathway can result in overgrowth phenotypes due to deregulation of stem-cell proliferation and apoptosis; members of the pathway are directly involved in cancer development. The pharmacological regulation of the pathway might be useful in cancer prevention, treatment, and regenerative medicine applications; currently, a few compounds can selectively modulate the pathway. In this review, we present an overview of the Hippo pathway, the sequence and structural analysis of YAP/TAZ, the known pharmacological modulators of the pathway, especially those targeting YAP/TAZ-TEAD interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santucci
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Tatiana Vignudelli
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- §Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- §Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- †Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
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8973
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Bylda C, Thiele R, Kobold U, Volmer DA. Simultaneous quantification of digoxin, digitoxin, and their metabolites in serum using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:937-46. [PMID: 25735870 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study describes an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of the cardiac glycosidic drugs digoxin and digitoxin and several of their metabolites. The assay represents a useful reference method for immunoassay-based tests, which are easily biased by the presence of metabolites of the target analytes or structurally similar substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bylda
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kobold
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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8974
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Al-Jafar HA, Al-Mulla A, AlDallal S, Buhamad JH, Askar H. Successful nilotinib treatment in a child with chronic myeloid leukemia. Case Rep Oncol 2015; 8:122-7. [PMID: 25873877 PMCID: PMC4376925 DOI: 10.1159/000380905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old female was diagnosed incedentally with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase. She showed complete remission after 3 months of nilotinib treatment. CML is a rare malignant neoplasm in pediatric age. It is characterized by a Philadelphia chromosome, which comes from a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation results in an abnormal fusion called BCR-ABL oncogene which encodes a chimeric BCR-ABL protein. This protein is the underlying cause of CML. Nilotinib is a newly licensed drug for CML in adults. Structurally, it is similar to imatinib (the older tyrosine kinase inhibitor), but it is much more potent in inhibiting BCR-ABL due to its much increased affinity for its binding site. Specific guidelines for CML treatment in children have yet to be determined. In our patient, nilotinib was used as an off-label drug because it is not licensed for children. According to the pharmacokinetic response to drugs, children cannot be considered small adults irrespective of their weight. Off-label drug use based on evidence that it is the best treatment available is an important tool in the hands of expert treating physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Al-Mulla
- Leukemia Center, Sabah Hospital, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Haifa Askar
- Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
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8975
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Regulation of miRNAs affects radiobiological response of lung cancer stem cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:851841. [PMID: 25815339 PMCID: PMC4359805 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a key therapeutic strategy for lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, but radioresistance often occurs and leads to failure of RT. It is therefore important to clarify the mechanism underlying radioresistance in lung cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered the fundamental reason for radioresistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been regarded as important regulatory molecules of CSCs, carcinogenesis, and treatment response of cancers. It is crucial to clarify how regulation of miRNAs affects repair of DNA damage, redistribution, repopulation, reoxygenation, and radiosensitivity (5R) of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs). A thorough understanding of the regulation of miRNAs affecting 5R of LCSCs has potential impact on identifying novel targets and thus may improve the efficacy of lung cancer radiotherapy.
