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Qiu Y, Gao S. Trends in applying C-H oxidation to the total synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:562-81. [PMID: 26847167 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2015C-H functionalization remains one of the frontier challenges in organic chemistry and drives quite an active area of research. It has recently been applied in various novel strategies for the synthesis of natural products. It can dramatically increase synthetic efficiency when incorporated into retrosynthetic analyses of complex natural products, making it an essential part of current trends in organic synthesis. In this Review, we focus on selected case studies of recent applications of C-H oxidation methodologies in which the C-H bond has been exploited effectively to construct C-O and C-N bonds in natural product syntheses. Examples of syntheses representing different types of C-H oxidation are discussed to illustrate the potential of this approach and inspire future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
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52
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Calvert MB, Sperry J. Bioinspired total synthesis and structural revision of yuremamine, an alkaloid from the entheogenic plant Mimosa tenuiflora. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6202-5. [PMID: 25756921 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00380f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Guided by a biosynthetic hypothesis, a serendipitous total synthesis of yuremamine has resulted in its structural revision from the putative pyrroloindole (1) to the flavonoidal indole (2), which was initially proposed as a biosynthetic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Calvert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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53
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Namba K, Takeuchi K, Kaihara Y, Oda M, Nakayama A, Nakayama A, Yoshida M, Tanino K. Total synthesis of palau'amine. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8731. [PMID: 26530707 PMCID: PMC4667646 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Palau'amine has received a great deal of attention in the past two decades as an attractive synthetic target by virtue of its intriguing molecular architecture and significant immunosuppressive activity. Here we report the total synthesis of palau'amine characterized by the construction of an ABDE tetracyclic ring core including a trans-bicylo[3.3.0]octane skeleton at a middle stage of total synthesis. The ABDE tetracyclic ring core is constructed by a cascade reaction of a cleavage of the N-N bond, including simultaneous formation of imine, the addition of amide anion to the resulting imine (D-ring formation) and the condensation of pyrrole with methyl ester (B-ring formation) in a single step. The synthetic palau'amine is confirmed to exhibit excellent immunosuppressive activity. The present synthetic route has the potential to help elucidate a pharmacophore as well as the mechanistic details of immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Namba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Takeuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukari Kaihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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54
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Abstract
Naturally occurring guanidine derivatives frequently display medicinally useful properties. Among them, the higher order pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, the dragmacidins, the crambescidins/batzelladines, and the saxitoxins/tetradotoxins have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods over the past decades. We provide here an overview of the syntheses of these cyclic guanidine-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ma
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Saptarshi De
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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55
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Beck P, Lansdell TA, Hewlett NM, Tepe JJ, Groll M. Indolo-Phakelline als β5-spezifische nichtkovalente Proteasom-Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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56
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Beck P, Lansdell TA, Hewlett NM, Tepe JJ, Groll M. Indolo-Phakellins as β5-Specific Noncovalent Proteasome Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2830-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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57
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Veits GK, Wenz DR, Palmer LI, St. Amant AH, Hein JE, Read de Alaniz J. Cascade rearrangement of furylcarbinols with hydroxylamines: practical access to densely functionalized cyclopentane derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8465-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00944h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aza-Piancatelli rearrangement with hydroxylamines to 4-aminocyclopentenones is described. Subsequent transformations highlight the versatility of the cyclopentene scaffold and the value of the hydroxylamine in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine K. Veits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Donald R. Wenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Leoni I. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - André H. St. Amant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University of California
- Merced
- USA
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58
