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Lichosyt D, Wasiłek S, Dydio P, Jurczak J. The Influence of Binding Site Geometry on Anion-Binding Selectivity: A Case Study of Macrocyclic Receptors Built on the Azulene Skeleton. Chemistry 2018; 24:11683-11692. [PMID: 29770986 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of host-guest noncovalent interactions lies at the very heart of supramolecular chemistry. Often a minute change to the structure of a host molecule's binding site can have a dramatic impact on a prospective host-guest binding event, changing the relative selectivity for potential guest molecules. With the overall goal of aiding the rational design of selective and effective receptors for anions, we have studied the influence of small perturbations in binding site geometry for a series of five closely related 20-membered macrocyclic tetra-amide receptors, constructed from two building blocks from a pool of azulene-5,7-bisamide, azulene-1,3-bisamide, and dipicolinic bisamide units. The solid-state structures revealed that the conformational preferences of the free receptors are driven by the inherent preferences of the building blocks, yet in some cases the macrocyclic topology is able to over-ride these to promote pre-organized conformations favorable for anion binding. The solid-state structures of the chloride complexes of these receptors revealed that although all the receptors can adapt to binding to the challenging small Cl- guest with all the NH groups, only receptors containing azulene-5,7-bisamide units form short and linear, and therefore strong, hydrogen-bonding interactions. These conclusions are further supported by studies in solution. Although all the receptors showed high affinities toward a series of anions (H2 PO4- , PhCO2- , Cl- , and Br- ), even in a highly competitive polar medium (DMSO/25 % MeOH), only receptors containing azulene-5,7-bisamide units exhibited non-inherent selectivity for Cl- over PhCO2- , breaking the Hofmeister trend of selectivity. The data presented herein highlight the privileged properties of the azulene-5,7-bisamide building block for binding to chloride anions and provide guidelines for the construction of selective and efficient anion receptors with prospective practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Lichosyt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wasiłek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Science and Supramolecular Engineering (ISIS), UMR 7006, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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52
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Bettazzi F, Voccia D, Bencini A, Giorgi C, Palchetti I, Valtancoli B, Conti L. Optical and Electrochemical Study of Acridine-Based Polyaza Ligands for Anion Sensing. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bettazzi
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Diego Voccia
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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53
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Tepper R, Schubert US. Halogenbrücken in Lösung: Anionenerkennung, Templat‐gestützte Selbstorganisation und Organokatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Tepper
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Deutschland
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54
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Tepper R, Schubert US. Halogen Bonding in Solution: Anion Recognition, Templated Self-Assembly, and Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6004-6016. [PMID: 29341377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The halogen bond is a supramolecular interaction between a Lewis-acidic region of a covalently bound halogen and a Lewis base. It has been studied widely in silico and experimentally in the solid state; however, solution-phase applications have attracted enormous interest in the last few years. This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion-templated self-assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Tepper
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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55
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Pushina M, Koutnik P, Nishiyabu R, Minami T, Savechenkov P, Anzenbacher P. Anion Sensing by Fluorescent Expanded Calixpyrroles. Chemistry 2018; 24:4879-4884. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Pushina
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Petr Koutnik
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Ryuhei Nishiyabu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Minami
- Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
| | - Pavel Savechenkov
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Chemistry; Bowling Green State University; Bowling Green OH 43403 USA
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56
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Qi Z, Chiappisi L, Gong H, Pan R, Cui N, Ge Y, Böttcher C, Dong S. Ion Selectivity in Nonpolymeric Thermosensitive Systems Induced by Water-Attenuated Supramolecular Recognition. Chemistry 2018; 24:3854-3861. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Qi
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology; School of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7 D-10623 Berlin Germany
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin; 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Hanlin Gong
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology; School of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Ren Pan
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology; School of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology; School of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Yan Ge
- Sino-German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational Technology; School of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Research Center for Electron Microscopy, BioSupraMol; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 36a 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 Hunan P. R. China
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57
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Ray SK, Homberg A, Vishe M, Besnard C, Lacour J. Efficient Synthesis of Ditopic Polyamide Receptors for Cooperative Ion Pair Recognition in Solution and Solid States. Chemistry 2018; 24:2944-2951. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Ray
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Homberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Mahesh Vishe
