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Isyar M, Yilmaz I, Yasar Sirin D, Yalcin S, Guler O, Mahirogullari M. A practical way to prepare primer human chondrocyte culture. J Orthop 2016; 13:162-7. [PMID: 27408489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological cartilage repair is one of the most important targets for orthopedic surgeons currently. For this purpose, it is mandatory to know how to prepare a chondrocyte culture. In this study, our purpose was to introduce a method enabling orthopedic surgeons to practice their knowledge and skills on molecular experimental setup at cellular level, based on our experiences from previous pilot studies. Thus, we believe it will encourage orthopedic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Isyar
- Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, State Hospital, Department of Pharmacovigilance and Rational Drug Use Team, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Namik Kemal University Faculty of Science, Deparment of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 59100 Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Sercan Yalcin
- Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Guler
- Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahir Mahirogullari
- Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, 34214 Istanbul, Turkey
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52
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Nazempour A, Van Wie BJ. Chondrocytes, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Their Combination in Articular Cartilage Regenerative Medicine. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1325-54. [PMID: 26987846 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a highly organized connective tissue lining, covering the ends of bones within articulating joints. Its highly ordered structure is essential for stable motion and provides a frictionless surface easing load transfer. AC is vulnerable to lesions and, because it is aneural and avascular, it has limited self-repair potential which often leads to osteoarthritis. To date, no fully successful treatment for osteoarthritis has been reported. Thus, the development of innovative therapeutic approaches is desperately needed. Autologous chondrocyte implantation, the only cell-based surgical intervention approved in the United States for treating cartilage defects, has limitations because of de-differentiation of articular chondrocytes (AChs) upon in vitro expansion. De-differentiation can be abated if initial populations of AChs are co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which not only undergo chondrogenesis themselves but also support chondrocyte vitality. In this review we summarize studies utilizing AChs, non-AChs, and MSCs and compare associated outcomes. Moreover, a comprehensive set of recent human studies using chondrocytes to direct MSC differentiation, MSCs to support chondrocyte re-differentiation and proliferation in co-culture environments, and exploratory animal intra- and inter-species studies are systematically reviewed and discussed in an innovative manner allowing side-by-side comparisons of protocols and outcomes. Finally, a comprehensive set of recommendations are made for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nazempour
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA
| | - B J Van Wie
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA.
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Yang KC, Chen HT, Wu CC, Lian YJ, Chen LL, Sumi S, Huang TL. l -glutamine regulates the expression of matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes in interleukin-1beta-stimulated human chondrocytes. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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54
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Xu F, Xu L, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Tan WS. A three-dimensional dynamic coculture system enabling facile cell separation for chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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55
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de Windt TS, Saris DBF, Slaper-Cortenbach ICM, van Rijen MHP, Gawlitta D, Creemers LB, de Weger RA, Dhert WJA, Vonk LA. Direct Cell-Cell Contact with Chondrocytes Is a Key Mechanism in Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Mediated Chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2536-47. [PMID: 26166387 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of articular chondrocytes (ACs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has shown to be a viable option for a single-stage cell-based treatment of focal cartilage defects. However, there is still considerable debate whether MSCs differentiate or have a chondroinductive role through trophic factors. In addition, it remains unclear whether direct cell-cell contact is necessary for chondrogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether direct or indirect cell-cell contact between ACs and MSCs is essential for increased cartilage production in different cellular environments and elucidate the mechanisms behind these cellular interactions. Human ACs and MSCs were cultured in a 10:90 ratio in alginate beads, fibrin scaffolds, and pellets. Cells were mixed in direct cocultures, separated by a Transwell filter (indirect cocultures), or cultured with conditioned medium. Short tandem repeat analysis revealed that the percentages of ACs increased during culture, while those of MSCs decreased, with the biggest change in fibrin glue scaffolds. For alginate, where the lack of cell-cell contact could be confirmed by histological analysis, no difference was found in matrix production between direct and indirect cocultures. For fibrin scaffolds and pellet cultures, an increased glycosaminoglycan production and type II collagen deposition were found in direct cocultures compared with indirect cocultures and conditioned medium. Positive connexin 43 staining and transfer of cytosolic calcein indicated communication through gap junctions in direct cocultures. Taken together, these results suggest that MSCs stimulate cartilage formation when placed in close proximity to chondrocytes and that direct cell-cell contact and communication through gap junctions are essential in this chondroinductive interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S de Windt
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke C M Slaper-Cortenbach
- 3 Cell Therapy Facility, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattie H P van Rijen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A de Weger
- 4 Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- 5 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Davey SK, Aung A, Agrawal G, Lim HL, Kar M, Varghese S. Embedded 3D Photopatterning of Hydrogels with Diverse and Complex Architectures for Tissue Engineering and Disease Models. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1188-96. [PMID: 26154197 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Techniques that can create three-dimensional (3D) structures to provide architectural support for cells have a significant impact in generating complex and hierarchically organized tissues/organs. In recent times, a number of technologies, including photopatterning, have been developed to create such intricate 3D structures. In this study, we describe an easy-to-implement photopatterning approach, involving a conventional fluorescent microscope and a simple photomask, to encapsulate cells within spatially defined 3D structures. We have demonstrated the ease and the versatility of this approach by creating simple to complex as well as multilayered structures. We have extended this photopatterning approach to incorporate and spatially organize multiple cell types, thereby establishing coculture systems. Such cost-effective and easy-to-use approaches can greatly advance tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Krishna Davey
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Aereas Aung
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Han Liang Lim
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Shyni Varghese
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California.,2 Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California
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Modulation of Hyaluronan Synthesis by the Interaction between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:640218. [PMID: 26273306 PMCID: PMC4529975 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are considered a good source for cellular therapy in cartilage repair. But, their potential to repair the extracellular matrix, in an osteoarthritic environment, is still controversial. In osteoarthritis (OA), anti-inflammatory action and extracellular matrix production are important steps for cartilage healing. This study examined the interaction of BM-MSC and OA-chondrocyte on the production of hyaluronan and inflammatory cytokines in a Transwell system. We compared cocultured BM-MSCs and OA-chondrocytes with the individually cultured controls (monocultures). There was a decrease in BM-MSCs cell count in coculture with OA-chondrocytes when compared to BM-MSCs alone. In monoculture, BM-MSCs produced higher amounts of hyaluronan than OA-chondrocytes and coculture of BM-MSCs with OA-chondrocytes increased hyaluronan production per cell. Hyaluronan synthase-1 mRNA expression was upregulated in BM-MSCs after coculture with OA-chondrocytes, whereas hyaluronidase-1 was downregulated. After coculture, lower IL-6 levels were detected in BM-MSCs compared with OA-chondrocytes. These results indicate that, in response to coculture with OA-chondrocytes, BM-MSCs change their behavior by increasing production of hyaluronan and decreasing inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that BM-MSCs per se could be a potential tool for OA regenerative therapy, exerting short-term effects on the local microenvironment even when cell:cell contact is not occurring.
