51
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Dahl CD, Rasch MJ, Chen CC. The other-race and other-species effects in face perception - a subordinate-level analysis. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1068. [PMID: 25285092 PMCID: PMC4168679 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of face discrimination is modulated by the frequency of exposure to a category of faces. In other words, lower discrimination performance was measured for infrequently encountered faces as opposed to frequently encountered ones. This phenomenon has been described in the literature: the own-race advantage, a benefit in processing own-race as opposed to the other-race faces, and the own-species advantage, a benefit in processing the conspecific type of faces as opposed to the heterospecific type. So far, the exact parameters that drive either of these two effects are not fully understood. In the following we present a full assessment of data in human participants describing the discrimination performances across two races (Asian and Caucasian) as well as a range of non-human primate faces (chimpanzee, Rhesus macaque and marmoset). We measured reaction times of Asian participants performing a delayed matching-to-sample task, and correlated the results with similarity estimates of facial configuration and face parts. We found faster discrimination of own-race above other-race/species faces. Further, we found a strong reliance on configural information in upright own-species/-race faces and on individual face parts in all inverted face classes, supporting the assumption of specialized processing for the face class of most frequent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D Dahl
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University Taipei, China
| | - Malte J Rasch
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chien-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University Taipei, China
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52
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Kehn A, Renken MD, Gray JM, Nunez NL. Developmental trends in the process of constructing own- and other-race facial composites. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 148:287-304. [PMID: 24839728 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2013.794122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined developmental differences from the age of 5 to 18 in the creation process of own- and other-race facial composites. In addition, it considered how differences in the creation process affect similarity ratings. Participants created two composites (one own- and one other-race) from memory. The complexity of the composite creation process was recorded during Phase One. In Phase Two, a separate group of participants rated the composites for similarity to the corresponding target face. Results support the cross-race effect, developmental differences (based on composite creators) in similarity ratings, and the importance of the creation process for own- and other-race facial composites. Together, these findings suggest that as children get older the process through which they create facial composites becomes more complex and their ability to create facial composites improves. Increased complexity resulted in higher rated composites. Results are discussed from a psycho-legal perspective.
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Abstract
This article reviews studies of intergroup anxiety and places them in the context of a theoretical model that specifies categories of antecedents and consequences of intergroup anxiety. It is proposed that intergroup anxiety is comprised of three interrelated components: an affective component, a cognitive component, and a physiological component. The potential causes of intergroup anxiety include personality traits (e.g., social dominance orientation, attributional complexity), attitudes and related cognitions (e.g., negative expectations, stereotypes), personal experience (e.g., negative contact), and situational factors (e.g., the presence of linguistic barriers, structured vs. unstructured interactions). The potential consequences include attitudes and other cognitions (e.g., stereotypes, negative expectations), affect (e.g., fear, anger), and behavior (e.g., avoidance, negative behaviors). Theory and research on the reduction of intergroup anxiety (e.g., intergroup contact, direct or indirect cross-group friendships) are also presented. The discussion explores the implications of these studies for theory, research, and practice.
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54
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Looking like a criminal: stereotypical black facial features promote face source memory error. Mem Cognit 2014; 40:1200-13. [PMID: 22773417 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-012-0229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present studies tested whether African American face type (stereotypical or nonstereotypical) facilitated stereotype-consistent categorization, and whether that categorization influenced memory accuracy and errors. Previous studies have shown that stereotypically Black features are associated with crime and violence (e.g., Blair, Judd, & Chapleau Psychological Science 15:674-679, 2004; Blair, Judd, & Fallman Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87:763-778, 2004; Blair, Judd, Sadler, & Jenkins Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:5-252002); here, we extended this finding to investigate whether there is a bias toward remembering and recategorizing stereotypical faces as criminals. Using category labels, consistent (or inconsistent) with race-based expectations, we tested whether face recognition and recategorization were driven by the similarity between a target's facial features and a stereotyped category (i.e., stereotypical Black faces associated with crime/violence). The results revealed that stereotypical faces were associated more often with a stereotype-consistent label (Study 1), were remembered and correctly recategorized as criminals (Studies 2-4), and were miscategorized as criminals when memory failed. These effects occurred regardless of race or gender. Together, these findings suggest that face types have strong category associations that can promote stereotype-motivated recognition errors. Implications for eyewitness accuracy are discussed.
