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Hirano T, Hiromoto K, Kagechika H. Development of a Library of 6-Arylcoumarins as Candidate Fluorescent Sensors. Org Lett 2007; 9:1315-8. [PMID: 17326649 DOI: 10.1021/ol070142z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text]. A bromocoumarin scaffold (1) was reacted with various boronic acid derivatives (2a-l) to afford a library of 6-arylcoumarins (3a-l). This library was found to contain candidate fluorescent sensors for peptidase activity and for nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hirano
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Tokyo, Japan.
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52
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McCairn MC, Turner ML. Rapid synthesis and fluorous-phase purification of α-perfluorohexyloligothiophenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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Turner DJ, Anémian R, Mackie PR, Cupertino DC, Yeates SG, Turner ML, Spivey AC. Towards a general solid phase approach for the iterative synthesis of conjugated oligomers using a germanium based linker - first solid phase synthesis of an oligo-(triarylamine). Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1752-63. [PMID: 17520144 DOI: 10.1039/b703022c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a germanium-based linker system for the solid phase synthesis (SPS) of 3-(n-hexyl)thiophene oligomers and the first SPS of triarylamine oligomers via iterative chain extension is described. The efficiency of the key steps in the oligomer syntheses and their compatibility with the germanium linker are demonstrated by the SPS of bi-[3-(n-hexyl)thiophene] 19 and ter-(triarylamine) 50. The use of a germanium-based linker in combination with appropriately selected silicon-based blocking/protecting groups allows double coupling to drive the key cross coupling steps to completion hence minimising deletion sequences and also allows for traceless and potentially functionalisative cleavage from the resin. The latter feature has yet to be fully explored but towards this end the first ipso-borodegermylation reaction of a 2-germyl-3-(n-hexyl)thiophene is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UK S3 7HF.
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54
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Mancilha FS, DaSilveira Neto BA, Lopes AS, Moreira PF, Quina FH, Gonçalves RS, Dupont J. Are Molecular 5,8-π-Extended Quinoxaline Derivatives Good Chromophores for Photoluminescence Applications? European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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55
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Sugie A, Kobayashi K, Suzaki Y, Osakada K, Mori A. Observation of Sequential Electrophilic Substitution of Bromothiophene and Immediate Reductive Elimination of Arylpalladium Complexes. CHEM LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2006.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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56
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Kobayashi K, Mohamed Ahmed MS, Mori A. Introduction of ethynylene and thienylene spacers into 2,5-diarylthiazole and 2,5-diarylthiophene. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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57
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Takahashi M, Masui K, Sekiguchi H, Kobayashi N, Mori A, Funahashi M, Tamaoki N. Palladium-Catalyzed C−H Homocoupling of Bromothiophene Derivatives and Synthetic Application to Well-Defined Oligothiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10930-3. [PMID: 16910689 DOI: 10.1021/ja060749v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of oligothiophenes of well-defined structures that possess 2-8 thiophene units is performed with a new synthetic strategy involving C-H homocoupling of bromothiophenes and cross-coupling with organostannanes. Tolerance of the carbon-bromine bond to the palladium-catalyzed C-H homocoupling results in oligothiophenes bearing C-Br bonds at the terminal thiophene rings, which allow further transformation by the catalysis of a transition-metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masabumi Takahashi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-4 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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58
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Itami K, Yoshida JI. Multisubstituted Olefins: Platform Synthesis and Applications to Materials Science and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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59
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Yoon MH, Facchetti A, Stern CE, Marks TJ. Fluorocarbon-Modified Organic Semiconductors: Molecular Architecture, Electronic, and Crystal Structure Tuning of Arene- versus Fluoroarene-Thiophene Oligomer Thin-Film Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:5792-801. [PMID: 16637648 DOI: 10.1021/ja060016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present here the systematic synthesis and comparative physicochemical characterization of a series of regiochemically varied and core size extension-modulated arene(perfluoroarene)-thiophene oligomers. The molecules investigated are: 5,5''-diphenyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (1), 5,5'-bis[1-[4-(thien-2-yl)phenyl]]-2,2'-dithiophene (2), 4,4'-bis[5-(2,2'-dithiophenyl)]-biphenyl (3), 5,5''-diperfluorophenyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (4), 5,5'-bis[1-[4-(thien-2-yl)perfluorophenyl]]-2,2'-dithiophene (5), 4,4'-bis[5-(2,2'-dithiophenyl)]-perfluorobiphenyl (6), 5,5''-diperfluorophenyl-2,2':5',2''-tertthiophene (7), 5,5'-diperfluorophenyl-2,2'-dihiophene (8), and 5,5-diperfluorophenylthiophene (9). Trends in optical absorption and emission parameters, molecular structures as defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as electrochemical redox processes are described. The morphologies and microstructures of the vapor-deposited films grown over a range of growth temperatures have also been characterized. Field-effect transistor (FET) measurements demonstrate that all of these materials are FET-active and, depending on the molecular architecture, exhibit comparably good p- or n-type mobility when optimum film microstructural order is achieved. A very large n-channel mobility of approximately 0.5 cm2/Vs with I(on)/I(off) ratios > 10(8) is achieved for films of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Han Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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60
