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Beneventi F, Badulli C, Locatelli E, Caporali R, Ramoni V, Cavagnoli C, Simonetta M, Garbin G, Tinelli C, Alpini C, Montecucco C, Martinetti M, Spinillo A. Soluble HLA-G in pregnancies complicated by autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 110:67-73. [PMID: 26042897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases in pregnancies are associated with increased adverse obstetric outcomes. We compared maternal soluble human leucocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) blood levels in subjects with a rheumatic disease preexisting pregnancy and unaffected controls. Third-trimester blood maternal sHLA-G concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with rheumatic diseases than in controls (mean 93.1ng/ml [SD 42.1] vs 58.1ng/ml [SD 96.3], p=0.003). Cord blood sHLA-G concentrations were significantly higher in rheumatic disease than in those born to control mothers (median 41.2ng/ml [IQR: 3.3-44.0] vs 17.9ng/ml [IQR: 17.2-88.1], p=0.007). A strict positive correlation (r=0.88, p<0.001) was found between the maternal and fetal titers of ANA autoantibodies as well as between maternal and fetal sHLAG circulating levels (r=0.58 and r=0.67, respectively, for controls and cases, p<0.001). Maternal s-HLA-G blood concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with rheumatic disease DEL/DEL homozygous for a polymorphism of the 3' untranslated regulatory region of HLA-G (HLA-G 14bp) than in the corresponding healthy controls (mean values 141.5ng/ml [SD: 166] vs 54.2ng/ml [SD: 35], p=0.009). Increasing maternal and cord blood levels of s-HLA-G concentrations among pregnant subjects with rheumatic diseases compared with controls suggest that autoimmune diseases prompt a maternal and fetal immune response that favors pregnancy immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Beneventi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Badulli
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Locatelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Véronique Ramoni
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavagnoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Simonetta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Garbin
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmine Tinelli
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometric Unit, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Alpini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - CarloMaurizio Montecucco
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miryam Martinetti
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Klitkou L, Dahl M, Hviid TVF, Djurisic S, Piosik ZM, Skovbo P, Møller AM, Steffensen R, Christiansen OB. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G during pregnancy part I: Correlations between maternal soluble HLA-G at midterm, at term, and umbilical cord blood soluble HLA-G at term. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:254-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dahl M, Klitkou L, Christiansen OB, Djurisic S, Piosik ZM, Skovbo P, Møller AM, Steffensen R, Hviid TVF. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G during pregnancy part II: Associations between maternal and fetal HLA-G genotypes and soluble HLA-G. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:260-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gregori S, Amodio G, Quattrone F, Panina-Bordignon P. HLA-G Orchestrates the Early Interaction of Human Trophoblasts with the Maternal Niche. Front Immunol 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 25870595 PMCID: PMC4378286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) play a central role in educating maternal leukocytes, endometrial stromal and endothelial cells to generate a receptive decidual microenvironment tailored to accept the semi-allogeneic fetus. HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I molecule endowed with immune-regulatory functions, is primarily expressed on EVTs lining the placenta and on the naturally occurring tolerogenic dendritic cells, named DC-10, which are enriched in the human first trimester decidua. Decidual DC-10 are involved in HLA-G-mediated tolerance at the maternal–fetal interface. EVTs not only establish a tolerogenic microenvironment through the interaction with maternal innate and adaptive cells but also orchestrate placenta vascular and tissue remodeling, leading to a successful pregnancy. Here, we discuss the potential implications of the HLA-G-mediated cross-talk among the cells present at the maternal–fetal interface, and its role in maintaining a positive relationship between the mother and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gregori
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Giada Amodio
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Federica Quattrone
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan , Italy
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Thouas GA, Dominguez F, Green MP, Vilella F, Simon C, Gardner DK. Soluble ligands and their receptors in human embryo development and implantation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:92-130. [PMID: 25548832 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests that soluble ligands and their receptors mediate human preimplantation embryo development and implantation. Progress in this complex area has been ongoing since the 1980s, with an ever-increasing list of candidates. This article specifically reviews evidence of soluble ligands and their receptors in the human preimplantation stage embryo and female reproductive tract. The focus will be on candidates produced by the human preimplantation embryo and those eliciting developmental responses in vitro, as well as endometrial factors related to implantation and receptivity. Pathways to clinical translation, including innovative diagnostics and other technologies, are also highlighted, drawing from this collective evidence toward facilitating joint improvements in embryo quality and endometrial receptivity. This strategy could not only benefit clinical outcomes in reproductive medicine but also provide broader insights into the peri-implantation period of human development to improve fetal and neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Thouas
- Reproductive Biology and Assisted Conception Laboratory (G.A.T., M.P.G., D.K.G.), School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010; Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (F.D., F.V., C.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain; La Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico de la Comunidad Valenciana Health Research Institute (F.D., F.V., C.S.), 46010 Valencia, Spain; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, California 90095