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55
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Self-pacing study of faces of different races: metacognitive control over study does not eliminate the cross-race recognition effect. Mem Cognit 2014; 42:863-75. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-014-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Gul A, Humphreys GW. Cultural effects in emotion and gender recognition. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amara Gul
- School of Psychology; The University of Birmingham; Birmingham
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57
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Hills PJ, Pake JM. Eye-tracking the own-race bias in face recognition: Revealing the perceptual and socio-cognitive mechanisms. Cognition 2013; 129:586-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Rhodes MG, Sitzman DM, Rowland CA. Monitoring and Control of Learning Own-Race and Other-Race Faces. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Scott LS, Fava E. The own-species face bias: A review of developmental and comparative data. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.821431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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60
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Meissner CA, Susa KJ, Ross AB. Can I see your passport please? Perceptual discrimination of own- and other-race faces. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.832451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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61
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Blandón-Gitlin I, Pezdek K, Saldivar S, Steelman E. Oxytocin eliminates the own-race bias in face recognition memory. Brain Res 2013; 1580:180-7. [PMID: 23872107 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Oxytocin influences a number of social behaviors, including processing of faces. We examined whether Oxytocin facilitates the processing of out-group faces and reduce the own-race bias (ORB). The ORB is a robust phenomenon characterized by poor recognition memory of other-race faces compared to the same-race faces. In Experiment 1, participants received intranasal solutions of Oxytocin or placebo prior to viewing White and Black faces. On a subsequent recognition test, whereas in the placebo condition the same-race faces were better recognized than other-race faces, in the Oxytocin condition Black and White faces were equally well recognized, effectively eliminating the ORB. In Experiment 2, Oxytocin was administered after the study phase. The ORB resulted, but Oxytocin did not significantly reduce the effect. This study is the first to show that Oxytocin can enhance face memory of out-group members and underscore the importance of social encoding mechanisms underlying the own-race bias. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.
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62
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Wolff N, Kemter K, Schweinberger SR, Wiese H. What drives social in-group biases in face recognition memory? ERP evidence from the own-gender bias. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:580-90. [PMID: 23474824 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that memory is more accurate for own-relative to other-race faces (own-race bias), which has been suggested to result from larger perceptual expertise for own-race faces. Previous studies also demonstrated better memory for own-relative to other-gender faces, which is less likely to result from differences in perceptual expertise, and rather may be related to social in-group vs out-group categorization. We examined neural correlates of the own-gender bias using event-related potentials (ERP). In a recognition memory experiment, both female and male participants remembered faces of their respective own gender more accurately compared with other-gender faces. ERPs during learning yielded significant differences between the subsequent memory effects (subsequently remembered - subsequently forgotten) for own-gender compared with other-gender faces in the occipito-temporal P2 and the central N200, whereas neither later subsequent memory effects nor ERP old/new effects at test reflected a neural correlate of the own-gender bias. We conclude that the own-gender bias is mainly related to study phase processes, which is in line with sociocognitive accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wolff
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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63
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Palmer MA, Brewer N, Horry R. Understanding gender bias in face recognition: effects of divided attention at encoding. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 142:362-9. [PMID: 23422290 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated a female own-gender bias in face recognition, with females better at recognizing female faces than male faces. We explored the basis for this effect by examining the effect of divided attention during encoding on females' and males' recognition of female and male faces. For female participants, divided attention impaired recognition performance for female faces to a greater extent than male faces in a face recognition paradigm (Study 1; N=113) and an eyewitness identification paradigm (Study 2; N=502). Analysis of remember-know judgments (Study 2) indicated that divided attention at encoding selectively reduced female participants' recollection of female faces at test. For male participants, divided attention selectively reduced recognition performance (and recollection) for male stimuli in Study 2, but had similar effects on recognition of male and female faces in Study 1. Overall, the results suggest that attention at encoding contributes to the female own-gender bias by facilitating the later recollection of female faces.