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Yudin AK. Macrocycles: lessons from the distant past, recent developments, and future directions. Chem Sci 2015; 6:30-49. [PMID: 28553456 PMCID: PMC5424464 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A noticeable increase in molecular complexity of drug targets has created an unmet need in the therapeutic agents that are larger than traditional small molecules. Macrocycles, which are cyclic compounds comprising 12 atoms or more, are now recognized as molecules that "are up to the task" to interrogate extended protein interfaces. However, because macrocycles (particularly the ones based on peptides) are equipped with large polar surface areas, achieving cellular permeability and bioavailability is anything but straightforward. While one might consider this to be the Achilles' heel of this class of compounds, the synthetic community continues to develop creative approaches toward the synthesis of macrocycles and their site-selective modification. This perspective provides an overview of both mechanistic and structural issues that bear on macrocycles as a unique class of molecules. The reader is offered a historical foray into some of the classic studies that have resulted in the current renaissance of macrocycles. In addition, an attempt is made to overview the more recent developments that give hope that macrocycles might indeed turn into a useful therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei K Yudin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada . ; Blog: http://www.amphoteros.com
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59
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Ma Z, Wang X, Wang X, Rodriguez RA, Moore CE, Gao S, Tan X, Ma Y, Rheingold AL, Baran PS, Chen C. Asymmetric syntheses of sceptrin and massadine and evidence for biosynthetic enantiodivergence. Science 2014; 346:219-24. [PMID: 25301624 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cycloaddition is an essential tool in chemical synthesis. Instead of using light or heat as a driving force, marine sponges promote cycloaddition with a more versatile but poorly understood mechanism in producing pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids sceptrin, massadine, and ageliferin. Through de novo synthesis of sceptrin and massadine, we show that sponges may use single-electron oxidation as a central mechanism to promote three different types of cycloaddition. Additionally, we provide surprising evidence that, in contrast to previous reports, sceptrin, massadine, and ageliferin have mismatched chirality. Therefore, massadine cannot be an oxidative rearrangement product of sceptrin or ageliferin, as is commonly believed. Taken together, our results demonstrate unconventional chemical approaches to achieving cycloaddition reactions in synthesis and uncover enantiodivergence as a new biosynthetic paradigm for natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xianghui Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuyong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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60
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Rodriguez R, Barrios Steed D, Kawamata Y, Su S, Smith PA, Steed TC, Romesberg FE, Baran PS. Axinellamines as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents: scalable synthesis and biology. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15403-13. [PMID: 25328977 PMCID: PMC4227811 DOI: 10.1021/ja508632y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an ongoing challenge to both chemists and biologists as they seek novel compounds and modes of action to out-maneuver continually evolving resistance pathways, especially against Gram-negative strains. The dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids represent a unique marine natural product class with diverse primary biological activity and chemical architecture. This full account traces the strategy used to develop a second-generation route to key spirocycle 9, culminating in a practical synthesis of the axinellamines and enabling their discovery as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, with promising activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While their detailed mode of antibacterial action remains unclear, the axinellamines appear to cause secondary membrane destabilization and impart an aberrant cellular morphology consistent with the inhibition of normal septum formation. This study serves as a rare example of a natural product initially reported to be devoid of biological activity surfacing as an active antibacterial agent with an intriguing mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo
A. Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Danielle Barrios Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shun Su
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter A. Smith
- RQx
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tyler C. Steed
- School
of Medicine, University of California, San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Floyd E. Romesberg
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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61
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Wang X, Ma Z, Wang X, De S, Ma Y, Chen C. Dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids: synthetic approaches and biosynthetic hypotheses. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8628-39. [PMID: 24828265 PMCID: PMC4096073 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids are a group of structurally unique and biologically interesting marine sponge metabolites. Among them, the cyclic dimers have caught synthetic chemists' attention particularly. Numerous synthetic strategies have been developed and various biosynthetic hypotheses have been proposed for these fascinating natural products. We discuss herein the synthetic approaches and the biosynthetic insights obtained from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of urea in 1828 set in motion the discipline of organic synthesis in general and of total synthesis in particular, the art and science of synthesizing natural products, the molecules of living nature. Early endeavors in total synthesis had as their main objective the proof of structure of the target molecule. Later on, the primary goal became the demonstration of the power of synthesis to construct complex molecules through appropriately devised strategies, making the endeavor an achievement whose value was measured by its elegance and efficiency. While these objectives continue to be important, contemporary endeavors in total synthesis are increasingly focused on practical aspects, including method development, efficiency, and biological and medical relevance. In this article, the emergence and evolution of total synthesis to its present state is traced, selected total syntheses from the author's laboratories are highlighted, and projections for the future of the field are discussed.