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Morita Y, Yamamoto S, Ju Y. Development of a new co-culture system, the "separable-close co-culture system," to enhance stem-cell-to-chondrocyte differentiation. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1911-8. [PMID: 25994581 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new co-culture system, the separable-close co-culture system, to replace the indirect co-culture system which analyzes cellular interactions between two groups of cells with each type being cultured separately and also the direct co-culture system where the two cell types are cultured together. RESULTS The new system not only achieved effective cellular interactions but also allowed the effect that one group of cells has on another group of cells to be evaluated. We performed co-culturing of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human articular chondrocytes using the new system. The new system made it possible to assess separately the effects of one group of cells on the other cell type, as in the indirect co-culture system. Furthermore, the new system rivaled or surpassed other co-culture systems in terms of the chondrogenic gene expression. CONCLUSION The new co-culture system is effective in terms of assessing gene expression in two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Morita
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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59
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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60
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Lai JH, Rogan H, Kajiyama G, Goodman SB, Smith RL, Maloney W, Yang F. Interaction between osteoarthritic chondrocytes and adipose-derived stem cells is dependent on cell distribution in three-dimension and transforming growth factor-β3 induction. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:992-1002. [PMID: 25315023 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for treating cartilage degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). The efficacy of stem cell-based therapy for cartilage repair is highly dependent on their interactions with local cells in the joint. This study aims at evaluating the interactions between osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) using three dimensional (3D) biomimetic hydrogels. To examine the effects of cell distribution on such interactions, ADSCs and OACs were co-cultured in 3D using three co-culture models: conditioned medium (CM), bi-layered, and mixed co-culture with varying cell ratios. Furthermore, the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 supplementation on ADSC-OAC interactions and the resulting cartilage formation was examined. Outcomes were analyzed using quantitative gene expression, cell proliferation, cartilage matrix production, and histology. TGF-β3 supplementation led to a substantial increase in cartilage matrix depositions in all groups, but had differential effects on OAC-ADSC interactions in different co-culture models. In the absence of TGF-β3, CM or bi-layered co-culture had negligible effects on gene expression or cartilage formation. With TGF-β3 supplementation, CM and bi-layered co-culture inhibited cartilage formation by both ADSCs and OACs. In contrast, a mixed co-culture with moderate OAC ratios (25% and 50%) resulted in synergistic interactions with enhanced cartilage matrix deposition and reduced catabolic marker expression. Our results suggested that the interaction between OACs and ADSCs is highly dependent on cell distribution in 3D and soluble factors, which should be taken into consideration when designing stem cell-based therapy for treating OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H Lai
- 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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61
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Wang ZC, Sun HJ, Li KH, Fu C, Liu MZ. Icariin promotes directed chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells but not hypertrophy in vitro.. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1528-1534. [PMID: 25289054 PMCID: PMC4186337 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA), a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been demonstrated to be a promoting compound for extracellular matrix synthesis and gene expression of chondrocytes. However, whether ICA can act as a substitute for or cooperate with growth factors to directly promote stable chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains unknown. In the present study, rat BMSCs were cultivated in monolayer cultures with a chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-β3 for 14 days; ICA was added to the same chondrogenic medium throughout the culture period at a concentration of 1×10−6 M. Cell morphology was observed using an inverted microscope, and chondrogenic differentiation markers, including collagen II, aggrecan and SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), were detected by immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Hypertrophic differentiation was also analyzed using collagen I gene expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The results revealed that ICA was effective at forming an increased number of and larger aggregates, and significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels and protein synthesis of collagen II, aggrecan and SOX9. Furthermore, the chondrogenic medium alone caused hypertrophic differentiation through the upregulation of collagen I gene expression and ALP activity, which was not potentiated by the presence of ICA. Thus, ICA promoted directed chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, but had no effect on hypertrophic differentiation. The present results also suggested that ICA may be an effective accelerant of growth factors for cartilage tissue engineering by promoting their chondrogenic differentiating effects but reducing the effect of hypertrophic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Kai Hua Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Mo Zhen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Georgi N, van Blitterswijk C, Karperien M. Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell–or Chondrocyte-Seeded Microcarriers as Building Blocks for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2513-23. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Georgi
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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63
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Hubka KM, Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Enhancing chondrogenic phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering: monoculture and coculture of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:641-54. [PMID: 24834484 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits an inherently low rate of regeneration. Consequently, damage to articular cartilage often requires surgical intervention. However, existing treatments generally result in the formation of fibrocartilage tissue, which is inferior to native articular cartilage. As a result, cartilage engineering strategies seek to repair or replace damaged cartilage with an engineered tissue that restores full functionality to the impaired joint. These strategies often involve the use of chondrocytes, yet in vitro expansion and culture can lead to undesirable changes in chondrocyte phenotype. This review focuses on the use of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in either monoculture or coculture for the enhancement of chondrogenesis. Coculture strategies increasingly outperform their monoculture counterparts with regard to chondrogenesis and present unique opportunities to attain chondrocyte phenotype stability in vitro. Methods to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation and promote chondrocyte redifferentiation as well as to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs while preventing MSC hypertrophy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea M Hubka
