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Guerrero MD, Aquino M, Bruno I, Riccio R, Terencio MC, Payá M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of a novel inhibitor of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 620:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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52
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Criado G, Šimelyte E, Inglis JJ, Essex D, Williams RO. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan catabolism regulates accumulation of Th1/Th17 cells in the joint in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1342-51. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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53
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Wagener FADTG, Toonen EJM, Wigman L, Fransen J, Creemers MCW, Radstake TRDJ, Coenen MJH, Barrera P, van Riel PLCM, Russel FGM. HMOX1promoter polymorphism modulates the relationship between disease activity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3388-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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54
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Wu CC, Lu KC, Chen JS, Hsieh HY, Lin SH, Chu P, Wang JY, Sytwu HK, Lin YF. HO-1 induction ameliorates experimental murine membranous nephropathy: anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory effects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3082-90. [PMID: 18477570 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic agents for membranous nephropathy (MN) remain ill-defined. Haeme oxygenase (HO)-1 is considered to play a protective role in various disorders. Here, we assessed the efficacy of HO-1 induction therapy for MN. METHODS MN was induced in BALB/c mice with intravenous injections of cationic bovine serum albumin. Three groups of mice were administered 100 micromol/kg Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP, a potent HO-1 inducer), Tin protoporphyrin (SnPP, a potent HO-1 inhibitor) or phosphate-buffered saline via intra-peritoneal injections once a week starting from the induction of MN. Disease severity was verified by serum and urine metabolic profiles and by renal histopathology. Cytokine profiles, immunoglobulin production, the expression of oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and apoptosis, as measured by TUNEL, were also determined. RESULTS Mice treated with CoPP displayed a significant reduction in proteinuria and a marked amelioration of glomerular lesions, accompanied by attenuated immune-complex deposition. The production of immunoglobulins in MN mice treated with CoPP was significantly reduced compared with that of mice in the other two groups. TBARS in the serum and kidneys, as well as apoptosis, were also significantly reduced in CoPP-treated mice. Cytokine mRNA expression in the renal cortex indicated that CoPP not only decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, but also increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10). CONCLUSIONS HO-1 induction therapy may ameliorate experimental MN via multiple pathways, including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory effects. HO-1 inducing regimens should be considered as a potential therapeutic intervention in MN in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-Hu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Rueda B, Oliver J, Robledo G, López-Nevot MA, Balsa A, Pascual-Salcedo D, González-Gay MA, González-Escribano MF, Martín J. HO-1promoter polymorphism associated with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3953-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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56
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Martín MJ, Tanos T, García AB, Martin D, Gutkind JS, Coso OA, Marinissen MJ. The Galpha12/13 family of heterotrimeric G proteins and the small GTPase RhoA link the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus G protein-coupled receptor to heme oxygenase-1 expression and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34510-24. [PMID: 17881360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme that metabolizes the heme group, is highly expressed in human Kaposi sarcoma lesions. Its expression is up-regulated by the G protein-coupled receptor from the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (vGPCR). Although recent evidence shows that HO-1 contributes to vGPCR-induced tumorigenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, the molecular steps that link vGPCR to HO-1 remain unknown. Here we show that vGPCR induces HO-1 expression and transformation through the Galpha(12/13) family of heterotrimeric G proteins and the small GTPase RhoA. Targeted small hairpin RNA knockdown expression of Galpha(12), Galpha(13), or RhoA and inhibition of RhoA activity impair vGPCR-induced transformation and ho-1 promoter activity. Knockdown expression of RhoA also reduces vGPCR-induced VEFG-A secretion and blocks tumor growth in a murine allograft tumor model. NIH-3T3 cells expressing constitutively activated Galpha(13) or RhoA implanted in nude mice develop tumors displaying spindle-shaped cells that express HO-1 and VEGF-A, similarly to vGPCR-derived tumors. RhoAQL-induced tumor growth is reduced 80% by small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown expression of HO-1 in the implanted cells. Likewise, inhibition of HO-1 activity by chronic administration of the HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX to mice reduces RhoAQL-induced tumor growth by 70%. Our study shows that vGPCR induces HO-1 expression through the Galpha(12/13)/RhoA axes and shows for the first time a potential role for HO-1 as a therapeutic target in tumors where RhoA has oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain
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57
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Benallaoua M, François M, Batteux F, Thelier N, Shyy JYJ, Fitting C, Tsagris L, Boczkowski J, Savouret JF, Corvol MT, Poiraudeau S, Rannou F. Pharmacologic induction of heme oxygenase 1 reduces acute inflammatory arthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:2585-94. [PMID: 17665394 DOI: 10.1002/art.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the consequences of pharmacologic up-regulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and inhibition of HO-1 by injection of an anti-HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), in vivo in the acute phase of a mouse model of nonautoimmune arthritis. METHODS In the K/BxN mouse serum transfer model, which mimics human inflammatory arthritis without lymphocyte influence, HO-1 was up-regulated by intraperitoneal injection of cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), a potent pharmacologic inducer, and was inhibited using a specific siRNA. The clinical progress of arthritis was monitored by measurement of paw thickness. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), serum antioxidant, and nitric oxide (NO) levels, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity were measured in serum. At the end of the experiments, joints were examined for immunohistopathologic changes. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of CoPP alleviated disease symptoms, such as joint swelling, cartilage degradation, and proliferation of inflammatory tissue in joints, in the acute phase of inflammatory arthritis. The CoPP-induced expression of HO-1 in the joints and liver was associated with marked decreases in IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha levels, PGE(2) secretion, and MMP-9 activity in serum, and with a marked increase in systemic antioxidant activity. In contrast, NO production in serum and inducible NO synthase expression in chondrocytes were not affected by HO-1 induction. Specific inhibition of HO-1 by in vivo delivery of anti-HO-1 siRNA repressed the protective effects. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first evidence that pharmacologically induced up-regulation of HO-1 triggers a robust protective antiinflammatory response in a model of nonautoimmune arthritis in mice. This suggests that exogenously induced HO-1 may have potential as therapy in the acute phase of inflammatory arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Benallaoua
