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Arunrattanamook N, Marsh ENG. Kinetic Characterization of Prenyl-Flavin Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 2017; 57:696-700. [PMID: 29232110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the kinetics and substrate requirements of prenyl-flavin synthase from yeast. This enzyme catalyzes the addition of an isopentenyl unit to reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to form an additional six-membered ring that bridges N5 and C6 of the flavin nucleus, thereby converting the flavin from a redox cofactor to one that supports the decarboxylation of aryl carboxylic acids. In contrast to bacterial enzymes, the yeast enzyme was found to use dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, rather than dimethylallyl phosphate, as the prenyl donor in the reaction. We developed a coupled assay for prenyl-flavin synthase activity in which turnover was linked to the activation of the prenyl-flavin-dependent enzyme, ferulic acid decarboxylase. The kinetics of the reaction are extremely slow: kcat = 12.2 ± 0.2 h-1, and KM for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate = 9.8 ± 0.7 μM. The KM for reduced FMN was too low to be accurately measured. The kinetics of reduced FMN consumption were studied under pre-steady state conditions. The reaction of FMN was described well by first-order kinetics with a kapp of 17.4 ± 1.1 h-1. These results indicate that a chemical step, most likely formation of the carbon-carbon bond between C6 of the flavin and the isopentenyl moiety, is substantially rate-determining in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Arunrattanamook
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Bailey SS, Payne KAP, Fisher K, Marshall SA, Cliff MJ, Spiess R, Parker DA, Rigby SEJ, Leys D. The role of conserved residues in Fdc decarboxylase in prenylated flavin mononucleotide oxidative maturation, cofactor isomerization, and catalysis. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2272-2287. [PMID: 29259125 PMCID: PMC5818171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The UbiD family of reversible decarboxylases act on aromatic, heteroaromatic, and unsaturated aliphatic acids and utilize a prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN) as cofactor, bound adjacent to a conserved Glu–Arg–Glu/Asp ionic network in the enzyme's active site. It is proposed that UbiD activation requires oxidative maturation of the cofactor, for which two distinct isomers, prFMNketimine and prFMNiminium, have been observed. It also has been suggested that only the prFMNiminium form is relevant to catalysis, which requires transient cycloaddition between substrate and cofactor. Using Aspergillus niger Fdc1 as a model system, we reveal that isomerization of prFMNiminium to prFMNketimine is a light-dependent process that is largely independent of the Glu277–Arg173–Glu282 network and accompanied by irreversible loss of activity. On the other hand, efficient catalysis was highly dependent on an intact Glu–Arg–Glu network, as only Glu → Asp substitutions retain activity. Surprisingly, oxidative maturation to form the prFMNiminium species is severely affected only for the R173A variant. In summary, the unusual irreversible isomerization of prFMN is light-dependent and probably proceeds via high-energy intermediates but is independent of the Glu–Arg–Glu network. Our results from mutagenesis, crystallographic, spectroscopic, and kinetic experiments indicate a clear role for the Glu–Arg–Glu network in both catalysis and oxidative maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Bailey
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - Karl A P Payne
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - Karl Fisher
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - Stephen A Marshall
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - Reynard Spiess
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - David A Parker
- Innovation/Biodomain, Shell International Exploration and Production, Westhollow Technology Center, Houston, Texas 77082-3101
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
| | - David Leys
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, United Kingdom and
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Payer SE, Marshall SA, Bärland N, Sheng X, Reiter T, Dordic A, Steinkellner G, Wuensch C, Kaltwasser S, Fisher K, Rigby SEJ, Macheroux P, Vonck J, Gruber K, Faber K, Himo F, Leys D, Pavkov‐Keller T, Glueck SM. Regioselective para-Carboxylation of Catechols with a Prenylated Flavin Dependent Decarboxylase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13893-13897. [PMID: 28857436 PMCID: PMC5656893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of CO2 as a carbon source for organic synthesis meets the urgent demand for more sustainability in the production of chemicals. Herein, we report on the enzyme-catalyzed para-carboxylation of catechols, employing 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylases (AroY) that belong to the UbiD enzyme family. Crystal structures and accompanying solution data confirmed that AroY utilizes the recently discovered prenylated FMN (prFMN) cofactor, and requires oxidative maturation to form the catalytically competent prFMNiminium species. This study reports on the in vitro reconstitution and activation of a prFMN-dependent enzyme that is capable of directly carboxylating aromatic catechol substrates under ambient conditions. A reaction mechanism for the reversible decarboxylation involving an intermediate with a single covalent bond between a quinoid adduct and cofactor is proposed, which is distinct from the mechanism of prFMN-associated 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E. Payer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
| | - Stephen A. Marshall
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Natalie Bärland
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Andela Dordic
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | | | - Susann Kaltwasser
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Stephen E. J. Rigby
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 128010GrazAustria
| | - Janet Vonck
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsMax-von-Laue Strasse 360438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University10691StockholmSweden
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Tea Pavkov‐Keller
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHumboldtstrasse 508010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/28010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Austria
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