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas
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Osteoarthritic cartilage explants affect extracellular matrix production and composition in cocultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:77. [PMID: 24916039 PMCID: PMC4097830 DOI: 10.1186/scrt466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the present study, we established a novel in vitro coculture model to evaluate the influence of osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage explants on the composition of newly produced matrix and chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the phenotype of OA chondrocytes. In addition, we included a “tri-culture” model, whereby a mixture of BMSCs and chondrocytes was cultured on the surface of OA cartilage explants. Methods Gene expression analysis, protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assays, dot-blot, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical tests were used to characterize the properties of newly generated extracellular matrix (ECM) from chondrocytes and chondrogenically differentiated BMSCs and a mix thereof. We compared articular cartilage explant cocultures with BMSCs, chondrocytes, and mixed cultures (chondrocytes and BMSCs 1:1) embedded in fibrin gels with fibrin gel-embedded cells cultured without cartilage explants (monocultures). Results In general, co- and tri-cultured cell regimens exhibited reduced mRNA and protein levels of collagens I, II, III, and X in comparison with monocultures, whereas no changes in GAG synthesis were observed. All co- and tri-culture regimens tended to exhibit lower Young’s and equilibrium modulus compared with monocultures. In contrast, aggregate modulus and hydraulic permeability seemed to be higher in co- and tri-cultures. Supernatants of cocultures contained significant higher levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8. Stimulation of monocultures with IL-1β and IL-6 reduced collagen gene expression in BMSCs and mixed cultures in general but was often upregulated in chondrocytes at late culture time points. IL-8 stimulation affected BMSCs only. Conclusions Our results suggest an inhibitory effect of OA cartilage on the production of collagens. This indicates a distinct modulatory influence that affects the collagen composition of the de novo-produced ECM from co- and tri-cultured cells and leads to impaired mechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix because of an altered fibrillar network. We suggest that soluble factors, including IL-1β and IL-6, released from OA cartilage partly mediate these effects. Thus, neighbored OA cartilage provides inhibitory signals with respect to BMSCs’ chondrogenic differentiation and matrix composition, which need to be accounted for in future cell-based OA treatment strategies.
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de Windt TS, Hendriks JAA, Zhao X, Vonk LA, Creemers LB, Dhert WJA, Randolph MA, Saris DBF. Concise review: unraveling stem cell cocultures in regenerative medicine: which cell interactions steer cartilage regeneration and how? Stem Cells Transl Med 2014. [PMID: 24763684 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) impose an important burden on society, leaving both young, active patients and older patients disabled and affecting quality of life. In particular, cartilage injury not only imparts acute loss of function but also predisposes to OA. The increase in knowledge of the consequences of these diseases and the exponential growth in research of regenerative medicine have given rise to different treatment types. Of these, cell-based treatments are increasingly applied because they have the potential to regenerate cartilage, treat symptoms, and ultimately prevent or delay OA. Although these approaches give promising results, they require a costly in vitro cell culture procedure. The answer may lie in single-stage procedures that, by using cell combinations, render in vitro expansion redundant. In the last two decades, cocultures of cartilage cells and a variety of (mesenchymal) stem cells have shown promising results as different studies report cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo. However, there is considerable debate regarding the mechanisms and cellular interactions that lead to chondrogenesis in these models. This review, which included 52 papers, provides a systematic overview of the data presented in the literature and tries to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to chondrogenesis in stem cell cocultures with cartilage cells. It could serve as a basis for research groups and clinicians aiming at designing and implementing combined cellular technologies for single-stage cartilage repair and treatment or prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S de Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine A A Hendriks
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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de Windt TS, Hendriks JAA, Zhao X, Vonk LA, Creemers LB, Dhert WJA, Randolph MA, Saris DBF. Concise review: unraveling stem cell cocultures in regenerative medicine: which cell interactions steer cartilage regeneration and how? Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:723-33. [PMID: 24763684 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) impose an important burden on society, leaving both young, active patients and older patients disabled and affecting quality of life. In particular, cartilage injury not only imparts acute loss of function but also predisposes to OA. The increase in knowledge of the consequences of these diseases and the exponential growth in research of regenerative medicine have given rise to different treatment types. Of these, cell-based treatments are increasingly applied because they have the potential to regenerate cartilage, treat symptoms, and ultimately prevent or delay OA. Although these approaches give promising results, they require a costly in vitro cell culture procedure. The answer may lie in single-stage procedures that, by using cell combinations, render in vitro expansion redundant. In the last two decades, cocultures of cartilage cells and a variety of (mesenchymal) stem cells have shown promising results as different studies report cartilage regeneration in vitro and in vivo. However, there is considerable debate regarding the mechanisms and cellular interactions that lead to chondrogenesis in these models. This review, which included 52 papers, provides a systematic overview of the data presented in the literature and tries to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to chondrogenesis in stem cell cocultures with cartilage cells. It could serve as a basis for research groups and clinicians aiming at designing and implementing combined cellular technologies for single-stage cartilage repair and treatment or prevention of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy S de Windt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine A A Hendriks
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucienne A Vonk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Creemers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Randolph
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel B F Saris
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CellCoTec, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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67
