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Enzyme-Based Labeling Strategies for Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Antibody Mimetics. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010004. [PMID: 31544857 PMCID: PMC6698867 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for site-specific modification of proteins have increased in number, complexity, and specificity over the last years. Such modifications hold the promise to broaden the use of existing biopharmaceuticals or to tailor novel proteins for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. The recent quest for next-generation antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) sparked research into techniques with site selectivity. While purely chemical approaches often impede control of dosage or locus of derivatization, naturally occurring enzymes and proteins bear the ability of co- or post-translational protein modifications at particular residues, thus enabling unique coupling reactions or protein fusions. This review provides a general overview and focuses on chemo-enzymatic methods including enzymes such as formylglycine-generating enzyme, sortase, and transglutaminase. Applications for the conjugation of antibodies and antibody mimetics are reported.
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Kim HY, Kang JA, Ryou JH, Lee GH, Choi DS, Lee DE, Kim HS. Intracellular Protein Delivery System Using a Target-Specific Repebody and Translocation Domain of Bacterial Exotoxin. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2891-2897. [PMID: 29019389 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the high efficacy of protein-based therapeutics and plenty of intracellular drug targets, cytosolic protein delivery in a cell-specific manner has attracted considerable attention in the field of precision medicine. Herein, we present an intracellular protein delivery system based on a target-specific repebody and the translocation domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. The delivery platform was constructed by genetically fusing an EGFR-specific repebody as a targeting moiety to the translocation domain, while a protein cargo was fused to the C-terminal end of the delivery platform. The delivery platform was revealed to efficiently translocate a protein cargo to the cytosol in a target-specific manner. We demonstrate the utility and potential of the delivery platform by showing a remarkable tumor regression with negligible toxicity in a xenograft mice model when gelonin was used as the cytotoxic protein cargo. The present platform can find wide applications to the cell-selective cytosolic delivery of diverse proteins in many areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Jung Ae Kang
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Ryou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hee Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Korea
| | - Dae Seong Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Korea
| | - Dong Eun Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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Pyo A, Yun M, Kim HS, Kim TY, Lee JJ, Kim JY, Lee S, Kwon SY, Bom HS, Kim HS, Kim DY, Min JJ. 64Cu-Labeled Repebody Molecules for Imaging of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Expressing Tumors. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:340-346. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.197020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Lozinski O, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Shinkaruk S. The Synthetic and Biological Aspects of Prenylation as the Versatile Tool for Estrogenic Activity Modulation. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lozinski
- Chemistry Department; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; 01033 Kyiv Ukraine
- Univ. Bordeaux; Institut of Molecular Sciences, CNRS UMR 5255, F-; 33405 Talence France
| | | | - Svitlana Shinkaruk
- Univ. Bordeaux; Institut of Molecular Sciences, CNRS UMR 5255, F-; 33405 Talence France
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Kim JW, Heu W, Jeong S, Kim HS. Genetically functionalized ferritin nanoparticles with a high-affinity protein binder for immunoassay and imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 988:81-88. [PMID: 28916107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular detection of target molecules with high sensitivity and specificity is of great significance in bio and medical sciences. Here, we present genetically functionalized ferritin nanoparticles with a high-affinity protein binder, and their utility as a signal generator in a variety of immunoassays and imaging. As a high-affinity protein binder, human IgG-specific repebody, which is composed of LRR (Leucine-rich repeat) modules, was used. The repebody was genetically fused to the N-terminal heavy-chain ferritin, and the resulting subunits were self-assembled to the repebody-ferritin nanoparticles composed of 24 subunits. The repebody-ferritin nanoparticles were shown to have a three-order of magnitude higher binding affinity toward human IgG than free repebody mainly owing to a decreased dissociation rate constant. The repebody-ferritin nanoparticles were conjugated with fluorescent dyes, and the resulting nanoparticles were used for western blotting, cell imaging, and flow cytometric analysis. The dye-labeled repebody-ferritin nanoparticles were shown to generate about 3-fold stronger fluorescent signals in immunoassays than monovalent repebody. The repebody-functionalized ferritin nanoparticles can be effectively used for sensitive and specific immunoassays and imaging in many areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Woosung Heu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Sukyo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
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56
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Yun M, Kim DY, Lee JJ, Kim HS, Kim HS, Pyo A, Ryu Y, Kim TY, Zheng JH, Yoo SW, Hyun H, Oh G, Jeong J, Moon M, Min JH, Kwon SY, Kim JY, Chung E, Hong Y, Lee W, Kim HS, Min JJ. A High-Affinity Repebody for Molecular Imaging of EGFR-Expressing Malignant Tumors. Theranostics 2017; 7:2620-2633. [PMID: 28819451 PMCID: PMC5558557 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection of disease-related biomarkers is crucial for the early diagnosis and management of disease in personalized medicine. Here, we present a molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing malignant tumors using an EGFR-specific repebody composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. The repebody was labeled with either a fluorescent dye or radioisotope, and used for imaging of EGFR-expressing malignant tumors using an optical method and positron emission tomography. Our approach enabled visualization of the status of EGFR expression, allowing quantitative evaluation in whole tumors, which correlated well with the EGFR expression levels in mouse or patients-derived colon cancers. The present approach can be effectively used for the accurate detection of EGFR-expressing cancers, assisting in the development of a tool for detecting other disease biomarkers.