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Human Leukocyte Antigen-G Within the Male Reproductive System: Implications for Reproduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:171-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Djurisic S, Teiblum S, Tolstrup C, Christiansen O, Hviid T. Allelic imbalance modulates surface expression of the tolerance-inducing HLA-G molecule on primary trophoblast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:281-95. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lashley LEELO, van der Westerlaken LAJ, Haasnoot GW, Drabbels JJM, Spruyt-Gerritse MJ, Scherjon SA, Claas FHJ. Maternal HLA-C2 and 14 bp insertion in HLA-G is associated with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:536-44. [PMID: 25367742 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The major rate-limiting step in in vitro fertilization (IVF) success appears to be the implantation of the semi-allogeneic embryo into the maternal endometrium. To determine possible risk factors of recurrent failure of embryos to implant, we investigated immunogenetic determinants as level of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) histocompatibility, frequency of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and HLA-C alleles and HLA-G polymorphism. We DNA typed women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and their partners for classical HLA Class I, HLA Class II, HLA-G and KIR alleles and compared these results with couples with successful embryo implantation after their first IVF and normal fertile couples. No association was found between RIF and the degree of histocompatibility between partners or sharing of a specific antigen. Also, no significant difference in KIR haplotype or combination of HLA-C group and KIR was observed. We did find a higher frequency of HLA-C2 and a higher frequency of 14 base pair (bp) insertion in HLA-G in women with RIF. Therefore we conclude that the degree of histocompatibility between partners is not a determining factor for the occurrence of RIF. However, presence of the HLA-C2 allotype and the HLA-G allele with a 14 bp insertion is a significant risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E E L O Lashley
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Enhanced prevalence of plasmatic soluble MHC class I chain-related molecule in vascular pregnancy diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:653161. [PMID: 25243172 PMCID: PMC4160641 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class I related chain (MIC) is a stress-inducible protein modulating the function of immune natural killer (NK) cells, a major leukocyte subset involved in proper trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling. Aim of the study was to evaluate whether upregulation of soluble MIC (sMIC) may reflect immune disorders associated to vascular pregnancy diseases (VPD). sMIC was more frequently detected in the plasma of women with a diagnostic of VPD (32%) than in normal term-matched pregnancies (1.6%, P < 0.0001), with highest prevalence in intrauterine fetal death (IUDF, 44%) and vascular intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR, 39%). sMIC levels were higher in preeclampsia (PE) than in IUFD (P < 0.01) and vascular IUGR (P < 0.05). sMIC detection was associated with bilateral early diastolic uterine notches (P = 0.037), thrombocytopenia (P = 0.03), and high proteinuria (P = 0.03) in PE and with the vascular etiology of IUGR (P = 0.0038). Incubation of sMIC-positive PE plasma resulted in downregulation of NKG2D expression and NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production in vitro. Our work thus suggests that detection of sMIC molecule in maternal plasma may constitute a hallmark of altered maternal immune functions that contributes to vascular disorders that complicate pregnancy, notably by impairing NK-cell mediated production of IFN-γ, an essential cytokine favoring vascular modeling.
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Edholm ES, Grayfer L, Robert J. Evolution of nonclassical MHC-dependent invariant T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4763-80. [PMID: 25117267 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TCR-mediated specific recognition of antigenic peptides in the context of classical MHC molecules is a cornerstone of adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrate. Ancillary to these interactions, the T cell repertoire also includes unconventional T cells that recognize endogenous and/or exogenous antigens in a classical MHC-unrestricted manner. Among these, the mammalian nonclassical MHC class I-restricted invariant T cell (iT) subsets, such as iNKT and MAIT cells, are now believed to be integral to immune response initiation as well as in orchestrating subsequent adaptive immunity. Until recently the evolutionary origins of these cells were unknown. Here we review our current understanding of a nonclassical MHC class I-restricted iT cell population in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Parallels with the mammalian iNKT and MAIT cells underline the crucial biological roles of these evolutionarily ancient immune subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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61
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Stout MJ, Cao B, Landeau M, French J, Macones GA, Mysorekar IU. Increased human leukocyte antigen-G expression at the maternal-fetal interface is associated with preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:454-9. [PMID: 24797963 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.921152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Objective: The maternal-fetal interface must modulate immune function to allow tolerance of fetal cells while still reacting to pathogens to suppress infection. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a class Ib major histocompatibility complex protein involved in maternal-fetal tolerance. We posited that alterations in placental HLA-G expression predispose women to preterm birth. The aim of this study was to compare HLA-G expression in the maternal-fetal interface of term versus preterm human placentas. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of specimens from the basal plate of the human placenta from women enrolled in a tissue specimen and clinical data consortium. Immunohistochemistry with digital microscopic analysis was used to quantify HLA-G protein expression in the basal plate from preterm and term placentas. RESULTS Preterm birth <37 weeks occurred in 29.5% of 149 singleton pregnancies. HLA-G-positive cells occupied one-third of the basal plates, and the HLA-G-positive area was increased by 14% in placentas from preterm births than in those from term births (32.1% in term placentas versus 36.6% in preterm placentas). CONCLUSION Although HLA-G is required for maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus, higher levels of HLA-G expression at the maternal-fetal interface is associated with preterm birth.
