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Doria F, Percivalle C, Freccero M. Vinylidene-quinone methides, photochemical generation and β-silicon effect on reactivity. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3615-9. [PMID: 22397717 DOI: 10.1021/jo300115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of 2-alkynylphenols resulted in the generation of vinylidene-quinone methides (QMs), which were detected by laser flash photolysis in organic solvents and aqueous acetonitrile. QMs' spectroscopic properties and electrophilicity were both significantly affected by β-silicon effect. The hydration of the alkynyl moiety (22 and 900 M(-1) s(-1)for QM-1 and QM-2, in aqueous acetonitrile) was an acid- and base-catalyzed process. The addition of amines was fast (9.2 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) < k(2) < 1.3 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1)), yielding ketimines, with primary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Doria
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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52
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Cao S, Wang Y, Peng X. ROS-inducible DNA cross-linking agent as a new anticancer prodrug building block. Chemistry 2012; 18:3850-4. [PMID: 22378607 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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53
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Di Antonio M, Rodriguez R, Balasubramanian S. Experimental approaches to identify cellular G-quadruplex structures and functions. Methods 2012; 57:84-92. [PMID: 22343041 PMCID: PMC3563962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich nucleic acids can fold into non-canonical DNA secondary structures called G-quadruplexes. The formation of these structures can interfere with the biology that is crucial to sustain cellular homeostases and metabolism via mechanisms that include transcription, translation, splicing, telomere maintenance and DNA recombination. Thus, due to their implication in several biological processes and possible role promoting genomic instability, G-quadruplex forming sequences have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. There has been a growing interest in the development of synthetic molecules and biomolecules for sensing G-quadruplex structures in cellular DNA. In this review, we summarise and discuss recent methods developed for cellular imaging of G-quadruplexes, and the application of experimental genomic approaches to detect G-quadruplexes throughout genomic DNA. In particular, we will discuss the use of engineered small molecules and natural proteins to enable pull-down, ChIP-Seq, ChIP-chip and fluorescence imaging of G-quadruplex structures in cellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Antonio
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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54
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Liu Y, Rokita SE. Inducible alkylation of DNA by a quinone methide-peptide nucleic acid conjugate. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1020-7. [PMID: 22243337 DOI: 10.1021/bi201492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversibility of alkylation by a quinone methide intermediate (QM) avoids the irreversible consumption that plagues most reagents based on covalent chemistry and allows for site specific reaction that is controlled by the thermodynamics rather than kinetics of target association. This characteristic was originally examined with an oligonucleotide QM conjugate, but broad application depends on alternative derivatives that are compatible with a cellular environment. Now, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) derivative has been constructed and shown to exhibit an equivalent ability to delivery the reactive QM in a controlled manner. This new conjugate demonstrates high selectivity for a complementary sequence of DNA even when challenged with an alternative sequence containing a single T/T mismatch. Alternatively, alkylation of noncomplementary sequences is only possible when a template strand is present to colocalize the conjugate and its target. For efficient alkylation in this example, a single-stranded region of the target is required adjacent to the QM conjugate. Most importantly, the intrastrand self-adducts formed between the PNA and its attached QM remained active and reversible over more than 8 days in aqueous solution prior to reaction with a chosen target added subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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55
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Kuang Y, Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V, Peng X. Hydrogen peroxide inducible DNA cross-linking agents: targeted anticancer prodrugs. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19278-81. [PMID: 22035519 DOI: 10.1021/ja2073824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The major concern for anticancer chemotherapeutic agents is the host toxicity. The development of anticancer prodrugs targeting the unique biochemical alterations in cancer cells is an attractive approach to achieve therapeutic activity and selectivity. We designed and synthesized a new type of nitrogen mustard prodrug that can be activated by high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) found in cancer cells to release the active chemotherapy agent. The activation mechanism was determined by NMR analysis. The activity and selectivity of these prodrugs toward ROS was determined by measuring DNA interstrand cross-links and/or DNA alkylations. These compounds showed 60-90% inhibition toward various cancer cells, while normal lymphocytes were not affected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of H(2)O(2)-activated anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Kuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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56