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Lee JJ, Kang JA, Ryu Y, Han SS, Nam YR, Rho JK, Choi DS, Kang SW, Lee DE, Kim HS. Genetically engineered and self-assembled oncolytic protein nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2016; 120:22-31. [PMID: 28024232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The integration of a targeted delivery with a tumour-selective agent has been considered an ideal platform for achieving high therapeutic efficacy and negligible side effects in cancer therapy. Here, we present engineered protein nanoparticles comprising a tumour-selective oncolytic protein and a targeting moiety as a new format for the targeted cancer therapy. Apoptin from chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was used as a tumour-selective apoptotic protein. An EGFR-specific repebody, which is composed of LRR (Leucine-rich repeat) modules, was employed to play a dual role as a tumour-targeting moiety and a fusion partner for producing apoptin nanoparticles in E. coli, respectively. The repebody was genetically fused to apoptin, and the resulting fusion protein was shown to self-assemble into supramolecular repebody-apoptin nanoparticles with high homogeneity and stability as a soluble form when expressed in E. coli. The repebody-apoptin nanoparticles showed a remarkable anti-tumour activity with negligible side effects in xenograft mice through a cooperative action of the two protein components with distinct functional roles. The repebody-apoptin nanoparticles can be developed as a systemic injectable and tumour-selective therapeutic protein for targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Jae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jung Ae Kang
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
| | - Yiseul Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Han
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - You Ree Nam
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
| | - Jong Kook Rho
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
| | - Dae Seong Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, South Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 580-185, South Korea.
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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Alkaline phosphatase-fused repebody as a new format of immuno-reagent for an immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 950:184-191. [PMID: 27916124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunoassays based on an antibody-antigen interaction are widely used in biological and medical sciences. However, the conjugation of an enzyme to antibodies needs an additional chemical process, usually resulting in randomly cross-linked molecules and a loss of the binding affinity and enzyme activity. Herein, we present the development of an alkaline phosphatase-fused repebody as a new format of immuno-reagent for immunoassays. A repebody specifically binding to human TNF-α (hTNF-α) was selected through a phage display, and its binding affinity was increased up to 49 nM using a modular engineering approach. A monomeric alkaline phosphatase (mAP), which was previously isolated from a metagenome library, was genetically fused to the repebody as a signal generator, and the resulting repebody-mAP fusion protein was used for direct and sandwich immunoassays of hTNF-α. We demonstrate the utility and potential of the repebody-mAP fusion protein as an immuno-reagent by showing the sensitivity of 216 pg mL-1 for hTNF-α in a sandwich immunoassay. Furthermore, this repebody-mAP fusion protein enabled the detection of hTNF-α spiked in a serum-supplemented medium with high accuracy and reproducibility. It is thus expected that a mAP-fused repebody can be broadly used as an immuno-reagent in immunoassays.