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63
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Iwata M, Kanoh K, Imaoka T, Nagasawa K. Total synthesis of (+)-cylindradine A. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6991-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cylindradines A and B, members of the polycyclic pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids (PIAs), are the only congeners bearing a 3-carbamoylpyrrole unit among the PIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kanoh
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei, Japan
| | - Takuya Imaoka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Faculty of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Koganei, Japan
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64
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Chang CW, Wu CC, Chang YY, Lin CC, Chien TC. Synthesis and Unexpected Oxidization of the Tricyclic Core of Ugibohlin, Isophakellin, and Styloguanidine. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10459-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yu Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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65
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Tanimoto H, Kakiuchi K. Recent Applications and Developments of Organic Azides in Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic azides have been exploited since their discovery because of their high reactivities. Various organic reactions using azides have been synthetically applied in chemical biology pharmaceuticals medicinal and agricultural areas. In this review we present some recent applications and developments of organic azides in the total synthesis of natural products (mostly within five years) especially alkaloids. We focus not only on application examples of organic azides but also show their preparation methods including recently reported procedures concerning their decomposing and reducing methods in the syntheses of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
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66
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LaPlante SR, Bilodeau F, Aubry N, Gillard JR, O'Meara J, Coulombe R. N- versus O-alkylation: utilizing NMR methods to establish reliable primary structure determinations for drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4663-8. [PMID: 23809849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A classic synthetic issue that remains unresolved is the reaction that involves the control of N- versus O-alkylation of ambident anions. This common chemical transformation is important for medicinal chemists, who require predictable and reliable protocols for the rapid synthesis of inhibitors. The uncertainty of whether the product(s) are N- and/or O-alkylated is common and can be costly if undetermined. Herein, we report an NMR-based strategy that focuses on distinguishing inhibitors and intermediates that are N- or O-alkylated. The NMR strategy involves three independent and complementary methods. However, any combination of two of the methods can be reliable if the third were compromised due to resonance overlap or other issues. The timely nature of these methods (HSQC/HMQC, HMBC. ROESY, and (13)C shift predictions) allows for contemporaneous determination of regioselective alkylation as needed during the optimization of synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R LaPlante
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, 2100 Cunard St., Laval, Quebec H7S 2G5, Canada.
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67
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Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3670-95. [PMID: 23428572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1594] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature has been a source of medicinal products for millennia, with many useful drugs developed from plant sources. Following discovery of the penicillins, drug discovery from microbial sources occurred and diving techniques in the 1970s opened the seas. Combinatorial chemistry (late 1980s), shifted the focus of drug discovery efforts from Nature to the laboratory bench. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review traces natural products drug discovery, outlining important drugs from natural sources that revolutionized treatment of serious diseases. It is clear Nature will continue to be a major source of new structural leads, and effective drug development depends on multidisciplinary collaborations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The explosion of genetic information led not only to novel screens, but the genetic techniques permitted the implementation of combinatorial biosynthetic technology and genome mining. The knowledge gained has allowed unknown molecules to be identified. These novel bioactive structures can be optimized by using combinatorial chemistry generating new drug candidates for many diseases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The advent of genetic techniques that permitted the isolation / expression of biosynthetic cassettes from microbes may well be the new frontier for natural products lead discovery. It is now apparent that biodiversity may be much greater in those organisms. The numbers of potential species involved in the microbial world are many orders of magnitude greater than those of plants and multi-celled animals. Coupling these numbers to the number of currently unexpressed biosynthetic clusters now identified (>10 per species) the potential of microbial diversity remains essentially untapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M Cragg
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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69
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Schiedler DA, Vellucci JK, Beaudry CM. Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds Using Aminal Radicals. Org Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3029912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Schiedler