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Borgmann S, Radtke I, Erichsen T, Blöchl A, Heumann R, Schuhmann W. Electrochemical High-Content Screening of Nitric Oxide Release from Endothelial Cells. Chembiochem 2006; 7:662-8. [PMID: 16518864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Release of nitric oxide (NO) is of high importance for regulating endothelial cell functions during vasodilatation, vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis. Thus, a direct and reliable real-time method for NO detection that takes into account time-dependent variations of the NO concentration in the complex reaction within the diffusion zone above the cells is vital for obtaining information about the role of NO in intracellular endothelial signal transduction and its impact on the surrounding cells. In this study, the time course of vascular endothelial growth factor E (VEGF-E) stimulated NO release from transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (T-HUVEC) was investigated by means of metalloporphyrin-based NO sensors employed in an electrochemical robotic system. The NO sensor was obtained by electrochemically induced deposition of Ni(II) tetrakis(p-nitrophenylporphyrin) on a 50-microm diameter platinum disk electrode which was integrated, together with a 25-microm diameter platinum disk, in a double-barrel electrode arrangement. The second electrode was used as a guidance sensor for the automatic and highly reproducible positioning of the NO sensor at a known distance from a layer of adherently growing cells by using z-approach curves in the negative feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The electrochemical robotic system allows the fully automated detection of NO with high sensitivity and selectivity to be performed in real time within 96-well microtiter plates. A functional cell assay was established to allow the standardized detection of NO released upon stimulation from T-HUVEC with a sensor positioned at a known distance above the endothelial cells. The overall system was evaluated by automatic detection of NO release from T-HUVEC upon stimulation with VEGF-E after incubation with a variety of drugs that are known to act on different sites in the complex signal-transduction pathway that finally invokes NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Borgmann
- Analytische Chemie-Elektroanalytik & Sensorik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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61
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Lindner E, Lu ZL, Mayer HA, Speiser B, Tittel C, Warad I. Combinatorial micro electrochemistry. Part 4: Cyclic voltammetric redox screening of homogeneous ruthenium(II) hydrogenation catalysts. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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62
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Kobayashi K, Sugie A, Takahashi M, Masui K, Mori A. Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Bromothiophenes at the C−H Bond Adjacent to the Sulfur Atom with a New Activator System, AgNO3/KF. Org Lett 2005; 7:5083-5. [PMID: 16235963 DOI: 10.1021/ol052063y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Bromothiophene derivatives react with aryl iodides catalyzed by a palladium complex in the presence of a silver(I) nitrate/potassium fluoride system to induce coupling at the C-H bond, while the carbon-bromine bond is intact. The produced coupling product bearing the C-Br bond allows further palladium-catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions in reasonable yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kobayashi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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63
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Shovsky A, Schönherr H. New combinatorial approach for the investigation of kinetics and temperature dependence of surface reactions in thin organic films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:4393-9. [PMID: 16032852 DOI: 10.1021/la046967o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a new, simple, and reproducible method for the rapid determination of the temperature dependence of solution phase surface reactions of organic thin films on solid supports. Instead of estimating the extent of reaction for many separate samples for many different temperatures sequentially, we exploit in our new high throughput combinatorial approach surface reactions carried out under a thermal gradient followed by position-resolved contact angle (CA) measurements. The reaction kinetics, activation energies, and entropies are, thus, accessible on the basis of measurements on a very limited set of samples that differ in reaction times. The kinetics and temperature dependence of surface reactions of the previously studied alkaline hydrolysis of 11,11'-dithiobis(N-hydroxysuccinimidylundecanoate) (NHS-C10) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, as well as the ester hydrolysis in SAMs of the novel disulfide 11,11-dithiobis(tert-butylundecanoate) (t-Bu-C10), were investigated in detail using the conventional sequential and the new combinatorial approach. The reaction kinetics, corresponding apparent rate constants k, and activation energies Ea, as well as activation entropies deltaS double dagger, determined according to both approaches agree well with each other to within the experimental error. Hence, these parameters can be quantitatively determined using the described combinatorial approach. A comparison of the reactions of the two model systems indicated that the transition state is tighter for the acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis in SAMs of the novel disulfide t-Bu-C10 compared to the hydrolysis of the ester groups in SAMs of NHS-C10 on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Shovsky