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Lynge Nilsson L, Djurisic S, Hviid TVF. Controlling the Immunological Crosstalk during Conception and Pregnancy: HLA-G in Reproduction. Front Immunol 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 24860568 PMCID: PMC4026753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In several years after its discovery in the placenta, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class Ib protein, HLA-G, was not given much attention, nor was it assigned great importance. As time has unraveled, HLA-G has proven to have distinctive functions and an unforeseen and possibly important role in reproduction. HLA-G is characterized mainly by its low polymorphism and restricted tissue distribution in non-pathological conditions. In fact, its expression pattern is primarily limited to extravillous cytotrophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy. Due to low polymorphism, almost the same protein is expressed by virtually all individuals. It is these unique features that make HLA-G differ from its highly polymorphic HLA class Ia counterparts, the HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules. Its function, seemingly diverse, is typically receptor-mediated, and involves interactions with a wide range of immune cells. As the expression of HLA-G primarily is limited to gestation, this has given rise to the hypothesis that HLA-G plays an important role in the immunological tolerance of the fetus by the mother. In keeping with this, it might not be surprising that polymorphisms in the HLA-G gene, and levels of HLA-G expression, have been linked to reproductive failure and pre-eclampsia. Based on recent studies, we speculate that HLA-G might be involved in mechanisms in reproductive immunology even before conception because HLA-G can be detected in the genital tract and in the blood of non-pregnant women, and is present in seminal fluid from men. In addition, HLA-G expression has been found in the pre-implanted embryo. Therefore, we propose that a combined contribution from the mother, the father, and the embryo/fetus is likely to be important. Furthermore, this review presents important aspects of HLA-G in relation to reproduction: from genetics to physiological effects, from pregnancy and pregnancy complications to a short discussion on future possible means of preventative measures and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Lynge Nilsson
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Snezana Djurisic
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
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63
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Rasmussen M, Dahl M, Buus S, Djurisic S, Ohlsson J, Hviid TVF. Evaluation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurements of soluble HLA-G protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:206-15. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI), Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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64
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Dahl M, Perin TL, Djurisic S, Rasmussen M, Ohlsson J, Buus S, Lindhard A, Hviid TVF. Soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen-G in Seminal Plasma is Associated with HLA-G Genotype: Possible Implications for Fertility Success. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:89-105. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Dahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Trine L. Perin
- The Fertility Clinic; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Snezana Djurisic
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Merete Rasmussen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Janni Ohlsson
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; The Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; The Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anette Lindhard
- The Fertility Clinic; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde) and Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
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The many faces of human leukocyte antigen-G: relevance to the fate of pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:591489. [PMID: 24741608 PMCID: PMC3987982 DOI: 10.1155/2014/591489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunological paradox, where fetal antigens encoded by polymorphic genes inherited from the father do not provoke a maternal immune response. The fetus is not rejected as it would be theorized according to principles of tissue transplantation. A major contribution to fetal tolerance is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, a nonclassical HLA protein displaying limited polymorphism, restricted tissue distribution, and a unique alternative splice pattern. HLA-G is primarily expressed in placenta and plays multifaceted roles during pregnancy, both as a soluble and a membrane-bound molecule. Its immunomodulatory functions involve interactions with different immune cells and possibly regulation of cell migration during placental development. Recent findings include HLA-G contributions from the father and the fetus itself. Much effort has been put into clarifying the role of HLA-G during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, recurrent spontaneous abortions, and subfertility or infertility. This review aims to clarify the multifunctional role of HLA-G in pregnancy-related disorders by focusing on genetic variation, differences in mRNA stability between HLA-G alleles, differences in HLA-G isoform expression, and possible differences in functional activity. Furthermore, we highlight important observations regarding HLA-G genetics and expression in preeclampsia that future research should address.
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66
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Rizzo R. HLA-G molecules in pregnancy and their possible role in assisted reproductive technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Ajduk A, Zernicka-Goetz M. Quality control of embryo development. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:903-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Kotze D, Kruger TF, Lombard C, Padayachee T, Keskintepe L, Sher G. The effect of the biochemical marker soluble human leukocyte antigen G on pregnancy outcome in assisted reproductive technology--a multicenter study. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1303-9. [PMID: 23993930 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the presence of soluble human leukocyte antigen G (sHLA-G) affects implantation and pregnancy outcomes in vitro. DESIGN A multicenter retrospective study. SETTING Six certified in vitro fertilization (IVF) units. PATIENT(S) Embryos obtained from 2,040 patients from six different IVF clinics. INTERVENTION(S) Soluble HLA-G determination on day-2 embryos after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, with embryos transferred on day 3 using the sHLA-G data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Ongoing pregnancy rate (10- to 12-week ultrasound finding). RESULT(S) All embryos were individually cultured, and a chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the presence of sHLA-G in the culture medium surrounding the embryos. Embryos were selected based on a positive sHLA-G result and a graduated embryo scoring (GES) score >70, or on embryo morphology if the test was negative. In all centers, a positive sHLA-G result was associated with an increase in the odds of an ongoing pregnancy. The incidence of an ongoing pregnancy was 2.52 times greater in embryos transferred on day 3 with a positive sHLA-G test result than the incidence of an ongoing pregnancy in embryos with a negative sHLA-G test result. CONCLUSION(S) Data from this multicenter study confirm that sHLA-G expression is a valuable noninvasive embryo marker to assist in improving pregnancy outcomes, with the theoretical potential to reduce multiple pregnancies.
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69
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Picard C, Di Cristofaro J, Azzouz DF, Kanaan SB, Roudier J, Lambert NC. Analyzing HLA-G polymorphisms in children from women with scleroderma. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:468-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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70
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Immunological aspects of human amniotic fluid cells: Implication for normal pregnancy. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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71
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da Silva JS, Slowik R, Bicalho MDG. Considerations on regulatory sequences of the distal promoter region of the HLA-G gene. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:473-7. [PMID: 23228392 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is accomplished via association of transcription factors, some of which directly bind to DNA regulatory sequences. HLA-G codes for an immunoregulatory protein with tissue-specific expression, its unique promoter regulatory region is responsible for this feature. The aim of the present study was to explore motif composition as well as identify haplotypes in the HLA-G 5' distal promoter region. The sample was composed by 176 euro-descendents individuals genotyped by Sequence Based Typing of HLA-G distal promoter, encompassing 16 SNPs. Haplotypes were inferred by the expectation maximization algorithm. Only haplotypes with frequency higher than 1% were aligned to check for similarities and differences and thirteen haplotypes remained. For a better understanding of the nucleotide diversity of the analyzed region our approach was to split the whole sequence into two regions. Two contrasting haplotype groups were found in both regions, allowing us to suggest the existence of different transcription factors capable of binding cis elements while the intra-group variations suggest the intensity modulation of binding with regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Samuel da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunogenética e Histocompatibilidade-LIGH, Departamento de Genética, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Av. Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, Jardim das Américas. Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81530990, Caixa Postal 19071, Brazil.