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jessica K. Vellucci
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Christopher M. Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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70
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Wang X, Wang X, Tan X, Lu J, Cormier KW, Ma Z, Chen C. A biomimetic route for construction of the [4+2] and [3+2] core skeletons of dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids and asymmetric synthesis of ageliferins. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18834-42. [PMID: 23072663 DOI: 10.1021/ja309172t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids have fascinated chemists for decades because of their unique structures. The high nitrogen and halogen contents and the densely functionalized skeletons make their laboratory synthesis challenging. We describe herein an oxidative method for accessing the core skeletons of two classes of pyrrole-imidazole dimers. This synthetic strategy was inspired by the putative biosynthesis pathways and its development was facilitated by computational studies. Using this method, we have successfully prepared ageliferin, bromoageliferin, and dibromoageliferin in their natural enantiomeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390-9038, United States
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71
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Berlinck RGS, Trindade-Silva AE, Santos MFC. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1382-406. [PMID: 22991131 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and biology of organic natural guanidines are reviewed, including the isolation, structure determination, synthesis, biosynthesis and biological activities of alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing terpenes, polyketides and shikimic acid derivatives from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
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72
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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73
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Design and synthesis of 2(5H)-furanone liquid-crystal compounds based on natural molecules and biphenyl derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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74
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Lansdell TA, Hewlett NM, Skoumbourdis AP, Fodor MD, Seiple IB, Su S, Baran PS, Feldman KS, Tepe JJ. Palau'amine and related oroidin alkaloids dibromophakellin and dibromophakellstatin inhibit the human 20S proteasome. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:980-985. [PMID: 22591513 PMCID: PMC3367325 DOI: 10.1021/np300231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report herein that the oroidin-derived alkaloids palau'amine (1), dibromophakellin (2), and dibromophakellstatin (3) inhibit the proteolytic activity of the human 20S proteasome as well as the (i)20S immunoproteasome catalytic core. Palau'amine is found to prevent the degradation of ubiquitinylated proteins, including IκBα, in cell culture, which may be indicative of the potential mechanism by which these agents exhibit their exciting cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Lansdell
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Nicole M. Hewlett
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | | | - Matthew D. Fodor
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shun Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Phil. S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ken S. Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
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75
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Stout EP, Wang YG, Romo D, Molinski TF. Pyrrole aminoimidazole alkaloid metabiosynthesis with marine sponges Agelas conifera and Stylissa caribica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4877-81. [PMID: 22473581 PMCID: PMC3917718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Game-SET-match: Pyrrole aminoimidazole alkaloids (PAIs) are metabiosynthesized from chlorinated analogues of oroidin by cell-free enzyme preparations from PAI-producing sponges. Evidence and implications for the biosynthesis of PAIs include putative single-electron transfers (SETs) that promote C-C bond-forming reactions of precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Paige Stout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842 (USA)
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842 (USA)
| | - Tadeusz F. Molinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
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76
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Smith PW, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Coordination and structural properties of encumbering 6-mesityl-2-picolinate complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:8031-8. [PMID: 22549113 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to enforce a sterically hindered environment in transition-metal and main-group 2-picolinate complexes, the synthesis of the encumbering derivative 6-mesityl-2-picolinate ((Mes)pic) is presented. The coordination and structural properties of (Mes)pic are demonstrated with a range of transition-metal and main-group fragments. The 6-position mesityl group of (Mes)pic is shown to alter both the primary and secondary coordination spheres of metal centers relative to the ubiquitous and unencumbered parent 2-picolinate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
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77
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Jiang B, Wang J, Huang ZG. Studies toward the Total Synthesis of Nagelamide K. Org Lett 2012; 14:2070-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zuo-gang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China, and Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 99 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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78
