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Sipani V, Kirsch A, Scranton AB. Dark cure studies of cationic photopolymerizations of epoxides: Characterization of kinetic rate constants at high conversions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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52
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Hartwig A, Sebald M. Preparation and properties of elastomers based on a cycloaliphatic diepoxide and poly(tetrahydrofuran). Eur Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(03)00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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53
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Li H, Neckers DC. Metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerizations using triphenylcyclopropenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as the activator. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v03-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triphenylcyclopropenium (TPCP) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate activates bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethyl titanium resulting in a highly reactive initiating system for the polymerization of styrene. In contrast to triphenylmethyl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate which is quite active in the absence of the metallocene, TPCP borate shows no activity for styrene polymerization in the absence of bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethyl titanium. TPCP is the most efficient activator in the carbonium ion borate class. We propose, based on 1H NMR evidence that reaction of Cp2TiMe2 and TPCP borate leads to the formation of the cationic Ti complex [Cp2TiMe]+B(C6F5)4. Evidence for the latter is also provided by UVvis spectroscopy in that we found a bathochromic shift of the Cp2TiMe2 LMCT absorption band from 361 to 482 nm in CH2Cl2 and 487 nm in toluene, respectively. Thermal decomposition of the cationic complex [Cp2TiMe]+B(C6F5)4 leads to less activity. The systems are good catalysts for ethylene polymerization as well, but are less active when using propylene. A conventional ZieglerNatta coordination polymerization mechanism accounts for ethylene and propylene polymerization while a carbocationic polymerization mechanism is proposed for styrene.Key words: triphenylcyclopropenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethyl titanium, activator, olefin polymerization.
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54
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Sipani V, Scranton AB. Dark-cure studies of cationic photopolymerizations of epoxides: Characterization of the active center lifetime and kinetic rate constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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55
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Ren K, Malpert JH, Gu H, Li H, Neckers DC. Synthesis, properties and photolysis of new iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate photoinitiators and comparison with their indate and aluminate analogs. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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56
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Ren K, Malpert JH, Li H, Gu H, Neckers DC. Studies of Weakly Coordinating Anions Paired with Iodonium Cations. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010823o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangtai Ren
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - John H. Malpert
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Huiying Li
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Douglas C. Neckers
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
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57
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Ren K, Serguievski P, Gu H, Grinevich O, Malpert JH, Neckers DC. Relative Photoactivities of Iodonium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallates Measured by Fluorescence Probe Techniques. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangtai Ren
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Petr Serguievski
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Oleg Grinevich
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - John H. Malpert
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Douglas C. Neckers
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
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58
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Li H, Ren K, Neckers DC. Substituted Cyclopropenium Salts as Photoinitiators for Cationic Polymerization of Glycidyl Phenyl Ether. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011304o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Kangtai Ren
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Douglas C. Neckers
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
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59
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Gu H, Ren K, Grinevich O, Malpert JH, Neckers DC. Characterization of iodonium salts differing in the anion. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4161-4. [PMID: 11397148 DOI: 10.1021/jo0015725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The properties and reactivity of a series of iodonium salts with different anions were compared. The nucleophilicity of the anions in such compounds can be characterized by their melting points and NMR spectra. When using Quinaldine Red as indicator and CH3CN as solvent, the acid release rate of the iodonium salts correlated very well with their polymerization results in acid-sensitive epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gu
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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60
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Li H, Ren K, Zhang W, Malpert JH, Neckers DC. A Novel Initiation System for the Cationic Polymerization of Glycidyl Phenyl Ether: Triphenylcyclopropenium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate/Cyclohexanone. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001912o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Kangtai Ren
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Wenqin Zhang
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - John H. Malpert
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
| | - Douglas C. Neckers
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, and Spectra Group Limited, Inc., 1722 Indian Wood Circle, Suite H, Maumee, Ohio 43537
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61
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Georgiev GS, Kamenska EB, Tsarevsky NV, Christov LK. Radical thermo- and sonopolymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by iodobenzene 1,1-diacetate. POLYM INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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62
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63
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Photolysis of ((3-(Trimethylsilyl)propoxy)phenyl)phenyliodonium salts in the presence of 1-naphthol and 1-methoxynaphthalene. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3484-8. [PMID: 10843635 DOI: 10.1021/jo000058w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct photolysis of ((3-trimethylsilylpropoxy)phenyl)phenyliodonium salts with different counteranions (Cl(-), SbF(6)(-), and B(C(6)F(5))(4)(-)) in methanol leads to products by both heterolytic and homolytic processes. In the presence of 1-naphthol and 1-methoxynaphthalene, products formed by a heterolytic reaction disappear, suggesting an electron-transfer process occurs between excited 1-naphthol/1-methoxynaphthalene and the iodonium salts. In the case of 1-methoxynaphthalene, three phenylated methoxynaphthalene isomers are produced. These are produced as radical coupling products from the phenyl radical and 1-methoxynaphthalene radical cation.
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64
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65
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Crivello JV, Kong S. Photoinduced and Thermally Induced Cationic Polymerizations Using Dialkylphenacylsulfonium Salts. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991662f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James V. Crivello
- New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Shengqian Kong
- New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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66
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67
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Toba Y, Saito M, Usui Y. Cationic Photopolymerization of Epoxides by Direct and Sensitized Photolysis of Onium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate Initiators. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981860r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Toba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Usui
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan
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