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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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53
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You JB, Kang K, Tran TT, Park H, Hwang WR, Kim JM, Im SG. PDMS-based turbulent microfluidic mixer. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1727-35. [PMID: 25671438 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, homogeneous mixing in microfluidic devices has been a critical challenge, because of the inherently low flow rates in microfluidic channels. Although several mixer designs have been suggested to achieve efficient mixing, most of them involve intricate structures requiring a series of laborious fabrication processes. Operation at high flow rates can greatly enhance mixing by induction of turbulence, but devices that can resist such a high pressure drop to induce turbulence in microfluidic channels are difficult to fabricate, especially for commonly used poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices. We have developed a Y-shaped, turbulent microfluidic mixer made of PDMS and a glass substrate by strong bonding of the substrates to a nanoadhesive layer deposited via initiated chemical vapor deposition. The high bonding strength of the nanoadhesive layer enables safe operation of the PDMS/glass turbulent microfluidic mixer at a total water flow rate of 40 mL min(-1), corresponding to a Reynolds number, Re, of ~4423, one of the highest values achieved in a microfluidic channel. The turbulence generated as a result of the high Re allows rapid mixing of the input fluids on contact. Image analysis showed that mixing started as soon as the fluids were introduced into the mixer. The experimental results matched the numerical predictions well, demonstrating that convective mixing was dominant as a result of turbulence induced in the microfluidic channel. Using the turbulent microfluidic mixer, we have demonstrated high throughput formation of emulsions with narrower size distribution. It was shown that as the flow rate increases inside the microfluidic channel, the size distribution of resulting emulsions decreases owing to the increase in the turbulent energy dissipation. The turbulent microfluidic mixer developed in this work not only enables rapid mixing of streams, but also increases throughputs of microfluidic reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Bem You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea 305-701.
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54
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Munirathinam R, Huskens J, Verboom W. Supported Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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55
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Nagaki A, Takahashi Y, Henseler A, Matsuo C, Yoshida JI. Flash Chemistry Using Trichlorovinyllithium: Switching the Reaction Pathways by High-resolution Reaction Time Control. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Andrea Henseler
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Chika Matsuo
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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56
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Fernandes AE, Ye Q, Collard L, Le Duff C, d'Haese C, Deumer G, Haufroid V, Nysten B, Riant O, Jonas AM. Effects of Thickness and Grafting Density on the Activity of Polymer-Brush-Immobilized Tris(triazolyl) Copper(I) Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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57
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Nagaki A, Tsuchihashi Y, Haraki S, Yoshida JI. Benzyllithiums bearing aldehyde carbonyl groups. A flash chemistry approach. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7140-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reductive lithiation of benzyl halides bearing aldehyde carbonyl groups followed by reaction with subsequently added electrophiles was successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuchihashi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Suguru Haraki
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
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58
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Chandrasekhar D, Borra S, Kapure JS, Shivaji GS, Srinivasulu G, Maurya RA. Visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct synthesis of fused β-carbolines through an oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade in batch and flow microreactors. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fused β-carbolines were synthesized via a visible light photoredox catalyzed oxidation/[3 + 2] cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization reaction cascade in batch and flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Chandrasekhar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Satheesh Borra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | | | | | - Gannoju Srinivasulu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Hyderabad-500035
- India
| | - Ram Awatar Maurya
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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59
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Nagaki A, Imai K, Ishiuchi S, Yoshida JI. Reactions of Difunctional Electrophiles with Functionalized Aryllithium Compounds: Remarkable Chemoselectivity by Flash Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1914-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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61
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Nagaki A, Imai K, Ishiuchi S, Yoshida JI. Reactions of Difunctional Electrophiles with Functionalized Aryllithium Compounds: Remarkable Chemoselectivity by Flash Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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62
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Krishnamoorthy M, Hakobyan S, Ramstedt M, Gautrot JE. Surface-initiated polymer brushes in the biomedical field: applications in membrane science, biosensing, cell culture, regenerative medicine and antibacterial coatings. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10976-1026. [PMID: 25353708 DOI: 10.1021/cr500252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahentha Krishnamoorthy
- Institute of Bioengineering and ‡School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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63