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Lai JH, Kajiyama G, Smith RL, Maloney W, Yang F. Stem cells catalyze cartilage formation by neonatal articular chondrocytes in 3D biomimetic hydrogels. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3553. [PMID: 24352100 PMCID: PMC6506564 DOI: 10.1038/srep03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage loss is a leading cause of disability among adults and effective therapy remains elusive. Neonatal chondrocytes (NChons) are an attractive allogeneic cell source for cartilage repair, but their clinical translation has been hindered by scarce donor availability. Here we examine the potential for catalyzing cartilage tissue formation using a minimal number of NChons by co-culturing them with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in 3D hydrogels. Using three different co-culture models, we demonstrated that the effects of co-culture on cartilage tissue formation are dependent on the intercellular distance and cell distribution in 3D. Unexpectedly, increasing ADSC ratio in mixed co-culture led to increased synergy between NChons and ADSCs, and resulted in the formation of large neocartilage nodules. This work raises the potential of utilizing stem cells to catalyze tissue formation by neonatal chondrocytes via paracrine signaling, and highlights the importance of controlling cell distribution in 3D matrices to achieve optimal synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice H Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Glen Kajiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert Lane Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William Maloney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- 1] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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68
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Olee T, Grogan SP, Lotz MK, Colwell CW, D'Lima DD, Snyder EY. Repair of cartilage defects in arthritic tissue with differentiated human embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:683-92. [PMID: 24028447 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes have been generated in vitro from a range of progenitor cell types and by a number of strategies. However, achieving reconstitution of actual physiologically relevant, appropriately-laminated cartilage in situ that would be applicable to conditions, such as arthritis and cartilage degeneration remains elusive. This lack of success is multifactorial and includes limited cell source, decreased proliferation rate of mature chondrocytes, lack of maintenance of phenotype, reduced matrix synthesis, and poor integration with host tissue. We report an efficient approach for deriving mesenchymal chondroprogenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. These cells generated tissue containing cartilage-specific matrix proteins that integrated in situ in a partial-thickness defect in ex vivo articular cartilage harvested from human arthritic joints. Given that stem cells provide a virtually inexhaustible supply of starting material and that our technique is easily scalable, cartilaginous tissue primed and grafted in this manner could be suitable for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsaiwei Olee
- 1 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Health , La Jolla, California
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69
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Maumus M, Manferdini C, Toupet K, Peyrafitte JA, Ferreira R, Facchini A, Gabusi E, Bourin P, Jorgensen C, Lisignoli G, Noël D. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells protect chondrocytes from degeneration associated with osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:834-44. [PMID: 23811540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our work aimed at evaluating the role of adipose stem cells (ASC) on chondrocytes from osteoarthritic (OA) patients and identifying the mediators involved. We used primary chondrocytes, ASCs from different sources and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from OA donors. ASCs or MSCs were co-cultured with chondrocytes in a minimal medium and using cell culture inserts. Under these conditions, ASCs did not affect the proliferation of chondrocytes but significantly decreased camptothecin-induced apoptosis. Both MSCs and ASCs from different sources allowed chondrocytes in the cocultures maintaining a stable expression of markers specific for a mature phenotype, while expression of hypertrophic and fibrotic markers was decreased. A number of factors known to regulate the chondrocyte phenotype (IL-1β, IL-1RA, TNF-α) and matrix remodeling (TIMP-1 and -2, MMP-1 and -9, TSP-1) were not affected. However, a significant decrease of TGF-β1 secretion by chondrocytes and induction of HGF secretion by ASCs was observed. Addition of a neutralizing anti-HGF antibody reversed the anti-fibrotic effect of ASCs whereas hypertrophic markers were not modulated. In summary, ASCs are an interesting source of stem cells for efficiently reducing hypertrophy and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes, at least partly via the secretion of HGF. This supports the interest of using these cells in therapies for osteo-articular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Maumus
- Inserm, U 844, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier F-34295, France
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70
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Qu C, Puttonen KA, Lindeberg H, Ruponen M, Hovatta O, Koistinaho J, Lammi MJ. Chondrogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in chondrocyte co-culture. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1802-12. [PMID: 23735325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been achieved in embryoid bodies (EBs) by adding selected growth factors to the medium. Also chondrocyte-secreted factors have been considered to promote the chondrogenic differentiation. Hence, we studied whether co-culture with primary chondrocytes can induce hESCs or hiPSCs to differentiate into chondrocyte lineage. Co-culture of hESCs or hiPSCs was established in a transwell insert system in feeder-free culture conditions, while hESCs or hiPSCs grown alone in the wells were used as controls. After 3-week co-culture with weekly replenished chondrocytes, the chondrogenically committed cells (hCCCs) were evaluated by morphology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and analysis of chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers. The expressions of chondrocyte- and pluripotency-associated genes were frequently measured during the monolayer expansion of hCCCs from passage 1 to 10. Human CCCs displayed morphology similar to chondrocytes, and expressed chondrocyte-associated genes, which were declined following passaging, similarly to passaged chondrocytes. They also formed a chondrogenic cell pellet, and differentiated into chondrocytic cells, which secreted abundant extracellular matrix. Human CCCs also proliferated rapidly. However, they did not show osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation capacity. Our results show that co-culture of hESCs or hiPSCs with primary chondrocytes could induce specific chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjuan Qu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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71
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Xu L, Wang Q, Xu F, Ye Z, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Downregulate Articular Chondrocyte Differentiation in Noncontact Coculture Systems: Implications in Cartilage Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1657-69. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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72