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Pyrrole Aminoimidazole Alkaloid Metabiosynthesis with Marine Sponges Agelas conifera and Stylissa caribica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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79
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Maehara T, Kanno R, Yokoshima S, Fukuyama T. A practical preparation of highly versatile N-acylpyrroles from 2,4,4-trimethoxybutan-1-amine. Org Lett 2012; 14:1946-8. [PMID: 22449248 DOI: 10.1021/ol3005613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the preparation of N-acylpyrrole is described. The method involves condensation of carboxylic acids with 2,4,4-trimethoxybutan-1-amine, followed by acid-mediated cyclization to form the pyrrole ring. The preparative procedure is highly tolerant of a variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Maehara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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80
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Ding H, Roberts AG, Harran PG. Synthetic (±)-axinellamines deficient in halogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4340-3. [PMID: 22431425 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 5505A Molecular Sciences Building, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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81
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Köck M, Schmidt G, Seiple IB, Baran PS. Configurational analysis of tetracyclic dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids using a floating chirality approach. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:127-130. [PMID: 22332969 PMCID: PMC3315375 DOI: 10.1021/np200514g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The structure elucidation of the palau'amine congener tetrabromostyloguanidine (1), which used interproton distances from ROESY spectra as restraints in a computational approach, the so-called fc-rDG/DDD method, led to a revision of the relative configuration of palau'amine (2) and its congeners in 2007. The recent total synthesis of (±)-palau'amine (2) subsequently confirmed the computed structural revision of the relative configuration. In order to test a broader application range of the fc-rDG/DDD method, the present study investigated two additional dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, axinellamine A (3) and 3,7-epi-massadine chloride (4). These calculations allowed the simultaneous assignment of the relative configuration for all eight stereogenic centers of compounds 3 and 4 without using any information from the reported configurations. In contrast to the palau'amine congeners, the fc-rDG/DDD method confirmed the relative configuration originally described for axinellamine A (3) and 3,7-epi-massadine chloride (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Köck
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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82
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Abstract
Once considered to be isolation artifacts or chemical "mistakes" of nature, the number of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds has grown from a dozen in 1954 to >5000 today. Of these, at least 25% are halogenated alkaloids. This is not surprising since nitrogen-containing pyrroles, indoles, carbolines, tryptamines, tyrosines, and tyramines are excellent platforms for biohalogenation, particularly in the marine environment where both chloride and bromide are plentiful for biooxidation and subsequent incorporation into these electron-rich substrates. This review presents the occurrence of all halogenated alkaloids, with the exception of marine bromotyrosines where coverage begins where it left off in volume 61 of The Alkaloids. Whereas the biological activity of these extraordinary compounds is briefly cited for some examples, a future volume of The Alkaloids will present full coverage of this topic and will also include selected syntheses of halogenated alkaloids. Natural organohalogens of all types, especially marine and terrestrial halogenated alkaloids, comprise a rapidly expanding class of natural products, in many cases expressing powerful biological activity. This enormous proliferation has several origins: (1) a revitalization of natural product research in a search for new drugs, (2) improved compound characterization methods (multidimensional NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry), (3) specific enzyme-based and other biological assays, (4) sophisticated collection methods (SCUBA and remote submersibles for deep ocean marine collections), (5) new separation and purification techniques (HPLC and countercurrent separation), (6) a greater appreciation of traditional folk medicine and ethobotany, and (7) marine bacteria and fungi as novel sources of natural products. Halogenated alkaloids are truly omnipresent in the environment. Indeed, one compound, Q1 (234), is ubiquitous in the marine food web and is found in the Inuit from their diet of whale blubber. Given the fact that of the 500,000 estimated marine organisms--which are the source of most halogenated alkaloids--only a small percentage have been investigated for their chemical content, it is certain that myriad new halogenated alkaloids are awaiting discovery. For example, it is estimated that nearly 4000 species of bryozoans have not been examined for their chemical content. The few species that have been studied contain some extraordinary halogenated alkaloids, such as hinckdentine A (610) and the chartellines (611-613). Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, secondary metabolites have been characterized from only 5000 species. The future seems bright for the collector of halogenated alkaloids!