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72
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Effects of electro-acupuncture on embryo implanted potential of patients with infertility of different syndromes. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1003-5257(13)60025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Christiansen OB, Kolte AM, Dahl M, Larsen EC, Steffensen R, Nielsen HS, Hviid TV. Maternal homozygocity for a 14 base pair insertion in exon 8 of the HLA-G gene and carriage of HLA class II alleles restricting HY immunity predispose to unexplained secondary recurrent miscarriage and low birth weight in children born to these patients. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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74
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Peng Q, Yang H, Xue S, Shi L, Yu Q, Kuang Y. Secretome profile of mouse oocytes after activation using mass spectrum. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:765-71. [PMID: 22573034 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mammalian oocytes undergo a cortical reaction after fertilization, releasing cortical granules and other proteins into the perivitelline space and inhibiting polyspermy. Few studies have evaluated the biological functions and properties of these proteins. STUDY DESIGN We investigated mouse oocytes in which the zona pellucida (ZP) was present (ZP-intact group) or absent (ZP-free group). RESULTS After being activated by Srcl2, secreted proteins are collected from mouse oocytes. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed that identified proteins such as Ldhb, PADi6, Uchl1, Pebp1, Alb, Hsp90aa1, Prss1, trypsinogen 7, trypsin 4, trypsin 10, Sod1, Zp1, Zp2, Zp3, Akap8, Npm2, Pkm2 and Ppia in the ZP-free group. Proteins such as Ldhb, Uchl1, Prss1, trypsin 10, trypsinogen 7, and Ast1 were identified in the ZP-intact groups. The expression of some proteins, including Ldhb, Alb and Sod1, were initially detected following oocyte activation. The finding of four trypsin subtypes, such as Prss1, further support previous observations. Studies investigating the physiological functions and properties of these proteins are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS Research on these cortical proteins provides a theoretical basis for understanding polyspermy inhibition at the level of ZP and gives technological support for fertilization detection, assessment of oocyte quality and embryonic culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Peng
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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75
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González A, Rebmann V, LeMaoult J, Horn PA, Carosella ED, Alegre E. The immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G and its clinical implications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:63-84. [PMID: 22537084 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.677947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule that, through interaction with its receptors, exerts important tolerogenic functions. Its main physiological expression occurs in placenta where it seems to participate in the maternal tolerance toward the fetus. HLA-G has been studied as a marker of pregnancy complications such as abortion or pre-eclapmsia. Although HLA-G is not expressed in most adult tissues, its ectopic expression has been observed in some diseases such as viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and especially cancer. HLA-G neo-expression in cancer is associated with the capability of tumor cells to evade the immune control. In this review, we will summarize HLA-G biology and how it participates in these physiopathological processes. Special attention will be paid to its role as a diagnostic tool and also as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro González
- Department of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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76
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Abstract
Despite the fact that the fundamental principle underlying the most common method of culture media constitution is that of mimicking the natural environment of the preimplantation embryo, one major difference that remains between current embryo culture media and in vivo conditions is the absence of growth factors in vitro. Numerous growth factors are known to be present in the in vivo environment of human and nonhuman preimplantation embryos, often with peak concentrations corresponding to when fertilization and preimplantation embryo growth would occur. Although these growth factors are found in very small concentrations, they have a profound effect on tissue growth and differentiation through attachment to factor-specific receptors on cell surfaces. Receptors for many different growth factors have also been detected in human preimplantation embryos. Preimplantation embryos themselves express many growth factors. The growth factors and receptors are metabolically costly to produce, and thus their presence in the environment of the preimplantation embryo and in the embryo respectively strongly implies that embryos are designed to encounter and respond to the corresponding factors. Studies of embryo coculture also indirectly suggest that growth factors can improve in vitro development. Several animal and human studies attest to a probable beneficial effect of addition of growth factors to culture media. However, there is still ambiguity regarding the exact role of growth factors in embryonic development, the optimal dose of growth factors to be added to culture media, the combinatorial effect and endocrine of growth factors in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Hegde
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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77
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Nel-Themaat L, Nagy ZP. A review of the promises and pitfalls of oocyte and embryo metabolomics. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 3:S257-63. [PMID: 21703683 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryo viability assessment is one of the most important and challenging tasks in IVF. Evaluation of embryo quality is critical when selecting the best embryo(s) to transfer or cryopreserve. Until recently, the only instrument used for embryo evaluation was the inverted light microscope, which provided information based on morphological characteristics. Developmental and morphological information gained from microscopic assessment have been positively associated with IVF outcomes, including pregnancy and implantation rates. However, based on general statistics, it is clear that IVF currently still results in relatively low pregnancy rates, while simultaneously being associated with relatively high multiple implantation rates. Only with novel embryo assessment and selection procedures would it be possible to improve these outcomes. Accordingly, it has been proposed that it is possible to test the culture environment of a developing embryo to gain valuable information regarding its viability. Different approaches have been used. These include the measurement of oxygen consumption by the embryo and testing of the soluble HLA-G in the environment, as it was proposed that secretion of HLA-G is associated with higher implantation rates. Amino acid turnover, which appears to be correlated to blastocyst development, can be measured as an indication of embryo viability. Other approaches, such as time-lapse video observation or cumulus cell gene expression analysis, may be used in the future to gain a broader understanding of embryo viability. Proteomics and metabolomics are also useful tools for assessment of embryo developmental potential. Results from recent studies on predicting embryo viability by analyzing the metabolome of different stage embryos are promising, as increases in pregnancy and implantation rates were obtained using the metabolomic profile for embryo selection. Several novel approaches are currently being developed to aid in viability assessment. These need to be evaluated in prospective clinical trials, while considering their practicality in the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nel-Themaat
- Reproductive Biology Associates, 1150 Lake Hearn Dr., Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
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78
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Makrigiannakis A, Petsas G, Toth B, Relakis K, Jeschke U. Recent advances in understanding immunology of reproductive failure. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 90:96-104. [PMID: 21683452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of the immunological relationship between mother and conceptus still remain a mystery, although the recent advances in molecular biology have enlightened some of the parameters that participate in fetomaternal cross-talk during implantation. The atypical expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the specific role of some hormones and cytokines, as well as the temporal and spatial distributions of uterine natural killer cells, represent substantive parameters of fetomaternal immunotolerance during implantation. Although human maternal and fetal immunology is difficult to investigate, aberrant immune responses and an imbalanced cytokine network may be related to infertility, implantation failures after IVF and recurrent pregnancy losses. In this review, immunological and interacting factors involved in human reproductive failure are summarized and critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Makrigiannakis
- IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece.