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Diao HJ, Yeung CW, Yan CH, Chan GCF, Chan BP. Bidirectional and mutually beneficial interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells and osteoarthritic chondrocytes in micromass co-cultures. Regen Med 2013; 8:257-69. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy presents a promising approach for treating osteoarthritis (OA). However, the molecular interactions between MSCs and OA chondrocytes (OACs) are not known. This study aims to investigate the bidirectional interactions between human MSCs (hMSCs) and human OACs (hOACs) in a 3D co-culture system. Materials & methods: hMSC–collagen microspheres were cultured in hOAC-conditioned medium or co-cultured with hOAC–collagen microspheres. Growth characteristics, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, gene expression of major OA-associated chondrogenic markers, including SOX9, COL2A1, ACAN and MMP13, were investigated in both cell types. Results: Both the conditioned medium and the co-culture induced MSC chondrogenesis with enhanced GAG production, SOX9 gene and protein expression, and gene expression of ACAN and COL2A1. Meanwhile, the co-culture also induced hOACs to partially resume the lost chondrogenic phenotype as shown by reduced proliferation, enhanced GAG production when hMSCs were chondrogenically predifferentiated, and reduced MMP13 gene expression. Conclusion: This work suggests that 3D co-culture of hMSCs and hOACs is mutually beneficial to each other, suggesting the potential therapeutic effect of delivering hMSC in scaffolds directly to OA defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jia Diao
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chui Wai Yeung
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun Hoi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Godfrey CF Chan
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara P Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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73
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Meretoja VV, Dahlin RL, Wright S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. The effect of hypoxia on the chondrogenic differentiation of co-cultured articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4266-73. [PMID: 23489925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effects of lowered oxygen tension (20% and 5% O2) on the chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes (ACs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their co-cultures with a 30:70 AC:MSC ratio. Cells were cultured for six weeks within porous scaffolds, and their cellularity, cartilaginous matrix production (collagen II/I expression ratio, hydroxyproline and GAG content) and hypertrophy markers (collagen X expression, ALP activity, calcium accumulation) were analyzed. After two weeks, hypoxic culture conditions had expedited chondrogenesis with all cell types by increasing collagen II/I expression ratio and matrix synthesis by ~2.5-11 and ~1.5-3.0 fold, respectively. At later times, hypoxia decreased cellularity but had little effect on matrix synthesis. ACs and co-cultures showed similarly high collagen II/I expression ratio and GAG rich matrix formation, whereas MSCs produced the least hyaline cartilage-like matrix and obtained a hypertrophic phenotype with eventual calcification. MSC hypertrophy was further emphasized in hypoxic conditions. We conclude that the most promising cell source for cartilage engineering was co-cultures, as they have a potential to decrease the need for primary chondrocyte harvest and expansion while obtaining a stable highly chondrogenic phenotype independent of the oxygen tension in the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville V Meretoja
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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74
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Leijten JC, Georgi N, Wu L, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Cell Sources for Articular Cartilage Repair Strategies: Shifting from Monocultures to Cocultures. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:31-40. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C.H. Leijten
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Georgi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Wu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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75
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Zuo Q, Cui W, Liu F, Wang Q, Chen Z, Fan W. Co-cultivated mesenchymal stem cells support chondrocytic differentiation of articular chondrocytes. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:747-52. [PMID: 23354690 PMCID: PMC3609966 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated which of the reciprocal stimuli between articular chondrocytes (ACs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) played the more important role in enhancing cartilage matrix formation, and examined the relative importance of physical contact and soluble factors in the co-culture system. Methods Rat ACs and bone marrow MSCs with green fluorescent protein (GFP-BMSCs) were co-cultured in vitro with or without direct cell–cell contact at the ratio of 2:1. After co-culturing in direct cell–cell contact, ACs and GFP-BMSCs were separated by flow cytometry. The effects of different co-culture methods were analysed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Results SOX-9, COL2 and aggrecan mRNA levels and protein expression in ACs co-cultured with direct cell–cell contact were significantly higher than in ACs co-cultured without direct cell–cell contact; and similar results were found in GFP-BMSCs. After co-culture either with or without direct cell–cell contact, mRNA levels and protein expression of SOX-9, COL2 and aggrecan in GFP-BMSCs were significantly lower than in ACs in the equivalent co-culture systems. Though the expression of chondrocyte-specific proteins in GFP-BMSCs was enhanced, the protein expression was still much lower than in ACs cultured alone. Conclusions Reciprocal interactions exist between ACs and BMSCs in co-culture. The stimulating and supporting effects of BMSCs on ACs were more important in enhancing cartilage-matrix formation than the reciprocal effect of ACs on BMSCs. Both soluble factors and direct physical contact occur in AC/BMSC co-cultures, with physical contact playing a predominant, or at least very important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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76
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Sabatino MA, Santoro R, Gueven S, Jaquiery C, Wendt DJ, Martin I, Moretti M, Barbero A. Cartilage graft engineering by co-culturing primary human articular chondrocytes with human bone marrow stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1394-403. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Sabatino
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation; Milan Italy
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Sinan Gueven
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Claude Jaquiery
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - David James Wendt
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
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77
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Zhang F, Su K, Fang Y, Sandhya S, Wang DA. A mixed co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and transgenic chondrocytes in alginate hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:77-84. [PMID: 23166064 DOI: 10.1002/term.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To regenerate articular cartilage tissue from degeneration and trauma, synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) were used in this study as therapeutic progenitor cells to induce therapeutic chondrogenesis. To accomplish this, chondrocytes pre-transduced with adenoviral vectors carrying the transforming growth factor (TGF) β3 gene were selected as transgenic companion cells and co-cultured side-by-side with SMSCs in a 3D environment to provide chondrogenic growth factors in situ. We adopted a mixed co-culture strategy for this purpose. Transgenic delivery of TGF-β3 in chondrocytes was performed via recombinant adenoviral vectors. The mixed co-culture of SMSCs and transgenic chondrocytes was produced in alginate gel constructs. Gene expression in both SMSCs and chondrocytes were characterized. Biochemical assays in vitro and in vivo showed that release of TGF-ß3 from transgenic chondrocytes not only induced SMSC differentiation into chondrocytic cells but also preserved the chondrocytic phenotype of chondrocytes from suspected dedifferentiation. As a result, this mixed co-culture strategy in conjunction with TGF-ß3 gene delivery could be a promising approach in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Republic of Singapore