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64
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Quinn KA, Rosenthal HE. Categorizing others and the self: How social memory structures guide social perception and behavior. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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65
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Hourihan KL, Benjamin AS, Liu X. A cross-race effect in metamemory: Predictions of face recognition are more accurate for members of our own race. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2012; 1:158-162. [PMID: 23162788 PMCID: PMC3496291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Cross-Race Effect (CRE) in face recognition is the well-replicated finding that people are better at recognizing faces from their own race, relative to other races. The CRE reveals systematic limitations on eyewitness identification accuracy and suggests that some caution is warranted in evaluating cross-race identification. The CRE is a problem because jurors value eyewitness identification highly in verdict decisions. In the present paper, we explore how accurate people are in predicting their ability to recognize own-race and other-race faces. Caucasian and Asian participants viewed photographs of Caucasian and Asian faces, and made immediate judgments of learning during study. An old/new recognition test replicated the CRE: both groups displayed superior discriminability of own-race faces, relative to other-race faces. Importantly, relative metamnemonic accuracy was also greater for own-race faces, indicating that the accuracy of predictions about face recognition is influenced by race. This result indicates another source of concern when eliciting or evaluating eyewitness identification: people are less accurate in judging whether they will or will not recognize a face when that face is of a different race than they are. This new result suggests that a witness's claim of being likely to recognize a suspect from a lineup should be interpreted with caution when the suspect is of a different race than the witness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron S. Benjamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Xiping Liu
- Department of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University
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66
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Scherf KS, Scott LS. Connecting developmental trajectories: biases in face processing from infancy to adulthood. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54:643-63. [PMID: 22711622 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the developmental trajectory of face recognition abilities from infancy through adulthood is multifaceted and currently not well understood. We argue that the understanding of this trajectory can be greatly informed by taking a more functionalist approach in which the influence of age-appropriate developmental tasks and goals are considered. To build this argument, we provide a focused review of developmental change across several important biases within face processing (species, race, age, and gender biases) from infancy through adulthood. We show that no existing theoretical framework can simultaneously and parsimoniously explain these very different trajectories and relative degrees of plasticity. We offer several examples of infant- and adolescent-specific developmental tasks that we predict have an essential influence on the content and description of information that individuals need to extract from faces at these very different developmental stages. Finally, we suggest that this approach may provide a unique opportunity to study the role of early experience in (i.e., age of acquisition effects) and the quality and range of experiences that are critical for shaping behaviors through the course of development, from infancy to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzanne Scherf
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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67
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Lovén J, Rehnman J, Wiens S, Lindholm T, Peira N, Herlitz A. Who are you looking at? The influence of face gender on visual attention and memory for own- and other-race faces. Memory 2012; 20:321-31. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2012.658064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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68
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Bukach CM, Cottle J, Ubiwa J, Miller J. Individuation experience predicts other-race effects in holistic processing for both Caucasian and Black participants. Cognition 2012; 123:319-24. [PMID: 22397819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Same-race (SR) faces are recognized better than other-race (OR) faces, and this other-race effect (ORE) is correlated with experience. SR faces are also processed more holistically than OR faces, suggesting one possible mechanism for poorer performance on OR faces. Studies of object expertise have shown that individuating experiences are necessary for holistic processing to develop; yet thus far no studies have investigated the role of quality of experience and the ORE for holistic processing. In the present study, we found a strong negative correlation between a self-report of individuating experience and the ORE in holistic processing in both Caucasian and Black participants, indicating that the more individuating experience a person has, the less ORE in holistic processing. This confirms the critical role of individuating experience in development of holistic processing for faces and suggests that quality of experience is a key determinant of the manner in which OR faces are processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Bukach
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States.
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69
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Wiese H. The role of age and ethnic group in face recognition memory: ERP evidence from a combined own-age and own-race bias study. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:137-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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70
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Curby KM, Johnson KJ, Tyson A. Face to face with emotion: Holistic face processing is modulated by emotional state. Cogn Emot 2012; 26:93-102. [PMID: 21557121 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.555752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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71
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Butcher N, Lander K, Fang H, Costen N. The effect of motion at encoding and retrieval for same- and other-race face recognition. Br J Psychol 2011; 102:931-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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72
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The neural correlates of memory encoding and recognition for own-race and other-race faces. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3103-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Young SG, Hugenberg K, Bernstein MJ, Sacco DF. Perception and Motivation in Face Recognition. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2011; 16:116-42. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868311418987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although humans possess well-developed face processing expertise, face processing is nevertheless subject to a variety of biases. Perhaps the best known of these biases is the Cross-Race Effect—the tendency to have more accurate recognition for same-race than cross-race faces. The current work reviews the evidence for and provides a critical review of theories of the Cross-Race Effect, including perceptual expertise and social cognitive accounts of the bias. The authors conclude that recent hybrid models of the Cross-Race Effect, which combine elements of both perceptual expertise and social cognitive frameworks, provide an opportunity for theoretical synthesis and advancement not afforded by independent expertise or social cognitive models. Finally, the authors suggest future research directions intended to further develop a comprehensive and integrative understanding of biases in face recognition.