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79
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Mains LM, Christenson L, Yang B, Sparks AET, Mathur S, Van Voorhis BJ. Identification of apolipoprotein A1 in the human embryonic secretome. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:422-427.e2. [PMID: 21676393 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors secreted by the human embryo and correlate levels with embryo morphology and pregnancy outcome. DESIGN A laboratory-based study of human embryo protein synthesis and secretion and a retrospective analysis of spent embryo culture media as it relates to pregnancy outcome. SETTING University-based academic IVF program. PATIENT(S) IVF patients who had donated cryopreserved human pronuclear-stage embryos. Patients undergoing fresh IVF cycles resulting in a blastocyst transfer who donated spent media drops. INTERVENTION(S) In vitro embryo culture and collection of spent media. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Protein analysis and identification by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, ApoA1 quantification by ELISA, and mRNA analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULT(S) By protein gel electrophoresis, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) was increased in the culture media from good-quality blastocysts (n = 6 embryos) compared to either cleavage-arrested embryos (n = 6 embryos) or poor-quality blastocysts (n = 6 embryos) using spent media from culture days 4 and 5, respectively. Apolipoprotein A1 concentrations were 23.1% greater in day 5 spent culture media from good-grade blastocysts (n = 30) when compared to poor-grade embryos (n = 30). However, in a group of patients (n = 20) with transfer of two good-quality blastocysts, ApoA1 levels from day 5 spent media did not correlate with embryo implantation and pregnancy. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of ApoA1 mRNA transcripts in human blastocysts. CONCLUSION(S) Apolipoprotein A1 is produced by human preimplantation embryos, and increased levels are present in spent culture media containing blastocysts of higher morphologic grade. These results suggest a role for lipoproteins in early embryologic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Mains
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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80
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Akhter A, Das V, Naik S, Faridi RM, Pandey A, Agrawal S. Upregulation of HLA-G in JEG-3 cells by dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:7-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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81
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Seli E, Bruce C, Botros L, Henson M, Roos P, Judge K, Hardarson T, Ahlström A, Harrison P, Henman M, Go K, Acevedo N, Siques J, Tucker M, Sakkas D. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of day 5 morphology grading and metabolomic Viability Score on predicting implantation outcome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:137-44. [PMID: 21063765 PMCID: PMC3059520 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessment of embryo viability is a key component of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and currently relies largely on embryo morphology and cleavage rate. In this study, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to compare the Viability Score (generated by metabolomic profiling of spent embryo culture media using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy) to morphologic grading for predicting pregnancy in women undergoing single embryo transfer (SET) on day 5. METHODS A total of 198 spent embryo culture media samples were collected in four IVF centers located in the USA, Europe and Australia. First, 137 samples (training set) were analyzed by NIR to develop an algorithm that generates a Viability Score predictive of pregnancy for each sample. Next, 61 samples (validation set) were analyzed by observers blinded to embryo morphology and IVF outcome, using the Day 5 algorithm generated with the training set. Pregnancy was defined as fetal cardiac activity (FCA) at 12 weeks of gestation. RESULTS The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was greater for the metabolomic Viability Score compared to Morphology [Training set: 0.75 versus 0.55, p = 0.0011; Validation set: 0.68 versus 0.50, P = 0.021], and for a Composite score (obtained using a model combining Viability Score with morphologic grading), compared to morphology alone [0.74 versus 0.50, p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Viability Score alone or in combination with morphologic grading has the potential to be a better classifier for pregnancy outcome than morphology alone in women undergoing SET on day 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Seli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar street, LSOG 304D, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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82
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Rizzo R, Vercammen M, van de Velde H, Horn PA, Rebmann V. The importance of HLA-G expression in embryos, trophoblast cells, and embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:341-52. [PMID: 21080028 PMCID: PMC11114702 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical HLA-G molecule is a trophoblast-specific molecule present in almost every pregnancy. It differs from classical HLA class I molecules by the low degree of allelic variants and the high diversity of protein structures. HLA-G is reported to be a tolerogenic molecule that acts on cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. At the maternal-fetal interface HLA-G seems to be responsible largely for the reprogramming of local maternal immune response. This review will focus on the HLA-G gene expression profile in pregnancy, in preimplantation embryos, and in human embryonic stem cells with emphasis on the structural diversity of the HLA-G protein and its potential functional and diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martine Vercammen
- Department of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hilde van de Velde
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45122 Essen, Germany
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83
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Deschaseaux F, Delgado D, Pistoia V, Giuliani M, Morandi F, Durrbach A. HLA-G in organ transplantation: towards clinical applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:397-404. [PMID: 21103908 PMCID: PMC11114658 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HLA-G plays a particular role during pregnancy in which its expression at the feto-maternal barrier participates into the tolerance of the allogenic foetus. HLA-G has also been demonstrated to be expressed in some transplanted patients, suggesting that it regulates the allogenic response. In vitro data indicate that HLA-G modulates NK cells, T cells, and DC maturation through its interactions with various inhibitory receptors. In this paper, we will review the data reporting the HLA-G involvement of HLA-G in human organ transplantation, then factors that can modulate HLA-G, and finally the use of HLA-G as a therapeutic tool in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Delgado
- Heart Transplant Program, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Giuliani