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8976
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Pearl LH, Schierz AC, Ward SE, Al-Lazikani B, Pearl FMG. Therapeutic opportunities within the DNA damage response. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:166-80. [PMID: 25709118 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for maintaining the genomic integrity of the cell, and its disruption is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Classically, defects in the DDR have been exploited therapeutically in the treatment of cancer with radiation therapies or genotoxic chemotherapies. More recently, protein components of the DDR systems have been identified as promising avenues for targeted cancer therapeutics. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of the function, role in cancer and therapeutic potential of 450 expert-curated human DDR genes. We discuss the DDR drugs that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or that are under clinical investigation. We examine large-scale genomic and expression data for 15 cancers to identify deregulated components of the DDR, and we apply systematic computational analysis to identify DDR proteins that are amenable to modulation by small molecules, highlighting potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H Pearl
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Amanda C Schierz
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK. [2] Bluefool Innovations, 4 May Close, Sandhurst, Berkshire GU47 0UG, UK
| | - Simon E Ward
- Translational Drug Discovery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Frances M G Pearl
- 1] Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK. [2] Translational Drug Discovery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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8977
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Plasmablastic lymphoma versus diffuse large B cell lymphoma with plasmablastic differentiation: proposal for a novel diagnostic scoring system. J Hematop 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-014-0227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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8978
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Agazzi A. Report on the 56th ASH Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 4-9 December 2014. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:514. [PMID: 25729427 PMCID: PMC4341995 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 56th annual ASH (American Society of Haematology) meeting was held in San Francisco (CA). More than 3,000 abstracts were selected for presentation due to the huge amount of information from basic science to clinical experience. The future direction in haematoncology is targeted therapies for most diseases; for instance, anti-PD-1 and CAR-T cells in lymphoproliferative disorders and novel immunomodulatory agents active in the contest of bone marrow milieu in multiple myeloma. On the other hand, in aggressive haematological diseases (AML, ALL), clinical studies demonstrated the feasibility of a more intensive chemotherapy approach in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Agazzi
- Hematoncology Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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8979
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Chen P, Luo S, Wen YJ, Li YH, Li J, Wang YS, Du LC, Zhang P, Tang J, Yang DB, Hu HZ, Zhao X, Wei YQ. Low-dose paclitaxel improves the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant adenovirus encoding CCL21 chemokine against murine cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 105:1393-401. [PMID: 25230206 PMCID: PMC4462366 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21), one of the CC chemokines, exerts potent antitumor immunity by co-localizing T cells and dendritic cells at the tumor site and is currently tested against human solid tumors. Here, we investigated whether the combination of recombinant adenovirus encoding murine CCL21 (Ad-mCCL21) with low-dose paclitaxel would improve therapeutic efficacy against murine cancer. Immunocompetent mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma or 4T1 breast carcinoma were treated with either Ad-mCCL21, paclitaxel, or both agents together. Our results showed that Ad-mCCL21 + low-dose paclitaxel more effectively reduced the growth of tumors as compared with either treatment alone and significantly prolonged survival time of the tumor-bearing animals. These antitumor effects of the combined therapy were linked to altered cytokine network at the tumor site, enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells, and decreased formation of new vessels in tumors. Importantly, the combined therapy elicited a strong therapeutic antitumor immunity, which could be partly abrogated by the depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, these preclinical evaluations may provide a combined strategy for antitumor immunity and should be considered for testing in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China; Chengdu Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
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8980
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Othman MAK, Grygalewicz B, Pienkowska-Grela B, Rincic M, Rittscher K, Melo JB, Carreira IM, Meyer B, Marzena W, Liehr T. Novel Cryptic Rearrangements in Adult B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Involving the MLL Gene. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:384-90. [PMID: 25699572 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415576201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL (mixed-lineage-leukemia) gene rearrangements are typical for acute leukemia and are associated with an aggressive course of disease, with a worse outcome than comparable case, and thus require intensified treatment. Here we describe a 69-year-old female with adult B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with hyperleukocytosis and immunophenotype CD10- and CD19+ with cryptic MLL rearrangements. G-banding at the time of diagnosis showed a normal karyotype: 46,XX. Molecular cytogenetics using multitude multicolor banding (mMCB) revealed a complex rearrangement of the two copies of chromosome 11. However, a locus-specific probe additionally identified that the MLL gene at 11q23.3 was disrupted, and that the 5' region was inserted into the chromosomal sub-band 4q21; thus the aberration involved three chromosomes and five break events. Unfortunately, the patient died six months after the initial diagnosis from serious infections and severe complications. Overall, the present findings confirm that, by far not all MLL aberrations are seen by routine chromosome banding techniques and that fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) should be regarded as standard tool to access MLL rearrangements in patients with BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moneeb A K Othman
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany (MAKO, MR, KR, TL)
| | - Beata Grygalewicz
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute, Warsaw, Poland (BG)
| | - Barbara Pienkowska-Grela
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (BPG)