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Nagaki A, Tokuoka S, Yoshida JI. Flash generation of α-(trifluoromethyl)vinyllithium and application to continuous flow three-component synthesis of α-trifluoromethylamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15079-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06709f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Nagaki A, Ichinari D, Yoshida JI. Three-Component Coupling Based on Flash Chemistry. Carbolithiation of Benzyne with Functionalized Aryllithiums Followed by Reactions with Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12245-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichinari
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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65
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Basavaraju KC, Sharma S, Singh AK, Im DJ, Kim DP. Chitosan-microreactor: a versatile approach for heterogeneous organic synthesis in microfluidics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1864-1869. [PMID: 24828446 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microreactors have been proven to be efficient tools for a variety of homogeneous organic transformations due to their mixing efficiency, which results in very fast reactions, better heat and mass transfer, and simple scale-up. However, in heterogeneous catalytic reactions each catalyst needs an individual substrate as support. Herein, a versatile approach to immobilize metal catalysts on chitosan as a common substrate is presented. Chitosan, accommodating many metal catalysts, is grafted onto the microchannel surface as nanobrush. The versatility, catalytic efficiency, and stability/durability of the microreactor are demonstrated for a number of organic transformations involving various metal compounds as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Basavaraju
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Dept. of Chem. Eng. POSTECH (Pohang Univ. of Sci.&Tech.), Pohang, 790-784 (South Korea), Fax: (+82)-54-279-2272 http://camc.postech.ac.kr/
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66
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Nagaki A, Takahashi Y, Yoshida JI. Extremely Fast Gas/Liquid Reactions in Flow Microreactors: Carboxylation of Short-Lived Organolithiums. Chemistry 2014; 20:7931-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Zhang L, Xia Y. Scaling up the production of colloidal nanocrystals: should we increase or decrease the reaction volume? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2600-2606. [PMID: 24505032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in facet-controlled syntheses has started to produce nanocrystals with great promise as the next-generation catalysts for a variety of applications. To move from academic studies to industrial applications, however, one has to address the issue of scaling up a synthesis that has been commonly conducted in a batch format. There are two opposite approaches to scaling up the production of colloidal nanocrystals: increasing and decreasing the reaction volume. Contrary to conventional wisdom, continuous flow synthesis based on droplets is expected to provide a more practical platform for scaling up the synthesis. Here we highlight recent progress in using droplet reactors for the synthesis of colloidal noble-metal nanocrystals with controlled sizes and shapes, with an aim towards high-volume production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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68
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Ren W, Perumal J, Wang J, Wang H, Sharma S, Kim DP. Whole ceramic-like microreactors from inorganic polymers for high temperature or/and high pressure chemical syntheses. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:779-786. [PMID: 24356091 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two types of whole ceramic-like microreactors were fabricated from inorganic polymers, polysilsesquioxane (POSS) and polyvinylsilazane (PVSZ), that were embedded with either perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tube or polystyrene (PS) film templates, and subsequently the templates were removed by physical removal (PFA tube) or thermal decomposition (PS). A POSS derived ceramic-like microreactor with a 10 cm long serpentine channel was obtained by an additional "selective blocking of microchannel" step and subsequent annealing at 300 °C for 1 h, while a PVSZ derived ceramic-like microreactor with a 14 cm long channel was yielded by a co-firing process of the PVSZ-PS composite at 500 °C for 2 h that led to complete decomposition of the film template leaving a microchannel behind. The obtained whole ceramic-like microfluidic devices revealed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities in various solvents, and they were able to demonstrate unique chemical performance at high temperature or/and high pressure conditions such as Michaelis-Arbuzov rearrangement at 150-170 °C, Wolff-Kishner reduction at 200 °C, synthesis of super-paramagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 320 °C and isomerisation of allyloxybenzene to 2-allylphenol (250 °C and 400 psi). These economic ceramic-like microreactors fabricated by a facile non-lithographic method displayed excellent utility under challenging conditions that is superior to any plastic microreactors and comparable to glass and metal microreactors with high cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wurong Ren
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
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69
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Feng Q, Song Q. Aldehydes and Ketones Formation: Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Decarboxylation of Phenylacetic Acids and α-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acids. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1867-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402778p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Institute of Next Generation
Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering at Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation
Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering at Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
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70
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Investigation of a Lithium-Halogen Exchange Flow Process for the Preparation of Boronates by Using a Cryo-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2013; 20:263-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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