- INSERM U1014, Département de Néphrologie, Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, IFRNT, Université Paris XI, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antoine Durrbach
- INSERM U1014, Département de Néphrologie, Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, IFRNT, Université Paris XI, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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84
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Verloes A, Van de Velde H, LeMaoult J, Mateizel I, Cauffman G, Horn PA, Carosella ED, Devroey P, De Waele M, Rebmann V, Vercammen M. HLA-G expression in human embryonic stem cells and preimplantation embryos. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2663-71. [PMID: 21248264 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte Ag-G, a tolerogenic molecule that acts on cells of both innate and adaptive immunity, plays an important role in tumor progression, transplantation, placentation, as well as the protection of the allogeneic fetus from the maternal immune system. We investigated HLA-G mRNA and protein expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESC) derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts. hESC self-renew indefinitely in culture while maintaining pluripotency, providing an unlimited source of cells for therapy. HLA-G mRNA was present in early and late passage hESC, as assessed by real time RT-PCR. Protein expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and ELISA on an hESC extract. Binding of HLA-G with its ILT2 receptor demonstrated the functional active status. To verify this finding in a physiologically relevant setting, HLA-G protein expression was investigated during preimplantation development. We demonstrated HLA-G protein expression in oocytes, cleavage stage embryos, and blastocysts, where we find it in trophectoderms but also in ICM cells. During blastocyst development, a downregulation of HLA-G in the ICM cells was present. This data might be important for cell therapy and transplantation because undifferentiated hESC can contaminate the transplant of differentiated stem cells and develop into malignant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Verloes
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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85
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Dahl M, Hviid TVF. Human leucocyte antigen class Ib molecules in pregnancy success and early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 18:92-109. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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86
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Cervera I, Herraiz MA, Peñaloza J, Barbolla ML, Jurado ML, Macedo J, Vidart JA, Martinez-Laso J. Human leukocyte antigen–G allele polymorphisms have evolved following three different evolutionary lineages based on intron sequences. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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87
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Rajagopalan S. Endosomal signaling and a novel pathway defined by the natural killer receptor KIR2DL4 (CD158d). Traffic 2010; 11:1381-90. [PMID: 20854369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to ligand-induced activation of receptors at the cell surface, certain internalized receptor-ligand complexes are activated in endosomes which are, now recognized as important intracellular platforms of signal transduction. The major receptor families that signal from endosomes and illustrate the diversity and complexity of endosomal signaling include receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Natural killer (NK) cells, an important component of the innate immune system, not only provide a rapid defense against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, but also positively shape local responses by cytokine and chemokine secretion. The NK cell receptor KIR2DL4 (CD158d) utilizes a new mode of endosomal signaling after binding its ligand, soluble HLA-G, in the extracellular milieu. Internalization of the receptor and its ligand into endosomes and initiation of signaling at this site result in a proinflammatory and proangiogenic response with important functions at sites of ligand expression, such as at the maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy. After a brief overview of the modes of endosomal signaling and its value in generating distinct physiological responses, this review will highlight the mechanism and physiological significance of a novel intracellular signaling pathway used by the endosome-resident immune receptor KIR2DL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Rajagopalan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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88
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Rebmann V, Switala M, Eue I, Grosse-Wilde H. Soluble HLA-G is an independent factor for the prediction of pregnancy outcome after ART: a German multi-centre study. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1691-8. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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89
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Rizzo R, Andersen AS, Lassen MR, Sørensen HC, Bergholt T, Larsen MH, Melchiorri L, Stignani M, Baricordi OR, Hviid TVF. Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G isoforms in maternal plasma in early and late pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 62:320-38. [PMID: 19811467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G is a class Ib gene located in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Several lines of investigation indicate that the HLA-G molecule is involved in the maternal acceptance of the semi-allogenic fetus during pregnancy and in the development of tolerance. Expression of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) is positively correlated with successful in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments, and aberrant expression of HLA-G in certain complications of pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and spontaneous abortion, has been reported. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of different soluble HLA-G isoforms in maternal plasma in early and late pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) can be detected in maternal blood, and in this study, two different isoforms of sHLA-G, namely sHLA-G1 generated by shedding of membrane-bound HLA-G1 and HLA-G generated by specific HLA-G transcripts, have been investigated early [median of 16.4 weeks of gestation (GW)] and late (median: 38.9 GW) in pregnancy in an original cohort of 580 pregnant Caucasian women. RESULTS Lower concentrations of sHLA-G1 were found late in pregnancy (>32 GW) in a group of women with severe pre-eclampsia compared with controls with uncomplicated pregnancies (P = 0.029, P(C) = 0.09; Mann-Whitney; Logistic regression analysis: P = 0.024, OR = 0.920, 95% CI: 0.855-0.989). However, this was not the case with HLA-G5, and significantly more of the cases with severe pre-eclampsia had detectable plasma HLA-G5 compared with that of the control group (P = 0.013, P(C) = 0.04; Mann-Whitney). Similar findings were not observed in women with gestational hypertension or existing hypertension continuing into pregnancy. Furthermore, there was a trend toward lower maternal plasma sHLA-G1 in a group of women with premature birth (<37 GW) compared with that of the control group (P = 0.028, P(C) = 0.17; Mann-Whitney). On the