| | - Martina Rincic
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany (MAKO, MR, KR, TL),Croatian Institute of Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia (MR)
| | - Katharina Rittscher
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany (MAKO, MR, KR, TL)
| | - Joana B Melo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (JBM, IMC),CIMAGO, Centro de Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genéticae Oncobiologia University of Coimbra, (JBM, IMC)
| | - Isabel M Carreira
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (JBM, IMC),CIMAGO, Centro de Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genéticae Oncobiologia University of Coimbra, (JBM, IMC)
| | | | - Watek Marzena
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Holy Cross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland (WM)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany (MAKO, MR, KR, TL)
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8981
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Veskimäe K, Staff S, Tabaro F, Nykter M, Isola J, Mäenpää J. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in ovarian and fallopian tube epithelium from risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:276-87. [PMID: 25706666 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes confer an increased lifetime risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer risk can be decreased by risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO). Studies on RRSO material have altered the paradigm of serous ovarian cancer pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to identify candidate genes possibly involved in the pathogenesis of serous ovarian cancer by carrying out a microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in BRCA1/2- mutation positive ovarian and fallopian tube epithelium derived from RRSO surgery. Freshly frozen ovarian and fallopian tube samples from nine BRCA1/2 mutation carriers scheduled for RRSO were prospectively collected together with five mutation-negative control patients undergoing salpingo-oophorectomy for benign indications. Microarray analysis of genome-wide gene expression was performed on ovarian and fallopian tube samples from the BRCA1/2 and control patients. The validation of microarray data was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in selected cases of RRSO samples and also in high grade serous carcinoma samples collected from patients with a BRCA phenotype. From 22,733 genes, 454 transcripts were identified that were differentially expressed in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers when compared with controls, pooling all ovarian and fallopian tube samples together. Of these, 299 genes were statistically significantly downregulated and 155 genes upregulated. Differentially expressed genes in BRCA1/2 samples reported here might be involved in serous ovarian carcinogenesis and provide interesting targets for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Veskimäe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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8982
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and is characterized by the aberrant proliferation of terminally differentiated plasma B cells with impairment in apoptosis capacity. Particularly, osteolytic bone diseases and renal failure resulting from hyperparaproteinemia and hypercalcemia have been the major serious sequelae that are inextricably linked with MM tumor progression. Despite the introduction of new treatment regimens, problematic neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, drug resistance and high MM relapse rates continue to plague the current therapies. New chemical agents are in development on the basis of understanding several signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms like tumor necrosis factor-α, proteasome, PI3K and MARKs. This review focuses on the most recent patents and clinical trials in the development of new medicine for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Furthermore, the important signaling pathways involved in the proliferation, survival and apoptosis of myeloma cells will be discussed.
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8983
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Yang Y, Xu H, Huang W, Ding M, Xiao J, Yang D, Li H, Liu XY, Chu L. Targeting lung cancer stem-like cells with TRAIL gene armed oncolytic adenovirus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:915-23. [PMID: 25683371 PMCID: PMC4420595 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer stem cell (LCSC) is critical in cancer initiation, progression, drug resistance and relapse. Disadvantages showed in conventional lung cancer therapy probably because of its existence. In this study, lung cancer cell line A549 cells propagated as spheroid bodies (named as A549 sphere cells) in growth factors-defined serum-free medium. A549 sphere cells displayed CSC properties, including chemo-resistance, increased proportion of G0/G1 cells, slower proliferation rate, ability of differentiation and enhanced tumour formation ability in vivo. Oncolytic adenovirus ZD55 carrying EGFP gene, ZD55-EGFP, infected A549 sphere cells and inhibited cell growth. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) armed oncolytic adenovirus, ZD55-TRAIL, exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and induced A549 sphere cells apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. Moreover, small molecules embelin, LY294002 and resveratrol improved the cytotoxicity of ZD55-TRAIL. In the A549 sphere cells xenograft models, ZD55-TRAIL significantly inhibited tumour growth and improved survival status of mice. These results suggested that gene armed oncolytic adenovirus is a potential approach for lung cancer therapy through targeting LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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8984
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Hassan A, Dogara LG, Babadoko AA, Awwalu S, Mamman AI. Coexistence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL mutation in patient with myeloproliferative neoplasm. Niger Med J 2015; 56:74-6. [PMID: 25657500 PMCID: PMC4314867 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.149177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) into BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML Ph(+)) and Ph(-) MPN. The JAK2 V617F mutation is specific for Ph(-) MPN and occurs in approximately 50% of primary myelofibrosis. Earlier reports suggest that the occurrence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL mutations are mutually exclusive. However, recent reports have documented the coexistence of BCR-ABL and JAK2 mutation in the same patient mostly following treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We thus report a 60-year-old male with atypical clinical and laboratory features of MPN and the presence of both BCR-ABL and JAK2 Mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Hassan
- Department of Haematology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Ahmadu Aliyu Babadoko
- Department of Haematology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sani Awwalu
- Department of Haematology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aisha Indo Mamman