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78
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Yang YH, Lee AJ, Barabino GA. Coculture-driven mesenchymal stem cell-differentiated articular chondrocyte-like cells support neocartilage development. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197696 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the chondrogenic lineage is crucial for in vitro generation of neocartilage, yet achieving it remains challenging. Traditional protocols for MSC differentiation using exogenous inductive molecules, such as transforming growth factor-β, fall short in meeting the needs of clinical applications because they yield differentiated cells that exhibit hypertrophic characteristics and subsequently facilitate endochondral bone formation. The objective of the current study was to deliver endogenous inductive factors from juvenile articular chondrocytes to bone marrow-derived MSCs to drive MSC chondrogenic differentiation through cocultivation of the two cell types in the absence of direct physical contact and exogenous stimulators. An initial chondrocyte/MSC ratio of 63:1 was identified as the appropriate proportion of the two cell populations to ensure that coculture-driven MSC-differentiated (CDMD) cells replicated the cellular morphology, behavior, and phenotype of articular chondrocytes. In a three-dimensional agarose system, CDMD cells were further shown to develop into robust neocartilage structurally and mechanically stronger than chondrocyte-laden constructs and with reduced hypertrophic potential. Although MSCs tended to lose the ability to express CD44, an important regulator in cartilage biology, during the coculture induction, CDMD cells regained this function in the three-dimensional tissue cultivation. The present work establishes a chondrocyte/MSC coculture model that serves as a template to better understand chondrocyte-driven MSC differentiation and provides insights for improved strategies to develop clinically relevant cartilage tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsun Yang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Huey DJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Chondrogenically tuned expansion enhances the cartilaginous matrix-forming capabilities of primary, adult, leporine chondrocytes. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:331-40. [PMID: 23044188 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When expanded through passage, chondrocytes lose their ability to produce high-quality cartilaginous matrix. This study attempts to improve the properties of constructs formed with expanded chondrocytes through alterations in the expansion protocol and the ratio of primary to expanded chondrocytes used to form cartilage constructs. A chondrogenically tuned expansion protocol provided similar monolayer growth rates as those obtained using serum-containing medium and enhanced cartilaginous properties of resultant constructs. Various ratios of primary to chondrogenically expanded chondrocytes were then self-assembled to form neocartilage. Biochemical analysis showed that constructs formed with only expanded cells had twice the GAG per wet weight and collagen II/collagen I ratio compared to constructs formed with primary chondrocytes. Biomechanically, compressive properties of constructs formed with only passaged cells matched the instantaneous modulus and exceeded the relaxation modulus of constructs formed with only primary cells. These counterintuitive results show that, by applying proper expansion and three-dimensional culture techniques, the cartilage-forming potential of adult chondrocytes expanded through passage can be enhanced over that of primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Huey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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80
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Abstract
With the ageing of the population and the major advances in targeted drug treatments, there is in medicine a shift in attention from survival towards quality of life. Therefore new challenges are emerging in modern health care. Preventive and personalized medicine have been identified as key steps in this context. New targeted biologicals for musculoskeletal diseases such as chronic arthritis have entered daily clinical practice, thereby not only controlling symptoms and signs, inflammation and destruction, but also maintaining function of the joints. The last aspect is essential for the independence of the individual and critical for the quality of life. Since the lifespan of prosthetic devices will always remain limited, new treatment approaches to repair skeletal structures need to be devised for the young and middle aged individuals with skeletal and joint damage caused by either congenital, traumatic, or inflammatory conditions. It is believed that regenerative medicine and more specifically tissue engineering may fill this void to some extent. Indeed, recent cellular therapeutics and combination products, now resorting under a new regulatory class of Advanced Medicinal Therapeutic Products, provide indications that progress is being made with clinically relevant outcomes in well-defined patient populations. For osteoarthritis, a joint disease leading to joint decompensation, novel tissue engineering therapies are being explored and, although most of the developments are still in early phase clinical studies, there are sufficient positive signals to pursue these novel therapeutic approaches in clinics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Osteoarthritis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Luyten
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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81
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Enhanced chondrogenesis in co-cultures with articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6362-9. [PMID: 22695067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, articular chondrocytes (ACs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with 1:1 and 1:3 cell ratios were co-cultured in order to evaluate if a majority of primary ACs can be replaced with MSCs without detrimental effects on in vitro chondrogenesis. We further used a xenogeneic culture model to study if such co-cultures can result in redifferentiation of passaged ACs. Cells were cultured in porous scaffolds for four weeks and their cellularity, cartilage-like matrix formation and chondrogenic gene expression levels (collagen I and II, aggrecan) were measured. Constructs with primary bovine ACs had ~1.6 and 5.5 times higher final DNA and glycosaminoglycan contents, respectively, in comparison to those with culture expanded chondrocytes or MSCs harvested from the same animals. Equally robust chondrogenesis was also observed in co-cultures, even when up to 75% of primary ACs were initially replaced with MSCs. Furthermore, species-specific RT-PCR analysis indicated a gradual loss of MSCs in bovine-rabbit co-cultures. Finally, co-cultures using primary and culture expanded ACs resulted in similar outcomes. We conclude that the most promising cell source for cartilage engineering was the co-cultures, as the trophic effect of MSCs may highly increase the chondrogenic potential of ACs thus diminishing the problems with primary chondrocyte harvest and expansion.
