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51
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Wu M, Lin S, Zhu G, Sun M, Zhou Z, Gao H, Yi W. Synergistic Dual Directing Groups-Enabled Diastereoselective C–H Cyclopropylation via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Couplings with Cyclopropenyl Alcohols. Org Lett 2020; 22:1295-1300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Guoxun Zhu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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52
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Zheng G, Zhou Z, Zhu G, Zhai S, Xu H, Duan X, Yi W, Li X. Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective C−H Cyclopropylation of N‐Phenoxylsulfonamides: Combined Experimental and Computational Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Guoxun Zhu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Shuailei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Huiying Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Xujing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOESchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
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53
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Vivek Kumar S, Banerjee S, Punniyamurthy T. Transition metal-catalyzed coupling of heterocyclic alkenes via C–H functionalization: recent trends and applications. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic alkenes and their derivatives are an important class of reactive feedstock and valuable synthons. This review highlights the transition-metal-catalyzed coupling of heterocyclic alkenes via a C–H functionalization strategy.
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54
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Yamada T, Shibata Y, Tanaka K. Formal Lossen Rearrangement/Alkenylation or Annulation Cascade of Heterole Carboxamides with Alkynes Catalyzed by CpRh III Complexes with Pendant Amides. Chemistry 2019; 25:16022-16031. [PMID: 31553093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that a cyclopentadienyl (Cp) RhIII complex with two aryl groups and a pendant amide moiety catalyzes the formal Lossen rearrangement/alkenylation cascade of N-pivaloyl heterole carboxamides with internal alkynes, leading to alkenylheteroles. Interestingly, the use of sterically demanding internal alkynes afforded not the alkenylation but the [3+2] annulation products ([5,5]-fused heteroles). In these reactions, the pendant amide moiety of the CpRhIII complex may accelerate the formal Lossen rearrangement. The use of five-membered heteroles may deter reductive elimination to form strained [5,5]-fused heteroles; instead, protonation proceeds to give the alkenylation products. Bulky alkyne substituents accelerate the reductive elimination to allow the formation of the [5,5]-fused heteroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Shibata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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55
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Wang S, Liu Y, Cramer N. Asymmetric Alkenyl C−H Functionalization by Cp
x
Rh
III
forms 2
H
‐Pyrrol‐2‐ones through [4+1]‐Annulation of Acryl Amides and Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18136-18140. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Guo Wang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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56
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Mi R, Zheng G, Qi Z, Li X. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidative [3+2] Annulation of Arenes and Azabicyclic Olefins through Twofold C−H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17666-17670. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Mi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Zisong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
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57
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Wang S, Liu Y, Cramer N. Asymmetric Alkenyl C−H Functionalization by Cp
x
Rh
III
forms 2
H
‐Pyrrol‐2‐ones through [4+1]‐Annulation of Acryl Amides and Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Guo Wang
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di Bologna via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and SynthesisEPFL SB ISIC LCSA, BCH 4305 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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58
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Mi R, Zheng G, Qi Z, Li X. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidative [3+2] Annulation of Arenes and Azabicyclic Olefins through Twofold C−H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Mi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Zisong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE andSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 China
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59
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Xie S, Li S, Ma W, Xu X, Jin Z. Chelation-directed remote meta-C-H functionalization of aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12408-12411. [PMID: 31566641 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein the development of a versatile 1,2-diol directing template for palladium-catalyzed remote meta-C-H functionalization of aromatic aldehydes and ketones. In situ-generation of acetals and ketals, as well as removal afterwards, makes the C-H bond functionalization process more straightforward and efficient. This also represents the first example of chelation-directed meta-C-H functionalization of aromatic aldehydes and ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Wenqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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60
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Wang P, Xu Y, Sun J, Li X. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Chemo-divergent Couplings of Sulfoxonium Ylides with Oxa/azabicyclic Olefins. Org Lett 2019; 21:8459-8463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116923, China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116923, China
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61
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Li ZY, Lakmal HHC, Qian X, Zhu Z, Donnadieu B, McClain SJ, Xu X, Cui X. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Functionalization: A Practical Access to Optically Active Indoline Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15730-15736. [PMID: 31536341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation/hydroarylation has been developed for the first time, allowing for highly enantioselective synthesis of indoline derivatives via catalytic C-H activation. Commercially available Ru(II) arene complexes and chiral α-methylamines were employed as highly enantioselective catalysts. Based on a sterically rigidified chiral transient directing group, multisubstituted indolines were produced in up to 92% yield with 96% ee. Further transformation of the resulting 4-formylindoline enables access to an optically active tricyclic compound that is of potential biological and pharmaceutical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Hetti Handi Chaminda Lakmal
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Qian
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Sarah J McClain
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry , Mississippi State University , Mississippi State , Mississippi 39762 , United States
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62
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Duchemin C, Smits G, Cramer N. RhI, IrIII ,and CoIII Complexes with Atropchiral Biaryl Cyclopentadienyl Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Activities. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Duchemin
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SB-ISIC, BCH4305, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SB-ISIC, BCH4305, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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63
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Tian M, Bai D, Zheng G, Chang J, Li X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biindolyls by Merging C–H Activation and Nucleophilic Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9527-9532. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Dachang Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
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64
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Bian M, Ma K, Mawjuda H, Yu X, Li X, Gao H, Zhou Z, Yi W. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed chemoselective C–H functionalization of benzamides with methyleneoxetanones controlled by the solvent. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6114-6118. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Rh(iii)-catalyzed and solvent-controlled double chemoselective C–H functionalization of common benzamides with methyleneoxetanone has been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Kuangshun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hamdulla Mawjuda
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU)
- Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062
- P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital
- Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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