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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83
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Abstract
Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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84
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Mandal D, Yamaguchi AD, Yamaguchi J, Itami K. Synthesis of Dragmacidin D via Direct C–H Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19660-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209945x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Atsushi D. Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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85
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Abstract
Biomimetic synthesis describes the field of organic chemistry that aims to emulate the natural, biosynthetic processes toward natural products. As well as providing insight into how molecules are formed in nature, the benefits of this approach to total synthesis are numerous and extend beyond the gains typical of traditional synthesis. For example, using biosynthetic proposals to design a synthetic route can highlight alternative methods to the desired target. The pursuit of biomimetic syntheses also promotes the development of new reactions to prove or disprove a biosynthetic proposal or to unravel mechanistic implications of a proposed biosynthesis and can lead to the identification of new natural products. Here we look at some recent compelling examples and examine how biomimetic synthesis has led to the discovery of new procedures and principles that would not have been found by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razzak
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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86
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Catalytic [3+2] Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Cyclopentylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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87
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de Nanteuil F, Waser J. Catalytic [3+2] Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Cyclopentylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12075-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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88
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Seiple IB, Su S, Young IS, Nakamura A, Yamaguchi J, Jørgensen L, Rodriguez RA, O’Malley DP, Gaich T, Köck M, Baran PS. Enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-palau'amine, (-)-axinellamines, and (-)-massadines. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14710-26. [PMID: 21861522 PMCID: PMC3173569 DOI: 10.1021/ja2047232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids represent a rich and topologically unique class of marine natural products. This full account will follow the progression of efforts that culminated in the enantioselective total syntheses of the most structurally ornate members of this family: the axinellamines, the massadines, and palau'amine. A bio-inspired approach capitalizing on the pseudo-symmetry of the members of this class is recounted, delivering a deschloro derivative of the natural product core. Next, the enantioselective synthesis of the chlorocyclopentane core featuring a scalable, catalytic, enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of a 1-siloxydiene is outlined in detail. Finally, the successful divergent conversion of this core to each of the aforementioned natural products, and the ensuing methodological developments, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | | | | | - Akifumi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Lars Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Rodrigo A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Daniel P. O’Malley
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Matthias Köck
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037
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89
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Breder A, Chinigo GM, Waltman AW, Carreira EM. Towards the Synthesis of Massadine: A Unified Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of the Carbocyclic C,D-Ring Subunit. Chemistry 2011; 17:12405-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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90
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Abstract
We describe herein an asymmetric synthesis of ageliferin. A Mn(III)-mediated oxidative radical cyclization reaction was used as the key step to construct the core skeleton of this pyrrole-imidazole dimer. This approach resembles the biogenic [4 + 2] dimerization in an intramolecular fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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91
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Song ZJ, Tellers DM, Journet M, Kuethe JT, Lieberman D, Humphrey G, Zhang F, Peng Z, Waters MS, Zewge D, Nolting A, Zhao D, Reamer RA, Dormer PG, Belyk KM, Davies IW, Devine PN, Tschaen DM. Synthesis of Vaniprevir (MK-7009): Lactamization To Prepare a 22-Membered Macrocycle. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7804-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2011494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo J. Song
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David M. Tellers
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David Lieberman
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy Humphrey
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhihui Peng
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marjorie S. Waters
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel Zewge
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Nolting
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dalian Zhao
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert A. Reamer
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter G. Dormer
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Belyk
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian W. Davies
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul N. Devine
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David M. Tschaen
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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92