- INSERM U 747, and Université Paris Descartes, 45 Rue des Saintes Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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Kim HA, Kim S, Chang SH, Hwang HJ, Choi YN. Anti-arthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1286-91. [PMID: 17673143 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of orally bioavailable, inexpensive inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is desirable for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE To show the efficacy of ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), a ginseng extract, on the inhibition of TNF-alpha upregulation and on the inhibition of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were stimulated with interferon(IFN)-gamma, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1 in the presence or absence of G-Rb1. The concentrations of (TNF)-alpha in the culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. CIA was induced in DBA/1J mice and G-Rb1 was prophylactically administered from day 20 until day 39 following immunization. Histopathologic changes were scored, and the expression of TNF-alpha was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULT G-Rb1 significantly inhibited TNF-alpha upregulation in PBMCs, FLS and chondrocytes induced by IFN-gamma, LPS or IL-1. Administration of G-Rb1 resulted in a significant amelioration of the clinical arthritis score in the CIA mice. Histology revealed that G-Rb1 reduced cell infiltration and cartilage destruction in the arthritic joint, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in TNF-alpha expression. CONCLUSION The utilization of G-Rb1 is a feasible approach to the treatment of RA or other diseases characterized by upregulation of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea.
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59
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Kirino Y, Takeno M, Murakami S, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi H, Miura K, Ideguchi H, Ohno S, Ueda A, Ishigatsubo Y. Tumor necrosis factor α acceleration of inflammatory responses by down-regulating heme oxygenase 1 in human peripheral monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:464-75. [PMID: 17265482 DOI: 10.1002/art.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the interaction between heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), a stress-induced antiinflammatory protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in human peripheral blood monocytes. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from healthy donors or from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFalpha) monoclonal antibody infliximab. CD14+ cells were isolated by magnetic cell sorting, cultured with TNFalpha or auranofin, and transfected with a plasmid encoding HO-1 or an HO-1-specific small interfering RNA vector. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were examined by immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine levels in culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HO-1 gene transcription was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide were used to monitor the stability of mRNA and protein. RESULTS HO-1 is constitutively expressed by CD14+ PBMCs from healthy donors. TNFalpha suppressed HO-1 expression by accelerating the decay of mRNA without affecting gene transcription or protein stability. Forced expression or selective knock-down of the HO-1 gene expression resulted in down-regulation or up-regulation, respectively, of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis by monocytes. Treatment with infliximab significantly increased HO-1 mRNA levels and reduced TNFalpha synthesis by PBMCs from RA patients. CONCLUSION TNFalpha accelerated inflammatory responses by down-regulating HO-1 expression in human monocytes. TNF antagonists may block this TNF-dependent suppression of HO-1 expression, resulting in an amelioration of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kirino
- Yokohama City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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60
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Xia ZW, Zhong WW, Xu LQ, Sun JL, Shen QX, Wang JG, Shao J, Li YZ, Yu SC. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells suppress allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5936-45. [PMID: 17056518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has anti-inflammatory effects in asthma. CD4+CD25(high) regulatory T cells (Treg) are a potent immunoregulator that suppresses the immune response. We studied the effects of HO-1-mediated CD4+CD25(high) Treg on suppression of allergic airway inflammation by comparing mice treated with hemin, OVA, Sn-protoporphyrin (SnPP), and hemin plus SnPP. Airway responsiveness, airway eosinophil infiltration, the level of OVA-specific IgE, and the numbers of cells in general and eosinophils in particular in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid were lower in the hemin group than in the OVA, SnPP, and hemin plus SnPP groups. The expressions of HO-1 mRNA and protein in the lung were increased by repeated administrations of hemin and SnPP. However, the activity of HO-1 was highest in hemin mice. The percentage and suppressive function of CD4+CD25(high) Treg and the expression of Foxp3 mRNA were obviously enhanced after treatment with hemin. This increase was diminished by the administration of SnPP. The concentration of serum IL-10 was higher in the hemin group than in the other groups, whereas the level of serum TGF-beta did not significantly differ across groups. Furthermore, the ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 mRNA in the lung was higher in hemin-treated mice than in OVA and SnPP mice. The suppressive capacity of CD4+CD25(high) Treg was not enhanced in the IL-10-deficient mice treated with hemin. In conclusion, our experiments in the animal model demonstrated that HO-1 has anti-inflammatory effects, probably via enhancement of the secretion of IL-10 and promotion of the percentage of CD4+CD25(high) Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Wei Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Ruijin 2nd Road 197, Shanghai 300 025, China.