- Department of Haematology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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8985
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Treatment-related symptom management in patients with multiple myeloma: a review. Support Care Cancer 2015; 23:1431-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8986
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Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, liposomes have been studied in depth, and they continue to constitute a field of intense research. Liposomes are valued for their biological and technological advantages, and are considered to be the most successful drug-carrier system known to date. Notable progress has been made, and several biomedical applications of liposomes are either in clinical trials, are about to be put on the market, or have already been approved for public use. In this review, we briefly analyze how the efficacy of liposomes depends on the nature of their components and their size, surface charge, and lipidic organization. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the physicochemical properties of liposomes on their interaction with cells, half-life, ability to enter tissues, and final fate in vivo. Finally, we describe some strategies developed to overcome limitations of the “first-generation” liposomes, and liposome-based drugs on the market and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Bozzuto
- Chemical Methodology Institute, CNR, Rome, Italy ; Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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8987
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Lu QY, Zhang L, Yee JK, Go VLW, Lee WN. Metabolic Consequences of LDHA inhibition by Epigallocatechin Gallate and Oxamate in MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Metabolomics 2015; 11:71-80. [PMID: 26246802 PMCID: PMC4523095 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and oxidizes the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to NAD+. Several human cancers including the pancreas display elevated expression of LDHA. Because of its essential role in cancer metabolism, LDHA has been considered to be a potential target for cancer therapy. Recently, we have shown that a green tea extract significantly down-regulated LDHA in HPAF-II pancreatic cancer cells using global proteomics profiling. The present study is to investigate how EGCG, a major biological active constituent of green tea, targets the metabolism of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma MIA PaCa-2 cells. We compared the effect of EGCG to that of oxamate, an inhibitor of LDHA, on the multiple metabolic pathways as measured by extracellular lactate production, glucose consumption, as well as intracellular aspartate and glutamate production, fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA, RNA ribose and deoxyribose. Specific metabolic pathways were studied using [1, 2-13C2]-d-glucose as the single precursor metabolic tracer. Isotope incorporations in metabolites were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and stable isotope-based dynamic metabolic profiling (SiDMAP). We found that the EGCG treatment of MIA PaCa-2 cells significantly reduced lactate production, anaerobic glycolysis, glucose consumption and glycolytic rate that are comparable to the inhibition of LDHA by oxamate treatment. Significant changes in intracellular glucose carbon re-distribution among major glucose-utilizing macromolecule biosynthesis pathways in response to EGCG and oxamate treatment were observed. The inhibition of LDHA by EGCG or oxamate impacts on various pathways of the cellular metabolic network and significantly modifies the cancer metabolic phenotype. These results suggest that phytochemical EGCG and LDHA inhibitor oxamate confer their anti-cancer activities by disrupting the balance of flux throughout the cellular metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yi Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Vay-Liang W Go
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wai-Nang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
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8988
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Astigarraga I. Advances and challenges in the fight against childhood cancer. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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8989
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Wang W, Qin S, Zhao L. Docetaxel enhances CD3+ CD56+ cytokine-induced killer cells-mediated killing through inducing tumor cells phenotype modulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 69:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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8990
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Verbrugge SE, Scheper RJ, Lems WF, de Gruijl TD, Jansen G. Proteasome inhibitors as experimental therapeutics of autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:17. [PMID: 25889583 PMCID: PMC4308859 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) consisting of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or biological agents are not always effective, hence driving the demand for new experimental therapeutics. The antiproliferative capacity of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) has received considerable attention given the success of their first prototypical representative, bortezomib (BTZ), in the treatment of B cell and plasma cell-related hematological malignancies. Therapeutic application of PIs in an autoimmune disease setting is much less explored, despite a clear rationale of (immuno) proteasome involvement in (auto)antigen presentation, and PIs harboring the capacity to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-κB and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. Here, we review the clinical positioning of (immuno) proteasomes in autoimmune diseases, in particular RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome and sclerodema, and elaborate on (pre)clinical data related to the impact of BTZ and next generation PIs on immune effector cells (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, osteoclasts) implicated in their pathophysiology. Finally, factors influencing long-term efficacy of PIs, their current (pre)clinical status and future perspectives as anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ellen Verbrugge
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem F Lems
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8991
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Li DB, Si HT, Zheng ZG, Ru LN, Xu XM, Xu XY, Cai JH. Adoptive transfer of haploidentical dentritic cell activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes inhibits melanoma growth but does not induce significant graft-versus-host reaction in tumor-bearing mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:415-420. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of haploidentical dentritic cell activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (DC-CTCs) on melanoma growth in tumor-bearing mice and whether DC-CTCs induce significant graft-versus-host reaction (GVHD).