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Su S, Rodriguez RA, Baran PS. Scalable, stereocontrolled total syntheses of (±)-axinellamines A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13922-5. [PMID: 21846138 DOI: 10.1021/ja206191g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, efficient, scalable, and stereocontrolled synthesis of a common intermediate en route to the axinellamines, massadines, and palau'amine is reported. This completely new route was utilized to prepare the axinellamines on a gram scale. In a more general sense, three distinct and enabling methodological advances were made during these studies: (1) an ethylene glycol-assisted Pauson-Khand cycloaddition reaction, (2) a Zn/In-mediated Barbier-type reaction, and (3) a TfNH(2)-assisted chlorination-spirocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Su
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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93
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94
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Hewlett NM, Tepe JJ. Total synthesis of the natural product (±)-dibromophakellin and analogues. Org Lett 2011; 13:4550-3. [PMID: 21797255 DOI: 10.1021/ol201741r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(±)-Dibromophakellin has been synthesized in two steps from a known alkene intermediate. The key step in the synthesis is the NBS olefin activation to facilitate the addition of a guanidine molecule across the double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hewlett
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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95
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Al-Mourabit A, Zancanella MA, Tilvi S, Romo D. Biosynthesis, asymmetric synthesis, and pharmacology, including cellular targets, of the pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole marine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1229-60. [PMID: 21556392 PMCID: PMC5596510 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00013b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole (P-2-AI) alkaloids are a growing family of marine alkaloids, now numbering well over 150 members, with high topographical and biological information content. Their intriguing structural complexity, rich and compact stereochemical content, high N to C ratio (~1 : 2), and increasingly studied biological activities are attracting a growing number of researchers from numerous disciplines world-wide. This review surveys advances in this area with a focus on the structural diversity, biosynthetic hypotheses with increasing, but still rare, verifying experimental studies, asymmetric syntheses, and biological studies, including cellular target receptor isolation studies, of this stimulating and exciting alkaloid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Mourabit
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Supriya Tilvi
- Bio-organic Chemistry laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India, 403 004
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M Universtiy College Station, TX 77842-3012
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96
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Hencken CP, Genna DT, Siegler MA, Posner GH. Highly stereocontrolled and regiocontrolled syntheses of 2,3,4-trisubstituted alkanoates and lactones. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5149-55. [PMID: 21563766 DOI: 10.1021/jo200795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New chlorodiols (±)-3 and (±)-5 are densely functionalized and versatile synthons. They are converted in one step on a gram scale into 2-chlorolactones (±)-6 and (±)-7 and into 4-hydroxy glycidate esters (±)-9 and (±)-10. The 4-hydroxy glycidate esters (±)-9 and (±)-10 are converted stereospecifically and regiospecifically into oxazolines (±)-13 and (±)-14 and into cyclic carbamates (±)-18-(±)-20. The 4-hydroxy glycidate ester (±)-10 undergoes stereocontrolled and regiocontrolled epoxide opening by sodium azide to form the 2-azido-3,4-dihydroxy alkanoate (±)-21. Finally, chlorodiol (±)-5 reacts stereospecifically with silver triflate to form the 2,3-dihydroxyfuranone (±)-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Hencken
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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97
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Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
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98
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Feldman KS, Nuriye AY, Li J. Extending Pummerer reaction chemistry: studies in the palau'amine synthesis area. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5042-60. [PMID: 21574600 DOI: 10.1021/jo200740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exploratory oxidative cyclization studies on cyclopentanelated and cyclohexenelated oroidin derivatives utilized Pummerer chemistry to generate pentacyclic structures related to the palau'amine family of sponge metabolites. Stereochemical issues were paramount, and appropriate choice of annelated ring size led to formation of the pentacyclic framework with complete diastereoselectivity for all of the core bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken S Feldman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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99
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. If C-H bonds could talk: selective C-H bond oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3362-74. [PMID: 21413105 PMCID: PMC3980681 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxidation has a long history and an ongoing presence in research at the forefront of chemistry and interrelated fields. As such, numerous highly useful articles and reviews have been written on this subject. Logically, these are generally written from the perspective of the scope and limitations of the reagents employed. This Minireview instead attempts to emphasize chemoselectivity imposed by the nature of the substrate. Consequently, many landmark discoveries in the field of C-H oxidation are not discussed, but hopefully the perspective taken herein will allow C-H oxidation reactions to be more readily incorporated into synthetic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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100
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. Wenn C-H-Bindungen sprechen könnten - selektive Oxidationen von C-H-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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