51
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Inprung N, Ho HE, Rossi-Ashton JA, Epton RG, Whitwood AC, Lynam JM, Taylor RJK, James MJ, Unsworth WP. Indole-ynones as Privileged Substrates for Radical Dearomatizing Spirocyclization Cascades. Org Lett 2022; 24:668-674. [PMID: 34985297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indole-ynones have been established as general substrates for radical dearomatizing spirocyclization cascade reactions. Five distinct and varied synthetic protocols have been developed─cyanomethylation, sulfonylation, trifluoromethylation, stannylation and borylation─using a variety of radical generation modes, ranging from photoredox catalysis to traditional AIBN methods. The simple and easily prepared indole-ynones can be used to rapidly generate diverse, densely functionalized spirocycles and have the potential to become routinely used to explore radical reactivity. Experimental and computational investigations support the proposed radical cascade mechanism and suggest that other new methods are now primed for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantachai Inprung
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Hon Eong Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | | - Ryan G Epton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Richard J K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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52
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Liang L, Wang YH, Li C, Wang HJ, Yang QL, Li CG, Qu GR, Guo HM, Niu HY. Regioselective and late-stage polyfluoroarylation of arenes with diverse fluoroaryl nucleophiles via Pd-catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenative coupling of arenes with fluoroaryl nucleophiles enables the efficient synthesis of fluoroaromatic compounds from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yue-Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qi-Liang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chang-Gong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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53
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Zhu X, Jiang M, Li X, Zhu E, Deng Q, Song X, Lv J, Yang D. Alkylsulfonium salts for the photochemical desulphurizative functionalization of heteroarenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free organic photoredox-catalyzed alkylation of heteroarenes using alkylsulfonium salts as alkylation reagents has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Enjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qirong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyan Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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54
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Abstract
18F-fluorination is an important and growing field in organic synthesis that has attracted many chemists in the recent past. Here we present our own, biased perspective with a focus on our own chemistry that evaluates recent advances in the field and provides our opinion on the challenges for the development of new chemistry, so that it may have an impact on imaging. We hope that the manuscript will provide a useful guide to chemists to develop reliable and robust reaction chemistry suitable for radiofluorination to have a real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Halder
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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55
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Juliá F, Shao Q, Duan M, Plutschack MB, Berger F, Mateos J, Lu C, Xue XS, Houk KN, Ritter T. High Site Selectivity in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions: Mechanism of C-H Thianthrenation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16041-16054. [PMID: 34546749 PMCID: PMC8499029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The introduction
of thianthrene as a linchpin has proven to be
a versatile strategy for the C–H functionalization of aromatic
compounds, featuring a broad scope and fast diversification. The synthesis
of aryl thianthrenium salts has displayed an unusually high para regioselectivity, notably superior to those observed
in halogenation or borylation reactions for various substrates. We
report an experimental and computational study on the mechanism of
aromatic C–H thianthrenation reactions, with an emphasis on
the elucidation of the reactive species and the nature of the exquisite
site selectivity. Mechanisms involving a direct attack of arene to
the isolated O-trifluoracetylthianthrene S-oxide (TT+-TFA) or to the thianthrene
dication (TT2+) via electron transfer under
acidic conditions are identified. A reversible interconversion of
the different Wheland-type intermediates before a subsequent, irreversible
deprotonation is proposed to be responsible for the exceptional para selectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Qianzhen Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Meng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Matthew B Plutschack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Javier Mateos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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56
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Yue F, Dong J, Liu Y, Wang Q. Visible-Light-Mediated C-I Difluoroallylation with an α-Aminoalkyl Radical as a Mediator. Org Lett 2021; 23:7306-7310. [PMID: 34494433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a protocol for direct visible-light-mediated C-I difluoroallylation reactions of α-trifluoromethyl arylalkenes with alkyl iodides at room temperature with an α-aminoalkyl radical as a mediator. The protocol permits efficient functionalization of various α-trifluoromethyl arylalkenes with cyclic and acyclic primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl iodides and is scalable to the gram level. This mild protocol uses an inexpensive mediator and is suitable for late-stage functionalization of complex natural products and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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57
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Alvarez EM, Karl T, Berger F, Torkowski L, Ritter T. Late-Stage Heteroarylation of Hetero(aryl)sulfonium Salts Activated by α-Amino Alkyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13609-13613. [PMID: 33835680 PMCID: PMC8251951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a late‐stage heteroarylation of aryl sulfonium salts through activation with α‐amino alkyl radicals in a mechanistically distinct approach from previously reported halogen‐atom transfer (XAT). The new mode of activation of aryl sulfonium salts proceeds in the absence of light and photoredox catalysts, engaging a wide range of hetarenes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of this methodology in synthetically useful cross‐coupling transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Alvarez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Teresa Karl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Luca Torkowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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58
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Jia H, Häring AP, Berger F, Zhang L, Ritter T. Trifluoromethyl Thianthrenium Triflate: A Readily Available Trifluoromethylating Reagent with Formal CF 3+, CF 3•, and CF 3- Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7623-7628. [PMID: 33985330 PMCID: PMC8297735 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here we report the
synthesis and application of trifluoromethyl
thianthrenium triflate (TT-CF3+OTf–) as a novel trifluoromethylating reagent, which is conveniently
accessible in a single step from thianthrene and triflic anhydride.
We demonstrate the use of TT-CF3+OTf– in electrophilic, radical, and nucleophilic trifluoromethylation
reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Li Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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