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Pathak TP, Sigman MS. Applications of ortho-quinone methide intermediates in catalysis and asymmetric synthesis. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9210-5. [PMID: 21999240 DOI: 10.1021/jo201789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ortho-quinone methides are important synthetic intermediates and widely implicated in biological processes. In this Synopsis, recent advances concerning the synthesis and utility of these intermediates are discussed with a particular emphasis on metal-catalyzed formation of quinone methide intermediates. Additionally, applications of these intermediates as partners in asymmetric synthesis will be discussed including methods we have developed that involve the enantioselective Pd-catalyzed formation of ortho-quinone methides and the trapping of aforementioned intermediates with diverse nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas P Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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57
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Rajendran A, Endo M, Katsuda Y, Hidaka K, Sugiyama H. Photo-Cross-Linking-Assisted Thermal Stability of DNA Origami Structures and Its Application for Higher-Temperature Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14488-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arivazhagan Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Masayuki Endo
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yousuke Katsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kumi Hidaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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58
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Dixit VA, Bharatam PV. Toxic Metabolite Formation from Troglitazone (TGZ): New Insights from a DFT Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1113-22. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
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59
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Percivalle C, La Rosa A, Verga D, Doria F, Mella M, Palumbo M, Di Antonio M, Freccero M. Quinone methide generation via photoinduced electron transfer. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3096-106. [PMID: 21425810 DOI: 10.1021/jo102531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical activation of water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives (NIs) as alkylating agents has been achieved by irradiation at 310 and 355 nm in aqueous acetonitrile. Reactivity in aqueous and neat acetonitrile has been extensively investigated by laser flash photolysis (LFP) at 355 nm, as well as by steady-state preparative irradiation at 310 nm in the presence of water, amines, thiols, and ethyl vinyl ether. Product distribution analysis revealed fairly efficient benzylation of the amines, hydration reaction, and 2-ethoxychromane generation, in the presence of ethyl vinyl ether, resulting from a [4 + 2] cycloaddition onto a transient quinone methide. Remarkably, we found that the reactivity was dramatically suppressed under the presence of oxygen and radical scavengers, such as thiols, which was usually associated with side product formation. In order to unravel the mechanism responsible for the photoreactivity of these NI-based molecules, a detailed LFP study has been carried out with the aim to characterize the transient species involved. LFP data suggest a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) involving the NI triplet excited state (λ(max) 470 nm) of the NI core and the tethered quinone methide precursor (QMP) generating a radical ions pair NI(•-) (λ(max) 410 nm) and QMP(•+). The latter underwent fast deprotonation to generate a detectable phenoxyl radical (λ(max) 390 and 700 nm), which was efficiently reduced by the radical anion NI(•-), generating detectable QM. The mechanism proposed has been validated through a LFP investigation at 355 nm exploiting an intermolecular reaction between the photo-oxidant N-pentylnaphthalimide (NI-P) and a quaternary ammonium salt of a Mannich base as QMP (2a), in both neat and aqueous acetonitrile. Remarkably, these experiments revealed the generation of the model o-QM (λ(max) 400 nm) as a long living transient mediated by the same reactivity pathway. Negligible QM generation has been observed under the very same conditions by irradiation of the QMP in the absence of the NI. Owing to the NIs redox and recognition properties, these results represent the first step toward new molecular devices capable of both biological target recognition and photoreleasing of QMs as alkylating species, under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Percivalle
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Università di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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60
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McCrane MP, Weinert EE, Lin Y, Mazzola EP, Lam YF, Scholl PF, Rokita SE. Trapping a Labile Adduct Formed between an ortho-Quinone Methide and 2′-Deoxycytidine. Org Lett 2011; 13:1186-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200071p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. McCrane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Emily E. Weinert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Eugene P. Mazzola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Yiu-Fai Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Peter F. Scholl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Steven E. Rokita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States, and Division of Analytical Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy Branch in the Center for Food Safety and Nutrition of the Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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61
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Rossiter CS, Modica E, Kumar D, Rokita SE. Few constraints limit the design of quinone methide-oligonucleotide self-adducts for directing DNA alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1476-8. [PMID: 21088763 PMCID: PMC3895935 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences minimally containing adenosine, cytosine or guanosine are sufficient to form intrastrand oligonucleotide quinone methide self-adducts reversibly for subsequent alkylation of complementary DNA. The general lack of sequence restrictions should now allow for alkylation of most any target of interest although reaction is most efficient when the self-adducts contain guanine residues and do not form hairpin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Modica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Md 20742, USA
| | | | - Steven E. Rokita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Md 20742, USA
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