METHODS: Thirty healthy C57BL/6 mice were used for implantation of B16 melanoma. Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into a negative control group, an autologous DC-CTLs group and a haploidentical DC-CTLs group. All rats were irradiated with 7 Gy 60CO on day 10. The negative control group was intravenously given autologous erythrocytes via the tail vein on days 10 and 17; the autologous DC-CTLs group was given autologous DC-CTLs; and the haploidentical DC-CTLs group was given haploidentical DC-CTLs. After treatment, GVHD was assessed, and tumor growth curve was plotted to calculate tumor inhibition rate.
RESULTS: GVHD score differed significantly between the control group and autologous/haploidentical treatment groups (P < 0.05), while the two treatment showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Pathological analysis of skin, spleen and kidney samples showed that there were no obvious pathological changes suggestive of GVHD in the three groups. Tumor growth curve analysis showed that tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the two treatment groups (P < 0.05), although no tumor growth inhibition was observed in the control group. Tumor growth inhibition was similar between the autologous treatment group and haploidentical treatment group.
CONCLUSION: Autologous and haploidentical DC-CTLs show significant anti-tumor effects, and haploidentical DC-CTLs do not cause significant GVHD.
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8992
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Abstract
Metastatic melanoma has an unpredictable natural history but a predictably high mortality. Despite recent advances in systemic therapy, many patients do not respond, or develop resistance to drug therapy. Surgery has consistently shown good outcomes in appropriately selected patients. It is likely to be even more successful in the era of more effective medical treatment. Surgery should remain a strongly considered option for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Deutsch
- Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence St. John's Hospital, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Daniel D Kirchoff
- Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence St. John's Hospital, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Mark B Faries
- Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence St. John's Hospital, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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8993
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Couzi L, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J. Direct and Indirect Effects of Cytomegalovirus-Induced γδ T Cells after Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25653652 PMCID: PMC4301015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective anti-viral therapies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is still associated with direct (CMV disease) and indirect effects (rejection and poor graft survival) in kidney transplant recipients. Recently, an unconventional T cell population (collectively designated as Vδ2neg γδ T cells) has been characterized during the anti-CMV immune response in all solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients, neonates, and healthy people. These CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells undergo a dramatic and stable expansion after CMV infection, in a conventional “adaptive” manner. Similarly, as CMV-specific CD8+ αβ T cells, they exhibit an effector/memory TEMRA phenotype and cytotoxic effector functions. Activation of Vδ2neg γδ T cells by CMV-infected cells involves the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and still ill-defined co-stimulatory molecules such as LFA-1. A multiple of Vδ2neg γδ TCR ligands are apparently recognized on CMV-infected cells, the first one identified being the major histocompatibility complex-related molecule endothelial protein C receptor. A singularity of CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells is to acquire CD16 expression and to exert an antibody-dependent cell-mediated inhibition on CMV replication, which is controlled by a specific cytokine microenvironment. Beyond the well-demonstrated direct anti-CMV effect of Vδ2neg γδ T cells, unexpected indirect effects of these cells have been also observed in the context of kidney transplantation. CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells have been involved in surveillance of malignancy subsequent to long-term immunosuppression. Moreover, CMV-induced CD16+ γδ T cells are cell effectors of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants, and represent a new physiopathological contribution to the well-known association between CMV infection and poor graft survival. All these basic and clinical studies paved the road to the development of a future γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. In the meantime, γδ T cell monitoring should prove a valuable immunological biomarker in the management of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Couzi
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'immunologie , Bordeaux , France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
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8994