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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64
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65
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Goeb S, De Nicola A, Ziessel R. Oligomeric ligands incorporating multiple 5,5'-diethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine moieties bridged and end-capped by 3,4-dibutylthiophene units. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1518-29. [PMID: 15730269 DOI: 10.1021/jo048435i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we detail the synthesis and photophysical properties of a series of soluble polybipyridine ligands comprising one to five bipyridine units sandwiched between rigid carbon-carbon triple bonds substituted by 3,4-dibutylthiophene repeating units. The dual Sonogashira coupling reaction of 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine with TMS- and (CH3)2C(OH)-protected acetylene allows the synthesis of a dissymmetrically functionalized building block which was selectively deprotected at either the TMS or 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl site. Various combinations allow the interconnection of the terminal alkyne to 3,4-dibutyl-2,5-diiodothiophene or 3,4-dibutyl-2-iodothiophene leading to bipyridine frameworks bearing two acetylene-protected groups or one acetylenethiophene/one acetylene-protected function. It is possible therefore to construct dimeric to pentameric bipyridine ligands where the chelating subunit is bridged by a 3,4-dibutyl-2,5-diethynylthiophene spacer and end-capped by a 3,4-dibutyl-2-ethynylthiophene stopper. All cross-coupling reactions are promoted with palladium(0) tetrakistriphenylphosphine under mild conditions. Spectroscopic data for the new oligomers are discussed in terms of the extent of pi-electron conjugation. Upon increasing the number of pi-electrons from 24 to 104, there is a progressive lowering in the energy of absorption and fluorescence transitions, while the emission quantum yields remain essentially constant. The LUMO levels of these large molecules, estimated by cyclic voltammetry, lie in the range -3.06 to -3.18 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Goeb
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Ecole de Chimie, Polymères, Matériaux (ECPM), Université Louis Pasteur (ULP), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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66
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Schwab PFH, Smith JR, Michl J. Synthesis and Properties of Molecular Rods. 2. Zig-Zag Rods. Chem Rev 2005; 105:1197-279. [PMID: 15826013 DOI: 10.1021/cr040707u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Jian H, Tour JM. Preparative Fluorous Mixture Synthesis of Diazonium-Functionalized Oligo(phenylene vinylene)s. J Org Chem 2005; 70:3396-424. [PMID: 15844974 DOI: 10.1021/jo048051s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A series of building blocks for the synthesis of oligo(phenylene vinylene)s (OPVs) and hybrid oligomers were prepared, and alternating Heck coupling and Horner-Wadswoth-Emmons (HWE) reactions were used to couple the building blocks. Model studies were carried out to optimize the reaction strategies. The products were made to bear aryl diazonium functionalities that allow them to be used as surface grafting moieties in hybrid silicon/molecule assemblies. A library of OPV and hybrid oligomer tetramers was synthesized using fluorous mixture synthesis (FMS). The fluorous tags, which are secondary amines bearing different numbers of fluorine atoms, were synthesized and used as phase tags in mixture synthesis. The tags and substrates were anchored together by triazene linkages. The mixture synthesis was monitored by analytical HPLC on a fluorous column, and isolation of final OPV and hybrid oligomer tetramers was achieved by preparative HPLC. At the end of the FMS, after demixing, the tagged products were detagged by cleaving the triazene linkage and generating a series of aryl diazonium compounds. The fluorous tags could be recovered and reused. The NMR spectra of the 1-aryl-3,3-dialkyltriazenes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, MS-222, Rice University, 6100 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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68
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Cui SL, Lin XF, Wang YG. Parallel Synthesis of Strongly Fluorescent Polysubstituted 2,6-Dicyanoanilines via Microwave-Promoted Multicomponent Reaction. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2866-9. [PMID: 15787590 DOI: 10.1021/jo047823h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A facile parallel synthesis of polysubstituted 2,6-dicyanoanilines via microwave-promoted three-component reaction of aldehydes, ketones, and propanedinitrile in solution and also on polymer support has been developed. The screening for optical properties identified two new compounds with high fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Liang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
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69
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Applied Suzuki cross-coupling reaction for syntheses of biologically active compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-3158(06)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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70