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Chang KY, Tsai PS, Huang TY, Wang TY, Yang S, Huang CJ. HO-1 Mediates the Effects of HBO Pretreatment Against Sepsis. J Surg Res 2006; 136:143-53. [PMID: 16930622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that attenuation of sepsis-induced lung injury by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) pretreatment involves expression regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1. This study was performed to determine the effects of HBO pretreatment on acute kidney and liver injuries in septic rats and the roles of iNOS and HO-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS One group of adult male rats (n = 48) were pretreated with HBO. The other group of rats (n = 48) breathed air at normal atmospheric pressure instead. Rats in each group were randomly allocated to receive injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), normal saline (N/S), LPS plus hemin (a HO-1 inducer), hemin, LPS plus SnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor), SnPP, LPS plus hemin plus SnPP, or hemin plus SnPP. Hemin and SnPP were injected at 1 h before HBO or air pretreatment. Rats were maintained for 6 h before sacrifice. RESULTS LPS caused prominent kidney and liver injuries as well as iNOS and HO-1 expression in stimulated rats. HBO pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced kidney but not liver injury. However, in conjunction with hemin (a HO-1 inducer), HBO pretreatment did attenuate LPS-induced liver injury. In addition, the inhibition of iNOS expression by HBO pretreatment was associated with "super-induction" (i.e., further enhancement) of LPS-induced HO-1 expression. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of HBO could be counteracted by SnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS HBO pretreatment significantly attenuates LPS-induced acute organ injuries in septic rats. The beneficial effect of HBO pretreatment against sepsis is mediated, at least in part, by "super-induction" of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible cytoprotective molecule that displays antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antiinflammatory effects. In addition, HO-1 appears to have a complex role in angiogenesis. Recent in vivo studies report that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates HO-1 expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and that inhibition of HO-1 abrogates VEGF-induced endothelial activation and subsequent angiogenesis, while promoting VEGF-induced monocyte recruitment and inflammatory angiogenesis. HO-1 may also regulate the synthesis and activity of VEGF, resulting in a positive-feedback loop. In contrast, HO-1 activity has the opposite effect on lipopolysaccharide-driven inflammatory angiogenesis, inhibiting leukocyte invasion and preventing subsequent angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of HO-1 in angiogenesis. We conclude that further investigation, using targeted molecular approaches specifically to alter HO-1 activity, are required to develop our understanding of the role of HO-1 and its products, carbon monoxide, biliverdin, bilirubin, and free iron in angiogenesis. We propose that during chronic inflammation, HO-1 has two roles, first an antiinflammatory action inhibiting leukocyte infiltration, and second, promotion of VEGF-driven noninflammatory angiogenesis, which facilitates tissue repair. Additional studies will help determine whether modulating the activity of HO-1 and/or its products has therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory dise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Biology and Clinical Science, University of Torino, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Italy
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63
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Marinissen MJ, Tanos T, Bolós M, de Sagarra MR, Coso OA, Cuadrado A. Inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 interferes with the transforming activity of the Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11332-46. [PMID: 16476737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512199200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the inducible enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in the heme catabolism, is expressed in AIDS-Kaposi sarcoma (KS) lesions. Its expression is up-regulated by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in endothelial cells, but the mechanisms underlying KSHV-induced HO-1 expression are still unknown. In this study we investigated whether the oncogenic G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV-GPCR or vGPCR), one of the key KSHV genes involved in KS development, activated HO-1 expression. Here we show that vGPCR induces HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Moreover, targeted knock-down gene expression of HO-1 by small hairpin RNA and chemical inhibition of HO-1 enzymatic activity by tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), impaired vGPCR-induced survival, proliferation, transformation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression. vGPCR-expressing cells implanted in the dorsal flank of nude mice developed tumors with elevated HO-1 expression and activity. Chronic administration of SnPP to the implanted mice, under conditions that effectively blocked HO-1 activity and VEGF-A expression in the transplanted cells, strikingly reduced tumor growth, without apparent side effects. On the contrary, administration of the HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) further enhanced vGPCR-induced tumor growth. These data postulate HO-1 as an important mediator of vGPCR-induced tumor growth and suggest that inhibition of intratumoral HO-1 activity by SnPP may be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Annexin A5/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genes, Reporter
- Heme/chemistry
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/metabolism
- Heme Oxygenase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Metalloporphyrins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Biological
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protoporphyrins/chemistry
- Protoporphyrins/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Marinissen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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