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74
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Goernert PN, Corenblum B, Otani H. Directed forgetting of faces: the role of response criterion. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2011; 64:1930-8. [PMID: 21851150 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.595806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined recognition for faces following item method directed forgetting. During testing, participants reported whether the face was a new face or, if they thought it was a studied face, they identified the instruction paired with the face during study. In both experiments, the proportion of new faces falsely recognized and classified as forget faces exceeded those falsely recognized and classified as remember faces. Despite the use of different response criteria during testing, participants showed greater discrimination accuracy when identifying remember faces than when identifying forget faces. Taken together, these data patterns indicate that participants employed a strength-based criterion when responding. Specifically, participants responding to new faces were more likely to classify those faces as forget faces from study rather than as remember faces from study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip N Goernert
- Department of Psychology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
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75
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Cassidy KD, Quinn KA, Humphreys GW. The influence of ingroup/outgroup categorization on same- and other-race face processing: The moderating role of inter- versus intra-racial context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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77
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Hills PJ, Lewis MB. Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by attentional shift using fixation crosses preceding the lower half of a face. VISUAL COGNITION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2010.528250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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78
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Experts’ memory: an ERP study of perceptual expertise effects on encoding and recognition. Mem Cognit 2010; 39:412-32. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-010-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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79
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Hilliar KF, Kemp RI, Denson TF. Now everyone looks the same: alcohol intoxication reduces the own-race bias in face recognition. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2010; 34:367-378. [PMID: 20130972 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-009-9204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several factors influence the reliability of eyewitness identification evidence. Typically, recognition for same-race faces is better than for different-race faces (the own-race bias), and alcohol intoxication decreases overall face recognition accuracy. This research investigated how alcohol intoxication influences the own-race bias. Asian and European participants completed tests of recognition memory for Asian and European faces when either mildly intoxicated (mean breath alcohol concentration of .05) or when sober. Compared to their sober counterparts, intoxicated participants showed a reduced own-race bias. Specifically, alcohol intoxication had a larger negative effect on the recognition of same-race faces compared to different-race faces. The legal and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirin F Hilliar
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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80
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81
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Susa KJ, Meissner CA, de Heer H. Modeling the Role of Social-Cognitive Processes in the Recognition of Own- and Other-Race Faces. SOCIAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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82
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Stahl J, Wiese H, Schweinberger SR. Learning task affects ERP-correlates of the own-race bias, but not recognition memory performance. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2027-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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83
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Marcon JL, Meissner CA, Frueh M, Susa KJ, MacLin OH. Perceptual identification and the cross-race effect. VISUAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/13506280903178622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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84
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Young SG, Bernstein MJ, Hugenberg K. When Do Own-Group Biases in Face Recognition Occur? Encoding versus Post-Encoding. SOCIAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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85
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Recognition and context memory for faces from own and other ethnic groups: A remember-know investigation. Mem Cognit 2010; 38:134-41. [DOI: 10.3758/mc.38.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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86
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Gross TF. Own-Ethnicity Bias in the Recognition of Black, East Asian, Hispanic, and White Faces. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01973530902880381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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87
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Recognizing faces across continents: The effect of within-race variations on the own-race bias in face recognition. Psychon Bull Rev 2008; 15:1089-92. [DOI: 10.3758/pbr.15.6.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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88
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89
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR, Hansen K. The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2973-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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90
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Bornstein BH, Penrod SD. Hugo who? G. F. Arnold's alternative early approach to psychology and law. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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91
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Abstract
To learn whether the N170 would be differentially affected by orientation inversion of same- and other-race faces, we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in Caucasian and locally resident Asian subjects viewing upright and upside-down front-view photographs of African, Asian, and Caucasian faces. Results show that the time-to-peak was significantly delayed for inverted Caucasian faces in both subject groups. The same-race N170 peaked later than either other-race N170 in the Caucasian, but showed no significant difference between Caucasian and Asian faces in the Asian participants. Inversion, therefore, appears to affect the N170’s latency predominantly for faces of familiar races. This conclusion gains support from a positive correlation between the latency of the N170 evoked by both upright and inverted Caucasian faces and the amount of time that the Asian participants had lived in Europe. The N170’s race- and inversion-dependent latency increase may, thus, express an impairment of processing that emphasizes individuation of familiar-race faces, and develops during familiarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Psychology II, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Schlegel
- Institute of Experimental Psychology II, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Stoerig
- Institute of Experimental Psychology II, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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92
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Philippon AC, Cherryman J, Bull R, Vrij A. Earwitness identification performance: the effect of language, target, deliberate strategies and indirect measures. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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93
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Corenblum B, Meissner CA. Recognition of faces of ingroup and outgroup children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2006; 93:187-206. [PMID: 16243349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
People are often more accurate in recognizing faces of ingroup members than in recognizing faces of outgroup members. Although own-group biases in face recognition are well established among adults, less attention has been given to such biases among children. This is surprising considering how often children give testimony in criminal and civil cases. In the current two studies, Euro-Canadian children attending public school and young adults enrolled in university-level classes were asked whether previously presented photographs of Euro-American and African American adults (Study 1) or photographs of Native Canadian, Euro-Canadian, and African American children (Study 2) were new or old. In both studies, own-group biases were found on measures of discrimination accuracy and response bias as well as on estimates of reaction time, confidence, and confidence-accuracy relations. Results of both studies were consistent with predictions derived from multidimensional face space theory of face recognition. Implications of the current studies for the validity of children's eyewitness testimony are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Corenblum
- Department of Psychology, Brandon University, Brandon, Man., R7A 6A9, Canada.
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94
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Wright DB. Causal and associative hypotheses in psychology: Examples from eyewitness testimony research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1037/1076-8971.12.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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