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Masui K, Ikegami H, Mori A. Palladium-catalyzed C-H homocoupling of thiophenes: facile construction of bithiophene structure. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:5074-5. [PMID: 15099083 DOI: 10.1021/ja031855p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed C-H homocoupling of thiophene derivatives takes place in the presence of silver(I) fluoride or acetate. A variety of bithiophenes are obtained in good to excellent yields. In particular, the reaction of 2-bromothiophene proceeds at room temperature to afford 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene, where the bromine atom is completely intact in the palladium-catalyzed reaction. XRD analysis reveals that silver fluoride is reduced to silver(0) during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Masui
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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71
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Masui K, Mori A, Okano K, Takamura K, Kinoshita M, Ikeda T. Syntheses and Properties of Donor−Acceptor-Type 2,5-Diarylthiophene and 2,5-Diarylthiazole. Org Lett 2004; 6:2011-4. [PMID: 15176806 DOI: 10.1021/ol049386z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Syntheses of differently substituted 2,5-diarylthiophenes and 2,5-diarylthiazoles are carried out with the palladium-catalyzed C-H substitution reaction using AgF as an activator. Remarkably strong photoluminescence is observed in 2,5-diarylthiophene. Differences between the physical properties of liquid crystalline characteristics and cyclic voltammograms of thiophene and thiazole are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Masui
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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72
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Furuta P, Fréchet JMJ. Controlling Solubility and Modulating Peripheral Function in Dendrimer Encapsulated Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13173-81. [PMID: 14570492 DOI: 10.1021/ja037133f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of large dendrons and dendrimers with site-isolated dyes at their core has been explored. The dyes selected for this work were coumarin 343 and pentathiophene, as energy transfer processes prevail when the two dyes are intimately mixed but each should behave independently of the other if site-isolation is achieved. Because the two dyes have very different functional characteristics, a protocol involving orthogonal protecting groups and allowing the use of a single family of electroactive dendrons for their encapsulation had to be developed. The synthetic protocol must balance the need to incorporate electroactive groups at the periphery of the dendrons with the requirement for high solubility and a size sufficient to fully encapsulate the central dye. Because of their poor solubility and tendency to crystallize, dendrons with uniform triarylamine substitution proved unsatisfactory leading to the development of new unsymmetrical dendrons with alternating branched alkyl groups and triarylamine moieties at their periphery. These dendrons, which show excellent solubility and no tendency to crystallize, were assembled into large dendrimers using a modular protocol with the light emitting dye at their core. It is expected that the large size of the dendritic shell will provide effective site-isolation for the encapsulated central dyes enabling them to exhibit their intrinsic emission properties with minimal energy transfer between neighboring core fluorophores when processed in bulk thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Furuta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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73
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Lemieux GA, De Graffenried CL, Bertozzi CR. A fluorogenic dye activated by the staudinger ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4708-9. [PMID: 12696879 DOI: 10.1021/ja029013y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific labeling of biomolecules with biochemical and biophysical probes is a central element of proteomics research. Here we describe a coumarin-phosphine dye that undergoes activation of coumarin fluorescence upon Staudinger ligation with azides. Since azides can be metabolically incorporated into cellular proteins and oligosaccharides, this dye may be a useful tool for profiling proteins and their posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Lemieux
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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74
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Rosania GR, Lee JW, Ding L, Yoon HS, Chang YT. Combinatorial approach to organelle-targeted fluorescent library based on the styryl scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1130-1. [PMID: 12553790 DOI: 10.1021/ja027587x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first fluorescent styryl dye library with a broad color range was synthesized by combinatorial condensation of various aldehydes and methyl pyridinium compounds, and their applications as organelle specific staining probes were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R Rosania
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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75
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Samarium enolate on crosslinked polystyrene beads. II. An anionic initiator for the well-defined synthesis of poly(allyl methacrylate) on a solid support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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76
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Neugebauer S, Isik S, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Acrylic Acid-Based Copolymers as Immobilization Matrix for Amperometric Biosensors. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120023626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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77