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Feiner RC, Müller KM. Recent progress in protein-protein interaction study for EGFR-targeted therapeutics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:817-32. [PMID: 27424502 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1212665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression is upregulated in many tumors and its aberrant signaling drives progression of many cancer types. Consequently, EGFR has become a clinically validated target as extracellular tumor marker for antibodies as well as for tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Within the last years, new mechanistic insights were uncovered and, based on clinical experience as well as progress in protein engineering, novel bio-therapeutic approaches were developed and tested. AREAS COVERED The potential therapeutic targeting arsenal in the fight against cancer now encompasses bispecific or biparatopic antibodies, DARPins, Adnectins, Affibodies, peptides and combinations of these binding molecules with viral- and nano-particles. We review past and recent binding proteins from the literature and include a brief description of the various targeting approaches. Special attention is given to the binding modes with the EGFR. Expert commentary: Clinical data from the three approved anti EGFR antibodies indicate that there is room for improved therapeutic efficacy. Having choices in size, affinity, avidity and the mode of EGFR binding as well as the possibility to combine various effector functions opens the possibility to rationally design more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Christine Feiner
- a Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology group, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Kristian Mark Müller
- a Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology group, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld , Germany
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60
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Hwang DE, Choi JM, Yang CS, Lee JJ, Heu W, Jo EK, Kim HS. Effective suppression of C5a-induced proinflammatory response using anti-human C5a repebody. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:1072-1077. [PMID: 27416759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The strongest anaphylatoxin, C5a, plays a critical role in the proinflammatory responses, causing the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases including sepsis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Inhibitors of C5a thus have great potential as therapeutics for various inflammatory disorders. Herein, we present the development of a high-affinity repebody against human C5a (hC5a), which effectively suppresses the proinflammatory response. A repebody scaffold composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules was previously developed as an alternative protein scaffold. A repebody specifically binding to hC5a was selected through a phage display, and its affinity was increased up to 5 nM using modular engineering. The repebody was shown to effectively inhibit the production of C5a-induced proinflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. To obtain insight into a mode of action by the repebody, we determined its crystal structure in complex with hC5a. A structural analysis revealed that the repebody binds to the D1 and D3 regions of hC5a, overlapping several epitope residues with the hC5a receptor (hC5aR). It is thus likely that the repebody suppresses the hC5a-mediated immune response in monocytes by blocking the binding of hC5a to its receptor. The anti-hC5a repebody can be developed as a potential therapeutic for C5a-involved inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Jae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosung Heu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Hwang DE, Shin YK, Munashingha PR, Park SY, Seo YS, Kim HS. A repeat protein-based DNA polymerase inhibitor for an efficient and accurate gene amplification by PCR. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2544-2552. [PMID: 27241141 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a thermostable DNA polymerase is the most widely applied method in many areas of research, including life sciences, biotechnology, and medical sciences. However, a conventional PCR incurs an amplification of undesired genes mainly owing to non-specifically annealed primers and the formation of a primer-dimer complex. Herein, we present the development of a Taq DNA polymerase-specific repebody, which is a small-sized protein binder composed of leucine rich repeat (LRR) modules, as a thermolabile inhibitor for a precise and accurate gene amplification by PCR. We selected a repebody that specifically binds to the DNA polymerase through a phage display, and increased its affinity to up to 10 nM through a modular evolution approach. The repebody was shown to effectively inhibit DNA polymerase activity at low temperature and undergo thermal denaturation at high temperature, leading to a rapid and full recovery of the polymerase activity, during the initial denaturation step of the PCR. The performance and utility of the repebody was demonstrated through an accurate and efficient amplification of a target gene without nonspecific gene products in both conventional and real-time PCRs. The repebody is expected to be effectively utilized as a thermolabile inhibitor in a PCR. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2544-2552. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | | | - Palinda Ruvan Munashingha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | | | - Yeon-Soo Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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Hwang DE, Ryou JH, Oh JR, Han JW, Park TK, Kim HS. Anti-Human VEGF Repebody Effectively Suppresses Choroidal Neovascularization and Vascular Leakage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152522. [PMID: 27015541 PMCID: PMC4807815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness among people over the age of 60. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in pathological angiogenesis in AMD. Herein, we present the development of an anti- human VEGF repebody, which is a small-sized protein binder consisting of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules. The anti-VEGF repebody selected through a phage-display was shown to have a high affinity and specificity for human VEGF. We demonstrate that this repebody effectively inhibits in vitro angiogenic cellular processes, such as proliferation and migration, by blocking the VEGF-mediated signaling pathway. The repebody was also shown to have a strong suppression effect on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and vascular leakage in vivo. Our results indicate that the anti-VEGF repebody has a therapeutic potential for treating neovascular AMD as well as other VEGF-involved diseases including diabetic retinopathy and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305–701, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Ryou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305–701, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305–701, Korea
| | - Jong Rok Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305–701, Korea
- * E-mail:
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