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82
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Liu J, Liu X, Zhou G, Xiao R, Cao Y. Conditioned medium from chondrocyte/scaffold constructs induced chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1109-16. [PMID: 22644958 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For the application of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering, it is imperative to develop efficient strategies for their chondrogenic differentiation. In this study, the conditioned media derived from chondrocyte/scaffold constructs were used to direct chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The porcine articular chondrocytes were seeded on the PGA/PLA scaffolds to form chondrocyte/scaffold constructs and were cultured to form engineered cartilage in vitro. The culture media were collected as conditioned media and used for chondrogenic induction of BMSC pellets (experimental group, Exp.). The chondrocyte pellets and BMSC pellets were cultured routinely as positive control (PC) and negative control (NC), respectively. After 4 weeks, the wet weight and GAG content in Exp. group and PC group were significantly higher than that in NC group. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that cartilaginous tissue was formed with typical cartilage lacuna structure and positive staining of collagen Type II (Col II) in the peripheral area of the BMSC pellets in Exp. group. Gene expression of Sox9, Col II, and COMP in Exp. group and PC group were significantly higher than that in NC group. The growth factors in the conditioned media derived from human costal chondrocytes-scaffold constructs were tested by protein microassay. The conditioned media contained low levels of TGF-β1,2,3, IGF-1 and high levels of IGF-2, FGF-4, and IGFBP4,6, and so forth. The soluble factors derived from the engineered cartilage can induce chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs independently. Many cytokines may function in chondrogenesis in a coordinated way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Liu
- Department of Reseach Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 100144 Peking, China
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83
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Cui X, Hasegawa A, Lotz M, D'Lima D. Structured three-dimensional co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells with meniscus cells promotes meniscal phenotype without hypertrophy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2369-80. [PMID: 22422555 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Menisci play a crucial role in weight distribution, load bearing, shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition of articular cartilage within the knee joint. Damage to the meniscus typically does not heal spontaneously due to its partial avascular nature. Partial or complete meniscectomy is a common clinical treatment of the defective meniscus. However, this procedure ultimately leads to osteoarthritis due to increased mechanical stress to the articular cartilage. Meniscus tissue engineering offers a promising solution for partial or complete meniscus deficiency. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the potential to differentiate into meniscal fibrochondrocyte as well as deliver trophic effects to the differentiated cells. This study tested the feasibility of using MSC co-cultured with mature meniscal cells (MC) for meniscus tissue engineering. Structured cell pellets were created using MC and MSC at varying ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) and cultured with or without transforming growth factor-beta 3 supplemented chondrogenic media for 21 days. The meniscal and hypertrophic gene expression, gross appearance and structure of the pellets, meniscus extracellular matrix (ECM), histology and immunohistochemistry of proteoglycan and collagen were evaluated. Co-culture of MC with MSC at 75:25 demonstrated highest levels of collagen type I and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) production, as well as the lowest levels of hypertrophic genes, such as COL10A1 and MMP13. All co-culture conditions showed better meniscus ECM production and hypertrophic inhibition as compared to MSC culture alone. The collagen fiber bundles observed in the co-cultures are important to produce heterogenic ECM structure of meniscus. In conclusion, co-culturing MC and MSC is a feasible and efficient approach to engineer meniscus tissue with enhanced ECM production without hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cui
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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84
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Caron MMJ, Emans PJ, Surtel DAM, Cremers A, Voncken JW, Welting TJM, van Rhijn LW. Activation of NF-κB/p65 facilitates early chondrogenic differentiation during endochondral ossification. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33467. [PMID: 22428055 PMCID: PMC3299787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB/p65 has been reported to be involved in regulation of chondrogenic differentiation. However, its function in relation to key chondrogenic factor Sox9 and onset of chondrogenesis during endochondral ossification is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the early onset of chondrogenic differentiation is initiated by transient NF-κB/p65 signaling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The role of NF-κB/p65 in early chondrogenesis was investigated in different in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo endochondral models: ATDC5 cells, hBMSCs, chicken periosteal explants and growth plates of 6 weeks old mice. NF-κB/p65 activation was manipulated using pharmacological inhibitors, RNAi and activating agents. Gene expression and protein expression analysis, and (immuno)histochemical stainings were employed to determine the role of NF-κB/p65 in the chondrogenic phase of endochondral development. Our data show that chondrogenic differentiation is facilitated by early transient activation of NF-κB/p65. NF-κB/p65-mediated signaling determines early expression of Sox9 and facilitates the subsequent chondrogenic differentiation programming by signaling through key chondrogenic pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The presented data demonstrate that NF-κB/p65 signaling, as well as its intensity and timing, represents one of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of the chondrogenic developmental program of chondroprogenitor cells during endochondral ossification. Importantly, these results provide novel possibilities to improve the success of cartilage and bone regenerative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M. J. Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Emans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Don A. M. Surtel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andy Cremers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Voncken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. M. Welting
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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85
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Wei Y, Zeng W, Wan R, Wang J, Zhou Q, Qiu S, Singh SR. Chondrogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from osteoarthritic chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Eur Cell Mater 2012; 23:1-12. [PMID: 22241609 PMCID: PMC7447074 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v023a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to revolutionise cell therapy; however, it remains unclear whether iPSCs can be generated from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OCs) and subsequently induced to differentiate into chondrocytes. In the present study, we investigated the differentiation potential of OCs into iPSCs using defined transcription factors and explored the possibility of using these OC-derived iPSCs for chondrogenesis. Our study demonstrates that iPSCs can be generated from OCs and that these iPSCs are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). To promote chondrogenic differentiation, we used lentivirus to transduce iPSCs seeded in alginate matrix with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and then in vitro co-cultured these iPSCs with chondrocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that this combinational strategy promotes the differentiation of the established iPSCs into chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Increased expression of cartilage-related genes, including collagen II, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and decreased gene expression of the degenerative cartilage marker, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were observed. The histological results revealed a dense sulphated extracellular matrix in the co-culture of TGF-β1-transfected iPSCs with chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Additionally, in vivo chondroinductive activity was also evaluated. Histological examination revealed that more new cartilage was formed in the co-culture of TGF-β1-transfected iPSCs with chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Taken together, our data indicate that iPSCs can be generated from OCs by defined factors and the combinational strategy results in significantly improved chondrogenesis of OC-derived iPSCs. This work adds to our understanding of potential solutions to osteoarthritic cell replacement problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Address for correspondence: Yiyong Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China, Telephone Number: 86-21-64370045-663538, ; Alternatively: Shree Ram Singh,
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA,Address for correspondence: Yiyong Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China, Telephone Number: 86-21-64370045-663538, ; Alternatively: Shree Ram Singh,
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86