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Gestwicki JE, Cairo CW, Strong LE, Oetjen KA, Kiessling LL. Influencing receptor-ligand binding mechanisms with multivalent ligand architecture. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:14922-33. [PMID: 12475334 DOI: 10.1021/ja027184x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent ligands can function as inhibitors or effectors of biological processes. Potent inhibitory activity can arise from the high functional affinities of multivalent ligand-receptor interactions. Effector functions, however, are influenced not only by apparent affinities but also by alternate factors, including the ability of a ligand to cluster receptors. Little is known about the molecular features of a multivalent ligand that determine whether it will function as an inhibitor or effector. We envisioned that, by altering multivalent ligand architecture, ligands with preferences for different binding mechanisms would be generated. To this end, a series of 28 ligands possessing structural diversity was synthesized. This series provides the means to explore the effects of ligand architecture on the inhibition and clustering of a model protein, the lectin concanavalin A (Con A). The structural parameters that were varied include scaffold shape, size, valency, and density of binding elements. We found that ligands with certain architectures are effective inhibitors, but others mediate receptor clustering. Specifically, high molecular weight, polydisperse polyvalent ligands are effective inhibitors of Con A binding, whereas linear oligomeric ligands generated by the ring-opening metathesis polymerization have structural properties that favor clustering. The shape of a multivalent ligand also influences specific aspects of receptor clustering. These include the rate at which the receptor is clustered, the number of receptors in the clusters, and the average interreceptor distance. Our results indicate that the architecture of a multivalent ligand is a key parameter in determining its activity as an inhibitor or effector. Diversity-oriented syntheses of multivalent ligands coupled with effective assays that can be used to compare the contributions of different binding parameters may afford ligands that function by specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Gestwicki
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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78
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Melucci M, Barbarella G, Sotgiu G. Solvent-free, microwave-assisted synthesis of thiophene oligomers via Suzuki coupling. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8877-84. [PMID: 12467402 DOI: 10.1021/jo026269d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain a rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly methodology for the synthesis of highly pure thiophene oligomers. The solvent-free, microwave-assisted coupling of thienyl boronic acids and esters with thienyl bromides, using aluminum oxide as the solid support, allowed us to rapidly check the reaction trends on changing times, temperature, catalyst, and base and easily optimize the experimental conditions to obtain the targeted product in fair amounts. This procedure offers a novel, general, and very rapid route to the preparation of soluble thiophene oligomers. Thus, for example, quaterthiophene was obtained in 6 min by reaction of 2-bromo-2,2'-bithiophene with bis(pinacolato)diboron (isolated yield 65%), whereas quinquethiophene was obtained in 11 min by reaction of dibromoterthiophene with thienylboronic acid (isolated yield 74%). The synthesis of new chiral 2,2'-bithiophenes is reported. The detailed analysis of the byproducts of some reactions allowed us to elucidate a few aspects of reaction mechanisms. While the use of microwaves proved to be very convenient for the coupling between conventional thienyl moieties, the same was not true for the coupling of thienyl rings to thienyl-S,S-dioxide moieties. Indeed, in this case, the targeted product was obtained in low yields because of the competitive, accelerated, Diels-Alder reaction that affords a variety of condensation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche (ISOF), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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79
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Deeg O, Kirsch P, Pauluth D, Bäuerle P. Combinatorial parallel synthesis and automated screening of a novel class of liquid crystalline materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2762-3. [PMID: 12478734 DOI: 10.1039/b207630f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial parallel synthesis has led to the rapid generation of a single-compound library of novel fluorinated quaterphenyls. Subsequent automated screening revealed liquid crystalline (LC) behaviour and gave qualitative relationships of molecular structures and solid state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Deeg
- Department Organic Chemistry II (Organic Materials and Combinatorial Chemistry), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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80
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81
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Constable GS, Gonzalez-Ruiz RA, Kasi RM, Coughlin EB. Gas Manifold for Olefin Polymerization and a Convenient Reactor Design for the Parallel Screening of Catalysts. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021160t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Constable
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Ramon A. Gonzalez-Ruiz
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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82