contrary, HLA-G5 was lower in the control group compared with that in the premature group (P = 0.004, P(C) = 0.02; Mann-Whitney). CONCLUSION This study shows in line with other published studies that a high, detectable soluble HLA-G concentration in maternal plasma or serum is not mandatory for a successful pregnancy. However, complications during pregnancy, such as (severe) pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortion, IUGR, and premature birth, are associated with a low or undetectable level of soluble HLA-G in the maternal blood circulation. Also, this study indicates that sHLA-G1 is the interesting soluble HLA-G isoform in pre-eclampsia, and that low or undetectable levels of HLA-G5 at the end of pregnancy seem to be associated with an uncomplicated normal pregnancy, whereas in severe pre-eclampsia and possibly other pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and IUGR, the level of HLA-G5 is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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A genomic and proteomic investigation of the impact of preimplantation factor on human decidual cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:459.e1-8. [PMID: 20452489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preimplantation factor (PIF) is a novel, 15 amino acid peptide, secreted by viable embryos. This study aims to elucidate PIF's effects in human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) decidualized by estrogen and progestin, which mimics the preimplantation milieu, and in first-trimester decidua cultures (FTDC). STUDY DESIGN HESC or FTDC were incubated with 100 nmol/L synthetic PIF or vehicle control. Global gene expression was analyzed using microarray and pathway analysis. Proteins were analyzed using quantitative mass spectrometry, and PIF binding by protein array. RESULTS Gene and proteomic analysis demonstrate that PIF affects immune, adhesion, and apoptotic pathways. Significant up-regulation in HESC (fold change) include: nuclear factor-k-beta activation via interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase binding protein 1 (53); Toll-like receptor 5 (9); FK506 binding protein 15, 133kDa protein (2.3); and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule like 1 (16). B-cell lymphoma protein 2 was down-regulated in HESC (21.1) and FTDC (27.1). Protein array demonstrates PIF interaction with intracellular targets insulin-degrading enzyme and beta-K+ channels. CONCLUSION PIF displays essential multitargeted effects, of regulating immunity, promoting embryo-decidual adhesion, and regulating adaptive apoptotic processes.
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91
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Shakhawat A, Shaikly V, Elzatma E, Mavrakos E, Jabeen A, Fernández N. Interaction between HLA-G and monocyte/macrophages in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 85:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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92
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O'Gorman GM, Al Naib A, Naib AA, Ellis SA, Mamo S, O'Doherty AM, Lonergan P, Fair T. Regulation of a bovine nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I gene promoter. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:296-306. [PMID: 20427761 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown in humans and other species that the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) region is involved at a number of levels in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to characterize how a bovine nonclassical MHC-I gene (NC1) is regulated. Initial serial deletion experiments of a 2-kb fragment of the NC1 promoter identified regions with positive regulatory elements in the proximal promoter and evidence for a silencer module(s) further upstream that cooperatively contributed to constitutive NC1 expression. The cytokines interferon tau (IFNT), interferon gamma (IFNG), and interleukin 4 (IL4) significantly increased luciferase expression in NC1 promoter reporter constructs and endogenous NC1 mRNA levels in a bovine endometrial cell line. In addition, IFNG, IL3, IL4, and progesterone significantly increased Day 7 bovine blastocyst NC1 mRNA expression when supplemented during in vitro embryo culture. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis identified a STAT6 binding site that conferred IL4 responsiveness in the NC1 proximal promoter. Furthermore, methylation treatment of the proximal promoter, which contains a CpG island, completely abrogated constitutive NC1 expression. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that constitutive NC1 expression is regulated positively by elements in the proximal promoter, which are further controlled by upstream silencer modules. The promoter is responsive to IFNT, IFNG, and IL4, suggesting possible roles for these cytokines in bovine preimplantation embryo survival and/or maternal-fetal tolerance. Our studies also suggest that methylation of the proximal promoter, in particular, could play a significant role in regulating NC1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M O'Gorman
- School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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93
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Kotze DJ, Hansen P, Keskintepe L, Snowden E, Sher G, Kruger T. Embryo selection criteria based on morphology VERSUS the expression of a biochemical marker (sHLA-G) and a graduated embryo score: prediction of pregnancy outcome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 27:309-16. [PMID: 20358276 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare pregnancy and implantation rates when embryos are selected based on a single Day 3 (D 3) morphology score vs. a GES score plus sHLA-G expression. METHODS A prospective randomized study (n = 214) undergoing fresh ICSI cycles. Embryos were selected for transfer based on either Day 3 morphology score (Group A) or GES-scoring plus sHLA-G expression (Group B). RESULTS Clinical [35/107 (33%) vs. 52/107 (49%)] and ongoing pregnancy [20/107 (19%) vs. 52/107 (49%)] rates were significantly different between Group A and Group B (p < 0.05). Implantation rates were not significantly different between Group A [52/353 (15%)] and Group B [73/417 (18%)] (p < 0.05). The number of pregnancies lost during the first trimester was nearly 12 times higher in Group A [25/52 (48%)]. CONCLUSION The miscarriage rate was significantly lower in Group B than Group A and the pregnancy results were superior when embryos were selected based on GES plus sHLA-G expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Kotze
- Sher Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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94
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Kwak-Kim J, Park JC, Ahn HK, Kim JW, Gilman-Sachs A. Immunological Modes of Pregnancy Loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:611-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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95