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Zhao S, Qiu ZX, Zhang L, Li WM. Prognostic values of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 expressions for poor survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4143-50. [PMID: 25596700 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, as a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, plays a crucial role in the development of cancer. However, little is known about the prognostic value of ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thus, we investigated their prognostic values and analyzed the associations between their expressions and clinicopathological features in NSCLC patients. We examined ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 expressions via immunohistochemistry in 183 NSCLC samples. The prognostic significances of protein expression were evaluated with univariate and multivariate survival analysis. Of the specimens, 44.8 and 44.3 % revealed positive staining for ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2, respectively. There were 24.6 % specimens with both ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2-positive expression. The results showed p-ERK1/2-positive expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients on both univariate analysis (p < 0.0001) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.0000). Meanwhile, the positive expression of both proteins was also associated with poor OS (p = 0.002). With respect to clinicopathological features, the tumor differentiation was significantly associated with the positivity of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and both proteins, while histological type was only related to ERK1/2. However, there were no significant differences between the expressions and other clinical features, such as gender, age, smoking, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, lymph node metastasis, and treatments. The p-ERK1/2-positive expression was associated with adverse outcomes, and the positive expression of both ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 proteins was also related to poor OS. Therefore, the positivity of p-ERK1/2 expression may serve as a vital biomarker in the development of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China,
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8995
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Some sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients suffer significantly worse phenotypes than others. Causes of such disparities are incompletely understood. Comorbid chronic inflammation likely is a factor. Recently, mast cell (MC) activation (creating an inflammatory state) was found to be a significant factor in sickle pathobiology and pain in a murine SCA model. Also, a new realm of relatively noncytoproliferative MC disease termed MC activation syndrome (MCAS) has been identified recently. MCAS has not previously been described in SCA. Some SCA patients experience pain patterns and other morbidities more congruent with MCAS than traditional SCA pathobiology (eg, vasoocclusion). Presented here are 32 poor-phenotype SCA patients who met MCAS diagnostic criteria; all improved with MCAS-targeted therapy. As hydroxyurea benefits some MCAS patients (particularly SCA-like pain), its benefit in SCA may be partly attributable to treatment of unrecognized MCAS. Further study will better characterize MCAS in SCA and identify optimal therapy.
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8996
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Zheng X, Liu D, Fallon JT, Zhong M. Distinct genetic alterations in small cell carcinoma from different anatomic sites. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:2. [PMID: 25937998 PMCID: PMC4417281 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) is a distinct clinicopathological entity first described in the lung. It represents approximately 15% of all bronchogenic carcinoma. Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSmCC) morphologically indistinguishable from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was first reported in 1930. Since its first description, EPSmCC has been reported in virtually all anatomical sites, including: gynecologic organs (ovary and cervix); genitourinary organs (urinary bladder and prostate); the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus); skin (Merkel cell carcinoma) and head and neck region. Regardless of the anatomic sites, all SmCCs have similar, if not identical, histo-pathology features and immunohistochemical profile. SmCC is one of the most aggressive malignancies. The molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Herein, we reviewed the literature in SmCC in respect to its site of occurrence, clinical features, immunohistochemical characteristics. SmCCs have heterogeneous molecular mutations. Dinstinct genetic alterations associated with SmCC from different body sites were reviewed. Some genetic alterations such as RB1, TP53 are commonly seen in different origins of SmCC. Other genes with site specificity were also summarized, such as bladder SmCC with TERT promoter mutations; prostate SmCC with ERG translocations; ovarian SmCC with SMARCA4 mutations; Merkel cell carcinoma (skin) and cervical SmCC with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Further studies are needed to employ a genetically oriented approach for the diagnosis and therapy of SmCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Henan Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - John T Fallon
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Minghao Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
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8997