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Potyrailo RA, Olson DR, Medford G, Brennan MJ. Development of combinatorial chemistry methods for coatings: high-throughput optimization of curing parameters of coatings libraries. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5676-80. [PMID: 12433104 DOI: 10.1021/ac025710x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated analytical system has been implemented for the high-throughput optimization of processing conditions such as curing parameters in fabrication of UV-cured automotive organic protective coatings. Selection of optimum process conditions of combinatorial arrays of coatings is essential to correlate the high-throughput screening and conventional processes and to achieve the desired physical properties of coatings. For monitoring of curing conditions of each coating in the array, a viscosity-sensitive fluorophore 4,4'-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)stilbene was incorporated into coating formulations. This fluorescence tagging approach permitted us to combine a gradient temperature heater and a UV curing system with the full capabilities of our high-throughput screening system, including generation of spectroscopic data and its analysis. This investigation demonstrated the possibility of rapid decoupling of temperature and radiation effects in curing of UV-curable coating formulations by using multiple coatings and process conditions at once. While the system described here was implemented for high-throughput optimization of temperature conditions of radiation curing of arrays of organic protective coatings for automotive applications, this system can be further applied for a variety of other applications where optimization of process parameters can be studied in situ or off-line using optical spectroscopic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav A Potyrailo
- Global Research Center, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, USA.
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83
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Briehn CA, Bäuerle P. Design and synthesis of a 256-membered pi-conjugated oligomer library of regioregular head-to-tail coupled quater(3-arylthiophene)s. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:457-69. [PMID: 12217017 DOI: 10.1021/cc010088s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapid solid-phase synthesis of pi-conjugated oligomers is demonstrated by utilizing the parallel and the "mix-and-split" methods for the preparation of a library of 256 regioregular head-to-tail coupled oligo(3-arylthiophene)s. Chemical diversity was introduced to the growing oligomer starting from four resin-bound 3-(p-X-phenyl)-2-silylthiophenes via an iterative sequence of iodinations and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions with four 3-(p-X-phenyl)thiophene boronic esters (X = CF(3), H, CH(3), OCH(3)). Liberation from the solid support with TFA and subsequent chromatographic purification by normal-phase LC-MS provided all 256 regioregular head-to-tail coupled quater(3-arylthiophene)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Briehn
- Department of Organic Chemistry II (Organic Materials and Combinatorial Chemistry), University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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84
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Schiedel MS, Briehn CA, Bäuerle P. CC Cross-coupling reactions for the combinatorial synthesis of novel organic materials. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Spivey AC, Turner DJ, Turner ML, Yeates S. A novel "double-coupling" strategy for iterative oligothiophene synthesis using orthogonal Si/Ge protection. Org Lett 2002; 4:1899-902. [PMID: 12027642 DOI: 10.1021/ol025879x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new iterative synthesis of regioregular oligothiophenes has been developed in which "double-coupling" after each iteration minimizes deletion sequences. The method exploits the susceptibility of alpha-silyl- but not alpha-germyl-substituted thiophene derivatives toward nucleophilic ipso-protodemetalation and features an unusual "base-free" Suzuki-type cross-coupling protocol. The strategy has been designed for the solid-phase synthesis of high purity oligothiophenes using a germanium-based linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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86
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Chapter 5.1 Five-membered ring systems: Thiophenes & Se, Te analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(02)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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87
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Schiedel MS, Briehn CA, Bäuerle P. Single-Compound Libraries of Organic Materials: Parallel Synthesis and Screening of Fluorescent Dyes This work was made possible with funds from Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. We also thank Prof. V. Austel and Dr. E. Mena-Osteritz, University of Ulm, for valuable discussions and general input; Dr. G. Götz, University of Ulm, for photography and also Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, for apparatus support. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:4677-4680. [PMID: 12404382 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011217)40:24<4677::aid-anie4677>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Steffen Schiedel
- Abteilung Organische Chemie II (Organische Materialien und Kombinatorische Chemie) Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm (Germany)
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88
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Schiedel MS, Briehn CA, Bäuerle P. Einzelsubstanzbibliotheken organischer Materialien: Parallelsynthese und Screening von Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011217)113:24<4813::aid-ange4813>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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