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 24 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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58
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Zwicker VE, Yuen KKY, Smith DG, Ho J, Qin L, Turner P, Jolliffe KA. Deltamides and Croconamides: Expanding the Range of Dual H‐bond Donors for Selective Anion Recognition. Chemistry 2017; 24:1140-1150. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David G. Smith
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter Turner
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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59
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Koeller S, Lescure MH, Davies C, Desvergne JP, Massip S, Bibal B. Hydrogen-Bonding Amidoindoles in the Presence of Anions: An X-ray Structure of a Receptor at the Acid-Base Half-Equivalence that Binds an Anion. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Koeller
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence France
| | - Marie-Hélène Lescure
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence France
| | - Clotilde Davies
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence France
| | - Jean-Pierre Desvergne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence France
| | - Stéphane Massip
- IECB5; CNRS UMS 3033/INSERM US001; Université de Bordeaux; 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33607 Pessac France
| | - Brigitte Bibal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires; UMR CNRS 5255; Université de Bordeaux; 351 cours de la Libération 33405 Talence France
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60
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Maji S, Mandal D. Perfluoroalkylated Calix[4]pyrroles: Fluoride Ion Extraction from an Aqueous Medium. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2369-2373. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinchan Maji
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar; Nangal Road Punjab 140001 India
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar; Nangal Road Punjab 140001 India
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61
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Yan J, Kang C, Ma X, Du Z, Bian Z, Jin R, Gao L. Weakly Basic Anion Recognition by Naphthalenediimide-Based Polymer. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Chuanqing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Zheng Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Rizhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Lianxun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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62
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Wang X, Zhang Q, Nam C, Hickner M, Mahoney M, Meyerhoff ME. An Ionophore-Based Anion-Selective Optode Printed on Cellulose Paper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11826-11830. [PMID: 28715617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A general anion-sensing platform is reported based on a portable and cost-effective ion-selective optode and a smartphone detector equipped with a color analysis app. In contrast to traditional anion-selective optodes using a hydrophobic polymer and/or plasticizer to dissolve hydrophobic sensing elements, the new optode relies on hydrophilic cellulose paper. The anion ionophore and a lipophilic pH indicator are inkjet-printed and adsorbed on paper and form a "dry" hydrophobic sensing layer. Porous cellulose sheets also allow the sensing site to be modified with dried buffer that prevents any sample pH dependence of the observed color change. A highly selective fluoride optode using an AlIII -porphyrin ionophore is examined as an initial example of this new anion sensing platform for measurements of fluoride levels in drinking water samples. Apart from Lewis acid-base recognition, hydrogen bonding recognition is also compatible with this sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Changwoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mollie Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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63
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Wang X, Zhang Q, Nam C, Hickner M, Mahoney M, Meyerhoff ME. An Ionophore-Based Anion-Selective Optode Printed on Cellulose Paper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Changwoo Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Michael Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Mollie Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Mark E. Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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64
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Havel V, Babiak M, Sindelar V. Modulation of Bambusuril Anion Affinity in Water. Chemistry 2017; 23:8963-8968. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Havel
- Department of Chemistry; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michal Babiak
- Department of Chemistry; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
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65
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Avilés-Moreno JR, Berden G, Oomens J, Martínez-Haya B. Benchmark Ditopic Binding of Cl−
and Cs+
by the Macrocycle Hexacyclen. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1324-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramón Avilés-Moreno
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; 41013 Seville Spain
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; FELIX Laboratory; Radboud University; Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; FELIX Laboratory; Radboud University; Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Martínez-Haya
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; 41013 Seville Spain
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66
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Lichosyt D, Dydio P, Jurczak J. Azulene-Based Macrocyclic Receptors for Recognition and Sensing of Phosphate Anions. Chemistry 2016; 22:17673-17680. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Lichosyt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Dydio
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- ISIS UMR 7006; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS; 723 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Astruc
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence Cedex France
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