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Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic mechanisms that result in altered gene expression and cellular phenotype. The exact role of methylation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. However, aberrations (e.g. loss-/gain-of-function or up-/down-regulation) in components of epigenetic transcriptional regulation in general, and of the methylation machinery in particular, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In addition, many of these components have been identified as therapeutic targets for patients with MDS/AML, and are also being assessed as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to hypomethylating agents (HMAs). The HMAs 5-azacitidine (AZA) and 2'-deoxy-5-azacitidine (decitabine, DAC) inhibit DNA methylation and have shown significant clinical benefits in patients with myeloid malignancies. Despite being viewed as mechanistically similar drugs, AZA and DAC have differing mechanisms of action. DAC is incorporated 100% into DNA, whereas AZA is incorporated into RNA (80-90%) as well as DNA (10-20%). As such, both drugs inhibit DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs; dependently or independently of DNA replication) resulting in the re-expression of tumor-suppressor genes; however, AZA also has an impact on mRNA and protein metabolism via its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in apoptosis. Herein, we first give an overview of transcriptional regulation, including DNA methylation, post-translational histone-tail modifications, the role of micro-RNA and long-range epigenetic gene silencing. We place special emphasis on epigenetic transcriptional regulation and discuss the implication of various components in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML, their potential as therapeutic targets, and their therapeutic modulation by HMAs and other substances (if known). The main focus of this review is laid on dissecting the rapidly evolving knowledge of AZA and DAC with a special focus on their differing mechanisms of action, and the effect of HMAs on transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Hospital Salzburg, Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute , Salzburg , Austria
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8998
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Abstract
Lipid metabolism is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, and generates a variety of bioactive lipid molecules. These bioactive lipid molecules known as signaling molecules, such as fatty acid, eicosanoids, diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophophatidic acid, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate, and cholesterol, are involved in the activation or regulation of different signaling pathways. Lipid metabolism participates in the regulation of many cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, motility, membrane homeostasis, chemotherapy response, and drug resistance. Bioactive lipid molecules promote apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway by modulating mitochondrial membrane permeability and activating different enzymes including caspases. In this review, we discuss recent data in the fields of lipid metabolism, lipid-mediated apoptosis, and cancer therapy. In conclusion, understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism and the function of different lipid molecules could provide the basis for cancer cell death rationale, discover novel and potential targets, and develop new anticancer drugs for cancer therapy.
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8999
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Saki N, Abroun S, Soleimani M, Hajizamani S, Shahjahani M, Kast RE, Mortazavi Y. Involvement of MicroRNA in T-Cell Differentiation and Malignancy. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2015; 9:33-49. [PMID: 25802699 PMCID: PMC4369232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are 19-22 nucleotide RNAs involved in such important processes as development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Different miRNAs are uniquely expressed in lymphoid T cells, and play a role indevelopment and differentiation of various subtypes by targeting their target genes. Recent studies have shown that aberrant miRNA expression may be involved in T cell leukemogenesis and lymphogenesis, and may function as tumor suppressor (such as miR-451, miR-31, miR-150, and miR-29a) or oncogene (e.g. miR-222, miR-223, miR-17-92, miR-155). MiRNAs can be used as new biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis or as an index of disease severity in T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. This article presents a review of studies in recent years on the role of miRNAs in T-cell development and their aberrant expression in pathogenesis of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Characterizing miRNAs can help recognize their role as new important molecules with prognostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmaldin Saki
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Saeid Abroun, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Tel: +982182883860,
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hajizamani
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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9000
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Abstract
The debut of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Btz; Velcade®) radically and immediately improved the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable malignancy of the plasma cell. Therapeutic resistance is unavoidable, however, and represents a major obstacle to maximizing the clinical potential of the drug. To address this challenge, studies have been conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms driving Btz resistance and to discover new targeted therapeutic strategies and combinations that restore Btz activity. This review discusses the literature describing molecular adaptations that confer Btz resistance with a primary disease focus on MM. Also discussed are the most recent advances in therapeutic strategies that overcome resistance, approaches that include redox-modulating agents, murine double minute 2 inhibitors, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and new epigenetic-targeted drugs like bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Dolloff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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