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Hwang Y, Phadke A, Varghese S. Engineered microenvironments for self-renewal and musculoskeletal differentiation of stem cells. Regen Med 2011; 6:505-24. [PMID: 21749208 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for therapies aimed at regenerating damaged tissue, drug screening and studying in vitro models of human disease. However, many challenges remain before these applications can become a reality. One such challenge is developing chemically defined and scalable culture conditions for derivation and expansion of clinically viable human pluripotent stem cells, as well as controlling their differentiation with high specificity. Interaction of stem cells with their extracellular microenvironment plays an important role in determining their differentiation commitment and functions. Regenerative medicine approaches integrating cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and soluble factors could lead to development of robust microenvironments to control various cellular responses. Indeed, several of these recent developments have provided significant insight into the design of microenvironments that can elicit the targeted cellular response. In this article, we will focus on some of these developments with an emphasis on matrix-mediated expansion of human pluripotent stem cells while maintaining their pluripotency. We will also discuss the role of matrix-based cues and cell-cell interactions in the form of soluble signals in directing stem cell differentiation into musculoskeletal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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87
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Cooke ME, Allon AA, Cheng T, Kuo AC, Kim HT, Vail TP, Marcucio RS, Schneider RA, Lotz JC, Alliston T. Structured three-dimensional co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells with chondrocytes promotes chondrogenic differentiation without hypertrophy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1210-8. [PMID: 21816228 PMCID: PMC3188316 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated a novel approach to induce chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). We hypothesized that a structured three-dimensional co-culture using hMSC and chondrocytes would provide chondroinductive cues to hMSC without inducing hypertrophy. METHOD In an effort to promote optimal chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC, we created bilaminar cell pellets (BCPs), which consist of a spherical population of hMSC encased within a layer of juvenile chondrocytes (JC). In addition to histologic analyses, we examined proteoglycan content and expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophic genes in BCPs, JC pellets, and hMSC pellets grown in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) following 21 days of culture in either growth or chondrogenic media. RESULTS In either growth or chondrogenic media, we observed that BCPs and JC pellets produced more proteoglycan than hMSC pellets treated with TGFβ. BCPs and JC pellets also exhibited higher expression of the chondrogenic genes Sox9, aggrecan, and collagen 2A1, and lower expression of the hypertrophic genes matrix metalloproteinase-13, Runx2, collagen 1A1, and collagen 10A1 than hMSC pellets. Histologic analyses suggest that JC promote chondrogenic differentiation of cells in BCPs without hypertrophy. Furthermore, when cultured in hypoxic and inflammatory conditions intended to mimic the injured joint microenvironment, BCPs produced significantly more proteoglycan than either JC pellets or hMSC pellets. CONCLUSION The BCP co-culture promotes a chondrogenic phenotype without hypertrophy and, relative to pellet cultures of hMSCs or JCs alone, is more resistant to the adverse conditions anticipated at the site of articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Cooke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - AA Allon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - AC Kuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - HT Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - TP Vail
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - RS Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - RA Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - JC Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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88
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Park JS, Shim MS, Shim SH, Yang HN, Jeon SY, Woo DG, Lee DR, Yoon TK, Park KH. Chondrogenic potential of stem cells derived from amniotic fluid, adipose tissue, or bone marrow encapsulated in fibrin gels containing TGF-β3. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8139-49. [PMID: 21840589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, several types of hMSCs, derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or amniotic fluid, were encapsulated in a fibrin hydrogel mixed with TGF-β3 and then evaluated for their capacity for differentiation in vitro and in vivo. For determination of stem cell differentiation, RT-PCR, real time quantitative PCR (qPCR), histology, and immunohistochemical assays were used for analysis of chondrogenesis. Using these analysis methods, several of the cultured hMSCS were found to highly express genes and proteins specific to cartilage forming tissues. Additionally, similar trends in expression were found in tissue recovered from nude mice transplanted with several types of hMSCs encapsulated in a fibrin hydrogel containing TGF-β3. The results of both in vitro and in vivo analyses showed that cultured or transplanted hMSCs mixed with TGF-β3 in a fibrin hydrogel differentiated into chondrocytes, suggesting that these cells would be suitable for reconstruction of hyaline articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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89
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Frisbie DD, Stewart MC. Cell-based Therapies for Equine Joint Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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90
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Schmitt A, Imhoff AB, Vogt S. Predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells for osteochondral defects: letter. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:NP12-3; author reply NP13-5. [PMID: 21636725 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511410382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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91
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Maumus M, Guérit D, Toupet K, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine: applications in rheumatology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:14. [PMID: 21457518 PMCID: PMC3226285 DOI: 10.1186/scrt55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing knowledge on the biology of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has provided new insights into their potential clinical applications, particularly for rheumatologic disorders. Historically, their potential to differentiate into cells of the bone and cartilage lineages has led to a variety of experimental strategies to investigate whether MSCs can be used for tissue engineering approaches. Beyond this potential, MSCs also display immunosuppressive properties, which have prompted research on their capacity to suppress local inflammation and tissue damage in a variety of inflammatory autoimmune diseases and, in particular, in rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, an emerging field of research comes from the possibility that these cells, through their trophic/regenerative potential, may also influence the course of chronic degenerative disorders and prevent cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. This review focuses on these advances, specifically on the biological properties of MSCs, including their immunoregulatory characteristics, differentiation capacity and trophic potential, as well as the relevance of MSC-based therapies for rheumatic diseases.
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92
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Pugh MJV, Palmer RF, Parchman ML, Mortensen E, Markides K, Espino DV. Association of suboptimal prescribing and change in lower extremity physical function over time. Gerontology 2008; 53:445-53. [PMID: 18309233 DOI: 10.1159/000119460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found inconsistent links between suboptimal prescribing and negative patient outcomes. While suboptimal prescribing consists of multiple components, e.g. drugs to avoid in the elderly (DAE), potential drug interactions (PDI) and polypharmacy, most research has focused on the impact of drugs to avoid. This study explores the relationship between suboptimal prescribing, comorbid disease, and change in lower extremity functional limitation (LEFL). METHODS This prospective cohort study used data from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. Baseline data collection occurred between 1993 and 1994 with three additional waves of data collected approximately every 2 years. Based on the disablement process model, the dependent variable was change in LEFL over the 7-year study period. Independent variables included suboptimal prescribing: DAE, PDI and polypharmacy. Measures of pathology included comorbid diseases (stroke, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and diabetes). Age, gender, education, smoking, cognitive status, depression, body mass index, marital status, and self-reported health were controlled in analyses. RESULTS Diabetes, stroke, and arthritis were associated with a decline in LEFL. Polypharmacy mediated the relationship between diabetes and LEFL, and polypharmacy was also significantly associated with decrements in LEFL. CONCLUSION The effect of suboptimal prescribing on change in LEFL was limited to both direct and mediational effects of polypharmacy. Additional research exploring the association between suboptimal prescribing and a variety of quality measures using a diverse set of outcomes would improve our understanding of the impact of suboptimal prescribing more broadly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo V Pugh
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System (VERDICT), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex., USA.
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