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Kolte AM, Steffensen R, Nielsen HS, Hviid TV, Christiansen OB. Study of the structure and impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G-A, HLA-G-B, and HLA-G-DRB1 haplotypes in families with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:482-8. [PMID: 20149831 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 14-base pair (bp) long insertion (ins)/deletion (del) polymorphism in exon 8 in the 3'-untranslated region of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G gene is suggested to affect transcription of the gene. Carriage of the G14bp ins is associated with low levels of soluble HLA-G and increases the risk of recurrent miscarriage (RM). Due to existence of strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the HLA region, the primary susceptibility genes for RM in the HLA-G region have not yet been identified. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, and -G14bp polymorphisms were investigated in 29 Caucasian families with two or more siblings suffering unexplained RM. Strong positive LD was detected between the G14bp ins and HLA-A*01, -A*11, -A*31, -B*08, and DRB1*03, whereas strong negative LD was found between G14bp ins and HLA-A*02, -A*03, and -A*24. The frequency of haplotypes with HLA-G14bp ins inherited from the mother was significantly increased in probands with RM (p = 0.05). The increased compatibility between probands and their mothers for maternal G14 ins positive haplotypes suggests that maternal-fetal compatibility for chromosomal segments adjacent to HLA-G locus is a risk factor for female offspring to experience RM in their later reproductive life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Kolte
- Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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96
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Embryologic outcome and secretome profile of implanted blastocysts obtained after coculture in human endometrial epithelial cells versus the sequential system. Fertil Steril 2010; 93:774-782.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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97
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Shaikly V, Shakhawat A, Withey A, Morrison I, Taranissi M, Dealtry GB, Jabeen A, Cherry R, Fernández N. Cell bio-imaging reveals co-expression of HLA-G and HLA-E in human preimplantation embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 20:223-33. [PMID: 20113960 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib antigens, termed HLA-G and HLA-E, have been associated with fetal maternal tolerance. The role of HLA-G in the preimplantation embryo remains unclear although immunoprotection, adhesion and cell signalling mechanisms have been suggested. Unlike HLA-G, HLA-E protein expression has not been previously studied in preimplantation embryos. Embryos and model trophoblast cell lines JEG-3 and BeWo were labelled with the HLA-G- and HLA-E-specific monoclonal antibodies MEMG9 and MEME07. Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and single particle fluorescence imaging techniques were employed to investigate the spatial and temporal expression of these receptors. Lipid raft analysis and adhesion assays were performed to investigate the role of these receptors in cell membrane domains and in promoting adhesion by cell-to-cell contact. HLA-E and HLA-G were co-localized in the trophectoderm of day 6 blastocysts. Analysis on trophoblast cell lines revealed that 37% of HLA-G and 41% of HLA-E receptors were co-localized as tetramers or higher order homodimer clusters. HLA-G receptors did not appear to play a role in either cell adhesion or immunoreceptor signalling via lipid raft platforms on the cell membrane. A possible role of HLA-G and HLA-E in implantation via immunoregulation or modulation of uterine maternal leukocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Shaikly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK
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98
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Yayi H, Danqing W, Shuyun L, Jicheng L. Immunologic abnormality of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:267-73. [PMID: 20085564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy risk because of the possibility of pre-term delivery and sudden intrauterine fetal death. Its pathogenesis is still under discussion. METHOD OF STUDY The analysis of the recent findings on the complex immunologic events that occur in ICP were performed. RESULTS In ICP, an increase of type 1 cytokine (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) associated with a decrease of type 2 cytokine (IL-4). The decreased production of the suppressor cytokine TGF-beta2 may increase the type 1 cytokine. Fas appeared to be increased and FasL appeared to be decreased in syncytiotrophoblasts of ICP. The human leukocyte antigen gene (HLA-G, E) in extravillous trophoblasts of ICP were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and HLA play important roles in the tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy. ICP may be resulting from breach of the maternal fetal immune tolerance during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yayi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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99
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Golos TG, Bondarenko GI, Dambaeva SV, Breburda EE, Durning M. On the role of placental Major Histocompatibility Complex and decidual leukocytes in implantation and pregnancy success using non-human primate models. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:431-43. [PMID: 19876826 PMCID: PMC3069127 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082797tg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While there is broad agreement that interactions of the human maternal immune system with the tissues and cells of the implanting embryo are likely to be critical contributors to pregnancy success, there remains a dearth of information which directly confirms this expectation. Although animal models of reproductive function often provide opportunities for confirming such hypotheses, progress in this area has been sporadic due to limitations of traditional laboratory or agricultural animal models, such as rodents, sheep, pigs and cattle. Many of these limitations derive from divergent modes of implantation and placentation across mammalian species. Over the past decade there has been progress in the development of the nonhuman primate as a model in which to address questions of pregnancy success in the area of immunology. The purpose of this review is to compare available model species, summarize current knowledge and recent progress with an emphasis on experimental in vivo manipulations, and suggest areas available for additional study and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus G Golos
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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100
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Abstract
Implantation is a complex process involving an intricate cascade of molecular interactions between the implanting blastocyst and the receptive endometrium. The molecular basis of endometrial receptivity and the mechanisms by which the blastocyst first adheres to the luminal epithelium and then penetrates into the stroma are only just beginning to be resolved. Advances in "omics" technologies, particularly proteomics and metabolomics, are set to have a major impact on the development of this field. In the wake of this information, novel targets for contraceptive intervention may become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Garrido-Gómez
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Instituto Universitario (IUIVI), Valencia University, C/Guadassuar 1 Bajo, 46015 Valencia, Spain
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